CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kaliningrad - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )afwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"dd413d24-fb45-40a9-bf88-5c6f78965a5a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kaliningrad","wgTitle":"Kaliningrad","wgCurRevisionId":2637317,"wgRevisionId":2637317,"wgArticleId":8349,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Bladsye met nie-numeriese argumente vir formatnum","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders","Artikels met GND-identifiseerders","Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders","Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders","Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders","Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders","Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders","Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders","Artikels met SELIBR-identifiseerders", "Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders","Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders","Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders","Normdata met 11 elemente","Voorbladartikels","Nedersettings in Rusland","Nedersettings langs die Oossee","Oblast Kaliningrad"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"af","wgPageContentLanguage":"af","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kaliningrad","wgRelevantArticleId":8349,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"af","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"af"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1829","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"}; RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1680"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/800px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/640px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kaliningrad - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Wysig" href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (af)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kaliningrad rootpage-Kaliningrad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kaliningrad&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kaliningrad&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kaliningrad&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kaliningrad&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ligging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vroeë geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_ondergang_van_Königsberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_ondergang_van_Königsberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Die ondergang van Königsberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_ondergang_van_Königsberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaliningrad_as_Russiese_stad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaliningrad_as_Russiese_stad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kaliningrad as Russiese stad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaliningrad_as_Russiese_stad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie_en_infrastruktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie_en_infrastruktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekonomie en infrastruktuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie_en_infrastruktuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomie en infrastruktuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie_en_infrastruktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Spesiale_Ekonomiese_Sone_Jantar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Spesiale_Ekonomiese_Sone_Jantar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Die Spesiale Ekonomiese Sone <i>Jantar</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Spesiale_Ekonomiese_Sone_Jantar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energiebedryf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energiebedryf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Energiebedryf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energiebedryf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bevolking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bevolking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bevolking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bevolking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwelvrae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwelvrae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kwelvrae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwelvrae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Besienswaardighede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Besienswaardighede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Besienswaardighede</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Besienswaardighede-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Besienswaardighede subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Besienswaardighede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sakrale_boukuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakrale_boukuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sakrale boukuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakrale_boukuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kultuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasionale_verhoudings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasionale_verhoudings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Internasionale verhoudings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internasionale_verhoudings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Internasionale verhoudings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internasionale_verhoudings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Susterstede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susterstede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Susterstede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susterstede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vennootskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vennootskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vennootskappe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vennootskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaliningrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 133 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B5" title="ካሊኒንግራድ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሊኒንግራድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyningesbeorg" title="Cyningesbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cyningesbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كالينينغراد – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالينينغراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كالينينجراد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالينينجراد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningr%C3%A1u" title="Kaliningráu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kaliningráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalininqrad" title="Kalininqrad – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalininqrad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینقراد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالینینقراد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Dios" title="Karaliaučios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karaliaučios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калінінград – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калінінград" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Каралявец – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралявец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="কালিনিনগ্রাদ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালিনিনগ্রাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Rusya)" title="Kaliningrad (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kaliningrad (kapital sa lalawigan sa Rusya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Калининъ Градъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Калининъ Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Καλίνινγκραντ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλίνινγκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קלינינגרד – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלינינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="कैलिनिनग्राद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलिनिनग्राद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralowc" title="Kralowc – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kralowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyingr%C3%A1d" title="Kalinyingrád – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalinyingrád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Կալինինգրադ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալինինգրադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%ADn%C3%ADngrad" title="Kalíníngrad – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalíníngrad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="カリーニングラード – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリーニングラード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კალინინგრადი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალინინგრადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಲಿನಿನ್‍ಗ್ರಾಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಿನಿನ್‍ಗ್ರಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%8C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="칼리닌그라드 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼리닌그라드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradum" title="Kaliningradum – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kaliningradum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Dius" title="Karaliaučius – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karaliaučius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%BCau%C4%8Di" title="Karaļauči – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karaļauči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കലിനിൻഗ്രാഡ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലിനിൻഗ്രാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="कालिनिनग्राद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालिनिनग्राद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကာလင်နင်ဂရတ်မြို့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလင်နင်ဂရတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Калининград ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калининград ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینگراد – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کالینینگراد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbarg" title="Königsbarg – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Königsbarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewiec" title="Królewiec – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królewiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88" title="کالیننگراڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کالیننگراڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کالینینګراد – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کالینینګراد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjingrad" title="Kalinjingrad – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalinjingrad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningradi" title="Kaliningradi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaliningradi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калињинград – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калињинград" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%C5%84ingrad" title="Kalińingrad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kalińingrad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="கலினின்கிராத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலினின்கிராத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="คาลีนินกราด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาลีนินกราด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrado" title="Kaliningrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaliningrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калінінград – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калінінград" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88" title="کیلننگراڈ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلننگراڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里宁格勒 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加里宁格勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Калининград – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калининград" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კალინინგრადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალინინგრადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93" title="קאלינינגראד – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלינינגראד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加里寧格勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kaliningrad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="加里寧格勒 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加里寧格勒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Kaliningrad" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Kaliningrad" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Kaliningrad" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&oldid=2637317" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Kaliningrad&id=2637317&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKaliningrad%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKaliningrad%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kaliningrad"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kaliningrad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1829" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Vir ’n artikel oor die oblast met dieselfde naam, sien <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad-oblast" title="Kaliningrad-oblast">Kaliningrad-oblast</a>.</i></dd></dl> <table align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;"> <p><b>Kaliningrad</b><br /><small>Калининград</small><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad_Montage_(2016).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/280px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/420px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png/560px-Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999"> <td><b>Kaart</b> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><b>Wapen</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:white"> <td rowspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_(2008-03).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/180px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/270px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/360px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kaliningrad_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"><b>Vlag</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/135px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Land</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Federale_distrikte_van_Rusland" title="Federale distrikte van Rusland">Federale distrik</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Noordwestelike_Federale_Distrik" title="Noordwestelike Federale Distrik">Noordwes-Rusland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Ekonomiese_streke_van_Rusland" title="Ekonomiese streke van Rusland">Ekonomiese streek</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomiese_streek_Kaliningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomiese streek Kaliningrad (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kaliningrad</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a></b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kaliningrad_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad-oblast" title="Kaliningrad-oblast">Kaliningrad</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Administratiewe verdeling</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">5 stedelike rajons </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Koördinate</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaliningrad&language=af&params=54_42_N_20_27_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">54°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°27′O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">54.700°N 20.450°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.700; 20.450</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Gestig op</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1_September" title="1 September">1 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Vroeëre name</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Twangste (1242–1255)<br />Königsberg (1255–1946) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Oppervlakte:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">223,03 <a href="/wiki/Vierkante_kilometer" title="Vierkante kilometer">vk km</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Hoogte bo seevlak</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">4,8 m (sentrum) </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Bevolking:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal (2018) </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">475 056 </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Bevolkingsdigtheid </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1 900/vk km </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Tydsone</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +2 (KALT) </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Burgemeester</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Elena Iwanowna Djatlowa </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Amptelike webwerf</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/"><i>www.klgd.ru</i></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaliningrad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: Калининград, [kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat]; <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a>: Królewiec; <a href="/wiki/Litaus" title="Litaus">Litaus</a>: Karaliaučius; tot <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> <a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: Königsberg, [ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Königsberg.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg" title="Lêer:De-Königsberg.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>; Russies: Кёнигсберг, <i>Kjonigsberg</i>, [ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk]) is die <a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> van die gelyknamige <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Eksklawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksklawe">eksklawe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad-oblast" title="Kaliningrad-oblast">Kaliningrad-oblast</a>), wat sowat 1 289 kilometer wes van <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> en <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> aan die <a href="/wiki/Oossee" title="Oossee">Oossee</a> lê, met sowat 475 056 inwoners (2018). 'n Seekanaal van sowat 32 kilometer verbind die stad met die Oossee. </p><p>Die huidige Russiese stad het uit die bouvalle van die oorspronklik Duitse <a href="/wiki/Koningsberg" title="Koningsberg">Koningsberg</a> (<i>Königsberg</i>) ontstaan wat eeue lank die hoofstad van die Duitse provinsie <a href="/wiki/Oos-Pruise" title="Oos-Pruise">Oos-Pruise</a> was en in die laaste fase van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> deur Britse en Russiese bomaanvalle vernietig is. </p><p>Tot in 1991 kon die stad weens politieke omstandighede nie sy tradisionele rol as brug tussen die oostelike en westelike lande van die Oossee vervul nie, en ook sy <a href="/wiki/Toerisme" title="Toerisme">toerismebedryf</a> was dekades lank uitsluitlik op Russiese besoekers gemik. Vandag staan die stad weer oop vir internasionale handel en toerisme, alhoewel die geografiese ligging as Russiese eksklawe binne die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> 'n aantal probleme skep. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naam">Naam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Naam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Naam"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ru-koenigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/220px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/330px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ru-koenigsberg.jpg/440px-Ru-koenigsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Die Duitse naam <i>Königsberg</i> op 'n Russiese nommerplaat</figcaption></figure> <p>Die ontbinding van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> in 1991 en die toeganklikmaking van die Kaliningradse gebied vir besoekers uit ander landsdele en die buiteland het openbare debat oor die stadsnaam gestimuleer. Michail Iwanowitsj Kalinin (1875–1946), een van <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> se bekendste handlangers wat dekades lank as formele staatshoof van die Sowjetunie gefungeer het, was een van die gevreesde massamoordenaars van die Stalinistiese tydperk en verantwoordelik vir die <a href="/wiki/Slagting_van_Katyn" title="Slagting van Katyn">Slagting van Katyn</a>, waarby sowat 20 000 Poolse offisiere deur die Sowjetse geheime polisie NKWD vermoor is. </p><p>Die Sowjetregering het destyds die Duitsers vir die moorde verantwoordelik gehou, terwyl die huidige Russiese regering ondanks Poolse protes nog steeds weier om die omstandighede van dié oorlogsmisdaad te ondersoek. 'n Massamoordenaar as vernoemde is in elk geval ook in Rusland as onvanpas geag sodat die stad Kalinin in die Uraal intussen na <i>Twer</i> hernoem is. </p><p>Vir sommige Kaliningradse burgers is "Кёнигсберг", die gerussifiseerde weergawe van die oorspronklike Duitse naam Königsberg, of die afkorting Кёниг 'n aanvaarbare alternatief, en dit word nou ook dikwels in die advertensiebedryf gebruik. Die meeste Russiese inwoners is egter gekant teen 'n herbenoeming wat as revisionisties beskou sou kon word. </p><p>Ander voorstelle het name soos <i>Kantgrad</i> of "Kantstad", ter ere van die aldaar gebore filosoof <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <i>Jantarnogorsk</i> ("Barnsteenstad") en <i>Baltikograd</i> ("Oosseestad"). Die naamsverandering is uiteindelik vanweë die hoë koste wat daaraan verbonde sou wees, maar ook vanweë die teenkanting van militêre kringe en veterane van die <a href="/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër">Rooi Leër</a>, nie deurgevoer nie.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligging">Ligging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ligging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ligging"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:KaliningradOB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KaliningradOB.png/220px-KaliningradOB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KaliningradOB.png/330px-KaliningradOB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KaliningradOB.png/440px-KaliningradOB.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Die ligging van Kaliningrad in die gelyknamige oblast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad,_Baltic_Sea,_Russia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG/220px-Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG/330px-Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG/440px-Kaliningrad%2C_Baltic_Sea%2C_Russia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Die Kaliningrad-oblast soos vanaf die ISS gesien</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliningrad is die mees westelike van Rusland se groot stede. Die stad is in die weste van die Kaliningrad-gebied (Oblast Kaliningrad) aan die Pregel-rivier (Russies: <i>Pregolja</i>) geleë wat wes van Kaliningrad in die <i>Frisches Haff</i> (Vistula- of Weichsel-haf, Russies <i>Kaliningradski saliv</i>) uitmond. Die strandmeer word deur 'n smal landstrook, die Frische Nehrung of Weichsel-/Vistula-skoorwal, van die Oossee geskei. </p><p>Die Koningsbergse Seekanaal (tans Kaliningradse Seekanaal, <i>Kaliningradski morskoi kanal</i>), wat op 14 November 1901 geopen is, verbind die stad met die seehawe Pillau (Baltijsk), wat 50 kilometer van Kaliningrad af lê, en die oop see. Die landskap rondom Kaliningrad word deur uitgestrekte vlaktes oorheers, wat plek-plek deur enkele <a href="/wiki/Morene" title="Morene">morene</a>-heuwels onderbreek word. Die stad grens in die noorde en weste aan die skiereiland Samland (<i>Sambijski</i> of <i>Semljandski poluostrof</i>), in die ooste en suide aan die Pregel-riviervlaktes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad is in 'n oorgangsgebied tussen 'n see- en landklimaatsone geleë waar soms baie koue winters voorkom. Die weer is egter wisselvallig, en die lugtemperatuur word ook deur die ligging naby die Oossee beïnvloed. So vries die grond soms nog in Mei, terwyl op Oujaarsaand reën in plaas van sneeu kan val. </p><p>Die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur is 7,1 °C, die gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslae beloop 697 millimeter. Julie en Augustus is die warmste maande van die jaar met gemiddeldes van tussen 16,4 °C en 17,3 °C, terwyl die kwik in die koudste maande Januarie en Februarie tot gemiddeldes van tussen -2,1 en -2,7 °C daal. </p><p>Julie, Augustus en September is die natste maande met neerslae van tussen 83 en 90 millimeter. Die droogste tyd van die jaar is tussen Februarie en Mei met gemiddelde neerslae van tussen 27 en 43 millimeter. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14" style="background-color:#eeeeee; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Weergegewens vir Kaliningrad</span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th>Maand </th> <th title="Januarie" style="width:3em">Jan </th> <th title="Februarie" style="width:3em">Feb </th> <th title="Maart" style="width:3em">Mar </th> <th title="April" style="width:3em">Apr </th> <th title="Mei" style="width:3em">Mei </th> <th title="Junie" style="width:3em">Jun </th> <th title="Julie" style="width:3em">Jul </th> <th title="Augustus" style="width:3em">Aug </th> <th title="September" style="width:3em">Sep </th> <th title="Oktober" style="width:3em">Okt </th> <th title="November" style="width:3em">Nov </th> <th title="Desember" style="width:3em">Des </th> <th style="width:4em; border-left-width:medium;">Jaar </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee; white-space:nowrap;">Hoogste maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">28,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">30,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">33,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">31,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF4000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">26,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,3 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">36,5 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">23,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">22,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">17,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,9 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">11,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde temperatuur (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">17,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−0,3 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">7,9 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−3,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−3,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−1,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−2,5 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">4,4 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Laagste minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">−32,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">−33,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0060FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−21,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #80FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−5,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−3,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−2,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #20C0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−11,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0080FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−18,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0020FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">−25,6 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">−33,3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" height="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Neerslag (mm) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">68 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #B4C8FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">54 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">79 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #3C50FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">97 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">73 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background-color: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">824 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Sonskynure (<a href="/wiki/Uur" title="Uur">u</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dag" title="Dag">d</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">7,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;; border-left-width:medium;"><b>4,7</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Reëndae (<a href="/wiki/Dag" title="Dag">d</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #1428FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #283CFF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #1428FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #1428FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #1428FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000B4; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">17 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #00008C; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #00008C; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;; border-left-width:medium;"><b>185</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Humiditeit" title="Humiditeit">Humiditeit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persentasie" title="Persentasie">%</a>) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">71 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">81 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;; border-left-width:medium;"><b>79,2 </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%; background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"><i>Bron: Погода и климат (Pogodaklimat),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hongkong Observatorium<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_geskiedenis"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_geskiedenis"></span>Vroeë geskiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Konigsberg_bridges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Konigsberg_bridges.png/220px-Konigsberg_bridges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Konigsberg_bridges.png 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Die sewe brûe van Köningsberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Die stad is in 1242 as 'n handelspos van <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeckse</a> koopmans gestig en het in <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a> stadstatus gekry. Die Duitse stad Königsberg het 'n belangrike lid van die <a href="/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse">Hanse-bond</a>, setel van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Ridderorde" class="mw-redirect" title="Duitse Ridderorde">Duitse Ridderorde</a> en hoofstad van die Duitse provinsie <a href="/wiki/Oos-Pruise" title="Oos-Pruise">Oos-Pruise</a> geword. In <a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a> is Königsberg deur die Duitse Ridderorde oorgeneem en het as die hoofstad van hulle Pruisiese staat gefungeer. Dit is die geboortestad van die Duitse filosoof <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (* <a href="/wiki/1724" title="1724">1724</a>), wat hier tot met sy dood in <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a> gebly het. </p><p>In 1736 besoek <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> die stad. Destyds het mense gevra of dit moontlik is om oor alle sewe brûe van Köningberg net een mal oor te stap sonder om hul voete nat te kry. Euler het bewys dat dit nie moontlik was nie. Sy bewys was ook die begin van die wiskundige onderwerp van <a href="/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie">topologie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_ondergang_van_Königsberg"><span id="Die_ondergang_van_K.C3.B6nigsberg"></span>Die ondergang van Königsberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Die ondergang van Königsberg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Die ondergang van Königsberg"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img18_Kings_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="3373" /></a><figcaption>Die ou stadspoort ("Koningspoort")</figcaption></figure> <p>Toe die Derde Ryk in 1945 reeds ondergang in die gesig gestaar het, het die Nasionaal-Sosialiste 'n beroep op die Oos-Pruisiese "grensbevolking" gedoen om 'n "soldatiese houding" te toon en nie voor die naderende <a href="/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër">Rooi Leër</a> te wyk nie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> het Königsberg tot "vesting" verklaar, en die uitsiglose stryd teen die oormag Russiese troepe is voortgesit. Sowat 'n derde van die Sowjetlugmag het aanvalle op Königsberg uitgevoer, terwyl geen enkele Duitse vliegtuig ter verdediging opgestyg het nie.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die aantal Russiese pantservoertuie was eenhonderd keer so groot soos dié van die Duitse weermag. Königsberg was reeds 'n puinhoop toe dit op 9 April 1945 deur Sowjettroepe ingeneem is. </p><p>Teen die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> was 90 persent van die stad se geboue vernietig. Die sowat 400 000 Duitse bewoners het almal gevlug of is kort ná die oorlog verdryf; die 100 000 bevreesde Duitsers wat nog in die stad aangebly het, was merendeels bejaardes, vroue en kinders wat dikwels die doods- en bloedprys moes betaal vir die gruweldade wat deur Duitsers in die Sowjetunie gepleeg is. Die Sowjetpers het die Rooi Leër tot wraak opgeroep, en alhoewel Russiese soldate en owerhede nie deurgaans 'n vyandelike houding teenoor die nou regtelose Duitse bevolking ingeneem het nie, was verkragting van vroue en geweldpleging teen Duitse bewoners aan die orde van die dag. Binne twee jaar het sowat 80 000 Duitsers aan honger en siektes beswyk of as gevolg van verkragtings en geweldpleging gesterf. 20 000 oorlewendes is uiteindelik na die Sowjetbesettingsone van Oos-Duitsland gedeporteer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaliningrad_as_Russiese_stad">Kaliningrad as Russiese stad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Kaliningrad as Russiese stad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kaliningrad as Russiese stad"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg/220px-Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg/330px-Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg/440px-Old_cathedral_of_Kaliningrad_in_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Die ou katedraal van Kaliningrad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img31_Christ_Saviour_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="3371" /></a><figcaption>Die Russies-Ortodokse Christus-die Verlosser-katedraal is in 2006 ingewy</figcaption></figure> <p>Königsberg is vervolgens by die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> ingelyf en het in 1946 die nuwe naam Kaliningrad gekry. Die Duitse bewoners, wat in 1945 nog nie na die weste gevlug het nie, is in die volgende twee jaar stelselmatig verdryf, terwyl mense uit verskillende dele van die Sowjetunie hier deur die owerhede gevestig is. </p><p>Vanweë die vloothawe Baltijsk se strategiese betekenis is Kaliningrad en sy omgewing in 1951 tot militêre spergebied verklaar en was tot en met die politieke hervormings van 1991 nie meer vir buitelanders toeganklik nie. Kaliningrad is in 1996 tot spesiale ekonomiese sone verklaar waar in- en uitheemse sakeondernemings 'n reeks voordele soos laer belasting- en doeanetariewe geniet. As 'n Russiese enklawe in die Europese Unie (EU) het die Oblast Kaliningrad volgens 'n ooreenkoms tussen die EU en die Russiese regering voorregte ten opsigte van vervoer en visavereistes verkry wat vervoer tussen Kaliningrad en die res van die Russiese Federasie vergemaklik. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Junie" title="Junie">Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> het Russiese argeoloë vermeld dat hulle in die kelder van die Duitse Orde se <a href="/wiki/Kasteel" title="Kasteel">kasteel</a> 'n raaiselagtige vonds opgegrawe het – 'n silwerdosie met 'n aantal voorwerpe wat blykbaar vir sataniese rituele gebruik is, onder meer amulette en medaljons met geheimsinnige Latynse en Griekse inskripsies. Die dosie dateer vermoedelik uit die tydperk van die 16de tot <a href="/wiki/17de_eeu" title="17de eeu">17de eeu</a> en is die volledigste versameling rituele voorwerpe van hierdie soort wat tot dusver in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> gevind is. </p><p>Op uitnodiging van die Russiese president <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Poetin" title="Wladimir Poetin">Wladimir Poetin</a> is 'n spitsberaad op <a href="/wiki/3_Julie" title="3 Julie">3 Julie</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> gehou met die Franse president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> en die Duitse bondskanselier <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> by die vakansieoord Swjetlogorsk (vroeër Rauschen), sowat 50 kilometer van Kaliningrad. Die spitsberaad was deel van die 750-jarige vierings. Die feit dat die Poolse en Litause staatshoofde nie uitgenooi is nie, het 'n twispunt in dié twee lande veroorsaak. Gerhard Schröder was die eerste Duitse regeringshoof sedert 1945 en Jacques Chirac die eerste Franse staatshoof na <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> wat 'n besoek aan Kaliningrad afgelê het. By die geleentheid is die Universiteit van Kaliningrad hernoem tot Immanuel-Kant-Universiteit. Dit was een van die gasheerstede tydens die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2018" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie_en_infrastruktuur">Ekonomie en infrastruktuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie en infrastruktuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie en infrastruktuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img02_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4858" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>Die Ou Beurs (Duits: <i>Alte Börse</i>) dien tans as sakehuis</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaliningrad is 'n beduidende ekonomiese en industriële sentrum wat deur middel van 'n kanaal met die ysvrye voorhawe Baltijsk aan die Oossee verbind is. Die belangrikste ekonomiese sektore is die chemiese bedryf, masjienbou, meubelvervaardiging en musiekinstrumente. Aangesien Kaliningrad se seehawe die hele jaar deur ysvry bly, het dit tot 'n beduidende sentrum van die Russiese skeepsboubedryf ontwikkel. Die Yantar-skeepsbouwerf (vroeër <i>Schichau-Werke</i>) vervaardig sedert 2007 fregatte vir die Indiese vloot. </p><p>Kaliningrad beskik oor die grootste visseryvloot in Rusland, en ook motors van <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> (Duitsland) en <a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" title="Kia Motors">Kia Motors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea">Suid-Korea</a>) word hier vir die Russiese mark gemonteer. Sowat 340 Duitse ondernemings het plaaslike filiale hier gestig. </p><p>In Maart 2011 is met die bou van 'n nuwe haweterminaal begin waar landbougoedere hanteer sal word. Meer as drie miljard ZAR sal in die projek belê word.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Spesiale_Ekonomiese_Sone_Jantar">Die Spesiale Ekonomiese Sone <i>Jantar</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Spesiale Ekonomiese Sone Jantar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Die Spesiale Ekonomiese Sone Jantar"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG/330px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG/440px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Die skeepswerwe in Jantar</figcaption></figure> <p>Die eksperimentering met 'n spesiale ekonomiese sone (Jantar, Afr. "barnsteen") in 1991 het aanvanklik net beperkte sukses behaal – burokratiese rompslomp, hoë misdaadsyfers en bewerings van korrupsies word as hoofredes vir die beperkte belangstelling by buitelandse beleggers aangevoer. Ook nuwe wetgewing, wat in 1996 deur die president van die Russiese Federasie, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jelzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Jelzin">Boris Jelzin</a>, afgekondig is, het nie die gewenste ekonomiese resultate opgelewer nie. In 1998 het die Roebel-krisis in Rusland negatief op die plaaslike ekonomie gereflekteer. </p><p>In Mei 2006 is 'n nuwe wet ingevoer wat 'n looptyd van 25 jaar het en beplanning vir beleggers op die langtermyn vergemaklik, byvoorbeeld deur benutting van belastingvoordele. Die Kaliningrad-oblast se afsondering van die aangrensende EU-lidlande en die moeilike vervoer van in- en uitvoere oor drie grense vanuit en op pad na Rusland belemmer nogtans die plaaslike ekonomie. Negatiewe verwagtings ten opsigte van Kaliningrad se uitvoere was egter ongegrond. Die ontdekking van olievelde in die Oossee het nuwe hoop gevestig. </p><p>Van die bekendste ondernemings in die spesiale ekonomiese sone, wat voorlopig tot en met 2016 belasting- en doeanevoorregte sal geniet, is <i>Awtotor</i> en <i>Telebalt</i>. Awtotor monteer onder meer motors van die Duitse vervaardigers <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> en <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> asook Suid-Koreaanse Kia-motormodelle. Telebalt beskik oor twee fabrieke in Kaliningrad en Tsjernjachofsk (die vroeëre Duitse Insterburg) en het altesaam 1 500 werkers in diens. Die maatskappy vervaardig komponente en verbruikerselektronika soos mikrogolfoonde, DVD-spelers en ander goedere op kontrakbasis en monteer jaarliks sowat twee miljoen digitale televisietoestelle vir die Russiese mark in opdrag van onder meer <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> en Sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energiebedryf">Energiebedryf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Energiebedryf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Energiebedryf"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Julie 2010 is met die boubedrywighede vir 'n nuwe kernkragsentrale van 2 230 MW begin – die eerste van altesaam 26 beplande kernkragsentrales in Rusland wat tussen 2010 en 2020 gebou sal word.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ná voltooiing sal die kragsentrale, wat tans nog onder sy projeknaam <i>BAES</i> bekend staan, 17,4 miljard kilowatt-ure elektrisiteit per jaar produseer – meer as die gekombineerde kragverbruik van Litaue en Letland en ook duidelik meer as Kaliningrad se jaarlikse kragverbruik. Die projek was dan ook oorspronklik beplan om elektrisiteit na Litaue en Duitsland uit te voer. Sowel die Kaliningrad-oblast asook Litaue self het potensiële kragtekorte in die gesig gestaar nadat Litaue se kernkragsentrale Ignalina naby Visaginas as 'n voorvereiste vir dié land se toetrede tot die Europese Unie op 31 Desember 2009 buite bedryf gestel is. </p><p>Litaue het egter in April 2010 beswaar teen die projek aangeteken en die doeltreffendheid van Russiese veiligheidsstandaarde bevraagteken. Volgens Sergej Bojarkin, visedirekteur van die Russiese energieverskaffer <i>EnergoAtom</i>, sal die kernkragsentrale een van die veiligstes van sy soort wees.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bevolking">Bevolking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Bevolking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bevolking"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6nigsberg-Pregel02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Geboue langs die Pregolja-rivier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg/220px-Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg/330px-Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg/440px-Fish_Village_Kaliningrad_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Die nuwe vissersdorp herinner met sy historiserende boustyl aan die vroeëre <i>Königsberg</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Die bevolking van Koningsberg (Königsberg) het, gepaardgaande met die politieke en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, deur die eeue gestyg. Omstreeks 1400 het die bevolking sowat 10 000 beloop. Gedurende die twee groot pesepidemies in 1601/1602 en tussen 1709 en 1711 het sowat 'n kwart van die bewoners beswyk. In 1813 het die bevolkingstal die 50 000-kerf verbygesteek en in 1864 tot 100 000 gestyg. </p><p>Die bevolking het as gevolg van inlywings van aangrensende nedersettings in 1910 246 000 beloop. Ná die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> het die groei afgeplat, in 1925 het Königsberg 280 000 inwoners gehad. Hierdie getal het danksy verdere inlywings van omliggende nedersettings tot 316 000 in 1933 toegeneem. Net voor die uitbreek van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het 372 000 mense in Königsberg gewoon. In Junie 1945 het die inwonertal as gevolg van oorlogshandelinge, vlug en verdrywing van Königsberg se Duitse inwoners gedaal tot slegs 73 000. </p><p>Die Sowjet-owerhede het 'n beleid van Russifisering toegepas waarvolgens steeds meer <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> hulle in die stad gevestig het. Die oorwegend Russiese bevolking van Kaliningrad het in 1959 reeds 204 000 beloop en tot in die jaar 1989 verdubbel. Die vooroorlogse inwonerstal is eers in 1981 weer bereik. In 2005 was die bevolking 435 000, waarvan 77,9 persent <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a>, 8 persent Wit-Russe, 7,3 persent Oekraïners, 1,9 persent <a href="/wiki/Litauers" title="Litauers">Litauers</a>, 0,6 persent Duitsers en 0,5 persent Pole. </p><p>Tans is sowat die helfte van die totale bevolking van die Kaliningrad-oblast in Kaliningrad gekonsentreer. Veral die toestroming van jongmense uit plattelandse gebiede, wat hulle hier om werkredes of vanweë die relatief goed ontwikkelde infrastruktuur en hoër lewenskwaliteit kom vestig, hou steeds aan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kwelvrae">Kwelvrae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Kwelvrae" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kwelvrae"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaliningrad het te kampe met 'n verskeidenheid sosiale probleme en omgewingsvraagstukke. Die aantal <a href="/wiki/VIGS" class="mw-redirect" title="VIGS">MIV/VIGS</a>- en tuberkulose-infeksies is een van die hoogstes in die Russiese Federasie, terwyl Kaliningraders een van die laagste lewensverwagtinge in die land het. Hierdie swak posisie op die ranglys van Russiese gebiede moet egter ook aan die feit toegeskryf word dat die plaaslike statistieke ten opsigte van gesondheidskwessies by die mees volledige in Rusland gereken word. </p><p>Ongesuiwerde rioolwater en industriële afloopwater beland nog steeds in die Oossee en hou 'n gesondheidsbedreiging vir sowel die plaaslike bevolking asook die buurlande Pole en Litaue in. Sedert die vroeë 1990's het die aantal straatkinders, prostitute en dwelmverslaafdes ook 'n kommerwekkende toename getoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Besienswaardighede">Besienswaardighede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Besienswaardighede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Besienswaardighede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sakrale_boukuns">Sakrale boukuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Sakrale boukuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sakrale boukuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img09_Kant_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5046" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption>Die Domkerk van Kaliningrad</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die Domkerk van Kaliningrad (<i>Kafedralnyj Sobor</i>) op die Pregeleiland het tussen 1333 en 1380 in die styl van die Noord-Duitse <a href="/wiki/Baksteengotiek" title="Baksteengotiek">Baksteengotiek</a> as 'n saalkerk met drie skepe en 'n lengte van 101 meter ontstaan. Die kerk is in 1944 tydens 'n lugaanval ernstig beskadig. Dit was een van min Duitse geboue en bouvalle wat later nie deur die Sowjets gesloop is nie. Aangesien die graf van die filosoof Immanuel Kant, wat deur Marxistiese Sowjet-geleerdes as een van die voorlopers van die sosialisme beskou is, teen die noordwand van die katedraal lê, is die fasade met die oog op die 750-jaarviering in 2005 vanaf 1992 met finansiële steun uit Duitsland herstel. Die domkerk is van 'n nuwe, ligte koperdak voorsien, terwyl die Siemens-horlosie in die suidtoring, wat oorspronklik in 1922 vervaardig is, deur 'n Duitse namaaksel vervang is. Die klokkespel in die toring weerklink elke uur. 'n Museum, wat die lewe en werk van Immanuel Kant behandel, is in een van die torings geopen. 'n Verskeidenheid uitstallings word in die kerkgebou gehou, terwyl in die orrelsaal dikwels koorkonserte aangebied word.</li> <li>Die gebou van die Russies-Ortodokse Christus-die-Verlosser-katedraal met sy drie goue koepels en sitplekke vir 3 000 mense is ter geleentheid van die 750-jaarviering ingewy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg/220px-9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg/330px-9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg/440px-9th_may._Day_of_Victory_Kaliningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>MS Witjas</i> tydens die Oorwinningsdagviering op 9 Mei</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die stad beskik oor een van die belangrikste dieretuine van die Russiese Federasie en sy enigste Duitstalige teater.</li> <li>Die <b>Dohna-toring</b> huisves die bekende barnsteen-museum (<i>Musej Jantarja</i>) wat meer as 8 000 voorbeelde van natuurlike <a href="/wiki/Barnsteen" title="Barnsteen">barnsteen</a> (waaronder die swaarste barnsteenklont wat ooit ontdek is met 'n gewig van vier kilogram), kunsskatte uit die Kremlin en juweliersware van plaaslike kunstenaars vertoon.</li> <li>Die spoorwegmuseum vertoon 'n aantal historiese lokomotiewe en waens.</li> <li>Die Russiese navorsingskip <i> MS Witjas</i> huisves die <b>Museum van die Oseane van die Wêreld</b> (<i>Musej Mirowo Okeana</i>). Hier word die flora en fauna van die oseane behandel. Die <i>Witjas</i> was oorspronklik 'n Duitse vragskip (die <i>Mars</i>) wat kort voor die einde van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog sowat 20 000 Oos-Pruisiese vlugtelinge oor die Oossee vervoer het voordat die Sowjetunie daarop beslag gelê en dit vir verkenningsvaarte op die wêreld se oseane gebruik het. Die duikboot B-13, wat vroeër deel uitgemaak het van die Baltiese Vloot, bied 'n tentoonstelling oor die Russiese duikbootvloot aan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internasionale_verhoudings">Internasionale verhoudings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Internasionale verhoudings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Internasionale verhoudings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susterstede">Susterstede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Susterstede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Susterstede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Vlag van Denemarke"><img alt="Vlag van Denemarke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span> Aalborg, <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Vlag van Republiek Ierland"><img alt="Vlag van Republiek Ierland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cork" title="Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> Elbląg, Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gdansk" title="Gdansk">Gdansk</a>, Pole, sedert 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Pole.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Vlag van Nederland"><img alt="Vlag van Nederland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(munisipaliteit)" title="Groningen (munisipaliteit)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Vlag van Swede"><img alt="Vlag van Swede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> Kalmar, <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiel,_Duitsland" title="Kiel, Duitsland">Kiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Pole, sedert 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Vlag van Swede"><img alt="Vlag van Swede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, Swede.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Vlag van Meksiko"><img alt="Vlag van Meksiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Meksikostad" title="Meksikostad">Meksikostad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moermansk" title="Moermansk">Moermansk</a>, Rusland.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> Norfolk, <a href="/wiki/Virgini%C3%AB" title="Virginië">Virginië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> Olsztyn, Pole.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, Rusland.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai" title="Šiauliai">Šiauliai</a>, Litaue.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> Zabrze, Pole.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Vlag van Nederland"><img alt="Vlag van Nederland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, Nederland.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vennootskappe">Vennootskappe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Vennootskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Vennootskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Armenië"><img alt="Vlag van Armenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerewan" title="Jerewan">Jerewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a>, sedert 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Gunnar Strunz: Königsberg entdecken. Berlyn: Trescher 2006, bl. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/26702.htm">"КЛИМАТ КАЛИНИНГРАДА (Klimaat Kaliningrad)"</a>. Погода и климат (Pogodaklimat). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416013705/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/26702.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A2+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%94%D0%90+%28Klimaat+Kaliningrad%29&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%28Pogodaklimat%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpogoda.ru.net%2Fclimate%2F26702.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023142302/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/kaliningrad_e.htm">"Climatological Information for Kaliningrad, Russia"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/kaliningrad_e.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Augustus</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatological+Information+for+Kaliningrad%2C+Russia&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Fwxinfo%2Fclimat%2Fworld%2Feng%2Feurope%2Frussia%2Fkaliningrad_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Taylor2000" class="citation web cs1">Peter Taylor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319074335/http://www.amt.canberra.edu.au/koenigs.html">"What Ever Happened to Those Bridges?"</a>. Australian Mathematics Trust. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Maart 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Julie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Ever+Happened+to+Those+Bridges%3F&rft.pub=Australian+Mathematics+Trust&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Peter+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amt.canberra.edu.au%2Fkoenigs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Andreas Kossert: <i>Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos.</i> Derde uitgawe. München: Pantheon/Random House 2008, bl. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kossert (2008), bl. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920115429/http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/news/baubeginn_fuer_neuen_hafenkomplex_in_kaliningrad_29067.html">"Russland-Aktuell, 11 Maart 2011"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/news/baubeginn_fuer_neuen_hafenkomplex_in_kaliningrad_29067.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 20 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russland-Aktuell%2C+11+Maart+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aktuell.ru%2Frussland%2Fnews%2Fbaubeginn_fuer_neuen_hafenkomplex_in_kaliningrad_29067.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610212824/http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/kaliningrad/wirtschaft/kaliningrad_erste_hoffnungssignale_nach_der_krise_119.html">"Kaliningrad-Aktuell: Kaliningrad – Erste Hoffnungssignale nach der Krise, 6 Junie 2011"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/kaliningrad/wirtschaft/kaliningrad_erste_hoffnungssignale_nach_der_krise_119.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 10 Junie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">12 Junie</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaliningrad-Aktuell%3A+Kaliningrad+%E2%80%93+Erste+Hoffnungssignale+nach+der+Krise%2C+6+Junie+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru%2Fkaliningrad%2Fwirtschaft%2Fkaliningrad_erste_hoffnungssignale_nach_der_krise_119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telebalt.ru/english/telebalt_eng.html">Webtuiste van Kompaniya Telebalt Ltd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325022201/http://www.telebalt.ru/english/telebalt_eng.html">Geargiveer</a> 25 Maart 2012 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528000709/http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/wirtschaft/atomprogramm_2_putin_will_soviele_akws_bauen_wie_udssr_2063.html">"<i>www.aktuell.ru: Atomprogramm 2: Putin will soviele AKWs bauen wie UdSSR, 19 Maart 2010</i>"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/wirtschaft/atomprogramm_2_putin_will_soviele_akws_bauen_wie_udssr_2063.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 28 Mei 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.aktuell.ru%3A+Atomprogramm+2%3A+Putin+will+soviele+AKWs+bauen+wie+UdSSR%2C+19+Maart+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aktuell.ru%2Frussland%2Fwirtschaft%2Fatomprogramm_2_putin_will_soviele_akws_bauen_wie_udssr_2063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501234250/http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/kaliningrad/wirtschaft/litauen_klagt_gegen_atommeiler_in_kaliningrad_112.html">"Litauen klagt gegen Atommeiler in Kaliningrad"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru/kaliningrad/wirtschaft/litauen_klagt_gegen_atommeiler_in_kaliningrad_112.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Mei 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litauen+klagt+gegen+Atommeiler+in+Kaliningrad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaliningrad.aktuell.ru%2Fkaliningrad%2Fwirtschaft%2Flitauen_klagt_gegen_atommeiler_in_kaliningrad_112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susterstede-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211114532/http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=">"<i>Kaliningrad – Partner Cities</i>"</a>. © 2000–2006 Kaliningrad City Hall. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/en/search/index.php?q=partner+cities&where=">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 Desember 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Desember</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaliningrad+%E2%80%93+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=%C2%A9+2000%E2%80%932006+Kaliningrad+City+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klgd.ru%2Fen%2Fsearch%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dpartner%2Bcities%26where%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072505/http://www.europeprize.net/en/?page_id=5">"Aalborg Twin Towns"</a>. Europeprize.net. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeprize.net/en/?page_id=5">die oorspronklike</a> op 7 Januarie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Augustus</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aalborg+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Europeprize.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeprize.net%2Fen%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-gorod.ru/documents/elgazete/el_gazeta/n14/index.html">"Kaliningrad information"</a>. E-gorod.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023161917/http://www.e-gorod.ru/documents/elgazete/el_gazeta/n14/index.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">21 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaliningrad+information&rft.pub=E-gorod.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gorod.ru%2Fdocuments%2Felgazete%2Fel_gazeta%2Fn14%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDariusz_Korolczuk2010" class="citation web cs1">Dariusz Korolczuk (12 Januarie 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.um.bialystok.pl/269-foreign-cooperation/lang/en-GB/default.aspx">"Foreign cooperation – Partner Cities"</a>. <i>Białystok Stadsraad</i>. Białystok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421102707/https://en.um.bialystok.pl/269-foreign-cooperation/lang/en-GB/default.aspx">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Maart</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bia%C5%82ystok+Stadsraad&rft.atitle=Foreign+cooperation+%E2%80%93+Partner+Cities&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft.au=Dariusz+Korolczuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.um.bialystok.pl%2F269-foreign-cooperation%2Flang%2Fen-GB%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovbusiness.ru/content/document_r_DE4E0F9C-F166-4E11-97E6-DBB53F4B1B39.html">"<i>Ireland and Russia build a stragic partnership</i>"</a>. innovbusiness.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110024/http://www.innovbusiness.ru/content/document_r_DE4E0F9C-F166-4E11-97E6-DBB53F4B1B39.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+Russia+build+a+stragic+partnership&rft.pub=innovbusiness.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovbusiness.ru%2Fcontent%2Fdocument_r_DE4E0F9C-F166-4E11-97E6-DBB53F4B1B39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Pools">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">pl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.elblag.pl/index.php?id=niezbednik_&pid=31&strona=1">"Elbląg – Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie"</a>. Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315153700/http://info.elblag.pl/index.php?id=niezbednik_&pid=31&strona=1">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Maart 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elbl%C4%85g+%E2%80%93+Podstrony+%2F+Miasta+partnerskie&rft.pub=Elbl%C4%85ski+Dziennik+Internetowy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.elblag.pl%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dniezbednik_%26pid%3D31%26strona%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Pools">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">pl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elblag.net/niezbednik/miasta-partnerskie,65">"Elbląg – Miasta partnerskie"</a>. Elbląg.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027062640/http://www.elblag.net/niezbednik/miasta-partnerskie,65">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Augustus</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elbl%C4%85g+%E2%80%93+Miasta+partnerskie&rft.pub=Elbl%C4%85g.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elblag.net%2Fniezbednik%2Fmiasta-partnerskie%2C65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Pools">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">pl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503125314/https://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Miasta partnerskie'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 3 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Julie</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Miasta+partnerskie%27&rft.pub=Urz%C4%85d+Miejski+w+Gda%C5%84sku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdansk.pl%2Fsamorzad%2C62%2C733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Nederlands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">nl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211207/http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285">"<i>Groningen – Partner Cities</i>"</a>. © 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Desember</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groningen+%E2%80%93+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=%C2%A9+2008+Gemeente+Groningen%2C+Kreupelstraat+1%2C9712+HW+Groningen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groningen.nl%2Ffuncties%2Fpagfunctie.cfm%3Fparameter%3D1285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817185609/http://www.klgd.ru/ru/press/news/detail.php?ID=1842">"Biogas – on the "peaceful" purposes"</a>. Press service city hall. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/ru/press/news/detail.php?ID=1842">die oorspronklike</a> op 17 Augustus 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biogas+%E2%80%93+on+the+%22peaceful%22+purposes&rft.pub=Press+service+city+hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klgd.ru%2Fru%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Pools">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">pl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/">"Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi"</a>. Łódź. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/">die oorspronklike</a> op 24 Junie 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miasta+partnerskie+%E2%80%93+Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+%C5%81odzi&rft.pub=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uml.lodz.pl%2Fsamorzad%2Fmiasta_partnerskie_lodzi%2Ftabelka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Sweeds">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">sv</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130358/http://malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Sa-arbetar-vi-med.../Omvarld/Internationellt-arbete/Vanorter.html">"Vänorter"</a>. Malmö stad. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Sa-arbetar-vi-med.../Omvarld/Internationellt-arbete/Vanorter.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 Desember 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4norter&rft.pub=Malm%C3%B6+stad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malmo.se%2FKommun--politik%2FSa-arbetar-vi-med...%2FOmvarld%2FInternationellt-arbete%2FVanorter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Pools">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">pl</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torun.pl/pl/node/1700">"Miasta bliźniacze Torunia"</a>. <i>Urząd Miasta Torunia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425164503/https://www.torun.pl/pl/node/1700">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Augustus</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+Torunia&rft.atitle=Miasta+bli%C5%BAniacze+Torunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torun.pl%2Fpl%2Fnode%2F1700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html">"Yerevan – Partner Cities"</a>. Jerewan-munisipaliteit se amptelike webwerf. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yerevan+%E2%80%93+Partner+Cities&rft.pub=Jerewan-munisipaliteit+se+amptelike+webwerf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2F3-233-233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKaliningrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kaliningrad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgd.ru/">Amptelike webwerf</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1829" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153803910">cb153803910</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153803910">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031541-1">4031541-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81086433">n81086433</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/859d0728-69cb-49b7-839c-6a969f38765c">859d0728-69cb-49b7-839c-6a969f38765c</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045601">10045601</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01111417">01111417</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge151717&CON_LNG=ENG">ge151717</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000986504&local_base=nlx10">000986504</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/237709">237709</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02752809X">02752809X</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145427148">145427148</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/145427148">145427148</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting."><img alt="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. Klik gerus hier vir meer inligting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&oldid=2637317">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&oldid=2637317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nedersettings_in_Rusland" title="Kategorie:Nedersettings in Rusland">Nedersettings in Rusland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nedersettings_langs_die_Oossee" title="Kategorie:Nedersettings langs die Oossee">Nedersettings langs die Oossee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Oblast_Kaliningrad" title="Kategorie:Oblast Kaliningrad">Oblast Kaliningrad</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Bladsye_met_nie-numeriese_argumente_vir_formatnum" title="Kategorie:Bladsye met nie-numeriese argumente vir formatnum">Bladsye met nie-numeriese argumente vir formatnum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_GND-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met GND-identifiseerders">Artikels met GND-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders">Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_MusicBrainz_area-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders">Artikels met MusicBrainz area-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NARA-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders">Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NDL-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders">Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NKC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders">Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NLI-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders">Artikels met NLI-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_SELIBR-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met SELIBR-identifiseerders">Artikels met SELIBR-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_SUDOC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders">Artikels met SUDOC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_VIAF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders">Artikels met VIAF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders">Artikels met WorldCat-VIAF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Normdata_met_11_elemente" title="Kategorie:Normdata met 11 elemente">Normdata met 11 elemente</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Voorbladartikels" title="Kategorie:Voorbladartikels">Voorbladartikels</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 16 Desember 2023 om 10:32 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. Aanvullende voorwaardes kan moontlik ook van toepassing wees. Sien die <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Algemene Voorwaardes</a> vir meer inligting.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliningrad&section=4&veaction=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-mfqpc","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.503","walltime":"0.970","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7924,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":124654,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15770,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":93823,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 549.715 1 -total"," 39.01% 214.453 1 Sjabloon:Verwysings"," 27.06% 148.758 21 Sjabloon:Cite_web"," 15.79% 86.787 1 Sjabloon:CommonsKategorie"," 12.98% 71.375 1 Sjabloon:Tabel_weergemiddeldes"," 12.04% 66.212 1 Sjabloon:Commons"," 11.73% 64.478 1 Sjabloon:Susterprojek"," 11.33% 62.265 1 Sjabloon:Sykas"," 11.11% 61.071 1 Sjabloon:Normdata"," 10.05% 55.224 1 Sjabloon:If_then_show"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.209","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4237364,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7d588db968-46qbf","timestamp":"20241104231530","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kaliningrad","url":"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaliningrad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1829","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1829","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-03T19:48:04Z","dateModified":"2023-12-16T10:32:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Kaliningrad_Montage_%282016%29.png"}</script> </body> </html>