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<span>民間學嘅由來同埋點樣發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民間學嘅由來同埋點樣發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-「民間」嘅定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「民間」嘅定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>「民間」嘅定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「民間」嘅定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>引述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">民俗</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有127種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تراث شعبي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تراث شعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اثنولوجيا اقليميه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثنولوجيا اقليميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="লোককথা – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লোককথা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclor" title="Folclor – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Folclor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فولکلور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فولکلور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satua_Bali" title="Satua Bali – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Satua Bali" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuolkluors" title="Fuolkluors – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuolkluors" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фальклор – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фальклор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%80" title="Фальклёр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фальклёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Народно творчество – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народно творчество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="লোকজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1" title="فۆلکلۆر – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆلکلۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkl%C3%B3r" title="Folklór – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Folklór" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2lklor" title="Fòlklor – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fòlklor" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ll%C3%AAn_gwerin" title="Llên gwerin – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llên gwerin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeminde" title="Folkeminde – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkeminde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%A7" title="ނާޑުކަތާ – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނާޑުކަތާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λαογραφία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloro" title="Folkloro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Folkloro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Folclore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaluule" title="Rahvaluule – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvaluule" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فولکلور – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولکلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansanperinne" title="Kansanperinne – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanperinne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaluul%C3%B5q" title="Rahvaluulõq – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rahvaluulõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkatr%C3%BAgv" title="Fólkatrúgv – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkatrúgv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcl%C3%B4r" title="Folclôr – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Folclôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloare" title="Folkloare – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Folkloare" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9aloideas" title="Béaloideas – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béaloideas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 加告茲文" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folclore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavarandu" title="Tavarandu – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavarandu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeal-arrish" title="Beeal-arrish – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beeal-arrish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פולקלור – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולקלור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="लोक संस्कृति – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोक संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2lkl%C3%B2" title="Fòlklò – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fòlklò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkl%C3%B3r" title="Folklór – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Folklór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ֆոլկլոր – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոլկլոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloro" title="Folkloro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Folkloro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BE%C3%BD%C3%B0umenning" title="Alþýðumenning – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþýðumenning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Folclore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9D%E6%89%BF" title="伝承 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="伝承" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფოლკლორი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლკლორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashikum" title="Tashikum – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tashikum" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%86%8D" title="민속 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_gwerin" title="Lien gwerin – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lien gwerin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilicii_mores" title="Gentilicii mores – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gentilicii mores" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloras" title="Folkloras – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Folkloras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklora" title="Folklora – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Folklora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Фольклорсь – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фольклорсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фолклор – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фолклор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="നാട്ടറിവ് – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാട്ടറിവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ардын аман зохиол – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ардын аман зохиол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပေါမ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပေါမ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="लोककथा – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोककथा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_rakyat" title="Budaya rakyat – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="लोककथा – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लोककथा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeminne" title="Folkeminne – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkeminne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeminne" title="Folkeminne – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkeminne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcl%C3%B2re" title="Folclòre – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Folclòre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afoola" title="Afoola – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afoola" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੋਕਧਾਰਾ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕਧਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foeklor" title="Foeklor – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Foeklor" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="لوک ریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک ریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="فوکلور پېژندنه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوکلور پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclore" title="Folclore – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Folclore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folclor" title="Folclor – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Folclor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фолклор – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фолклор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklori" title="Folklori – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Folklori" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Define:Fowklair" title="Define:Fowklair – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Define:Fowklair" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E2%80%8C" title="ජනප්‍රවාද‌ – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජනප්‍රවාද‌" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkl%C3%B3r_(kult%C3%BAra)" title="Folklór (kultúra) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Folklór (kultúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngano" title="Ngano – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ngano" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklori" title="Folklori – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Folklori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фолклор – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фолклор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folklore" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நாட்டார் வழக்காற்றியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாட்டார் வழக்காற்றியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="జానపద సాహిత్యం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జానపద సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фолклор – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фолклор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="คติชน – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คติชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwentong-bayan" title="Kuwentong-bayan – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kuwentong-bayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фольклор – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фольклор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لوک کہانی – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوک کہانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Folklor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_d%C3%A2n_gian" title="Văn hóa dân gian – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa dân gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foclore" title="Foclore – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foclore" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungtohanon_nga_susmatanon" title="Bungtohanon nga susmatanon – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bungtohanon nga susmatanon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="民俗 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民俗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფოლკლორი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოლკლორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פאלקלאר – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלקלאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="民俗 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民俗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Bîn-sio̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" 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title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg/220px-Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg/330px-Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg/440px-Lion_dance_in_Foshang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>2008 年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%B1%B1" title="佛山">佛山</a>影到有人喺度<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E5%8D%97%E7%8D%85" class="mw-redirect" title="舞南獅">舞南獅</a>；南獅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3" title="粵港澳">粵港澳</a>地區嘅一種民俗。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="尼德蘭諺語">尼德蘭諺語</a>》展示<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="尼德蘭">尼德蘭</a>嘅唔少民俗特色</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg/220px-%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg/330px-%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg/440px-%E8%88%9E%E9%BA%92%E9%BA%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>客家人有種民俗，興舞麒麟。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>民俗</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵音</a>：man4 zuk6；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">folklore</span>）係一個特定<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="群體">群體</a>所呈現嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>，包括咗嗰個文化、次文化或都係群體嘅共同傳統。民俗包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" title="敘事">敘事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="諺語">諺語</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%91%E8%A9%B1" title="笑話">笑話</a>噉嘅口傳傳統，亦都包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="物質文化">物質文化</a>，由傳統<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="建築風格">建築風格</a>到嗰個族群特有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="手工">手工</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7" title="玩具">玩具</a>噉。 </p><p>研究民俗嘅學科叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%B8" title="民俗學">民俗學</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概觀"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.A7.80"></span>概觀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 概觀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg/220px-Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg/330px-Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg/440px-Indian_Folk_Worship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>印度嘅民間崇拜，喺馬來西亞雪蘭莪州嘅黑風洞</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg/220px-Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg/330px-Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg/440px-Folk_dancing_Plovdiv_Bulgaria_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>保加利亞普羅夫迪夫嘅民間舞蹈</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_Folk_Group,_Music_and_Costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg/220px-Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg/330px-Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg/440px-Serbian_Folk_Group%2C_Music_and_Costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>塞爾維亞民間團體、音樂同服飾。一班表演者喺貝爾格萊德街頭分享傳統塞爾維亞民間音樂</figcaption></figure> <p>「民俗」呢個詞，係由「民」同「俗」兩個字組成，喺1846年由英國人威廉·湯姆斯創造出嚟，佢想用呢個新詞取代當時流行嘅「民間古物」或者「民間文學」呢啲術語。「俗」呢個字嘅英文「lore」源自古英語「lār」，即係「教導」嘅意思。佢指嘅係某個特定群體嘅知識同傳統，通常係靠口耳相傳嚟流傳落嚟。 </p><p>「民」呢個概念喺歷史上有唔同嘅理解。湯姆斯最初創造呢個詞嘅時候，「民」只係指鄉下嘅窮人同冇乜文化嘅農民。而家呢個詞嘅意思就廣闊咗，指住兩個或者以上有共同特徵嘅人組成嘅社會群體，佢哋會透過獨特嘅傳統嚟表達佢哋嘅共同身份。「民」係一個好靈活嘅概念，可以指一個國家，好似美國民俗咁，又或者可以細到得一個家庭。 </p><p>呢個擴大咗嘅「民」嘅定義，令到「俗」嘅範圍都變得更加闊。而家「俗」包括「人哋用說話整出嚟嘅嘢（口頭傳統）」、「人哋用手整出嚟嘅嘢（物質傳統）」，同埋「人哋用行為整出嚟嘅嘢（習俗傳統）」。而家民俗唔再局限於舊嘅或者過時嘅嘢。呢啲民間文化嘅嘢仲係繼續以非正式嘅方式傳承落去，通常冇人知係邊個整出嚟，而且總係有唔同版本。民間群體唔係個人主義嘅，佢係以社區為本，喺社區裡面孕育佢哋嘅傳統。「當新嘅群體出現，新嘅民俗就會產生... 例如衝浪者、電單車手、電腦程序員」。同高等文化唔同，高等文化入面每一件藝術家嘅作品都受版權法保護，而民俗就係一個社會群體共同身份嘅體現。 </p><p>專業嘅民俗學家一旦識別出民間文化嘅嘢，就會努力去了解呢啲信仰、習俗同物件對於呢個群體嘅意義，因為如果呢啲文化單位冇繼續嘅相關性，就唔會繼續傳承落去。不過呢個意義可以轉變同變形，例如21世紀嘅萬聖節慶祝同中世紀嘅諸聖節前夜已經好唔同，仲會產生佢自己嘅一啲都市傳說，同歷史上嘅慶祝完全冇關係。又例如猶太教嘅潔淨儀式，最初係因為缺水而衍生嘅好嘅公共衛生習慣，而家對一啲人嚟講就變成咗正統猶太教徒身份嘅象徵。相比之下，刷牙呢個平常嘅行為雖然都係喺群體入面傳承，但就只係實際嘅衛生同健康問題，唔會成為一個界定群體嘅傳統。傳統最初係一啲人記得要做嘅行為，一旦失去咗佢實際嘅用途，就冇理由再傳承落去，除非佢已經被賦予咗超越最初實用性嘅意義。呢個意義就係民俗學 - 即係研究民俗 - 嘅核心。 </p><p>隨住社會科學理論嘅日益成熟，我哋發現民俗係任何社會群體自然產生同必需嘅組成部分，佢其實喺我哋身邊無處不在。民俗唔一定要係舊嘅或者過時嘅，佢仲係不斷咁創造同傳播，喺任何群體入面都會用嚟分開「我哋」同「佢哋」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民間學嘅由來同埋點樣發展"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E9.96.93.E5.AD.B8.E5.98.85.E7.94.B1.E4.BE.86.E5.90.8C.E5.9F.8B.E9.BB.9E.E6.A8.A3.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>民間學嘅由來同埋點樣發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 民間學嘅由來同埋點樣發展"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民間學 (無呢版)">民間學嘅來龍去脈</a></div> <p>民間學喺歐洲浪漫民族主義嗰陣開始變成獨立嘅學科。呢個過程中有條友特別巴閉，叫做<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·戈特弗里德·赫爾德">約翰·戈特弗里德·赫爾德</a>，佢喺1770年代寫嘢嗰陣將啲口耳相傳嘅嘢形容成紮根喺本土嘅有機過程。法國佬拿破崙蝦多啲德國佬之後，好多德國友就擒晒赫爾德嘅橋，佢哋將啲民間傳統系統化咁抄低晒，仲要喺佢哋整<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民族建構 (無呢版)">民族建構</a>嗰陣用埋添。芬蘭、愛沙尼亞同匈牙利呢啲細細粒想擺脫大佬控制嘅國家就好鍾意呢套。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes201220_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes201220-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>做為一個研究嘅範疇，民間學喺19世紀啲歐洲學者度繼續發展，佢哋將<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1" title="傳統">傳統</a>同新出爐嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="現代化">現代化</a>嘢擺埋一齊睇。佢哋主要關注啲鄉下佬嘅口頭民俗，覺得呢啲係以前嘅殘渣，仲喺社會底層度苟延殘喘緊。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes201215–16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes201215–16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="格林兄弟">格林兄弟</a>嘅《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%AB%A5%E8%A9%B1" title="格林童話">格林童話</a>》（1812年首次出街）係嗰陣最威水但唔係得佢一個嘅歐洲農民口頭民俗合集。對啲故仔、諺語同歌嘅興趣喺成個19世紀都冇停過，將啱啱出世嘅民俗學同文學同神話學綁埋一齊。到咗20世紀頭，歐洲同北美嘅民俗研究同民俗學家嘅數量同質素都勁到爆。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲民俗學家 (無呢版)">歐洲民俗學家</a>仲係淨係睇佢哋嗰度啲鄉下佬嘅口頭民俗，但美國民俗學家（以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·博厄斯 (無呢版)">弗朗茨·博厄斯</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B2%E7%B5%B2%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="露絲·本尼迪克特 (無呢版)">露絲·本尼迪克特</a>做大佬）就揀咗研究<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國印第安人 (無呢版)">美國印第安人</a>嘅文化，將佢哋全部嘅習慣同信嘅嘢都當做民俗。呢個分別令到美國民俗學同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="文化人類學">文化人類學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="民族學">民族學</a>夾埋，喺佢哋做田野調查嗰陣用同一套數據收集嘅方法。民俗學喺歐洲係人文學科、喺美國係社會科學呢個分別，令到成個民俗學有好多唔同嘅理論角度同研究工具，雖然佢哋而家仲喺度爭緊。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「民俗學」呢個term，同另一個叫「民俗研究」嘅詞，<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺1950年代開始多人用，用嚟分開傳統文化嘅學術研究同埋<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化製品 (無呢版)">民俗製品</a>本身。1976年1月，美國國會通過咗《美國民俗保護法案》（公法94-201），<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B200%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E6%85%B6%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國建國200周年慶典 (無呢版)">美國建國200周年慶典</a>撈埋，美國嘅民俗學就咁大個喇。 </p> <blockquote><p>"......[民俗]即係美國唔同group共享嘅傳統表達文化：家庭、族裔、職業、宗教、地區嗰啲；表達文化包括勁多創造性同象徵性嘅形式，好似習慣、信仰、技術技能、語言、文學、藝術、建築、音樂、玩意、跳舞、演戲、儀式、巡遊、手工藝咁；呢啲表達主要靠講、跟人做或者表演嚟學，通常冇乜正式教學或者機構指導就維持到。"</p></blockquote> <p>除咗大把其他保護美國自然同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化遺產 (無呢版)">文化遺產</a>嘅法律之外，呢條法律都標誌住國家意識轉晒彎。佢體現咗一種慢慢多人明白嘅嘢：文化多樣性係國家嘅優勢同埋值得保護嘅資源。好神奇嘅係，佢係一個統一嘅特徵，唔係將國民分化嘅嘢。"我哋而家唔再將文化差異當做要解決嘅難題，反而覺得係一個勁大嘅機會。喺美國民俗嘅多樣性入面，我哋見到一個傳統形式同文化思想交流嘅大市場，係美國人嘅一個勁豐富嘅資源。"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢種多樣性每年都喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史密森尼民俗節 (無呢版)">史密森尼民俗節</a>同成個國家其他好多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E7%AF%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民俗節列表 (無呢版)">民俗節</a>度慶祝。 </p><p>仲有勁多其他定義。跟據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·巴斯康 (無呢版)">威廉·巴斯康</a>寫嘅一篇好重要嘅文，民俗有"四個功能"：<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom1954_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>民俗俾人逃避社會迫佢哋做嘅嘢。</li> <li>民俗驗證文化，幫啲做同睇儀式同制度嘅人解釋點解要咁做。</li> <li>民俗係一種教嘢嘅工具，加強道德同價值觀，仲要令人醒目啲。</li> <li>民俗係一種整<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會壓力 (無呢版)">社會壓力</a>同實施<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會控制 (無呢版)">社會控制</a>嘅方法。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="「民間」嘅定義"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E6.B0.91.E9.96.93.E3.80.8D.E5.98.85.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>「民間」嘅定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 「民間」嘅定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friends_in_the_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Friends_in_the_farm.jpg/220px-Friends_in_the_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Friends_in_the_farm.jpg/330px-Friends_in_the_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Friends_in_the_farm.jpg/440px-Friends_in_the_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5595" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption>農場入面嘅朋友</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg/220px-Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg/330px-Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg/440px-Folklore_theater_in_Mansoura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>埃及曼蘇拉嘅民間戲劇</figcaption></figure> <p>十九世紀嘅「民間」，即係原本「民俗學」呢個詞所指嘅社會群體，特徵係鄉下人、冇文化同埋窮。佢哋係住喺鄉下嘅農民，同城市人口係相反嘅。直到世紀尾，城市無產階級（跟住馬克思主義理論）先至同鄉下窮人一齊被歸類為「民間」。呢個擴大咗嘅定義中，「民間」嘅共同特徵就係佢哋都係社會嘅底層。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes19808_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19808-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>到咗二十世紀，隨住社會科學嘅新思維，民俗學家都修訂同擴大咗佢哋對「民間群體」嘅概念。到咗六十年代，大家都明白到社會群體，即係民間群體，係喺我哋周圍嘅；每個人都牽涉喺好多唔同嘅身份同相應嘅社會群體入面。我哋每個人一出世就加入嘅第一個群體就係家庭，而每個家庭都有佢自己獨特嘅家庭民俗。隨住細路仔大個，佢嘅身份都會增加，包括年齡、語言、種族、職業等等。每一個呢啲群體都有佢自己嘅民俗，正如一個民俗學家指出，呢個「唔係無謂嘅猜測...幾十年嘅實地考察已經確實證明咗呢啲群體的確有佢哋自己嘅民俗。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes19807_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺呢個現代理解中，民俗係任何社會群體中共同身份嘅功能。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman1971_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1971-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>呢啲民俗可以包括笑話、諺語同埋預期嘅行為，有好多唔同版本，永遠都係以非正式嘅方式傳播。大部分時候都係通過觀察、模仿、重複或者被群體其他成員糾正嚟學習。呢啲非正式知識用嚟確認同加強群體嘅身份。可以喺群體內部用嚟表達佢哋嘅共同身份，例如新成員嘅入會儀式。又或者可以對外用嚟同外人區分開，好似喺社區節日表演民間舞蹈咁。對民俗學家嚟講，呢度有兩個相反但同樣有效嘅方法可以用嚟研究一個群體：你可以由一個已識別嘅群體開始去探索佢嘅民俗，又或者你可以識別民俗項目，然後用佢哋去識別社會群體。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman197141_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman197141-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由六十年代開始，通過研究民俗，「民間」呢個概念進一步擴大。個別研究員識別咗之前被忽視同無視嘅民間群體。一個值得注意嘅例子係喺1975年出版嘅《美國民俗學期刊》，呢期專門刊登關於女性民俗嘅文章，採用嘅方法唔係從男性嘅角度出發。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其他喺呢個擴大咗嘅民間群體理解中被突出嘅群體包括非傳統家庭、職業群體，同埋幾代人都喺製作民間物品嘅家庭。 </p><p>民俗學家Richard Dorson喺1976年解釋話，研究民俗「關注嘅係傳統文化嘅研究，或者話非官方文化」即係民間文化，「同精英文化相對，唔係為咗證明一個論點，而係為咗了解被傳統學科忽視咗嘅大眾」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson1976_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="民間故事">民間故事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%82%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="口傳文學">口傳文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%80%9A%E5%89%87" title="普世文化通則">普世文化通則</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Dundes鍾意用「民俗學」呢個詞，仲要喺佢本書嘅標題度用添，睇<a href="#CITEREFDundes1978">Dundes 1978</a>；<a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Bronner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Bronner (無呢版)">Simon Bronner</a>就定義同用「民俗研究」呢個詞，睇<a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p. xi。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">呢期嘅撰稿人包括Claire Farrer、Joan N. Radner、Susan Lanser、Elaine Lawless同Jeannie B. Thomas等。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引述"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E8.BF.B0"></span>引述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 引述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes201220-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes201220_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoyes2012">Noyes 2012</a>, p. 20.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFNoyes2012 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes201215–16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes201215–16_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoyes2012">Noyes 2012</a>, pp. 15–16.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFNoyes2012 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988">Zumwalt & Dundes 1988</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration 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.hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/public_law.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈公法94-201：點樣整個美國民俗中心出嚟〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>公</span><span class="zit3">法94-201：點樣整個美國民俗中心出嚟</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《美國民俗中心》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>美</span><span class="zit3">國民俗中心</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會圖書館">美國國會圖書館</a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928191517/https://www.loc.gov/folklife/public_law.html">歸檔</a>喺2017年9月28日<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2017年10月8日搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AC%E6%B3%9594-201%EF%BC%9A%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E6%95%B4%E5%80%8B%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%87%BA%E5%9A%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2Fpublic_law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHufford1991">Hufford 1991</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFHufford1991 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom1954-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom1954_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBascom1954">Bascom 1954</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBascom1954 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19808-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes19808_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1980">Dundes 1980</a>, p. 8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDundes1980 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19807-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes19807_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1980">Dundes 1980</a>, p. 7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDundes1980 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1971-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman1971_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauman1971">Bauman 1971</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBauman1971 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman197141-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman197141_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauman1971">Bauman 1971</a>, p. 41.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBauman1971 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson1976-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson1976_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorson1976">Dorson 1976</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFDorson1976 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="民俗" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="Template:民俗"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:民俗 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" 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class="extiw" title="en:Folk saint">聖人</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC" title="鬼">鬼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E6%95%85" title="鬼故">鬼故</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97" title="鬼民俗">鬼民俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%9B%E6%B0%A3" title="觀天望氣">觀天望氣</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" class="extiw" title="en:Old wives' tale">阿婆嘅故事</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">民間藝術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" title="史詩">史詩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="民間美術">民間美術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%8C" title="民歌">民歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E9%A2%A8%E8%88%9E" title="土風舞">土風舞</a>同<a 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href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="日常口語">日常口語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%9B" title="語言威望">語言威望</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">故仔</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="文學同作文" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="Template:文學寫作"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:文學寫作 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="文學同作文" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%96%87" title="作文">作文</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div 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