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id="toc-Founding_(1910–1916)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_(1910–1916)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding (1910–1916)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_(1910–1916)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Sigma_call_to_arms_(1917–1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Sigma_call_to_arms_(1917–1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Sigma_call_to_arms_(1917–1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incorporation_and_the_founding_of_Zeta_Phi_Beta_(1920–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorporation_and_the_founding_of_Zeta_Phi_Beta_(1920–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorporation_and_the_founding_of_Zeta_Phi_Beta_(1920–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phi_Beta_Sigma's_contributions_to_the_Harlem_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phi_Beta_Sigma's_contributions_to_the_Harlem_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Phi Beta Sigma's contributions to the Harlem Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phi_Beta_Sigma's_contributions_to_the_Harlem_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigma_and_the_Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigma_and_the_Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Sigma and the Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigma_and_the_Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_action_and_international_expansion_(1934–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_action_and_international_expansion_(1934–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_action_and_international_expansion_(1934–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigma_and_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1950–1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigma_and_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1950–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigma_and_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1950–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_(1970–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_(1970–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>History (1970–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_(1970–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_of_the_fraternity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_of_the_fraternity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose of the fraternity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_of_the_fraternity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pledging_and_hazing_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pledging_and_hazing_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pledging and hazing culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pledging_and_hazing_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_embezzlement_and_hazing_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_embezzlement_and_hazing_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Notable embezzlement and hazing incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_embezzlement_and_hazing_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embezzlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embezzlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Embezzlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embezzlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Hazing</span> 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id="toc-Conclave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguished_Service_Chapter_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguished_Service_Chapter_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Distinguished Service Chapter members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguished_Service_Chapter_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Chapters and regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_national_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_national_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Phi Beta Sigma</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΦΒΣ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhiBetaSigmaShield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/PhiBetaSigmaShield.png/150px-PhiBetaSigmaShield.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/PhiBetaSigmaShield.png/225px-PhiBetaSigmaShield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/PhiBetaSigmaShield.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 9, 1914<span class="noprint">; 111 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1914-01-09</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social fraternities and sororities">Social</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">NPHC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="North American Interfraternity Conference">NIC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emphasis</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Scope</th><td class="infobox-data">International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Culture For Service and Service For Humanity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pillars</th><td class="infobox-data">Brotherhood, Scholarship, and Service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member badge</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png/90px-Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png/135px-Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png/180px-Phi_Beta_Sigma_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="201" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> Royal blue and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> Pure white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data">White Carnation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">Dove</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Crescent</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">700+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">200,000+ lifetime</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data">Sigmas, Men of Sigma, 'Mab, and Men of Fire & Brimstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="street-address">145 Kennedy Street, NW</span><br /><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></span><br /> <span class="country-name">United States</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phibetasigma1914.org">www<wbr />.phibetasigma1914<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture#Sports" title="African-American culture">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a 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Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" 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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.</b> (<b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΦΒΣ</span></span></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">historically African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity</a>. It was founded at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in Washington, D.C., on January 9, 1914, by three young African-American male students with nine other Howard students as charter members. The fraternity's founders, A. Langston Taylor, Leonard F. Morse, and Charles I. Brown, wanted to organize a Greek letter fraternity that would exemplify the ideals of <i>Brotherhood, Scholarship and Service</i> while taking an inclusive perspective to serve the community as opposed to having an exclusive purpose. The fraternity exceeded the prevailing models of Black Greek-Letter fraternal organizations by being the first to establish alumni chapters, youth mentoring clubs, a federal credit union, chapters in Africa, and a collegiate chapter outside of the United States. It is the only fraternity to hold a constitutional bond with a historically African-American sorority, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a> (ΖΦΒ), which was founded on January 16, 1920, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., through the efforts of members of Phi Beta Sigma. </p><p>The fraternity expanded over a broad geographical area in a short amount of time when its second, third, and fourth chapters were chartered at <a href="/wiki/Wiley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley College">Wiley College</a> in Texas and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State College</a> in Maryland in 1916, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas State College">Kansas State University</a> in 1917. Today, the fraternity serves through a membership of more than 200,000 men in over 700 chapters in the United States, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. Although Phi Beta Sigma is considered a predominantly African-American fraternity, its membership includes college-educated men of African, Caucasian, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian descent. According to its Constitution, academically eligible male students of any race, religion, or national origin may join while enrolled at a college or university through collegiate chapters, or professional men may join through an alumni chapter if a college degree has been attained, along with a certain minimum number of earned credit hours. </p><p>Phi Beta Sigma is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> (NPHC) and a former member of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="North American Interfraternity Conference">North American Interfraternity Conference</a> (NIC). The current <a href="#International_Presidents">International President</a> is Chris V. Rey, J. D.,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fraternity's headquarters are located at 145 Kennedy Street, NW, Washington, D.C. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_(1910–1916)"><span id="Founding_.281910.E2.80.931916.29"></span>Founding (1910–1916)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding (1910–1916)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg/250px-Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg/375px-Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg/500px-Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of SIGMA: the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building" title="Twelfth Street YMCA Building">Twelfth Street YMCA Building</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1910, after a conversation with a recent Howard University graduate in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, A. Langston Taylor thought to establish a fraternity. Soon after, he started as a student at Howard University in Washington, D.C. In October 1913, Taylor and Leonard F. Morse had their initial conversation about starting a fraternity. They included Charles I. Brown as the third member of the founding group. By November 1913, they established a committee to develop what was to become Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Soon after the first committee meeting, Taylor, Morse, and Brown chose nine associates to join in creating the fraternity. Those men were the first charter members of the organization. </p><p>On January 9, 1914, the permanent organization of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity was established in the Bowen Room of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Street_YMCA_Building" title="Twelfth Street YMCA Building">12th Street Y.M.C.A Building</a> in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1914, the Board of Deans at Howard University officially recognized Phi Beta Sigma and the following week <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_University_Reporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The University Reporter (page does not exist)">The University Reporter</a></i>, Howard University's student newspaper, publicized it. </p><p>During the first two years, the fraternity organized and maintained a Sunday school program, led by A.H. Brown; and opened a public library and art gallery, which became the foundations of the Benjamin Banneker Research Society and the Washington Art Club, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham M. Walker, a fraternity member, was elected associate editor of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_University_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard University Journal (page does not exist)">Howard University Journal</a>.</i> The following year, Walker and founder A. Langston Taylor, were elected Editor-in-Chief and circulation manager, respectively. Other fraternity members also advanced to leadership positions at Howard: W.F. Vincent, William H. Foster, John Berry, Earl Lawson, among others, were presidents of the Debating Society, the college <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, the Political Science Club, and the Athletic Association, respectively. On the athletic field, captain John Camper and J. House Franklin were standout football players for Howard University. </p><p>In the spring of 1915, the fraternity worked to emphasize its intellectual reach. It inducted such African-American scholars as Dr. Edward P. Davis, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_Turner" title="Thomas Wyatt Turner">Thomas W. Turner</a>, T.M. Gregory, and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Alain_LeRoy_Locke" title="Alain LeRoy Locke">Alain Leroy Locke</a>. On March 5, 1915, Herbert L. Stevens was initiated, as the first Graduate member of Phi Beta Sigma.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO20_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achap1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Achap1914.jpg/250px-Achap1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Achap1914.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Founding photo of Alpha chapter, Howard University, circa 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>A year after the establishment of Phi Beta Sigma, it began expansion to other campuses. On November 13, 1915, Beta chapter was chartered at Wiley College in <a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Texas" title="Marshall, Texas">Marshall, Texas</a> by graduate member Herbert Stevens. Beta chapter became the first chapter of any African-American Greek-lettered organization to be chartered south of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO20_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Phi Beta Sigma continued its expansion in the Eastern and Southern United States, other national fraternities were beginning to take notice. </p><p>On December 28, 1916, Phi Beta Sigma hosted the fraternity's first <a href="#Conclave">conclave</a> in Washington, D.C. Some 200 members attended, representing three collegiate chapters, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma (established at <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan State College">Morgan State College</a> in Baltimore). The 1916 conclave authorized production of an official fraternity publication, and member W.F. Vincent was elected as the National Editor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Sigma_call_to_arms_(1917–1919)"><span id="World_War_I_and_the_Sigma_call_to_arms_.281917.E2.80.931919.29"></span>World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phi Beta Sigma responded to a "call to arms" in 1917 as the United States entered the First World War. Alpha chapter had about seventy members in uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, many members entered the service or war work. Many fraternity chapters were depleted, and the National Office ceased to function. As a result of deaths and other dislocations resulting from the war, the General Board was forced to re-organize. Fraternity President I. L. Scruggs asked founder and National Treasurer A. Langston Taylor to contact members as soon as they re-appeared in civilian clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor helped revive the fraternity by appealing to members in the US, as numerous Sigma men were serving on the European battle front.<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO33_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorporation_and_the_founding_of_Zeta_Phi_Beta_(1920–1933)"><span id="Incorporation_and_the_founding_of_Zeta_Phi_Beta_.281920.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a></div> <p>By February 1920, Phi Beta Sigma had expanded to ten active chapters. During the December 1919 Conclave, Phi Beta Sigma's first conclave after the war, A. Langston Taylor was given approval from the General Board to assist in the organization of what was to become Phi Beta Sigma's sister sorority. </p><p>In the spring of 1919, Sigma member Charles Robert Samuel Taylor, a student at Howard University, discussed with fellow student Arizona Cleaver his idea for a sister organization to be established. Cleaver presented this idea to fourteen other Howard women. With the help of Charles Taylor and A. Langston Taylor, they began work to found the new sorority.<sup id="cite_ref-Torchbearers2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torchbearers2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With administration permission, Zeta Phi Beta sorority held its first official meeting on January 16, 1920. The founders and charter members of the Sorority were Arizona Cleaver (Stemons), Viola Tyler (Goings), Myrtle Tyler (Faithful), Pearl Anna Neal, and Fannie Pettie (Watts). The five founders chose the name Zeta Phi Beta. The similar names of both Sigma and Zeta are intentional in nature, as the women adopted the Greek letters 'Phi' and 'Beta' to "seal and signify the relationship between the two organizations".<sup id="cite_ref-Torchbearers3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torchbearers3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"Arizona Cleaver was the chief builder and she asked fourteen others to join her. I shall never forget the first meetings held in the dormitory rooms of Miner Hall. Miss Hardwick, the matron, never knew I was about until I was escorted out by Arizona, who was her assistant. I was Miss Hardwick's favorite boy." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Sigma Brother Charles R. Taylor<br />(On Arizona Cleaver & the organization of Zeta Phi Beta)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The newly established Zeta Phi Beta sorority, Inc. was given a formal introduction at the <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Hotel" title="Whitelaw Hotel">Whitelaw Hotel</a> by their Sigma counterparts, Charles R. and A. Langston Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-Torchbearers4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torchbearers4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As National Executive Secretary of Phi Beta Sigma, Charles Taylor wrote to all Sigma chapters requesting they establish Zeta chapters at their respective institutions. With the efforts of Taylor, Zeta added several chapters in areas as far west as Kansas City State College; as far south as <a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>; and as far north as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phi_Beta_Sigma's_contributions_to_the_Harlem_Renaissance"><span id="Phi_Beta_Sigma.27s_contributions_to_the_Harlem_Renaissance"></span>Phi Beta Sigma's contributions to the Harlem Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phi Beta Sigma's contributions to the Harlem Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson)_(LOC)_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg/144px-%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg/216px-%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg/288px-%28Portrait_of_James_Weldon_Johnson%29_%28LOC%29_-_Flickr_-_The_Library_of_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The literary works of Sigma Brother James Weldon Johnson, such as <i>God's Trombones</i>, played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg/150px-A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg/225px-A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg/300px-A._Philip_Randolph_1963_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="3702" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sigma Brother A. Philip Randolph was seen as a key intellectual player during the Harlem Renaissance.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The 1920s also witnessed the birth of the Harlem Renaissance - a flowering of African-American cultural and intellectual life that began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture. Phi Beta Sigma fraternity brother Alain LeRoy Locke is unofficially credited as the "Father of the Harlem Renaissance." His philosophy served as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and passion of the Movement at the forefront.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Locke, Sigma brothers James Weldon Johnson and <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a> were participants in this creative emergence, led primarily by the African-American community based in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> in New York City. </p><p>On January 31, 1920, Phi Beta Sigma was incorporated in the district of Washington, D.C., and became known as Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated. </p><p>In November 1921, the first volume of the <i>Phi Beta Sigma Journal</i> was published. The journal was the official organ of the fraternity; Eugene T. Alexander was named its first editor. The following month, the fraternity held its 1921 Conclave at <a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia. This conference saw the first-ever inter-fraternity conference between Phi Beta Sigma and <a href="/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">Omega Psi Phi</a>. This would lead to the first inter-fraternity council meeting between the two organizations the following spring in Washington, D.C. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"When Taylor left the center of the stage, the main theme of the plot had been introduced. It would, of course, be developed, embellished, and varied in the years to come." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Brother I.L. Scruggs<sup id="cite_ref-Parks,_Malveaux_2008_p.102_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks,_Malveaux_2008_p.102-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>In 1922, Founder Taylor called for the assembly of the Black Greek-lettered organizations of Howard University to discuss the formation of a governing council. Although the efforts of Taylor failed on that particular day, they would sow the seeds for what was to become the National Pan-Hellenic Council eight years later. </p><p>In March 1924, the name of the fraternity's official publication, <i>The Phi Beta Sigma Journal</i>, was changed to <i>The Crescent Magazine</i>. The magazine's name change was suggested by members of the Mu chapter at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a> to reference the symbolic meaning of the crescent to the fraternity. At the 1924 conclave, a special exhibit introduced the concept of the "Bigger and Better Negro Business". This would lead to the establishment of Bigger and Better Business as a national program at the 1925 conclave. At the 1928 Conclave, held in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branding</a> the skin with a hot iron, as a part of the initiation process was officially sanctioned by the fraternity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sigma_and_the_Great_Depression">Sigma and the Great Depression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sigma and the Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 1929 Conclave held in New York City, <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Dr. Carter G. Woodson</a> was invited as a guest speaker and saw the creation of the Distinguished Service chapter. The fall of 1929 saw the crash of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">stock markets</a>. Like many other organizations during this period, Phi Beta Sigma faced financial difficulties. With brothers faced with financial worries, some members were forced to leave their respective institutions due to lack of funds to continue their educations; several chapters became inactive. The fraternity saw its income drastically shrink to the point of nearly disappearing completely. As a result of the bank closures, the remaining funds of the fraternity were frozen. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Negroes would warrant and get Support and Patronage from other races as well as the Negro race" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Arthur W. Mitchell<sup id="cite_ref-Parks,_Malveaux_2008_p.102_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks,_Malveaux_2008_p.102-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />6th International President of ΦΒΣ</cite></div> </div> <p>As the nation came to terms with the Great Depression, Phi Beta Sigma and its members continued to implement programs to support the black community. In February 1930, the General Board met in New York City and appointed then vice president of the Eastern Region, Dr. T. H. Wright, as head of the new Bigger and Better Business program. The first objective of Phi Beta Sigma's new program was to call upon colleges to provide business courses for its students. The fraternity went forward with its plans to implement the bigger and better business program and aid as many financially strapped chapters as possible through scholarships for brothers. </p><p>Later that year, at the 1930 Conclave held in <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" title="Tuskegee, Alabama">Tuskegee, Alabama</a>, northern region vice president C. L. Roberts suggested that instead of a yearly meeting, the annual conclaves should be held once every two years. It was also at this conclave that brother George Washington Carver delivered an impassioned and emotional speech to the brothers in attendance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_action_and_international_expansion_(1934–1949)"><span id="Social_action_and_international_expansion_.281934.E2.80.931949.29"></span>Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif/150px-Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif/225px-Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif/300px-Pullman_Porter_Helping_Woman.gif 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><b>A porter for the Pullman Company</b> Under the leadership of Sigma Brother A. Philip Randolph, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was able to gain rights under federal law.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fraternity brother A. Philip Randolph, who organized the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a>, played a role in the amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act" title="Railway Labor Act">Railway Labor Act</a> in 1934. As a result, railway porters were granted rights under federal law. This victory and the continuing work of Randolph and the BSCP led to the Pullman Company contract with the union, which included over $2 million in pay increases for employees, a shorter workweek, and overtime pay. 1934 also marked the birth of Social Action as a national program and the return of founder A. Langston Taylor to the forefront of Sigma. Brother Emmett May was elected as the first director of the social action initiative. </p><p>The 1935 Atlanta Conclave saw yet another meeting between Sigma and Omega Psi Phi fraternities. Omega founders <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Amos_Love" title="Edgar Amos Love">Edgar Amos Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_James_Cooper" title="Oscar James Cooper">Oscar James Cooper</a> brought greetings to the brothers in attendance of the conference on behalf of the members of Omega Psi Phi. The following year, the general board approved the fraternity's affiliation with the already established National Pan-Hellenic Council. in continuation of Sigma's Social Action initiative, brothers of Sigma were actively involved the Chicago meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Congress" title="National Negro Congress">National Negro Congress</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>We live in daily hope that we shall one day learn the fate of our beloved brother and founder. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Founder Leonard F. Morse – 1949<br />(On The fate of Founder Charles I. Brown)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>As Phi Beta Sigma prepared for the Silver (25th) Anniversary, a special search was made for lost founder Charles I. Brown. The search would yield no results as to the fate or location of Founder Brown. The 1939 conclave marking the 25th anniversary of the fraternity was held on the campus of Howard University. </p><p>At the 1941 Conclave in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fraternity became a permanent member of the National Negro Business League. At the same conclave Brother A. Philip Randolph announced a proposed march on Washington, D.C., to protest racial discrimination in defense work and the armed forces. This proposed march would lead then president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Fair_Employment_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Fair Employment Practice">Committee on Fair Employment Practice</a> and issue Executive Order 8802 which barred discrimination in governmental and defense industry hiring. </p><p>Due to the outbreak of the Second World War no Conclaves were held, although some brothers in various regions were able to assemble independently of the General Board. At the fraternity's first spring conclave in 1944, the fraternity voted to support the <a href="/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Negro College Fund">United Negro College Fund</a>. 1949 would mark the reunion of two of the founders of Sigma: A. Langston Taylor and Leonard F. Morse. </p><p>The 1940s and 1950s would show the continued expansion of Phi Beta Sigma. In 1949, the fraternity became an international organization with the chartering of the Beta Upsilon Sigma graduate chapter and the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia,_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monrovia, Liberia">Monrovia, Liberia</a>. The fraternity would extend its international chapters into <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a>, with the chartering of the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigma_and_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1950–1969)"><span id="Sigma_and_the_Civil_Rights_Movement_.281950.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans renewed in the 1950s, Sigma men held positions of leadership among various civil rights groups, organized protests, and proposed the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> of 1963. In Atlanta, A. Philip Randolph helped with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC) in 1957. Randolph and fraternity brother <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> would later be involved with the 1963 March on Washington, Randolph as a key organizer and Lewis as a speaker representing the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC). </p><p>In 1961, Phi Beta Sigma brother <a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a> joined and became the executive secretary of the then newly formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. From 1961 to 1965 Forman, a decade older and more experienced than most of the other members of SNCC, became responsible for providing organizational support to the young, loosely affiliated activists by paying bills, radically expanding the institutional staff, and planning the logistics for programs. Under the leadership of Forman and others, SNCC became an important political player at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>, Brothers <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> led a 54-mile protest march from Selma to the capital of Alabama: Montgomery. Lewis became known nationally for his prominent role in the marches and became a Congressman as a Democrat from Georgia. During police attacks on the peaceful demonstration Lewis was beaten mercilessly, leaving head wounds that are still visible today. </p><p>Phi Beta Sigma brothers <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> left-wing <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>. Originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, their goal was the protection of <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">African-American neighborhoods</a> from police brutality in the interest of African-American justice. As one of the many advocates of <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">The Black Power Movement</a>, the Black Panthers were considered part of one of the most significant social, political, and cultural movements in U.S. history. "The Movement['s] provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_(1970–2000)"><span id="History_.281970.E2.80.932000.29"></span>History (1970–2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History (1970–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, brother <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Melvin Evans">Melvin Evans</a> was elected the first governor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>. In 1979, Phi Beta Sigma celebrated its 65th anniversary Conclave in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Sigma brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington" title="Harold Washington">Harold Washington</a> became the first African-American mayor of the city of Chicago, Illinois. In 1986, the Fraternity opened the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union which is open to members of the Fraternity, members of the sister sorority, Zeta Phi Beta, their families, and their respective Regions and chapters. With the establishment of the credit union, Phi Beta Sigma became the first NPHC organization to offer such an entity to its members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1986, a brother of Phi Beta Sigma, Baltazar Mendoza-Madrigal alongside 17 other men, established <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Beta" title="Sigma Lambda Beta">Sigma Lambda Beta International Fraternity, Incorporated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>. Mendoza-Madrigal was inspired by the significant contributions of his fraternity to the African American community and recognized a similar need within the Latino community. With permission granted by the national board of Phi Beta Sigma, he was able to maintain his membership while establishing a new organization that aimed to serve and unify the Latino community.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the Fraternity celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in Washington, D.C. Also in that year, brother <a href="/wiki/Edison_O._Jackson" title="Edison O. Jackson">Edison O. Jackson</a> became the president of <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers_College" title="Medgar Evers College">Medgar Evers College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York. </p><p>In 1990, two Sigma brothers made significant firsts in their respective fields as Brothers <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Freeman" title="Charles E. Freeman">Charles E. Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Overstreet" title="Morris Overstreet">Morris Overstreet</a> were elected the first district judge of the Illinois Supreme Court and first African-American elected by popular vote to a statewide office in the state of Texas respectively. Later on that year, following the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Gamma" title="Sigma Lambda Gamma">Sigma Lambda Gamma National Sorority, Incorporated</a> at the University of Iowa, which was aid by members of Phi Beta Sigma, Zeta Phi Beta, and Sigma Lambda Beta. The four organizations formed the First Inter-Racially Mixed (F.I.R.M) Family network. This network was created to embody a shared commitment to unity and mutual support across these diverse Greek organizations although it did not create any new constitutional bounds that weren't already present.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the fraternity was the only NPHC organization involved with the planning and support of the <a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a> as brother <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chavis_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Chavis Muhammad">Benjamin Chavis Muhammad</a> served as national coordinator of the March.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_DNC_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>Sigma Brother John Lewis speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001, Sigma brother <a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> became the first African-American Secretary of Education. At the 2003 conclave, in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, the fraternity added Projects S.W.W.A.C & S.A.T.A.P as national programs in attempts to combat cancer and <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Action_Info_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Action_Info-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to those projects, the fraternity added Project Vote and the Phi Beta Sigma Capital Hill Summit under the social action umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Action_Info_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Action_Info-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2007 conclave in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a> the fraternity introduced the Sigma Wellness initiatives as the latest national programs. The 2009 Conclave in New Orleans saw former President William Jefferson Clinton accept honorary member invitation to Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity."<sup id="cite_ref-Clinton_Acceptance_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinton_Acceptance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fraternity noticed abuse of its trademark by the clothing designer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren" title="Ralph Lauren">Ralph Lauren</a> in early January 2020. That designer incorporated the Fraternity's name along with other symbolism on the fabric of pants offered for sale on its website. The Fraternity objected and explained in a cease-and-desist letter that such usage was in violation of trademark and was not developed as Fraternity-approved sportswear. <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Enterprise" title="Black Enterprise">Black Enterprise magazine</a></i> profiled this controversy in a January 2020 article.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_of_the_fraternity">Purpose of the fraternity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Purpose of the fraternity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founders deeply wished to create an organization that viewed itself as "a part of" the general community rather than "apart from" the general community. They believed that each potential member should be judged by his own merits rather than his family background or affluence... without regard of skin tone or texture of hair. They wished and wanted their fraternity to exist as part of even a greater brotherhood which would be devoted to the "inclusive we" rather than the "exclusive we." The fraternity's defiance of stereotypes that have plagued other organizations indeed goes back to the founders themselves with their careful and deliberate building of the fraternity by promoting a membership with diverse backgrounds. </p><p>From its inception, the Founders also conceived Phi Beta Sigma as a mechanism to deliver services to the general community. Rather than gaining skills to be utilized exclusively for themselves and their immediate families, the founders of Phi Beta Sigma held a deep conviction that they should return their newly acquired skills to the communities from which they had come. This deep conviction was mirrored in the Fraternity's motto, "Culture For Service and Service For Humanity." </p><p>Today, Phi Beta Sigma has blossomed into an international organization of leaders. The fraternity has experienced unprecedented growth and continues to be a leader among issues of social justice as well as proponent of the interests of minority communities, the needy, the oppressed, and the youth. No longer a single entity, the Fraternity has now established the Phi Beta Sigma Educational Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Housing Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union, a notable youth auxiliary program, "The Sigma Beta Club," and the Phi Beta Sigma Charitable Outreach Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phi Beta Sigma's Constitution states that race, religion, and national origin are not criteria for membership. Membership is predominantly African-American in composition, with members in over 700 collegiate and alumni chapters in the United States, District of Columbia, Germany, Switzerland, The Bahamas, Virgin Islands, South Korea, Japan and countries in Africa. Since its founding in 1914, more than 200,000+ men have joined the membership of Phi Beta Sigma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"Each one, was different in temperament, in ability, in appearance; but that was why they were chosen by the three founders. We felt that a fraternity composed of men who were all alike in habits, interest and abilities would be a pretty dull organization." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Sigma Co-Founder Leonard F. Morse<br />(On The First Initiated Brothers of Phi Beta Sigma)<sup id="cite_ref-OCSO18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCSO18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>A chapter name ending in "Sigma" denotes a graduate chapter. No chapter of Phi Beta Sigma is designated <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a>, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, and deceased brothers are referred to as having joined The Omega chapter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pledging_and_hazing_culture">Pledging and hazing culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pledging and hazing culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a></div> <p>Through the years, members of Phi Beta Sigma have been involved in incidents related to hazing, although now denounced by the fraternity, incidents have been discovered of pledges being subjected to activities which in some case have resulted in serious injury and even death. Prior to 1990, the Crescent Club was the official pledge club of Phi Beta Sigma and potential candidates interested in becoming a member of the fraternity would join the pledge club before being fully initiated. In response to the increasing number of lawsuits stemming from allegations and incidents related to <a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations#African_American_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">hazing</a>, Phi Beta Sigma and other members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council jointly agreed to disband pledging as a form of admission.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to eliminate Hazing from these organizations, each revised its orientation procedures and developed the Membership Intake Process. </p><p>In 2012, then Phi Beta Sigma International President Jimmy Hammock, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Network" title="National Action Network">National Action Network</a>, led by Sigma member <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>, launched a coalition whose aim was to combat hazing culture not just within the black Greek Lettered Organizations, but also the broader community at large. The coalition, also pledged their support of federal anti-hazing legislation that was being spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> member <a href="/wiki/Frederica_Wilson" title="Frederica Wilson">Frederica Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the campaign, the fraternity developed anti-hazing training materials, held a town hall meetings, facilitated workshops and encouraged local chapters to participate in the annual National Anti-Hazing Awareness Day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phi Beta Sigma's efforts to eliminate hazing from the fraternity continue as local chapters are now mandated to participate in anti-hazing awareness workshops. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_embezzlement_and_hazing_incidents">Notable embezzlement and hazing incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable embezzlement and hazing incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Embezzlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Terry Davis, the former elected national treasurer for the fraternity was convicted for embezzling at least $50,000 from the fraternity's bank accounts. He was sentenced to 31 months in prison and ordered to repay the fraternity $50,000 in restitution. Davis was initially charged with stealing over $200,000 but his attorney was able to lower the amount due to lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hazing">Hazing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, a pledge at Southern University (Baton Rouge) went blind after being intentionally hit on the head with a frying pan by a member of the fraternity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the fraternity was sued by a former pledge and football player at the University of Georgia for violating hazing laws. As a pledge, he was hospitalized with bruises to his buttock and torn blood vessels due to being paddled by fraternity members. Three members were arrested and pled guilty to hazing and battery charges.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, a pledge at Southern Illinois University was struck in the chest by several members of the fraternity which caused him to suffer from a severe asthma attack.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, seven Sigmas were arrested for beating pledges from the University of South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One known pledge was hospitalized due to the severe beatings and torment. </p><p>In 2009, Donnie Wade Jr., a student at Prairie View A&M University, died of extreme exhaustion due to illegal hazing activity while he was pledging the fraternity. His family filed a $97 million lawsuit against the fraternity and the chapter was temporarily expelled from campus for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, seven members (six students and one staff member) of the fraternity were banned from the campus of Wiley College after reports surfaced of the brutal and dangerous hazing practices pledges had to go through.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a former pledge at Virginia State University sued the fraternity for $1 million as a result of his problematic experience with the fraternity. He was hospitalized due to constant physical abuse and forced to drop out of college due to emotional trauma that distracted him from completing his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, a former Francis Marion University student won a $1.6 million lawsuit against an individual member of the fraternity and his home owners policy after allegedly suffering <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> due to being severely beaten throughout his pledge process. Nine Phi Beta Sigma members were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the fraternity was kicked off the campus of Salisbury University until Spring 2017. The university had received several anonymous complaints of pledges being beaten with paddles, forced to drink alcohol, and being harassed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_members" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma members">List of Phi Beta Sigma members</a></div> <p>Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity's membership includes many notable members who are involved in the fields of arts and entertainment, business, civil rights, education, health, law, politics, science, and sports. The fraternity's membership roster includes heads of state <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Nnamdi_Azikiwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe">Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">William Tolbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_V.S._Tubman" class="mw-redirect" title="William V.S. Tubman">William V.S. Tubman</a>, the past presidents of Nigeria, the Republic of Ghana, and Liberia respectively. Also the 42nd president of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> is an honorary member.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable members include scientist <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>; the first black Rhodes Scholar, <a href="/wiki/Alain_LeRoy_Locke" title="Alain LeRoy Locke">Alain LeRoy Locke</a>; Black Panther Party founder <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a>; organizer of the Million Man March <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chavis_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Chavis Muhammad">Benjamin Chavis Muhammad</a>; civil rights activists <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> and the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>; musicians <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Original Temptations</a>; actors <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Vereen" title="Ben Vereen">Ben Vereen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Howard" title="Terrence Howard">Terrence Howard</a>; television personality <a href="/wiki/Al_Roker" title="Al Roker">Al Roker</a>; and professional athletes <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Small" title="Jessie Small">Jessie Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Jones_(defensive_end)" title="Aaron Jones (defensive end)">Aaron Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rice" title="Jerry Rice">Jerry Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmitt_Smith" title="Emmitt Smith">Emmitt Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hines_Ward" title="Hines Ward">Hines Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sherman_(American_football)" title="Richard Sherman (American football)">Richard Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Howard" title="Ryan Howard">Ryan Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Presidents">International Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are the thirty-six International Presidents<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the 1914 institution of the office </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>#01 Abram Langston Taylor, 1914–1916</li> <li>#02 Ivorite L. Scruggs, 1917–1919</li> <li>#03 William S. Savage, 1920–1921</li> <li>#04 Walter M. Clarke, 1921–1922</li> <li>#05 John W. Woodhous, 1923–1925</li> <li>#06 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur W. Mitchell">Arthur W. Mitchell</a>, 1926–1934</li> <li>#07 Jesse W. Lewis, 1935–1936</li> <li>#08 James W. Johnson, 1937</li> <li>#09 George W. Lawrence, 1938–1940</li> <li>#10 Richard A. Billings, 1941–1944</li> <li>#11 George A. Parker, 1944–1947</li> <li>#12 Ras O. Johnson, 1948–1950</li> <li>#13 Felix J. Brown, 1951–1953</li> <li>#14 George L. Hightower, 1954–1955</li> <li>#15 George D. Flemmings; 1955–1957</li> <li>#16 Hutson L. Lovell, 1958–1959</li> <li>#17 Roswell O. Sutton, 1960-1962</li> <li>#18 Maurice A. Moore, 1963–1965</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>#19 Alvin J. McNeil, 1966–1970</li> <li>#20 Parlette L. Moore, 1971–1973</li> <li>#21 John E. Westberry, 1974–1976</li> <li>#22 Richard M. Ballard Jr., 1977–1979</li> <li>#23 Charles B. Wright, 1980–1981</li> <li>#24 <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Newton" title="Demetrius Newton">Demetrius Newton</a>, 1981–1984</li> <li>#25 James T. Floyd 1984–1987</li> <li>#26 Moses C. McClendon, 1987–1989</li> <li>#27 Carter D. Womack, 1989–1993</li> <li>#28 William E. Stanley Jr., 1993–1995</li> <li>#29 Carter D. Womack, 1995–1997</li> <li>#30 Peter M. Adams, 1997-2001</li> <li>#31 Arthur R. Thomas, 2001–2005</li> <li>#32 Paul L. Griffin Jr., 2005–2009</li> <li>#33 Jimmy Hammock, 2009–2013</li> <li>#34 Jonathan A. Mason Sr., 2013–2017</li> <li>#35 Michael E. Cristal, 2017–2021</li> <li>#36 Chris V. Rey, 2021–Present</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break">  </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclave">Conclave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conclave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_conclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves">List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg/180px-Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg/270px-Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg/360px-Westgate_Las_Vegas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Westgate_Las_Vegas" title="Westgate Las Vegas"> Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino</a> will serve as the location of the Fraternity's 2019 Conclave</figcaption></figure> <p>The Conclave is the legislative power of Phi Beta Sigma. During a conclave year, delegates representing all of the active chapters from within the seven regions of the Fraternity meet in the chosen city. The Conclave-or fraternity convention- is currently held biannually and usually co-hosted by the alumni and collegiate chapters of the chosen city. During the convention, members of the General Board – the administrative body of the fraternity-are elected and appointed. The General Board may act in the interest of the Fraternity when the Conclave is not in session. In addition, seminars, social events, concerts, an international Miss Phi Beta Sigma Pageant, Stepshow, and oratorical contests are also held during the week-long conference. Throughout the years, notable individuals such as George Washington Carver, Dr. Carter G. Woodson, and NFL quarterback Charlie Batch were speakers at past Conclaves. </p><p>The Current General board is composed of The International President, First Vice-President, Second-Vice President, Treasurer, General Counsel, a Distinguished Service Chapter Representative, the regional directors, the immediate past-president, two collegiate members at large, and director of collegiate affairs. The offices of Second-Vice President and collegiate member at large are reserved positions on the general board for collegiate (undergraduate) members to hold. In addition, the Editor of The Crescent Magazine, Director of publicity, and the National Executive Director make up the members of the General Board. The latter-mentioned members are appointed to their positions and do not hold voting powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguished_Service_Chapter_members">Distinguished Service Chapter members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Distinguished Service Chapter members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Established at the 1929 Conclave, the Distinguished Service Chapter is the highest honor bestowed on a member of Phi Beta Sigma. Membership in the Distinguished Service Chapter must be recommended and approved by the awardees Chapter, Region, and by the General Board of the Fraternity prior to entry. One must meet the following criteria in order to be considered for this honor: </p> <ul><li>Active in the Fraternity for at least ten years</li> <li>Has distinguished himself in the Fraternity and/or in his respective communities for extending exemplary service.</li></ul> <p>Brother Jesse W. Lewis was voted in as the DSC's first member (1929). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters_and_regions">Chapters and regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chapters and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters">List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBS_Regional_Map_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/PBS_Regional_Map_2.png/200px-PBS_Regional_Map_2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/PBS_Regional_Map_2.png/300px-PBS_Regional_Map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/PBS_Regional_Map_2.png/400px-PBS_Regional_Map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>The seven regions of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity both within the United States and Internationally.</figcaption></figure> <p>Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity organizes its chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The seven regions are each led by a regional director and a regional board. A comprehensive list of regions is shown below:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><b>Eastern</b> (<i>Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, the United States Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, Africa, and Europe</i>)</li> <li><b>Great Lakes</b> (<i>Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ontario (Canada)</i>)</li> <li><b>Gulf Coast</b> (<i>Louisiana, New Mexico, and Texas</i>)</li> <li><b>Southeastern</b> (<i>North Carolina, South Carolina and all of Tennessee east of the 86th Longitude</i>)</li> <li><b>Southern</b> (<i>Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas, </i>)</li> <li><b>Southwestern</b> (<i>Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma and all of Tennessee west of the 86th Longitude</i>)</li> <li><b>Western</b> (<i>Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Japan, South Korea and Kuwait</i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_national_programs">The national programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The national programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:88%;"> <caption>Phi Beta Sigma National Programs<sup id="cite_ref-KappaRhopgms_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KappaRhopgms-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Bigger and Better Business </td> <td>Project Vote </td></tr> <tr> <td>Project S.E.E.D. </td> <td>Phi Beta Sigma Capitol Hill Summit </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Program of Education </td> <td>Project S.A.T.A.P.P. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Project S.E.T. </td> <td>Sigma Wellness Project </td></tr> <tr> <td>Project S.W.W.A.C. </td> <td>The Sigma Beta Club </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clean Speech Movement </td> <td>Sigma Academy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sleepout For The Homeless </td> <td>HIV/AIDS Awareness </td></tr> <tr> <td>Project S.A.D.A. </td> <td>Project S.A.S </td></tr> <tr> <td>Project S.E.R. </td> <td>Phi Beta Sigma National Marrow Donor Program </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sigma I.D. Day </td> <td>Phi Beta Sigma – "A Fraternity that Reads" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phi Beta Sigma – "Buying Black and Giving Back" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phi Beta Sigma aims their focuses on issues that greatly impact the African-American community and the youth of the nation. The Phi Beta Sigma national programs of Bigger and Better Business, Education and Social Action are realized through the Fraternity's overarching program, Sigma Wellness, adopted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-programs_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programs-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bigger_and_Better_Business">Bigger and Better Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bigger and Better Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As told by Dr. I. L. Scruggs (excerpts from <i>Our Cause Speeds On</i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Philadelphia, 1924, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity 'arrived'. We had a mob of people at this Conclave. There were representatives from twenty-eight chapters -and all the trimmings. The introduction of the Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was made by way of an exhibit devoted to this topic. </p><p>The Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was first tested in 1924 with an imposing exhibition in Philadelphia. This was held in connection with the Conclave. Twenty-five leading Negro Businesses sent statements and over fifty sent exhibits. The whole show took place in the lobby of the YMCA. Several thousand visitors seemed to have been impressed. The response was so great that the 1925 Conclave in Richmond, Virginia voted unanimously to make Bigger and Better Negro Business the public program of the Fraternity, and it has been so ever since." </p><p> Phi Beta Sigma believes that the improvement and economic conditions of minorities is a major factor in the improvement of the general welfare of society. It is upon this conviction that the Bigger and Better Business Program rests. Since 1926, the Bigger and Better Business Program has been sponsored on a national scale by Phi Beta Sigma as a way of supporting, fostering, and promoting minority owned businesses and services.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Bigger and Better Business serves as an umbrella for other national initiatives involving business. The program's goals include supporting minority businesses, increasing communication with sigma brothers involved with business, and instilling sound business principals and practices to members of the community. Project S.E.E.D. (Sigma Economic Empowerment Development) is the foremost Bigger and Better Business Program. The program was developed to help the membership focus on two important areas: Financial Management and Home ownership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founders of Phi Beta Sigma were all educators in their own right. The genesis of the Education Program lies in the traditional emphasis that the fraternity places on Education. During the 1945 conclave in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, the fraternity underwent a constitution restructuring which led to the birth of the Education as a National Program. </p><p>The National Program of Education focuses on programming and services to graduate and undergraduates in the fraternity. Programs such as scholarships, lectures, college fairs, mentoring, and tutoring enhance this program on local, regional and national levels.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Project S.E.T. (Sigma Education Time) is focused on increasing grade point averages and graduation rates of collegiates throughout the nation. The program aims to help with job readiness, choosing a career path {3–5 year outlook}, interviewing techniques, negotiating and entrepreneurship. </p><p>The Sigma Beta Club provides mentoring, guidance, educational tutorial assistance and advise to young men between ages 6 to 18. Created in 1950, it was the first youth auxiliary group of any of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_action">Social action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/220px-Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/330px-Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/440px-Fraternity_brothers_with_signs_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Phi Beta Sigma at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Phi Beta Sigma has from its very beginning concerned itself with improving the general well-being of minority groups. In 1934, a well-defined program of Social Action was formulated and put into action. Elmo M. Anderson, then president of Epsilon Sigma chapter (New York) formulated this program calling for the reconstruction of social order. It was a tremendous success. It fit in with the social thinking of the American public in those <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the winter of 1934, Sigma brothers Elmo Anderson, James W. Johnson, Emmett May and Bob Jiggets presented the Social Action proposition to the Conclave in Washington, D.C. The idea was adopted as a national program at the same conclave. Anderson is credited as "The Father of Social Action".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fraternity's five main social action programs are Project Vote, Sigma Wellness, Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill, and projects S.W.W.A.C. and S.A.T.A.P.P. </p><p><i>Project S.W.W.A.C.</i> (Sigmas Waging War Against Cancer) is a concentrated and coordinated effort to reduce the incidence of cancer in the African-American community. Through a partnership with the American Cancer Society, the goal of Project S.W.W.A.C. is to increase awareness, with a strong emphasis on early detection and prevention of prostate and colorectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-SWprograms_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWprograms-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Project S.A.T.A.P.P.</i> is a collaborative venture with the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation to address the alarming rise in teenage pregnancy. The <i>Sigma Wellness Project</i> is focused on living healthier lifestyles through education. The goal of <i>Project Vote</i> is to register and educate citizens and encourage members of the community to participate in the democratic process. The <i>Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill Program</i> is focused on presenting Sigma members the opportunity to discuss many of the critical issues facing our communities with members of the U.S. Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-SWprograms_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWprograms-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sigma_Beta_Club">The Sigma Beta Club</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Sigma Beta Club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1950s, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity developed a youth auxiliary group. Under the direction of Dr. Parlett L. Moore the Sigma Beta Club was founded. On April 23, 1954, the first club chapter was organized in Montgomery, AL. The Sigma Beta Clubs' principles of focus emphasize Culture, Athletics, Social and Educational needs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Phi_Beta_Sigma_History_Museum">The Phi Beta Sigma History Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Phi Beta Sigma History Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sigma History Museum was a <a href="/wiki/Traveling_exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveling exhibition">traveling exhibition</a> created in 2001 by Sigma brothers Mark Pacich, Louis W. Lubin Jr. and Ahab El’Askeni. The museum's initial goal was to dispel the discrepancies of the Fraternity's history, by collecting as many newspaper articles, Crescent Magazines, Conclave Journals, autographs, pictures, etc., as possible. With the help of many Sigma members, in addition to families and friends of Sigmas brothers, some impressive artifacts of the history of the Fraternity were discovered. Among those artifacts, pictures of Sigma Founder A. Langston Taylor; historical pictures from the 1914, 1915, and 1916 yearbooks at Howard University; original letters; Conclave banners; and interviews with Sigma Brother Decatur Morse, son of Sigma Founder Leonard F. Morse, Samuel Proctor Massie II, son of an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters#Eastern#Collegiate_Chapters" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters">Alpha chapter</a> charter member, Samuel P. Massie, Robert L. Pollard II, son of Sigma brother Col. Robert L. Pollard who joined Sigma in 1919, and Dr. Gregory Tignor, son of Sigma brother Madison Tignor who also joined Sigma in 1919. The exhibit has been displayed in many cities including; Orlando, Philadelphia, Detroit, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:40%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornflowerblue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Culture For Service and Service For Humanity" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><b>Phi Beta Sigma <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></b></cite></div> </div> <p>On July 16, 2014, as part of the fraternity's centennial celebration, a permanent museum was opened at the Phi Beta Sigma International Headquarters in Washington D.C. As a result, Phi Beta Sigma became the first Historically Black Greek Lettered fraternity to open its own museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assets of the museum have grown since the initial display in 2000. The most coveted possession yet to be acquired are the first 2 issues of the <i>Phi Beta Sigma Journal</i>. The museum is only 14 issues away from having every Crescent magazine ever printed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers">List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters">List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_conclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves">List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social fraternities and sororities">List of social fraternities and sororities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Md.+fraternity+paddled%2C+abused+pledges%2C+report+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F05%2F05%2Ffraternity-suspended-hazing%2F26947853%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phibetasigma1914.org/honorary-members/">"Honorary Members"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphibetasigma1914.org%2Fhonorary-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gvsu.edu/pbs/famous%20sigs.html">"Famous Sigmas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Sigmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gvsu.edu%2Fpbs%2Ffamous%2520sigs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809123157/http://www.pbs1914.org/index.php?page=presidents">"Phi Beta Sigma Past Presidents"</a>. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs1914.org/index.php?page=presidents">the original</a> on August 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phi+Beta+Sigma+Past+Presidents&rft.pub=Phi+Beta+Sigma+Fraternity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs1914.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs1914.org/index.php?page=regionalcontacts">Regional Contacts</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KappaRhopgms-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KappaRhopgms_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whiteshdw.tripod.com/sigma_national_programs.htm">"ΦΒΣ National Programs"</a>. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Rho Sigma chapter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A6%CE%92%CE%A3+National+Programs&rft.pub=Phi+Beta+Sigma+Fraternity%2C+Rho+Sigma+chapter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhiteshdw.tripod.com%2Fsigma_national_programs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-programs-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-programs_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326172139/http://www.pbs1914programs.org/2.html">"Phi Beta Sigma Community Initiatives"</a>. Pbs1914programs.org. September 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs1914programs.org/2.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phi+Beta+Sigma+Community+Initiatives&rft.pub=Pbs1914programs.org&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs1914programs.org%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Birth of Bigger and Better Business, As told by Dr. I.L. Scruggs, Excerpts from Our Cause Speeds On, by W. Sherman Savage and L.D. Reddick, The Fuller Press, Georgia, 1957 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824102529/http://www.pbsbbb.org/history.htm">"Reports"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbsbbb.org/history.htm">the original</a> on August 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbsbbb.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbseducation1914.org/">Education Program Web-Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419144658/http://www.pbseducation1914.org/">Archived</a> April 19, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpts from Our Cause Speeds On and The Crescent 1949 (35th Anniversary Edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWprograms-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWprograms_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWprograms_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbssouthwestern.org/programs.htm">"PBS Southwestern Programs"</a>. Pbssouthwestern.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PBS+Southwestern+Programs&rft.pub=Pbssouthwestern.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbssouthwestern.org%2Fprograms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_2014-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2014_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2014" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Courtney (July 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afro.com/phi-beta-sigma-museum-opens-in-nw-d-c/">"Phi Beta Sigma Museum Opens in NW D.C."</a> <i>afro.com</i>. The Afro American Newspaper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afro.com&rft.atitle=Phi+Beta+Sigma+Museum+Opens+in+NW+D.C.&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.com%2Fphi-beta-sigma-museum-opens-in-nw-d-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928122655/http://www.pbs1914.org/archivedspotlights/MarkPacich0420051.asp">"Sigma Spotlight: Mark Pacich, Phi Beta Sigma International web-site"</a>. Pbs1914.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs1914.org/archivedspotlights/MarkPacich0420051.asp">the original</a> on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sigma+Spotlight%3A+Mark+Pacich%2C+Phi+Beta+Sigma+International+web-site&rft.pub=Pbs1914.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs1914.org%2Farchivedspotlights%2FMarkPacich0420051.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2019" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lawrence C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1086560722"><i>The divine nine : the history of African American fraternities and sororities</i></a>. Nikki Giovanni (2nd ed.). New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4967-2887-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4967-2887-6"><bdi>978-1-4967-2887-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086560722">1086560722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+divine+nine+%3A+the+history+of+African+American+fraternities+and+sororities&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086560722&rft.isbn=978-1-4967-2887-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1086560722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParks,_Malveaux,_Morial2008" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Malveaux, Morial (2008). <i>Black Greek-letter Organizations in the Twenty-First Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun</i>. Lexington-Fayette, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2491-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-2491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Greek-letter+Organizations+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Our+Fight+Has+Just+Begun&rft.place=Lexington-Fayette%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2491-9&rft.au=Parks%2C+Malveaux%2C+Morial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhi+Beta+Sigma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Sigma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs1914.org">Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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id="Phi_Beta_Sigma_Fraternity,_Incorporated60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#084C9E; color:white;">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta Sorority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#084C9E; color:white;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_members" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma members">List of Phi Beta Sigma members</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_chapters" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters">List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_Conclaves" title="List of Phi Beta Sigma Conclaves">List of Phi Beta Sigma Conclaves</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Phi_Beta_Sigma161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#FFFFFF;color:#084C9E;border:1px solid #084C9E"><div id="Articles_related_to_Phi_Beta_Sigma161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Phi Beta Sigma</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Pan-Hellenic_Council_(in_order_by_founding_date)61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="Template:National Pan-Hellenic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="Template talk:National Pan-Hellenic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Pan-Hellenic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Pan-Hellenic_Council_(in_order_by_founding_date)61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> (in order by founding date)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> 1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">Kappa Alpha Psi</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">Omega Psi Phi</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a> 1913</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phi Beta Sigma</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">Sigma Gamma Rho</a> 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta" title="Iota Phi Theta">Iota Phi Theta</a> 1963</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_American_Interfraternity_Conference145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="Template:North American Interfraternity Conference"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="Template talk:North American Interfraternity Conference"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Interfraternity Conference"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_American_Interfraternity_Conference145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Interfraternity_Conference" title="North American Interfraternity Conference">North American Interfraternity Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currently active members of the NIC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_(fraternity)" title="Acacia (fraternity)">Acacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Rho" title="Alpha Gamma Rho">ΑΓΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_(fraternity)" title="Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)">ΑΓΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Gamma" title="Alpha Delta Gamma">ΑΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">ΑΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">ΑΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Lambda" title="Alpha Kappa Lambda">ΑΚΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">ΑΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">ΑΤΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">ΑΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Delta" title="Alpha Phi Delta">ΑΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Rho" title="Alpha Chi Rho">ΑΧΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Sigma_Psi" title="Beta Sigma Psi">ΒΣΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">ΒΘΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Chi_Theta" title="Beta Chi Theta">ΒΧΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Upsilon_Chi" title="Beta Upsilon Chi">ΒΥΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">ΔΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Lambda_Phi" title="Delta Lambda Phi">ΔΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Phi" title="Delta Sigma Phi">ΔΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">ΔΤΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">ΔΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">ΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Chi" title="Delta Chi">ΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmHouse" title="FarmHouse">FarmHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">ΖΒΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">ΖΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">ΘΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">ΘΞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Nu_Delta" title="Iota Nu Delta">ΙΝΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta" title="Iota Phi Theta">ΙΦΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">ΚΑ Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">ΚΑΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Rho" title="Kappa Delta Rho">ΚΔΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Kappa Delta Phi">ΚΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">ΛΧΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Phi" title="Lambda Theta Phi">ΛΘΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Sigma_Upsilon" title="Lambda Sigma Upsilon">ΛΣΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">ΛΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Alpha_Kappa" title="Nu Alpha Kappa">ΝΑΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">ΠΚΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">ΠΚΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Lambda_Phi" title="Pi Lambda Phi">ΠΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">ΣΑΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">ΣΑΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Beta_Rho" title="Sigma Beta Rho">ΣΒΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Beta" title="Sigma Lambda Beta">ΣΛΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">ΣΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi" title="Sigma Pi">ΣΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Gamma" title="Sigma Tau Gamma">ΣΤΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">ΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">ΣΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">ΤΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">ΤΕΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Phi_Sigma" title="Tau Phi Sigma">ΤΦΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Fraternity" title="Triangle Fraternity">Triangle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ΦΒΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">ΦΓΔ(FIJI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">ΦΙΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Theta" title="Phi Kappa Theta">ΦΚΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">ΦΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">ΦΚΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">ΦΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Lambda_Chi" title="Phi Lambda Chi">ΦΛΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Delta" title="Phi Mu Delta">ΦΜΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa" title="Phi Sigma Kappa">ΦΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Phi" title="Phi Sigma Phi">ΦΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">ΧΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Psi" title="Chi Psi">ΧΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">ΨΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Delta_Phi" title="Omega Delta Phi">ΩΔΦ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active former members of the NIC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Epsilon_Psi" title="Delta Epsilon Psi">ΔΕΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">ΔΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">ΚΑ Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">ΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">ΦΔΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Delta" title="Sigma Phi Delta">ΣΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon" title="Sigma Phi Epsilon">ΣΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">ΤΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Chi" title="Theta Chi">ΘΧ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct former members of the NIC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Pi" title="Alpha Kappa Pi">ΑΚΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Tau" title="Alpha Lambda Tau">ΑΛΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Kappa" title="Beta Kappa">ΒΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Sigma_Rho" title="Beta Sigma Rho">ΒΣΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Alpha_Pi_(social)" title="Delta Alpha Pi (social)">ΔΑΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Lambda" title="Delta Sigma Lambda">ΔΣΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Kappa_Nu" title="Theta Kappa Nu">ΘΚΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Kappa_Phi" title="Theta Kappa Phi">ΘΚΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Upsilon_Omega" title="Theta Upsilon Omega">ΘΥΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Nu" title="Kappa Nu">ΚΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Alpha_Tau" title="Omicron Alpha Tau">ΟΑΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Rho" title="Sigma Delta Rho">ΣΔΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Pi" title="Sigma Lambda Pi">ΣΛΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Mu_Sigma" title="Sigma Mu Sigma">ΣΜΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Phi" title="Sigma Tau Phi">ΣΤΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Alpha_(fraternity)" title="Phi Alpha (fraternity)">ΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Delta_(fraternity)" title="Phi Beta Delta (fraternity)">ΦΒΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Epsilon_Pi" title="Phi Epsilon Pi">ΦΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Eta_Psi" title="Phi Eta Psi">ΦΗΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_(Catholic_fraternity)" title="Phi Kappa (Catholic fraternity)">ΦΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Lambda_Theta" title="Phi Lambda Theta">ΦΛΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Pi_Phi" title="Phi Pi Phi">ΦΠΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Delta" title="Phi Sigma Delta">ΦΣΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Epsilon" title="Phi Sigma Epsilon">ΦΣΕ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fraternities_and_sororities855" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Template:Fraternities and sororities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Template talk:Fraternities and sororities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fraternities and sororities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fraternities_and_sororities855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Academic fraternities originating from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_(fraternity_or_sorority)" title="Colony (fraternity or sorority)">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">North American fraternity and sorority housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_United_States_college_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Racism in United States college fraternities and sororities">U.S. racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_United_States" title="List of hazing deaths in the United States">U.S. deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hazing deaths in the Philippines">Philippines deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities" title="Mother of Fraternities">Mother of Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities" title="History of North American fraternities and sororities">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_fraternities_and_sororities" title="High school fraternities and sororities">High school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Professional fraternities and sororities">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Service fraternities and sororities">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_Canada" title="Fraternities and sororities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Lists by country/territory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_France" title="List of fraternities and sororities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of fraternities and sororities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of African-American fraternities and sororities">Historically<br />African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">ΑΚΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">ΑΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">ΔΣΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">ΖΦΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta" title="Iota Phi Theta">ΙΦΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">ΚΑΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">ΣΓΡ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ΦΒΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Rho_Eta" title="Phi Rho Eta">ΦΡΗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">ΩΨΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Psi_Phi" title="Wine Psi Phi">WΨΦ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historically<br />Asian/Pacific Islander-American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Iota_Omicron" title="Alpha Iota Omicron">Alpha Iota Omicron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Kappa Delta Phi">αΚΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Gamma_(sorority)" title="Alpha Phi Gamma (sorority)">ΑΦΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Chi_Theta" title="Beta Chi Theta">ΒΧΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Epsilon_Psi" title="Delta Epsilon Psi">ΔΕΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Delta" title="Delta Kappa Delta">ΔΚΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi_Omega" title="Delta Phi Omega">ΔΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Nu_Delta" title="Iota Nu Delta">ΙΝΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Phi_Lambda" title="Kappa Phi Lambda">ΚΦΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">ΛΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Phi" title="Pi Alpha Phi">ΠΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Delta_Psi" title="Pi Delta Psi">ΠΔΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Beta_Rho" title="Sigma Beta Rho">ΣΒΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Omicron_Pi" title="Sigma Omicron Pi">ΣΟΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Psi_Zeta" title="Sigma Psi Zeta">ΣΨΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Omega" title="Sigma Phi Omega">ΣΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho_Omicron" title="Chi Rho Omicron">XPO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_fraternities" title="Christian fraternities">Christian<br />fraternities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_sororities" title="Christian sororities">sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Gamma" title="Alpha Delta Gamma">ΑΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Chi" title="Alpha Delta Chi">ΑΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Omega" title="Alpha Gamma Omega">ΑΓΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Omega" title="Alpha Lambda Omega">ΑΛΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beggars_(fraternity)" title="Beggars (fraternity)">ΒΕΓΓΑΡΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Sigma_Psi" title="Beta Sigma Psi">ΒΣΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Upsilon_Chi" title="Beta Upsilon Chi">ΒΥΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Omega" title="Sigma Alpha Omega">ΣΑΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Epsilon" title="Sigma Theta Epsilon">ΣΘΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Lambda" title="Sigma Phi Lambda">ΣΦΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Chi" title="Phi Beta Chi">ΦΒΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Alpha_Omega" title="Chi Alpha Omega">ΧΑΩ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Jewish fraternities and sororities">Historically Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">ΑΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">ΑΕΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">ΖΒΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi">ΣΑΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">ΣΑΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">ΣΔΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">ΤΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">ΤΕΦ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_interest_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Cultural interest fraternities and sororities">Multicultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Xi_Nu" title="Delta Xi Nu">ΔΞΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Xi_Phi" title="Delta Xi Phi">ΔΞΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Eta" title="Gamma Eta">ΓΗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Sigma_Chi" title="Zeta Sigma Chi">ΖΣΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Rho" title="Zeta Phi Rho">ΖΦΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Chi_Phi" title="Zeta Chi Phi">ΖΧΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Sigma" title="Theta Delta Sigma">ΘΔΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Nu_Xi" title="Theta Nu Xi">ΘΝΞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Tau_Omega" title="Lambda Tau Omega">ΛΤΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Psi_Delta" title="Lambda Psi Delta">ΛΨΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Sigma_Upsilon" title="Mu Sigma Upsilon">ΜΣΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Beta" title="Sigma Lambda Beta">ΣΛΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Gamma" title="Sigma Lambda Gamma">ΣΛΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Psi" title="Sigma Theta Psi">ΣΘΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Phi_Sigma" title="Tau Phi Sigma">ΤΦΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Sigma_Phi" title="Psi Sigma Phi">ΨΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Delta_Phi" title="Omega Delta Phi">ΩΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Chi" title="Omega Phi Chi">ΩΦΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Fraternity" title="Delphic Fraternity">Delphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historically <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scout</a>-affiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega" title="Alpha Phi Omega">ΑΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Tau_Pi" title="Epsilon Tau Pi">ΕΤΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Gamma Sigma Sigma">ΓΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Alpha" title="Omega Phi Alpha">ΩΦΑ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_and_LGBTQ-friendly_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of LGBTQ and LGBTQ-friendly fraternities and sororities">LGBTQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Zeta" title="Alpha Lambda Zeta">ΑΛΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Pi_Delta" title="Alpha Pi Delta">ΑΠΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Lambda_Phi" title="Delta Lambda Phi">ΔΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Rho_Lambda" title="Gamma Rho Lambda">ΓΡΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Pi_Sigma" title="Theta Pi Sigma">ΘΠΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Lambda" title="Kappa Alpha Lambda">ΚΑΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Theta_Epsilon" title="Kappa Theta Epsilon">ΚΘΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Epsilon_Pi" title="Omicron Epsilon Pi">ΟΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Beta_(fraternity)" title="Sigma Phi Beta (fraternity)">ΣΦΒ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Pi_Omega" title="Alpha Pi Omega">ΑΠΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Nu" title="Phi Sigma Nu">ΦΣΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Omicron_Epsilon" title="Sigma Omicron Epsilon">ΣΟΕ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latino_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Latino fraternities and sororities">Latino</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Zeta_(Latin_American)" title="Alpha Zeta (Latin American)">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Psi_Lambda" title="Alpha Psi Lambda">ΑΨΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Sigma" title="Alpha Omicron Sigma">ΑΟΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Lambda" title="Delta Tau Lambda">ΔΤΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Alpha_Omega" title="Gamma Alpha Omega">ΓΑΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Zeta_Alpha" title="Gamma Zeta Alpha">ΓΖΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Gamma_Delta" title="Eta Gamma Delta">ΗΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Chi" title="Kappa Delta Chi">ΚΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Alpha_Upsilon" title="Lambda Alpha Upsilon">ΛΑΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Upsilon" title="Lambda Pi Upsilon">ΛΠΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Chi" title="Lambda Pi Chi">ΛΠΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Sigma_Upsilon" title="Lambda Sigma Upsilon">ΛΣΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Alpha" title="Lambda Theta Alpha">ΛΘΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Nu" title="Lambda Theta Nu">ΛΘΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Phi" title="Lambda Theta Phi">ΛΘΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Upsilon_Lambda" title="Lambda Upsilon Lambda">ΛΥΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Alpha_Phi" title="Mu Alpha Phi">ΜΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Alpha_Kappa" title="Nu Alpha Kappa">ΝΑΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Sigma_Beta" title="Nu Sigma Beta">ΝΣΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Alpha" title="Sigma Delta Alpha">ΣΔΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Iota" title="Sigma Iota">ΣΙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Iota_Alpha" title="Sigma Iota Alpha">ΣΙΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Alpha_(sorority)" title="Sigma Lambda Alpha (sorority)">ΣΛΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Upsilon" title="Sigma Lambda Upsilon">ΣΛΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi_Alpha" title="Sigma Pi Alpha">ΣΠΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Gamma_(social)" title="Phi Delta Gamma (social)">ΦΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Eta_Mu" title="Phi Eta Mu">ΦΗΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">ΦΙΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Lambda_Alpha" title="Phi Lambda Alpha">ΦΛΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">ΦΣΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Upsilon_Sigma" title="Chi Upsilon Sigma">ΧΥΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Alpha_Kappa" title="Psi Alpha Kappa">ΨΑΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Beta" title="Omega Phi Beta">ΩΦΒ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Rho" title="Alpha Gamma Rho">ΑΓΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_(fraternity)" title="Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)">ΑΓΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Psi" title="Alpha Kappa Psi">ΑΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Kappa" title="Alpha Sigma Kappa">ΑΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Epsilon" title="Alpha Omega Epsilon">ΑΩΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Pi" title="Delta Sigma Pi">ΔΣΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">ΚΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Iota" title="Sigma Alpha Iota">ΣΑΙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Sigma" title="Tau Beta Sigma">ΤΒΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Gamma" title="Phi Sigma Gamma">ΦΣΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Rho" title="Phi Sigma Rho">ΦΣΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(women%27s_fraternity)" title="Ceres (women's fraternity)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmHouse" title="FarmHouse">FarmHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Fraternity" title="Triangle Fraternity">Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_sororities_and_women%27s_fraternities" title="List of social sororities and women's fraternities">Social sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">ΑΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">ΑΔΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">ΑΕΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Xi_Delta" title="Alpha Xi Delta">ΑΞΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">ΑΟΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Alpha" title="Alpha Sigma Alpha">ΑΣΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Tau" title="Alpha Sigma Tau">ΑΣΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">ΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega" title="Alpha Chi Omega">ΑΧΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">ΓΦΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">ΔΔΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">ΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Zeta" title="Delta Zeta">ΔΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi_Epsilon_(social)" title="Delta Phi Epsilon (social)">ΔΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Tau_Alpha" title="Zeta Tau Alpha">ΖΤΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Phi_Alpha" title="Theta Phi Alpha">ΘΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">ΚΑΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Beta_Gamma" title="Kappa Beta Gamma">ΚΒΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">ΚΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">ΚΚΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">ΠΒΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">ΣΔΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Kappa" title="Sigma Kappa">ΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Sigma Sigma Sigma">ΣΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Psi" title="Sigma Psi">ΣΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">ΦΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Sigma" title="Phi Sigma Sigma">ΦΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">ΧΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovia_(sorority)" title="Clovia (sorority)">Clovia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities" title="List of social fraternities">Social fraternities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ΑΔΦ (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Fraternity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi_Society" title="Alpha Delta Phi Society">Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Lambda" title="Alpha Kappa Lambda">ΑΚΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">ΑΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">ΑΤΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Delta" title="Alpha Phi Delta">ΑΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Alpha" title="Alpha Chi Alpha">ΑΧΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Rho" title="Alpha Chi Rho">ΑΧΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">ΒΘΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">ΔΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Phi" title="Delta Sigma Phi">ΔΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">ΔΤΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">ΔΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">ΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Chi" title="Delta Chi">ΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">ΖΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">ΘΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">ΘΞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Chi" title="Theta Chi">ΘΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">ΚΑ Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">ΚΑ Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Rho" title="Kappa Delta Rho">ΚΔΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Kappa Delta Phi">ΚΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Lambda_Psi" title="Kappa Lambda Psi">ΚΛΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">ΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">ΛΧΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Omicron Kappa Epsilon">OΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">ΠΚΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">ΠΚΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Lambda_Phi" title="Pi Lambda Phi">ΠΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">ΣΑΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Alpha" title="Sigma Delta Alpha">ΣΔΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Th%C3%AAta_Pi" title="Sigma Thêta Pi">ΣΘΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">ΣΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi" title="Sigma Pi">ΣΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Gamma" title="Sigma Tau Gamma">ΣΤΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">ΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Delta" title="Sigma Phi Delta">ΣΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon" title="Sigma Phi Epsilon">ΣΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">ΣΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">ΤΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">ΦΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">ΦΔΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Psi" title="Phi Delta Psi">ΦΔΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Theta" title="Phi Kappa Theta">ΦΚΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">ΦΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">ΦΚΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">ΦΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Lambda_Chi" title="Phi Lambda Chi">ΦΛΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Alpha_Sinfonia" title="Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia">ΦΜΑ Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Delta" title="Phi Mu Delta">ΦΜΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa" title="Phi Sigma Kappa">ΦΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Phi" title="Phi Sigma Phi">ΦΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Gamma_Epsilon" title="Chi Gamma Epsilon">ΧΓΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">ΧΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Psi" title="Chi Psi">ΧΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">ΨΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_(fraternity)" title="Acacia (fraternity)">Acacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Fellows" title="Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul> 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