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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communitarian_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Communitarian method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communitarian_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Complementary method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversational_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversational_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conversational method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversational_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pre-modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_&_East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_&_East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Central & East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_&_East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>African diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnophilosophy_and_philosophical_sagacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnophilosophy_and_philosophical_sagacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ethnophilosophy and philosophical sagacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnophilosophy_and_philosophical_sagacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Professional philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_and_ideological_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_and_ideological_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Nationalist and ideological philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_and_ideological_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>African ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africana_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africana_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Africana philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africana_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_African_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_African_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of African philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_African_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة إفريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة إفريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="Afrika fəlsəfəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrika fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansk_filosofi" title="Afrikansk filosofi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afrikansk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanische_Philosophie" title="Afrikanische Philosophie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrikanische Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_filozofio" title="Afrika filozofio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afrika filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فلسفه آفریقایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه آفریقایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_africaine" title="Philosophie africaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie africaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="아프리카 철학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카 철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_africana" title="Filosofia africana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia africana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa_ya_Kiafrika" title="Falsafa ya Kiafrika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Falsafa ya Kiafrika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanse_filosofie" title="Afrikaanse filosofie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrikaanse filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="アフリカ哲学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_afryka%C5%84ska" title="Filozofia afrykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia afrykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_africana" title="Filosofia africana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia africana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Африканская философия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африканская философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africk%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Africká filozofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Africká filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikkalainen_filosofia" title="Afrikkalainen filosofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikkalainen filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரிக்க மெய்யியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரிக்க மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_felsefesi" title="Afrika felsefesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ch%C3%A2u_Phi" title="Triết học châu Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học châu Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非洲哲学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q386260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal that formerly had this name, see <a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Africana" title="Philosophia Africana">Philosophia Africana</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religions">African traditional religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_theology" title="African theology">African theology</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:African_philosophy" title="Talk:African philosophy">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>African philosophy</b> is the philosophical discourse produced using indigenous African thought systems. <a href="/wiki/Category:African_philosophers" title="Category:African philosophers">African philosophers</a> are found in the various academic fields of present philosophy, such as <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">moral philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It discusses substantive issues from an African perspective. </p><p>An example of African philosophy is the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni Bantu</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a> in moral philosophy. Ubuntu, often summarized by the phrase "I am because we are," emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals within a community. It contrasts with Western <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> by prioritizing communal values and the well-being of the group over the individual, and is reminiscent of the wider phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/African_communalism" title="African communalism">African communalism</a> found across the continent. </p><p>African philosophy includes but often differs from <a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a> in that African philosophy usually focuses on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous knowledge">indigenous knowledge systems</a> and philosophical traditions native to the African continent. In contrast, Africana philosophy addresses the philosophical concerns, experiences, and identities of Africans in the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">diaspora</a>, particularly in regions outside Africa such as the Americas and the Caribbean. </p><p>One particular subject that several modern African philosophers have written about is on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and what it means to be free or to experience wholeness.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophy in Africa has a rich and varied history, some of which has been lost over time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the world's oldest philosophical texts have been produced in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2200–1000 BCE. One of the earliest known African philosophers was <a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a>, an ancient Egyptian philosopher. </p><p>A philosophical tradition of Islamic scholarship emerged in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">medieval African</a> kingdoms such as Mali, Ghana and Songhai.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the seventeeth century, a philosophical literature developed in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in relation to <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>, principle of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> under the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)" title="Zera Yacob (philosopher)">Zera Yacob</a>, and that of his disciple <a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, research by <a href="/wiki/Egyptologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a> has indicated that the word <i>philosopher</i> itself seems to stem from Egypt: "the founding Greek word <i>philosophos</i>, lover of wisdom, is itself a borrowing from and translation of the Egyptian concept <i>mer-rekh</i> (<i>mr-rḫ</i>) which literally means 'lover of wisdom,' or knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-Herbjørnsrud_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbjørnsrud-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early and mid-twentieth century, anti-colonial movements had a tremendous effect on the development of a distinct modern African <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that had resonance on both the continent and in the African diaspora. One well-known example of the economic philosophical works emerging from this period was the <a href="/wiki/African_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="African socialist">African socialist</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a> propounded in Tanzania and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a>. These African political and economic philosophical developments also had a notable impact on the anti-colonial movements of many non-African peoples around the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some debate in defining the <a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">ethnophilosophical</a> parameters of African philosophy and identifying what differentiates it from other philosophical traditions. One of the implicit assumptions of <a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">ethnophilosophy</a> is that a specific culture can have a philosophy that is not applicable and accessible to all peoples and cultures in the world. In <i>A Discourse on African Philosophy: A New Perspective on Ubuntu and Transitional Justice in South Africa</i>, Christian B. N. Gade argues that the ethnophilosophical approach to African philosophy as a static group property is highly problematic. His research on <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">ubuntu</a> presents an alternative collective discourse on African philosophy that takes differences, historical developments, and social contexts seriously. According to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Etieyibo" title="Edwin Etieyibo">Edwin Etieyibo</a> and Jonathon O. Chimakonam in their article “African Philosophy: Past, Present, and Future”, historical context plays an important role in African philosophy. History provides the framework in which we can inspect philosophical problems. In terms of African philosophy, one must look at the whole picture through the lens of African history. “There are no facts without history."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African philosophy can be formally defined as a critical thinking by Africans on their experiences of reality. Nigerian born Philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=K.C._Anyanwu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K.C. Anyanwu (page does not exist)">K.C. Anyanwu</a> defined African philosophy as "that which concerns itself with the way in which African people of the past and present make sense of their destiny and of the world in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigerian philosopher Joseph I. Omoregbe broadly defines a philosopher as one who attempts to understand the world's phenomena, the purpose of human existence, the nature of the world, and the place of human beings in that world. This form of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> is identifiable in Africa even before individual African philosophers can be distinguished in the sources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, African philosophy contemplates the perceptions of time, personhood, space and other subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a rich and written history of ancient African philosophy - for example from ancient Egypt, Ethiopia, and Mali (Timbuktutu, Djenne).<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> acknowledged their Egyptian forebears,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the fifth century BCE, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> declared that the earliest Greek thinkers traveled to Egypt to seek knowledge; one of them <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> of Samos, who "was first to bring to the Greeks all philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-Herbjørnsrud_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbjørnsrud-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it comes to the modern era and the 20th century, a new beginning is linked to the 1920s, when African individuals who had studied in the United States and Europe ("Western" locations) returned to Africa and reflected on the racial discrimination experienced abroad. Their arrival back in Africa instigated a feeling of <i>onuma</i>, which is an interpretation of "frustration." The onuma was felt in response to legacies of colonialism on a global scale. The renaissance of African philosophy in the 20th century is important because <i>onuma</i> inspired some who had traveled and returned to formulate a "systematic beginning" of philosophizing the African identity, the space of African people in history, and African contribution to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some, two conflicting components are deemed integral to a work for it to be considered African philosophy. First, the piece must have a racial focus. This facet is valued by Traditionalist groups, who posit that African philosophy should be an expression of the world experienced by African individuals. African philosophy must be produced by African authors. In contrast, Universalist groups suggest that African philosophy should be analyses and critical engagement of and between individual African thinkers. A work is African philosophy based on a focal point of tradition. African philosophy must pull from African cultural backgrounds or thought processes, but it should be independent from racial considerations and use "African" only as a term of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communitarian_method">Communitarian method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communitarian method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The communitarian method of African philosophy emphasizes mutualism in thought. It is most commonly used by researchers following <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">ubuntu</a>. The common expression of ubuntu is that "a person is a person through a person." Leonhard Praeg, Mogobe Ramose, and Fainos Mangera implement the communitarian method.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_method">Complementary method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Complementary method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complementary method focuses on the prospect of a missing link. All variables are important in consideration of histories and identities, and no variable should be overlooked or under-considered. Additionally, all variables affect one another, so the relationship between them and their affects on other variables should be scrutinized. Mesembe Edet implements the complementary method.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversational_method">Conversational method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conversational method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conversational method creates thought by assessing a relationship between oppositional works. The defender or proponent is named "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nwa-swa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nwa-swa (page does not exist)">nwa-swa</a>," and the nwa swa is questioned and doubted by a disagreeing party, known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nwa_nju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nwa nju (page does not exist)">nwa nju</a>." The conversational method emphasizes the interconnectedness of networks within reality; the more accurate a thought should be, the more specific a location should be. This method is endorsed by the Conventional School of Psychology, and it is used by Victor Nweke and Msembe Edet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern">Pre-modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, arguably central to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">ancient Egyptian philosophical</a> tradition of Egypt and Sudan was the conception of <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">ma'at</a></i>, which roughly translated refers to 'justice', 'truth', or simply 'that which is right'. One of the earliest works of political philosophy was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maxims_of_Ptahhotep" title="The Maxims of Ptahhotep">The Maxims of Ptahhotep</a></i>, which were taught to Egyptian schoolboys for centuries. </p><p>Ancient Egypt have several philosophical texts that have been treated by scholars in recent years. In the 2018 podcast "Africana Philosophy", the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Peter Adamson</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chike_Jeffers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chike Jeffers (page does not exist)">Chike Jeffers</a> devoted the first eight episodes to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a> (APA) has published a text on the classical text <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immortality_of_Writers" title="The Immortality of Writers">The Immortality of Writers</a></i> ("Be a Writer"), ca. 1200 BCE. The Blog of the APA article also covers <i><a href="/wiki/Dispute_between_a_man_and_his_Ba" title="Dispute between a man and his Ba">The Dispute Between a Man and His Ba</a></i> from the 19th century BCE; <i><a href="/wiki/Instruction_of_Any" title="Instruction of Any">The Teaching of Ani</a></i>, 13th century BCE, which gives advice to the ordinary man; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satire_of_the_Trades" title="The Satire of the Trades">The Satire of the Trades</a></i> by Khety; and the text of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amennakht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amennakht (page does not exist)">Amennakht</a> (active in 1170–1140 BCE) from <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a>, whose teaching states that "it is good to finish school, better than the smell of lotus blossoms in summer".<sup id="cite_ref-Contributor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contributor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Egyptian and other African philosophers also made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a>. According to <i>Busiris</i> by the ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a>, who was born before <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, "all men agree the Egyptians are the healthiest and most long of life among men; and then for the soul they introduced philosophy's training [...]".<sup id="cite_ref-Contributor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contributor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hellenistic tradition, the influential philosophical school of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> in the third century CE. The Church Father and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (born in <a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a>, today's Algeria, in 354) had a Christian mother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Saint Monica</a>, who was an Amazigh (Berber), and Augustine defined himself as an African (or <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> descent).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prominent of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>'s pre-modern philosophical traditions has been identified as that of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> philosophical tradition and the distinctive worldview that emerged from it over the thousands of years of its development. Philosophical concepts such as <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omoluabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoluabi">Omoluabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Aṣẹ">Ashè</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a> were integral to this system, and the totality of its elements are contained in what is known amongst the Yoruba as the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Itan</a>. The cosmologies and philosophies of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> were also significant. </p><p>In pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>), the 17th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kocc_Barma_Fall" title="Kocc Barma Fall">Kocc Barma Fall</a> (b. 1586) stood out as one of the renowned philosophers in <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Senegambia" title="Category:History of Senegambia">Senegambian history</a>. His proverbs are still recited by Senegalese and Gambians alike, including in Senegambian popular culture - for example in <a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sembene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ousmane Sembene">Ousmane Sembene</a>'s films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Guelwaar" title="Guelwaar">Guelwaar</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable philosophical thinkers include the Gambian historian <a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a> ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Hamp%C3%A2t%C3%A9_B%C3%A2" title="Amadou Hampâté Bâ">Amadou Hampâté Bâ</a>. </p><p>One of the foremost scholars of Timbuktu was <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmed Baba</a> (1556–1627), who argued against what he called "racial slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the leading women philosophers and writers of the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>, in present-day Nigeria, was the princess <a href="/wiki/Nana_Asma%27u" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Asma'u">Nana Asma'u</a> (1793-1864).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, there are a number of sources documenting the development of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian philosophy</a> from the first millennium onwards. Among the most notable examples from this tradition emerge from the work of the 17th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)" title="Zera Yacob (philosopher)">Zera Yacob</a>, and that of his disciple <a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yacob in his writings discusses religion, morality, and existence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He comes to the belief that every person will believe their faith to be the right one and that all men are created equal.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> the development of a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Philosophy" title="Bantu Philosophy">Bantu philosophy</a> addressing the nature of existence, the cosmos and humankind's relation to the world following the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu migration">Bantu migration</a> has had the most significant impact on the philosophical developments of the said regions, with the development of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a> as one notable example emerging from this worldview. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_&_East_Africa"><span id="Central_.26_East_Africa"></span>Central & East Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Central & East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> philosophical traditions before the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu migration">Bantu migration</a> into southern <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> have been identified as a uniting characteristic of many <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudanic_languages" title="Sudanic languages">Sudanic</a> peoples, ultimately giving rise to the distinctive worldviews identified in the conceptions of time, the creation of the world, human nature, and the proper relationship between mankind and nature prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Dinka_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka mythology">Dinka mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai mythology</a> and similar traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_diaspora">African diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: African diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some pre-modern <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diasporic</a> philosophical traditions have also been identified, mostly produced by descendants of Africans in Europe and the Americas. One notable pre-modern diasporic African philosopher was <a href="/wiki/Anton_Wilhelm_Amo" title="Anton Wilhelm Amo">Anthony William Amo</a> in the 18th century, who was taken as a slave from Awukenu in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, and was brought up and educated in Europe where he gained doctorates in medicine and philosophy, and subsequently became a professor of philosophy at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">Jena</a> in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Odera_Oruka" title="Henry Odera Oruka">Henry Odera Oruka</a> has distinguished what he calls four trends in modern African philosophy: ethnophilosophy, philosophical sagacity, nationalistic–ideological philosophy, and professional philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact it would be more realistic to call them candidates for the position of African philosophy, with the understanding that more than one of them might fit the bill. (Oruka later added two additional categories: literary/artistic philosophy, such as the work of literary figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okot_p%27Bitek" title="Okot p'Bitek">Okot p'Bitek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taban_Lo_Liyong" title="Taban Lo Liyong">Taban Lo Liyong</a>, and hermeneutic philosophy, the analysis of African languages in order to find philosophical content.) In the African diaspora, American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a> has also been notable in presenting varied definitions for understanding modern African philosophy, especially as it relates to its earliest sources. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG/220px-Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG/330px-Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG/440px-Achille_Mbembe_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Achille Mbembe, a modern African philosopher</figcaption></figure> <p>One notable contributor to professional philosophy is <a href="/wiki/Achille_Mbembe" title="Achille Mbembe">Achille Mbembe</a>. He interacts with a multitude of modern subjects, including thoughts on statehood, death, capital, racism, and colonialism. He invokes attention to moral and political arguments through a tone of morality in his works. Many recent pieces from Mbembe, including <i>Critique of Black Reason</i>, suggest that understanding Europe as a force not at the center of the universe is a point from which philosophy and society should view the world. Mbembe asserts that he positions himself in multiple worlds of existence at one time. This method creates an empathetic point from which the world can be viewed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnophilosophy_and_philosophical_sagacity">Ethnophilosophy and philosophical sagacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnophilosophy and philosophical sagacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Odera Oruka of Kenya came up with Sage Philosophy and philosophic sagacity is attributed to him. Ethnophilosophy has been used to record the beliefs found in African cultures. Such an approach treats African philosophy as consisting in a set of shared beliefs, values, categories, and assumptions that are implicit in the language, practices, and beliefs of African cultures; in short, the uniquely African <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a>. As such, it is seen as an item of communal property rather than an activity for the individual. </p><p>One proponent of this form, <a href="/wiki/Placide_Tempels" title="Placide Tempels">Placide Tempels</a>, argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Bantu_Philosophy" title="Bantu Philosophy">Bantu Philosophy</a></i> that the metaphysical categories of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> people are reflected in their linguistic categories. According to this view, African philosophy can be best understood as springing from the fundamental assumptions about reality reflected in the languages of Africa. </p><p>Another example of this sort of approach is the work of Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Port_Harcourt" title="University of Port Harcourt">University of Port Harcourt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, who argues for the existence of an African <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> stemming from traditional proverbs from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> in his paper "An African Philosophy of History in the Oral Tradition." Alagoa argues that in African philosophy, age is seen as an important factor in gaining wisdom and interpreting the past. In support of this view, he cites proverbs such as "More days, more wisdom", and "What an old man sees seated, a youth does not see standing." Truth is seen as eternal and unchanging ("Truth never rots"), but people are subject to error ("Even a four-legged horse stumbles and falls"). It is dangerous to judge by appearances ("A large eye does not mean keen vision"), but first-hand observation can be trusted ("He who sees does not err"). The past is not seen as fundamentally different from the present, but all history is contemporary history ("A storyteller does not tell of a different season"). The future remains beyond knowledge ("Even a bird with a long neck cannot see the future"). Nevertheless, it is said, "God will outlive eternity." History is seen as vitally important ("One ignorant of his origin is nonhuman"), and historians (known as "sons of the soil") are highly revered ("The son of the soil has the python's keen eyes"). However, these arguments must be taken with a grain of cultural relativism, as the span of culture in Africa is incredibly vast, with patriarchies, matriarchies, monotheists and traditional religionists among the population, and as such the attitudes of groups of the Niger Delta cannot be applied to the whole of Africa. </p><p>Another more controversial application of this approach is embodied in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Negritude" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritude">Negritude</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Senghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Senghor">Leopold Senghor</a>, a proponent of Negritude, argued that the distinctly African approach to reality is based on emotion rather than logic, works itself out in participation rather than analysis, and manifests itself through the arts rather than the sciences. <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a> and Mubabinge Bilolo, on the other hand, while agreeing that African culture is unique, challenged the view of Africans as essentially emotional and artistic, arguing that Egypt was an African culture whose achievements in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> were pre-eminent. This philosophy may also be maligned as overly <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a> due to the obvious scientific and scholarly triumphs of not only ancient Egypt, but also Nubia, Meroe, as well as the great library of Timbuktu, the extensive trade networks and kingdoms of North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, the Horn of Africa and Great Zimbabwe and the other major empires of Southern, Southeast and Central Africa. </p><p>Critics of this approach argue that the actual philosophical work in producing a coherent philosophical position is being done by the academic philosopher (such as Alagoa), and that the sayings of the same culture can be selected from and organised in many different ways in order to produce very different, often contradictory systems of thought. </p><p>Philosophical sagacity is a sort of individualist version of ethnophilosophy, in which one records the beliefs of certain special members of a community. The premise here is that, although most societies demand some degree of conformity of belief and behaviour from their members, a certain few of those members reach a particularly high level of knowledge and understanding of their cultures' worldviews; such people are sages. In some cases, the sage goes beyond mere knowledge and understanding to reflection and questioning—these become the targets of philosophical sagacity. </p><p>Critics of this approach note that not all reflection and questioning is philosophical; besides, if African philosophy were to be defined purely in terms of philosophic sagacity, then the thoughts of the sages could not be African philosophy, for they did not record them from other sages. Also, on this view the only difference between non-African <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a> and African philosophy seems to be the nationality of the researcher. </p><p>Critics argue further that the problem with both ethnophilosophy and philosophical sagacity is that there is surely an important distinction between philosophy and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a>, although other philosophers consider the two topics to be remarkably similar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is that no matter how interesting the beliefs of a people such as the <a href="/wiki/Akan_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan (ethnic group)">Akan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> may be to the philosopher, they remain beliefs, not philosophy. To call them philosophy is to use a secondary sense of that term, as in "my philosophy is live and let live." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_philosophy">Professional philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Professional philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional philosophy is usually identified as that produced by African philosophers trained in the Western philosophical tradition, that embraces a universal view of the methods and concerns of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those philosophers identified in this category often explicitly reject the assumptions of ethnophilosophy and adopt a universalist worldview of philosophy that requires all philosophy to be accessible and applicable to all peoples and cultures in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is even if the specific philosophical questions prioritized by individual national or regional philosophies may differ.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some African philosophers classified in this category are Odera Oruka, Paulin Hountondji, Peter Bodunrin, Kwasi Wiredu, Tsenay Serequeberhan, Marcien Towa and Lansana Keita.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Oluoch_Imbo,_An_Introduction_to_African_Philosophy_(1998)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_and_ideological_philosophy">Nationalist and ideological philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nationalist and ideological philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></div> <p>Nationalist and ideological philosophy might be considered a special case of philosophic sagacity, in which not sages but ideologues are the subjects. Alternatively, it has been considered as a subcategory of professional political philosophy. In either case, the same sort of problem arises with retaining a distinction between ideology and philosophy, and also between sets of ideas and a special way of reasoning. Examples include <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harambee" title="Harambee">Harambee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Authenticité (disambiguation)">Authenticité</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_ethics">African ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: African ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Africa is extremely diverse, there appear to be some shared moral ideas across many ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a number of African cultures, ethics is centered on a person's character, and saying "he has no morals" translates as something like "he has no character".<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's character reflects the accumulation of their deeds and their habits of conduct; hence, it can be changed over a person's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some African cultures, "personhood" refers to an adult human who exhibits moral virtues, and one who behaves badly is not considered a person, even if he is considered a human.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many traditional African societies are highly religious, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">their religions</a> are not revealed, and hence, ethics does not center around divine commands.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, ethics is <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a>: it focuses on improving social functioning and human flourishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, social welfare is not a mere aggregate of individual welfare; rather, there is a collective "social good" embodying values that everyone wants, like peace and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, African ethics is social or collectivistic rather than individualistic and united in ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperation and altruism are considered crucial.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African ethics places more weight on duties of prosocial behaviour than on rights per se, in contrast to most of Western ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africana_philosophy">Africana philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africana philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana philosophy</a></div> <p>Africana philosophy is the work of philosophers of African descent and others whose work deals with the subject matter of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>. This is a relatively new (since the 1980s) and developing name given to African thought, and it is given credible attention by professional organizations, including the American Philosophical Association.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Africana philosophy includes the philosophical ideas, arguments and theories of particular concern to people of African descent. Some of the topics explored by Africana philosophy include: pre-Socratic African philosophy and modern day debates discussing the early history of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, post-colonial writing in Africa and the Americas, black resistance to oppression, <a href="/wiki/Black_existentialism" title="Black existentialism">black existentialism</a> in the United States, and the meaning of "blackness" in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_African_philosophers">List of African philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of African philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of notable philosophers who theorize in the African tradition, as well as philosophers from the continent of Africa. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Algerian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Bernard-Henri Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Chaouki_Zine" title="Mohammed Chaouki Zine">Mohammed Chaouki Zine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Beninese</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulin_J._Hountondji" title="Paulin J. Hountondji">Paulin J. Hountondji</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Cameroonian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Mbembe" title="Achille Mbembe">Achille Mbembe</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Congolese</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Depelchin" title="Jacques Depelchin">Jacques Depelchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Y._Mudimbe" title="V. Y. Mudimbe">V. Y. Mudimbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wamba_dia_Wamba" title="Ernest Wamba dia Wamba">Ernest Wamba dia Wamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophile_Obenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophile Obenga">Theophile Obenga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Egyptian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptah-Hotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptah-Hotep">Ptah-Hotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abd_al-Rizq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abd al-Rizq">Mustafa Abd al-Rizq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnouphis" title="Arnouphis">Arnouphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Badawi" title="Abdel Rahman Badawi">Abdel Rahman Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Laodicea" title="George of Laodicea">George of Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hanafi" title="Hassan Hanafi">Hassan Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Hassan" title="Ihab Hassan">Ihab Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_Naguib_Mahmoud" title="Zaki Naguib Mahmoud">Zaki Naguib Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Wahab_El-Messiri" title="Abdel Wahab El-Messiri">Abdel Wahab El-Messiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ethiopian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)" title="Zera Yacob (philosopher)">Zera Yacob</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Gambian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kocc_Barma_Fall" title="Kocc Barma Fall">Kocc Barma Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ghanaian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajj_Salim_Suwari" title="Al-Hajj Salim Suwari">Al-Hajj Salim Suwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Wilhelm_Amo" title="Anton Wilhelm Amo">Anton Wilhelm Amo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Gyekye" title="Kwame Gyekye">Kwame Gyekye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ato_Sekyi-Otu" title="Ato Sekyi-Otu">Ato Sekyi-Otu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Wiredu" title="Kwasi Wiredu">Kwasi Wiredu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Hellenistic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Cyrene" title="Dionysius of Cyrene">Dionysius of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Lembus" title="Heraclides Lembus">Heraclides Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes of Cyrene</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Kenyan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Masiti" title="Dada Masiti">Dada Masiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mbiti" title="John Mbiti">John Mbiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micere_Githae_Mugo" title="Micere Githae Mugo">Micere Githae Mugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Odera_Oruka" title="Henry Odera Oruka">Henry Odera Oruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLO_Lumumba" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO Lumumba">PLO Lumumba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Libyan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Ali_Nayed" title="Aref Ali Nayed">Aref Ali Nayed</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Malawian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Kaphagawani" title="Didier Kaphagawani">Didier Kaphagawani</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Malian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Hamp%C3%A2t%C3%A9_B%C3%A2" title="Amadou Hampâté Bâ">Amadou Hampâté Bâ</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Moroccan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Himmich" title="Bensalem Himmich">Bensalem Himmich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Aziz_Lahbabi" title="Mohammed Aziz Lahbabi">Mohammed Aziz Lahbabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nissim" title="Judah ben Nissim">Judah ben Nissim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sabila" title="Mohammed Sabila">Mohammed Sabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_as-Sabti" title="Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti">Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Allal_Sinaceur" title="Mohammed Allal Sinaceur">Mohammed Allal Sinaceur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourya_Sinaceur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hourya Sinaceur">Hourya Sinaceur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Zeroual" title="Abdellatif Zeroual">Abdellatif Zeroual</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nigerian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olubi_Sodipo" title="John Olubi Sodipo">John Olubi Sodipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Asma%27u" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Asma'u">Nana Asma'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Chukwudi_Eze" title="Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze">Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephat_Obi_Oguejiofor" title="Josephat Obi Oguejiofor">Josephat Obi Oguejiofor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Odimegwu" title="Ike Odimegwu">Ike Odimegwu</a></li> <li>Theophilus Okere<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Oluwole" title="Sophie Oluwole">Sophie Oluwole</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Rwandan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Senegalese</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Sedar_Senghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Sedar Senghor">Leopold Sedar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Bachir_Diagne" title="Souleymane Bachir Diagne">Souleymane Bachir Diagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocc_Barma_Fall" title="Kocc Barma Fall">Kocc Barma Fall</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>South African</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Es%27kia_Mphahlele" title="Es'kia Mphahlele">Es'kia Mphahlele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabogo_P._More" title="Mabogo P. More">Mabogo P. More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogobe_Ramose" title="Mogobe Ramose">Mogobe Ramose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpho_Tshivhase" title="Mpho Tshivhase">Mpho Tshivhase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tanzanian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tunisian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachida_Triki" title="Rachida Triki">Rachida Triki</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_philosophers" title="Category:African philosophers">African philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Ancient Egyptian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrophone_philosophy" title="Afrophone philosophy">Afrophone philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_African_Philosophy_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWiredu2005" class="citation book cs1">Wiredu, Kwasi, ed. (2005-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470997154"><i>A Companion to African Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470997154">10.1002/9780470997154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470997154" title="Special:BookSources/9780470997154"><bdi>9780470997154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+African+Philosophy&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470997154&rft.isbn=9780470997154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470997154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucale2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mucale, Ergimino Pedro (Fall 2015). 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EOLSS Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-213-3"><bdi>978-1-84826-213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Civilizations+And+History+Of+Human+Development&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publications&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-84826-213-3&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Nasson%2C+William+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIRZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImbo1998" class="citation book cs1">Imbo, Samuel Oluoch (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-p0iHjAEBvkC"><i>An Introduction to African Philosophy</i></a>. 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King, Zebra, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gyekye2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyekye2010_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyekye2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gyekye, Kwame (9 Sep 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-ethics/">"African Ethics"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amo, Antin Wilhelm Amo: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/anton-wilhelm-amos-philosophical-dissertations-on-mind-and-body-9780197501627?cc=no&lang=en&">Anton Wilhelm Amo's Philosophical Dissertations on Mind and Body</a></i> (Edited and translated by Stephen Menn and <a href="/wiki/Justin_E._H._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin E. H. Smith">Justin E. H. Smith</a>) (2000: Oxford University Press)</li> <li>K.C. Anyanwu (and E.A. Ruch), <i>African Philosophy: An Introduction</i>, Catholic Book Agency 1981</li> <li>Mubabinge Bilolo, <i>Contribution à l'histoire de la reconnaissance de Philosophie en Afrique Noire Traditionnelle</i>, (1978: Kinshasa, Facultés Catholiques de Kinshasa, Licence en Philosophie et Religions Africaines)</li> <li>Mubabinge Bilolo, <i>Les cosmo-théologies philosophiques de l'Égypte Antique. Problématiques, Prémisses herméneutiques et problèmes majeurs</i>. Academy of African Thought, Sect. I, vol. 1, (1986: Kinshasa-Munich-Libreville, African University Studies)</li> <li>Peter O. Bodunrin, <i>Philosophy in Africa: Trends and Perspectives</i> (1985: University of Ife Press)</li> <li>Babajide Dasaolu/Demilade Oyelakun, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161211092022/http://philosophy-e.com/the-concept-of-evil-in-yoruba-and-igbo-thoughts-some-comparisons"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161211092022/http://philosophy-e.com/the-concept-of-evil-in-yoruba-and-igbo-thoughts-some-comparisons">The concept of evil in Yoruba and Igbo thoughts: Some Comparisons<i></i></a> in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy-e.com/">Philosophia: E-Journal of Philosophy and Culture</a> – 10/2015.</li> <li>Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (Ed.): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/African+Philosophy%3A+An+Anthology-p-9780631203384">African Philosophy. An Anthology</a></i> (1998: Blackwell Publishers)</li> <li>Christian B. N. Gade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Discourse-African-Philosophy-Transitional-Perspectives/dp/1498512259/ref=mt_hardcover?_encoding=UTF8&me="><i>A Discourse on African Philosophy: A New Perspective on</i> Ubuntu <i>and Transitional Justice in South Africa</i></a> (2017: Lexington Books)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Herbj%C3%B8rnsrud" title="Dag Herbjørnsrud">Dag Herbjørnsrud</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/yacob-and-amo-africas-precursors-to-locke-hume-and-kant"><i>The African Enlightenment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon (digital magazine)">Aeon</a>, December 2017.</li> <li>Dag Herbjørnsrud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/12/17/the-radical-philosophy-of-egypt-forget-god-and-family-write/"><i>The Radical Philosophy of Egypt: Forget God and Family, Write!</i></a> Blog of the American Philosophical Association, December 2018.</li> <li>Paulin J. Hountondji, <i>African Philosophy: Myth and Reality</i> (1983: Bloomington, Indiana University Press)</li> <li>Samuel Oluoch Imbo, <i>An Introduction to African Philosophy</i> (1998: Rowman & Littlefield) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8841-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8841-0">0-8476-8841-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janheinz_Jahn" title="Janheinz Jahn">Janheinz Jahn</a>, <i>Muntu: African culture and the Western world</i> (1990: Grove Weidenfeld) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802132081" title="Special:BookSources/0802132081">0802132081</a></li> <li>Bruce B. Janz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526060828/http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~janzb/papers/37AfPhil.pdf"><i>African Philosophy</i></a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a>, <i>La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être</i> (1966 Johnson Reprint)</li> <li>Gyekye Kwame, <i>An Essay of African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme</i> (1995: Temple University Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-380-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-380-9">1-56639-380-9</a></li> <li>Safro Kwame, <i>Reading in African Philosophy: An Akan Collection</i> (1995: University Press of America) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-9911-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-9911-7">0-8191-9911-7</a></li> <li>T. Uzodinma Nwala, <i>Igbo Philosophy</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-245-453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-245-453-2">978-245-453-2</a></li> <li>Joseph I. Omoregbe, <i>African philosophy: yesterday and today</i> (in Bodunrin; references to reprint in [E. C. Eze] [ed.] <i>African Philosophy: An Anthology</i> (1998: Oxford, Blackwell))</li> <li>H. Odera Oruka (ed.), <i>Sage Philosophy</i> [Volume 4 in <i>Philosophy of History and Culture</i>] (1990: E.J. Brill) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09283-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09283-8">90-04-09283-8</a>, ISSN 0922-6001</li> <li>Tsenay Serequeberhan (ed.), <i>African Philosophy: The Essential Readings</i> (1991: Paragon House) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55778-309-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55778-309-8">1-55778-309-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placide_Tempels" title="Placide Tempels">Placide Tempels</a>, <i>La philosophie bantoue</i> (<i>Bantu Philosophy</i>), Elisabethville, 1945, Full text in French <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310080248/http://www.aequatoria.be/tempels/philbant1945Lovania.htm">here</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Wiredu" title="Kwasi Wiredu">Kwasi Wiredu</a>, <i>Philosophy and an African</i> (1980: Cambridge University Press)</li> <li>Kwasi Wiredu (ed.), <i>A Companion to African Philosophy</i> (2004: Blackwell)</li> <li>Kwasi Wiredu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219182221/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/4/3.htm"><i>Toward Decolonizing African Philosophy And Religion</i> In: African Studies Quarterly, The Online Journal for African Studies, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1998</a></li> <li>Olabiyi Babalola Yai, (Guest Editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622063808/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/v1_i4.htm"><i>African Studies Quarterly</i>, Volume 1, Issue 4 (1998): <i>Religion and Philosophy in Africa</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jonathan O. Chimakonam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/afric-hi">History of African Philosophy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li>Gail M. Presbey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/afr-sage">African Sage Philosophy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_T._Outlaw_Jr." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lucius T. Outlaw Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/africana/">"Africana Philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Africana+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Lucius+T.+Outlaw+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fafricana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://igwebuikepedia.info/">Igwebuikepedia: Internet Encyclopedia of African Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314013212/http://www.ascleiden.nl/Library/Webdossiers/AfricanPhilosophy.aspx">African Philosophy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Afrika-Studiecentrum,_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden">African Studies Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofphilosophy.net/africana-philosophy">Africana Philosophy series</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Philosophy_without_any_gaps" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Philosophy without any gaps">History of Philosophy without any gaps</a> podcast</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa#Politics" title="Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" 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