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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Han dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ming dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacrifice_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacrifice_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sacrifice ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacrifice_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Folk performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Douzhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Douzhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Douzhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Douzhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cha_Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cha_Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cha Tang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cha_Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snowballing_usury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snowballing_usury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Snowballing usury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snowballing_usury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bing_Tang_Hu_Lu_(crispy_sugar-coated_fruits_on_a_stick)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bing_Tang_Hu_Lu_(crispy_sugar-coated_fruits_on_a_stick)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bing Tang Hu Lu (crispy sugar-coated fruits on a stick)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bing_Tang_Hu_Lu_(crispy_sugar-coated_fruits_on_a_stick)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fried_beanballs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fried_beanballs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fried beanballs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fried_beanballs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Chinese_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Chinese_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Outside Chinese mainland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Chinese_mainland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Chinese mainland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Chinese_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foire_du_temple" title="Foire du temple – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foire du temple" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Մյաոհուեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մյաոհուեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaohui" title="Miaohui – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miaohui" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myaoxuey" title="Myaoxuey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Myaoxuey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Мяохуэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мяохуэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%9F%E6%9C%83" title="廟會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="廟會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q699387#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fair</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GwongFuMiuWui_(SingWongMiu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg/260px-GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg/390px-GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg/520px-GwongFuMiuWui_%28SingWongMiu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Temple gathering at the <a href="/wiki/Chenghuangshen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenghuangshen">Chenghuangshen</a> Temple of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em;border: 4px single #A12F25;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Chinese folk religion"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;;font-size:150%; color:#FFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion"><span style="color:White;">Chinese folk religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn."><img alt="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/75px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/113px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/150px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a>—<a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ling_(Chinese_religion)" title="Ling (Chinese religion)">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_ling_(religion)" title="Xian ling (religion)">Xian ling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Mingyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_ying" title="Bao ying">Baoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(Chinese_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Chinese religion)">Wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese gods and immortals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese creation myth">Chinese creation myth</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Chinese spiritual world concepts</a></li></ul> <p><b>Model humanity:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_and_wu" title="Wen and wu">Wen and wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenxiang" title="Fenxiang">Fenxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxiang" title="Jingxiang">Jingxiang</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miaohui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu shamanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baojuan" title="Baojuan">Precious scrolls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associations_of_good-doing" title="Associations of good-doing">Associations of good-doing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lineage_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lineage associations">Lineage associations or churches</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Folk_Temples%27_Management_Association" title="Chinese Folk Temples' Management Association">Chinese Folk Temples' Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Zhongqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Emperor_Gods_Festival" title="Nine Emperor Gods Festival">Jiuhuangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Nian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Internal traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Major cultural forms</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral religion">Chinese ancestral religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_communal_deity_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese communal deity religion">Chinese communal deity religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy" title="Chinese food therapy">Chinese food therapy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Chinese geomancy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mother_goddess_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mother goddess worship">Chinese mother goddess worship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li></ul> <p><b>Main philosophical traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">state rites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Other schools</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ritual traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk ritual masters' orders</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Chinese shamanism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Devotional traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazuism">Mazuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Yah" title="Ong Yah">Ong Yah</a> worship</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"."><img alt="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/50px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/75px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/100px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvation churches and sects</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_teaching" title="De teaching">De teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiugongdao" title="Jiugongdao">Jiugongdao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luo teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreya teachings</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiandi_teachings" title="Tiandi teachings">Tiandi teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxian_miaodao" title="Tianxian miaodao">Tianxian miaodao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi_teaching" title="Sanyi teaching">Xia teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaili_teaching" title="Zaili teaching">Zaili teaching</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a> and sects:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Way_and_its_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Phoenix churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang folk religion">Zhuang folk religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template talk:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Miaohui</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廟會/庙会</span></span>), literally <b>temple gatherings</b> or translated as <b>temple fairs</b>, also called <b>yíngshén sàihuì</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">迎神賽會/迎神赛会</span></span> "collective rituals to greet the gods")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> gatherings held by <a href="/wiki/Miao_shrine" title="Miao shrine">Miao shrines</a> for the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese gods and immortals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale <i>miaohui</i> are usually held around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, or in specific temples at the birthday of the god enshrined in the temple itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the development of society with importation of different cultures, the characteristic of miaohui for each dynasty also vary from time to time. For instance, in the Han dynasty, as Buddhism and Taoism has gradually formed, temple fair became a way to attract more newcomers to their community by adding performances. Activities usually include rituals celebrated in the temple, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> on a stage facing the temple, processions of the gods' images on carts throughout villages and cities, performance of musical and ritual troupes (of <a href="/wiki/Taoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoists">Taoists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">sects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> ritualists), blessing of offerings brought to the temple by families,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2013''passim''_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2013''passim''-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, various foods and snacks selling in the miaohui also an attractive part for people, especially for children to join in. </p><p>Geography and local customs lead to great differences in the nature of festivals dedicated to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">northern China</a>, <i>miaohui</i> are usually week-long, with ceremonies held in large temples, and attended by tens of thousands of people; while in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">southern China</a>, they are a much more local practice, organized by village temples or clusters of temples of different villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-816_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-816-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In worldwide, not only China has miaohui but also other places such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has such temple fair with similar forms and activities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_(1918)_(14799419183).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fair in 1918"><img alt="Fair in 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg/120px-Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg/180px-Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg/240px-Sport_and_science_on_the_Sino-Mongolian_frontier_%281918%29_%2814799419183%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fair in 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People at a temple fair in Hong Kong"><img alt="People at a temple fair in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg/120px-HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg/180px-HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg/240px-HK_Central_Temple_Fair_421_au.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">People at a temple fair in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Performers for the temple fair at the Temple of Earth in Beijing"><img alt="Performers for the temple fair at the Temple of Earth in Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg/83px-Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg/125px-Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg/166px-Temple_of_Earth_performer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Performers for the temple fair at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Earth" title="Temple of Earth">Temple of Earth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People at a temple fair to buy books"><img alt="People at a temple fair to buy books" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg/120px-Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg/180px-Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg/240px-Beijing_spring_book_fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">People at a temple fair to buy books</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical decorations for a temple fair"><img alt="Typical decorations for a temple fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg/93px-Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg/140px-Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg/187px-Temple_of_Earth_fan_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical decorations for a temple fair</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ancient time, the dates of temple fair were various that some would be held on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">lunar new year</a>, some temples hold the temple fair every month at the fixed date. For example, during the end of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, LongFu temple had a temple fair on the first, second, ninth, and tenth day every month.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestor tended to schedule the temple fair as well as the "birth date" of gods during the period that farmers were not busy after harvesting, such as between spring and summer, or at the beginning of the year, or the end of the year. This is because making a celebration at that time is not only for ensuring people have leisure time to pray for gods, but also convenient for farmers and people to do the trades with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recently, along the society the date is comparatively fixed to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Spring festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancestors started to hold the sacrificial rite nearby the temple in order to seek the blessing of gods. The main purpose of forming Miaohui at that time is to bring spiritual sustenance to people and benefit for social stability by exchanging mutual senses between gods and human beings. This is because people would treated god as their resident guardian and the god would protect them well if residents reciprocate by worshipping the god.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, people would render the atmosphere by singing and dancing. Thus, at that period, Miaohui was called "Shexi".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_dynasty">Han dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, as while <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> has been transported to China, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, a fundamental Chineses religious which emphasizes living in harmony with <a href="/wiki/Dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao">Dao</a>, also gradually built and formed. Increasing number of people started to value and realize the importance of sacrificial rites and Miaohui. The phenomenon that appeared during the time of two religious co-existing was the competition between Buddhism and Taoism had been raised, which compete for the number of temples each religious had, the more temple they built, the more powerful they were.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the increasing number of temples had been constructed, and meanwhile, more and more temple fairs had been held by each temple. Also, temple fairs would attract the masses to get more believers. Then, in its religious ceremony, the entertainment content of the audience has been added, such as dance, drama, parade, etc. In this way, not only believers would enjoy visiting temple fairs, but also many ordinary people, who were targeted as "candidates" for the religion, were willing to join for fun.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in order to attract more people, Buddhism and Taoism even expand their influence by going out of the temple to hold the temple fair.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, it was the openest period of China since different kinds of cultures, especially <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Hu people's</a> culture, had swarmed into China massively. The purpose of Miaohui had gradually transformed from entirely sacrificing to entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Buddhist culture has an unprecedented great influence, and even becomes the most important factor in the ruling class' culture and political life, both in the South and the North.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the prevalence of Buddhism, the worship of Buddhism has become the mainstream of folk beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Buddhism has infiltrated into the temple fair, making the temple fair culture shows with more religious characteristics. Besides, in the Tang dynasties, with the rapid economic development, the Central Plains was in the leading position in the country and had a great economic and cultural prosperity. Taoist culture flourished more quickly after the emperor's advocacy. Thus, because of all these factors and developments temple fairs became prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the purpose of Miaohui changed dramatically, which more similar to the form of Miaohui nowadays. Promoting business development is the goal of Miaohui in this period of time. Fewer people came for sacrifice, and instead, most of the people were intended to entertain and buy and sell products, mostly were hand-made such as kites, clay figurine, and windmill.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, the scale of Miaohui had been expanded at that time, and then, Miaohui became more regulated and ruled by specific guilds. The norm at that period separated urban organized temple fair with countryside organized temple fair, even though the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> (Emperor of Ming dynasty) did not make such rule. Since the most important and the most admired gods only in the urban temples located nearby the royal residences. Then, the orthodox and official sacrifice of the royal family only holds in the urban so that the urban had a higher hierarchy than the temple fair in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrifice_ceremony">Sacrifice ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sacrifice ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each temple may be dedicated to one or more gods. The most traditional and important activity to celebrate a god's birthday during Miaohui is putting statues of the god on floats and parading them around the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another typical type of sacrificial ceremony is to pray for children. Women would take human or monkey-like figures made of clay to the temple to pray. Such emphasis on praying for children came from the importance of having a son to carry on the family name in feudal China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_performance">Folk performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folk performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It includes various categories such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">cross talk</a>, and magic show. The purpose of actors for performance is to earn for their living. Since the limited budget and expense of holder of temple fairs, some places would play puppet-show, which is comparatively easy to perform with lower-paying, if a live opera is too expensive for them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the performance, sitting around the actor, bands would play the music by using various orchestras with the common characteristic that is loud, such as drums, gongs, oboes. The opera is always flourished in China, and the themes changed along with the changing of viewers' tastes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market">Market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pedlar sells small toys and objects for children and adults, and most of the products are exclusive for Miaohui. From the historical record, in the Ming and Qing dynasty, the market and trade condition was better in the South than the North.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the prior period of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the commercial trade situation of the Southern temple fair was quite common, however, with the development of the commodity economy, the function of the temple fair was gradually weakened and replaced by general commodity market or shop.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, in the north, temple fairs in cities and towns are famous for their daily necessities, which are mixed with non-durable consumer goods and luxury goods; the village temple fair has more production and daily necessities and is more practical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douzhi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Douzhi.JPG/191px-Douzhi.JPG" decoding="async" width="191" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Douzhi.JPG/287px-Douzhi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Douzhi.JPG/382px-Douzhi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The left bowl is Douzhi</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the snacks on the temple fair are food sold on the streets in Beijing. They have local characteristics of Beijing and are suitable for the taste of Beijing people, forming a fixed set. From the late Qing dynasty to the early days of liberation, there was no change. The main varieties are as follow: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Douzhi">Douzhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Douzhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Douzhi" title="Douzhi">Douzhi</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented drink</a> made from ground beans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cha_Tang">Cha Tang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cha Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cha Tang is a gruel of millet flour and sugar, which made by stirring fried broom corn millet, adding brown sugar, and rinsing with boiling water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snowballing_usury">Snowballing usury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Snowballing usury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A snowballing usury is a kind of sticky cake. In the early years, it spread from the country to the city. The method is to steam the yellow sticky rice noodles, spread them out, sprinkle them with cooked bean noodles and brown sugar, then roll them up, like a screw.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TangHuLu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TangHuLu.JPG/181px-TangHuLu.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TangHuLu.JPG/272px-TangHuLu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TangHuLu.JPG/362px-TangHuLu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bing Tang Hu Lu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bing_Tang_Hu_Lu_(crispy_sugar-coated_fruits_on_a_stick)"><span id="Bing_Tang_Hu_Lu_.28crispy_sugar-coated_fruits_on_a_stick.29"></span>Bing Tang Hu Lu (crispy sugar-coated fruits on a stick)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bing Tang Hu Lu (crispy sugar-coated fruits on a stick)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tanghulu" title="Tanghulu">Bing Tang Hu Lu</a> is made by stringing wild fruits with bamboo sticks and dipping them in maltose, which hardens rapidly in the wind. The typical snacks in winter in the north are usually made of hawthorn. They are thin and hard, sour and sweet, and ice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fried_beanballs">Fried beanballs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fried beanballs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two ways to eat fried beanballs. One is to cook it in soup with five flavors and sauce, and add some fried tofu, then adding vinegar, cilantro, and chili oil. The other way is to thicken the stewed meat with soup to make stewed beanballs. People could put some mashed garlic when they are eating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Chinese_mainland">Outside Chinese mainland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Outside Chinese mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple fair in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> normally lasts three days. The form is kind of similar to the temple fair in China that has performances, arts, and sacrifices foods and goods to gods. However, the shows in there are more non-traditional and are local-talent variety show, which is largely come from Western models in TV and radio. Moreover, the temple art also changed from woody delicate ornament and prime colors to cement simple decor and pastel colors. In short, the elements in Malaysia temple fair are westernization that is away from Chinese traditional ideas of temple fair.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the changes might be caused by people in Malaysia shift their interest in temple fairs and religion from celebration to death and sickness. To be specific, the greatest Chinese festivals that Malaysia cherished the most is the funeral and curing rites. Thus, even though China's temple fair traditions influence Malaysian Chinese a lot, changes present that these tradition is gradually fading away and Malaysian Chinese fused the traditions with westernized ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temple fairs in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> are very prosperous. Temples of all sizes are held on the birthday of the gods and the day of Taoism. There are many praying activities on different scales throughout the year, such as surrounding the territory to temple pilgrimages. In the past, most folk performance in Taiwan was in the form of an array. The actors in the front of the roles were mostly children who sat in the fixed positions; actors in the back can move on the floats with the vehicles during the tour. Moreover, sports performance is the unique activity in the temple fair, such as the human pyramid, dragon and <a href="/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">lion dance</a>, Lift the statue on shoulders. The reason to have such performances and practices in the past is that people intended to deter other regions or tribes from maintaining regional security.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, the puppet theater is almost dead since the decreasing revenue caused by the changing tastes of audiences in modern society. Firework is the most attractive activity in Taiwan's Temple fair, while the main reason that draws people's attention to the pollution that temple fair might cause.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous temple fair in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Kok_Tsui" title="Tai Kok Tsui">Tai Kok Tsui</a> Temple Fair. Similar to the temple fair culture in China mainland, Hong Kong has many folk performances, including Shaolin martial arts and Taiji (a kind of traditional Chinese shadow boxing). Also, there are several stalls at the temple fair that selling wooden New Year pictures, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_painting" title="Sugar painting">sugar paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">pyrography</a>, clay sculptures, and <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a>, which are the cultural heritage of China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuri">Matsuri</a></i></span>, the Japanese equivalent</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They are also called <b>jié chǎng</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">节场</span></span> "outside festivals"). Other names, used in north China, are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermyer200994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermyer200994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>xianghui</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">香会</span></span>), "incense gatherings";</li> <li><b>saishe</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">赛社</span></span>), "communal ritual bodies";</li> <li><b>saihui</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">赛会</span></span>), "communal ritual gatherings".</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermyer200994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermyer200994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvermyer2009">Overmyer (2009)</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2009">Davis (2009)</a>, p. 815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-05/12/content_20684395.htm">Temple fair of Goddess Mazu opens in Nanjing</a></i>, 2015-05-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2013''passim''-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2013''passim''_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2013">Cooper (2013)</a>, p. <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-816-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2009815-816_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2009">Davis (2009)</a>, p. 815-816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">李永菊. "庙会的文化功能分析." 湖北省社会主义学院学报 6:44-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0206/c356372-20452256-2.html">"庙会的历史渊源与文化内涵"</a>. <i>People</i>. 《西安日报》Xi'An Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=%E5%BA%99%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B8%8A%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%86%85%E6%B6%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F0206%2Fc356372-20452256-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/zgmh09/content_17109890.htm">"庙会的演变"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BA%99%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Faboutchina%2Fzhuanti%2Fzgmh09%2Fcontent_17109890.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.hwjyw.com/zhwh/regional_culture/htwh/liio/200711/t20071102_9135.shtml">"廟會的起源"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709074601/http://big5.hwjyw.com/zhwh/regional_culture/htwh/liio/200711/t20071102_9135.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BB%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig5.hwjyw.com%2Fzhwh%2Fregional_culture%2Fhtwh%2Fliio%2F200711%2Ft20071102_9135.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">牛晓丹. 唐宋时期庙会研究. Diss. 河南大学, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">秦永红. "庙会的文化经济特色及其历史、现状与未来的展望." 宗教学研究 04(1995):66-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">丁德超. "民国时期河南百泉庙会市场初探." 平顶山学院学报1(2015):43-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiyu2002" class="citation cs2">Shiyu, Zhao (2002), "Town and Country Representation as Seen in Temple Fairs", in David Faure; Tao Tao Liu (eds.), <i>Town and Country in China: Identity and Perception</i>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-07001-2_3">10.1007/978-1-137-07001-2_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-66298-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-66298-2"><bdi>978-1-349-66298-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Town+and+Country+Representation+as+Seen+in+Temple+Fairs&rft.btitle=Town+and+Country+in+China%3A+Identity+and+Perception&rft.pages=41-57&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-07001-2_3&rft.isbn=978-1-349-66298-2&rft.aulast=Shiyu&rft.aufirst=Zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoBell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Xudong; Bell, Duran (November 2007). "Miaohui, the Temples Meeting Festival in North China". <i>China Information</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 457–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0920203x07083323">10.1177/0920203x07083323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-203X">0920-203X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144846889">144846889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Information&rft.atitle=Miaohui%2C+the+Temples+Meeting+Festival+in+North+China&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-479&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144846889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0920-203X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0920203x07083323&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Xudong&rft.au=Bell%2C+Duran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, E. N. (1977). "The Changing Tastes of the Gods: Chinese Temple Fairs in Malaysia". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 19–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177656">10.2307/1177656</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0385-2342">0385-2342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177656">1177656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Tastes+of+the+Gods%3A+Chinese+Temple+Fairs+in+Malaysia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-30&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0385-2342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177656&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuan-zhi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chuan-zhi, Zhou (September 2012). "Study on the Folk-sports in the Temple-Fair of Taiwan". <i>Sports Science Research</i>. <b>16</b> – via DOI:10.19715/j.tiyukexueyanjiu.2012.05.001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Science+Research&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+Folk-sports+in+the+Temple-Fair+of+Taiwan&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Chuan-zhi&rft.aufirst=Zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangLiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Lan-Yun; Liu, Weining (December 2009). "Temple fairs in Taiwan: Environmental strategies and competitive advantage for cultural tourism". <i>Tourism Management</i>. <b>30</b> (6): 900–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tourman.2008.12.002">10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-5177">0261-5177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Management&rft.atitle=Temple+fairs+in+Taiwan%3A+Environmental+strategies+and+competitive+advantage+for+cultural+tourism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=900-904&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tourman.2008.12.002&rft.issn=0261-5177&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Lan-Yun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Weining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hm.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0227/c42272-29836481.html">"香港文化庙会洋溢内地年味"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%B4%8B%E6%BA%A2%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B4%E5%91%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhm.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2018%2F0227%2Fc42272-29836481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2013" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Gene (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzSnQEB91oEC"><i>The Market and Temple Fairs of Rural China: Red Fire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136250293" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136250293"><bdi>978-1136250293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Market+and+Temple+Fairs+of+Rural+China%3A+Red+Fire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136250293&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzSnQEB91oEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Edward L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415777162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415777162"><bdi>978-0415777162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415777162&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rLBvrlKI7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermyer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_L._Overmyer" title="Daniel L. Overmyer">Overmyer, Daniel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCewCQAAQBAJ"><i>Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047429364" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047429364"><bdi>978-9047429364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Religion+in+North+China+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Structure+and+Organization+of+Community+Rituals+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9047429364&rft.aulast=Overmyer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCewCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiaohui" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&oldid=1250281460">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miaohui&oldid=1250281460</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_holidays_in_China" title="Category:Public holidays in China">Public holidays in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Festivals in Chinese folk religion">Festivals in Chinese folk religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_in_Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Temples in Chinese folk religion">Temples in Chinese folk religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditions" title="Category:East Asian traditions">East Asian traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miao_shrines" title="Category:Miao shrines">Miao shrines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 14:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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