Wikipedia - Changes related to "Scholarly communication" [en]

<?xml version="1.0"?> <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en"> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedrecentchanges&days=7&feedformat=atom&hideWikibase=1&hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&limit=50&target=Scholarly_communication&urlversion=1</id> <title>Wikipedia - Changes related to "Scholarly communication" [en]</title> <link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedrecentchanges&days=7&feedformat=atom&hideWikibase=1&hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&limit=50&target=Scholarly_communication&urlversion=1"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked"/> <updated>2024-11-23T12:15:01Z</updated> <subtitle>Related changes</subtitle> <generator>MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4</generator> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingelfinger_rule&diff=1259007778&oldid=1246242284</id> <title>Ingelfinger rule</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingelfinger_rule&diff=1259007778&oldid=1246242284"/> <updated>2024-11-22T21:51:20Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>the the - the</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:51, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Ingelfinger rule''' is an eponymous rule named after [[Franz J. Ingelfinger]],<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> the</del> ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' (''NEJM'') editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. Editorials in most journals were published anonymously that time, so the paper was published without an author's name.&lt;ref name=”NEJM_1969”&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Definition of "sole contribution" | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 281 | issue = 12 | pages = 676-677| date = September 1969 | doi =10.1056/NEJM196909182811208 |PMID = 5807917 | URL= https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM196909182811208}}&lt;/ref&gt;. This rule - basically meant for [[scientific journal|scientific publishing]], was originally meant only for ''NEJM''. The rule was, that ''NEJM'' would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since.&lt;ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Ingelfinger rule''' is an eponymous rule named after [[Franz J. Ingelfinger]], ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' (''NEJM'') editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. Editorials in most journals were published anonymously that time, so the paper was published without an author's name.&lt;ref name=”NEJM_1969”&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Definition of "sole contribution" | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 281 | issue = 12 | pages = 676-677| date = September 1969 | doi =10.1056/NEJM196909182811208 |PMID = 5807917 | URL= https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM196909182811208}}&lt;/ref&gt;. This rule - basically meant for [[scientific journal|scientific publishing]], was originally meant only for ''NEJM''. The rule was, that ''NEJM'' would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since.&lt;ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{cite journal</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{cite journal</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Marshall |first1=E</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Marshall |first1=E</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>WereSpielChequers</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monograph&diff=1258999456&oldid=1255506843</id> <title>Monograph</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monograph&diff=1258999456&oldid=1255506843"/> <updated>2024-11-22T20:54:57Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>List made parallel.</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:54, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{short description|Specialist work of writing on a single subject or an aspect of a subject}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{short description|Specialist work of writing on a single subject or an aspect of a subject}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''monograph''' is generally a work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, often created by a single author or artist. Traditionally it is in written form and published as a book, but it may be an artwork, [[audiovisual]] work, or<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> an</del> exhibition made up of [[visual art]]works. In [[library cataloguing]], the word has a specific and broader meaning<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">;</del> while in the United States, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] uses the term to mean a set of published standards.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''monograph''' is generally a work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, often created by a single author or artist. Traditionally it is in written form and published as a book, but it may be an artwork, [[audiovisual]] work, or exhibition made up of [[visual art]]works. In [[library cataloguing]], the word has a specific and broader meaning<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</ins> while in the United States, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] uses the term to mean a set of published standards.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Written works==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Written works==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Mucketymuck</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eigenfactor&diff=1258956261&oldid=1228721465</id> <title>Eigenfactor</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eigenfactor&diff=1258956261&oldid=1228721465"/> <updated>2024-11-22T15:34:37Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:34, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Eigenfactor''' score, developed by Jevin West and [[Carl Bergstrom]] at the [[University of Washington]], is a rating of the total importance of a [[scientific journal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bergstrom |first1=C. T. |authorlink=Carl Bergstrom |last2=West |first2=J. D. |last3=Wiseman |first3=M. A. |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-08.2008 |title=The Eigenfactor Metrics |journal=[[Journal of Neuroscience]] |volume=28 |issue=45 |pages=11433–11434 |year=2008 |pmid=18987179|doi-access=free |pmc=6671297 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals.&lt;ref name=Bergstron2007&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bergstrom |first=C. T. |year=2007 |title=Eigenfactor: Measuring the value and prestige of scholarly journals |journal=[[College &amp; Research Libraries News]] |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=314–316 |url=http://crln.acrl.org/content/68/5/314.full.pdf+html|doi=10.5860/crln.68.5.7804 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a measure of importance, the Eigenfactor score scales with the total impact of a journal. All else equal, journals generating higher impact to the field have larger Eigenfactor scores. Citation metrics like eigenfactor or PageRank-based scores reduce the effect of self-referential groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Nan |last2=Guan |first2=Jiancheng |last3=Zhao |first3=Yi |date=2008 |title=Bringing PageRank to the citation analysis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306457307001203 |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=800–810 |doi=10.1016/j.ipm.2007.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Ye |last2=Latora |first2=Vito |date=2020 |title=The evolution of knowledge within and across fields in modern physics |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=12097 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68774-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7374558 |pmid=32694516|arxiv=2001.07199 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012097S }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Eigenfactor''' score, developed by Jevin West and [[Carl Bergstrom]] at the [[University of Washington]], is a rating of the total importance of a [[scientific journal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bergstrom |first1=C. T. |authorlink=Carl Bergstrom |last2=West |first2=J. D. |last3=Wiseman |first3=M. A. |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-08.2008 |title=The Eigenfactor Metrics |journal=[[Journal of Neuroscience]] |volume=28 |issue=45 |pages=11433–11434 |year=2008 |pmid=18987179|doi-access=free |pmc=6671297 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals.&lt;ref name=Bergstron2007&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bergstrom |first=C. T. |year=2007 |title=Eigenfactor: Measuring the value and prestige of scholarly journals |journal=[[College &amp; Research Libraries News]] |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=314–316 |url=http://crln.acrl.org/content/68/5/314.full.pdf+html|doi=10.5860/crln.68.5.7804 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a measure of importance, the Eigenfactor score scales with the total impact of a journal. All else equal, journals generating higher impact to the field have larger Eigenfactor scores. Citation metrics like eigenfactor or PageRank-based scores reduce the effect of self-referential groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Nan |last2=Guan |first2=Jiancheng |last3=Zhao |first3=Yi |date=2008 |title=Bringing PageRank to the citation analysis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306457307001203 |journal=Information Processing &amp; Management |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=800–810 |doi=10.1016/j.ipm.2007.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Ye |last2=Latora |first2=Vito |date=2020 |title=The evolution of knowledge within and across fields in modern physics |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=12097 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68774-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7374558 |pmid=32694516|arxiv=2001.07199 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012097S }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eigenfactor scores and Article Influence scores are calculated by ''eigenfactor.org'', where they can be freely viewed. The Eigenfactor score is intended to measure the importance of a journal to the scientific community, by considering the origin of the incoming citations, and is thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal.&lt;ref name=Bergstron2007/&gt; However, the Eigenfactor score is influenced by the size of the journal, so that the score doubles when the journal doubles in size (measured as number of published articles per year).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eigenfactor.org/about.php |title=Eigenfactor.org FAQ |date=14 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Article Influence score measures the average influence of articles in the journal, and is therefore comparable to the traditional [[impact factor]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eigenfactor scores and Article Influence scores<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (AIS)</ins> are calculated by ''eigenfactor.org'', where they can be freely viewed. The Eigenfactor score is intended to measure the importance of a journal to the scientific community, by considering the origin of the incoming citations, and is thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal.&lt;ref name=Bergstron2007/&gt; However, the Eigenfactor score is influenced by the size of the journal, so that the score doubles when the journal doubles in size (measured as number of published articles per year).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eigenfactor.org/about.php |title=Eigenfactor.org FAQ |date=14 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Article Influence score measures the average influence of articles in the journal, and is therefore comparable to the traditional [[impact factor]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Eigenfactor approach is thought to be more robust than the impact factor metric,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |arxiv=0902.2183 |first1=Johan |last1=Bollen |first2=Herbert |last2=Van de Sompel |first3=Aric |last3=Hagberg |first4=Ryan |last4=Chute |title=A principal component analysis of 39 scientific impact measures |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=e6022 |year=2009|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.6022B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006022 |pmid=19562078 |pmc=2699100 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; which purely counts incoming citations without considering the significance of those citations.&lt;ref name=Fersht2009&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The most influential journals: Impact Factor and Eigenfactor |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=106 |issue=17 |last1=Fersht |first1=A. |pages=6883–6884 |date=Apr 2009 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid = 19380731 |pmc=2678438 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0903307106 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.6883F|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; While the Eigenfactor score is correlated with total citation count for medical journals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=P. M. |title=Eigenfactor: Does the principle of repeated improvement result in better estimates than raw citation counts? |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] |volume=59 |issue=13 |pages=2186–2188 |year=2008 |doi=10.1002/asi.20943 |arxiv=0807.2678|s2cid=11358187 }}&lt;/ref&gt; these metrics provide significantly different information. For a given number of citations, citations from more significant journals will result in a higher Eigenfactor score.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv |eprint=0911.1807v2 |first1=Jevin D. |last1=West |first2=Theodore |last2=Bergstrom |first3=Carl T. |last3=Bergstrom |title=Big Macs and Eigenfactor Scores: Don't Let Correlation Coefficients Fool You |class=cs.CY |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eigenfactor is similar to [[Eigenvector centrality]] and [[PageRank]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Eigenfactor approach is thought to be more robust than the impact factor metric,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |arxiv=0902.2183 |first1=Johan |last1=Bollen |first2=Herbert |last2=Van de Sompel |first3=Aric |last3=Hagberg |first4=Ryan |last4=Chute |title=A principal component analysis of 39 scientific impact measures |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=e6022 |year=2009|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.6022B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006022 |pmid=19562078 |pmc=2699100 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; which purely counts incoming citations without considering the significance of those citations.&lt;ref name=Fersht2009&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The most influential journals: Impact Factor and Eigenfactor |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=106 |issue=17 |last1=Fersht |first1=A. |pages=6883–6884 |date=Apr 2009 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid = 19380731 |pmc=2678438 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0903307106 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.6883F|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; While the Eigenfactor score is correlated with total citation count for medical journals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=P. M. |title=Eigenfactor: Does the principle of repeated improvement result in better estimates than raw citation counts? |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] |volume=59 |issue=13 |pages=2186–2188 |year=2008 |doi=10.1002/asi.20943 |arxiv=0807.2678|s2cid=11358187 }}&lt;/ref&gt; these metrics provide significantly different information. For a given number of citations, citations from more significant journals will result in a higher Eigenfactor score.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv |eprint=0911.1807v2 |first1=Jevin D. |last1=West |first2=Theodore |last2=Bergstrom |first3=Carl T. |last3=Bergstrom |title=Big Macs and Eigenfactor Scores: Don't Let Correlation Coefficients Fool You |class=cs.CY |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eigenfactor is similar to [[Eigenvector centrality]] and [[PageRank]].</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>78.128.221.5</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_forum&diff=1258891128&oldid=1256731174</id> <title>Internet forum</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_forum&diff=1258891128&oldid=1256731174"/> <updated>2024-11-22T05:43:37Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>{{mergefrom|Online discussion platform}}</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:43, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Short description|Online discussion site}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Short description|Online discussion site}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{mergefrom|Online discussion platform}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Phpbb 3.0 prosilver.png|thumb|right|300px|An Internet forum powered by [[phpBB]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Phpbb 3.0 prosilver.png|thumb|right|300px|An Internet forum powered by [[phpBB]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:FUDforum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[FUDforum]], another Internet forum software package]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:FUDforum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[FUDforum]], another Internet forum software package]]</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Hanyangprofessor2</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesis&diff=1258865813&oldid=1258854424</id> <title>Thesis</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesis&diff=1258865813&oldid=1258854424"/> <updated>2024-11-22T01:45:33Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>fixed dashes</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:45, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:1721 PhD Ceremony at Leiden University.jpg|upright 1.2|thumb|Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at [[Leiden University]] shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, Netherlands. ''Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de spatio vacuo'' (''Inaugural Philosophical Disputation on Empty Space'') by Guilielmus ab Irhoven (Willem van Irhoven) on the authority of the Rector magnificus Johannes Jacobus Vitriarius (Jan Jacob Glazenmaker), 7 July 1721.]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:1721 PhD Ceremony at Leiden University.jpg|upright 1.2|thumb|Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at [[Leiden University]] shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, Netherlands. ''Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de spatio vacuo'' (''Inaugural Philosophical Disputation on Empty Space'') by Guilielmus ab Irhoven (Willem van Irhoven) on the authority of the Rector magnificus Johannes Jacobus Vitriarius (Jan Jacob Glazenmaker), 7 July 1721.]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''thesis''' ({{plural form}}: '''theses'''), or '''dissertation'''{{NoteTag|Originally, the concepts "dissertation" and "thesis" (plural, "theses") were not interchangeable. When, at ancient universities, the lector had completed his lecture, there would traditionally follow a disputation, during which students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one buttressed it.&lt;ref&gt;Olga Weijers: "The medieval ''disputatio''{{-"}}. In: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], pp.&amp;nbsp;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">23-27</del>. Leiden University Library, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;}} (abbreviated '''diss.'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last = Nieves-Whitmore |first = Kaeli |title = Subject Guides: Citation Help: Dissertations &amp; Theses |url = https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp/chicago/dissertations |website = guides.lib.uiowa.edu |access-date = 15 February 2021 |language = en }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a document submitted in support of candidature for an [[academic degree]] or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.&lt;!-- Who knows what this source actually says? It's not publicly accessible and (especially if not even quoted from) needs to be replaced with one that is. --&gt;&lt;ref name="iso7144"&gt;International Standard [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 7144: Documentation—[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=13736&amp;ICS1=1&amp;ICS2=140&amp;ICS3=40 Presentation of theses and similar documents], International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; In some contexts, the word ''thesis'' or a cognate is used for part of a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] or [[Master's degree|master's]] course, while ''dissertation'' is normally applied to a [[doctorate]]. This is the typical arrangement in [[American English]]. In other contexts, such as within most institutions of the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland]], the reverse is true.&lt;ref&gt;Douwe Breimer, Jos Damen&lt;!-- {{Q|58161949}} --&gt; et al.: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], Leiden University Library, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; The term '''graduate thesis'''&lt;!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--&gt; is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |title = The Graduate Thesis |access-date = 22 October 2014 |archive-date = 28 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210428080706/https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''thesis''' ({{plural form}}: '''theses'''), or '''dissertation'''{{NoteTag|Originally, the concepts "dissertation" and "thesis" (plural, "theses") were not interchangeable. When, at ancient universities, the lector had completed his lecture, there would traditionally follow a disputation, during which students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one buttressed it.&lt;ref&gt;Olga Weijers: "The medieval ''disputatio''{{-"}}. In: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], pp.&amp;nbsp;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">23–27</ins>. Leiden University Library, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;}} (abbreviated '''diss.'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last = Nieves-Whitmore |first = Kaeli |title = Subject Guides: Citation Help: Dissertations &amp; Theses |url = https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp/chicago/dissertations |website = guides.lib.uiowa.edu |access-date = 15 February 2021 |language = en }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a document submitted in support of candidature for an [[academic degree]] or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.&lt;!-- Who knows what this source actually says? It's not publicly accessible and (especially if not even quoted from) needs to be replaced with one that is. --&gt;&lt;ref name="iso7144"&gt;International Standard [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 7144: Documentation—[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=13736&amp;ICS1=1&amp;ICS2=140&amp;ICS3=40 Presentation of theses and similar documents], International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; In some contexts, the word ''thesis'' or a cognate is used for part of a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] or [[Master's degree|master's]] course, while ''dissertation'' is normally applied to a [[doctorate]]. This is the typical arrangement in [[American English]]. In other contexts, such as within most institutions of the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland]], the reverse is true.&lt;ref&gt;Douwe Breimer, Jos Damen&lt;!-- {{Q|58161949}} --&gt; et al.: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], Leiden University Library, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; The term '''graduate thesis'''&lt;!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--&gt; is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |title = The Graduate Thesis |access-date = 22 October 2014 |archive-date = 28 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210428080706/https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may thus vary significantly in duration.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may thus vary significantly in duration.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Role of thesis supervisor ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Role of thesis supervisor ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The role of the thesis supervisor is to assist and support a student in their studies, and to determine whether a thesis is ready for examination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/registry/qa/public/good-practice/roles-and-responsibilities/Research-Degree-Supervisor.pdf Imperial College London, 'Roles and Responsibilities: Research Degree Supervision'. July 2014. Accessed 17 March 2020] See also M. Rogers, M. Sims, J. Bird and S. Elliott (2020) Organisational narratives vs the lived neoliberal reality. ''Australian Universities' Review.'' 62(1):<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">26-40</del>.&lt;/ref&gt; The thesis is authored by the student, not the supervisor. The duties of the thesis supervisor also include checking for copyright compliance and ensuring that the student has included in/with the thesis a statement attesting that he/she is the sole author of the thesis.&lt;ref&gt;M. Rogers, M. Sims, J. Bird and S. Elliott (2020) Organisational narratives vs the lived neoliberal reality. ''Australian Universities' Review.'' 62(1):<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">26-40</del>.&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The role of the thesis supervisor is to assist and support a student in their studies, and to determine whether a thesis is ready for examination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/registry/qa/public/good-practice/roles-and-responsibilities/Research-Degree-Supervisor.pdf Imperial College London, 'Roles and Responsibilities: Research Degree Supervision'. July 2014. Accessed 17 March 2020] See also M. Rogers, M. Sims, J. Bird and S. Elliott (2020) Organisational narratives vs the lived neoliberal reality. ''Australian Universities' Review.'' 62(1):<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">26–40</ins>.&lt;/ref&gt; The thesis is authored by the student, not the supervisor. The duties of the thesis supervisor also include checking for copyright compliance and ensuring that the student has included in/with the thesis a statement attesting that he/she is the sole author of the thesis.&lt;ref&gt;M. Rogers, M. Sims, J. Bird and S. Elliott (2020) Organisational narratives vs the lived neoliberal reality. ''Australian Universities' Review.'' 62(1):<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">26–40</ins>.&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Regional and degree-specific practices and terminologies&lt;!--'Diploma thesis' redirects here--&gt; ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Regional and degree-specific practices and terminologies&lt;!--'Diploma thesis' redirects here--&gt; ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Portugal and Brazil, a dissertation (''dissertação'') is required for completion of a master's degree. The defense is done in a public presentation in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For the PhD, a thesis (''tese'') is presented for defense in a public exam. The exam typically extends over 3 hours. The examination board typically involves 5 to 6 scholars (including the advisor) or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but it may depend on the university). Each university / faculty defines the length of these documents, and it can vary also in respect to the domains (a thesis in fields like philosophy, history, geography, etc., usually has more pages than a thesis in mathematics, computer science, statistics, etc.) but typical numbers of pages are around 60–80 for MSc and 150–250 for PhD.{{Citation needed|reason=The number of pages can change a lot depending on the universities and the domains. Furthermore, 60 pages for a master's dissertation seems really wrong. I would say that the minimum is around 90. For instance, I accessed some master's dissertations randomly on the University of São Paulo's web site (http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&amp;fileid=11&amp;Itemid=76&amp;lang=en) and they had between 100 and 200 pages.|date=August 2018}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Portugal and Brazil, a dissertation (''dissertação'') is required for completion of a master's degree. The defense is done in a public presentation in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For the PhD, a thesis (''tese'') is presented for defense in a public exam. The exam typically extends over 3 hours. The examination board typically involves 5 to 6 scholars (including the advisor) or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but it may depend on the university). Each university / faculty defines the length of these documents, and it can vary also in respect to the domains (a thesis in fields like philosophy, history, geography, etc., usually has more pages than a thesis in mathematics, computer science, statistics, etc.) but typical numbers of pages are around 60–80 for MSc and 150–250 for PhD.{{Citation needed|reason=The number of pages can change a lot depending on the universities and the domains. Furthermore, 60 pages for a master's dissertation seems really wrong. I would say that the minimum is around 90. For instance, I accessed some master's dissertations randomly on the University of São Paulo's web site (http://www.teses.usp.br/index.php?option=com_jumi&amp;fileid=11&amp;Itemid=76&amp;lang=en) and they had between 100 and 200 pages.|date=August 2018}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Brazil the Bachelor's Thesis is called ''TCC'' or ''Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso'' (Final Term / Undergraduate Thesis / Final Paper).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishexperts.com.br/forum/como-dizer-tcc-trabalho-de-conclusao-de-curso-em-ingles-t402.html|title=Como dizer "TCC <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del> Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso" em inglês|website=English Experts|date=16 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Brazil the Bachelor's Thesis is called ''TCC'' or ''Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso'' (Final Term / Undergraduate Thesis / Final Paper).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishexperts.com.br/forum/como-dizer-tcc-trabalho-de-conclusao-de-curso-em-ingles-t402.html|title=Como dizer "TCC <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">–</ins> Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso" em inglês|website=English Experts|date=16 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Russia, Belarus, Ukraine ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Russia, Belarus, Ukraine ===</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Alexeyevitch</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesis&diff=1258854424&oldid=1256358522</id> <title>Thesis</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesis&diff=1258854424&oldid=1256358522"/> <updated>2024-11-22T00:30:13Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1258854220" title="Special:Diff/1258854220">1258854220</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/75.163.150.169" title="Special:Contributions/75.163.150.169">75.163.150.169</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:75.163.150.169" title="User talk:75.163.150.169">talk</a>)</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:30, 22 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>75.163.150.169</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_review&diff=1258828462&oldid=1258824516</id> <title>Peer review</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_review&diff=1258828462&oldid=1258824516"/> <updated>2024-11-21T21:24:41Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Reverted 1 edit by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/109.146.39.121" title="Special:Contributions/109.146.39.121">109.146.39.121</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:109.146.39.121" title="User talk:109.146.39.121">talk</a>): Misleading opinion; not an improvement</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:24, 21 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ScientificReview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A reviewer at the American National Institutes of Health evaluating a [[Grant (money)|grant]] proposal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ScientificReview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A reviewer at the American National Institutes of Health evaluating a [[Grant (money)|grant]] proposal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Peer review''' is the evaluation of work by one or more people <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who should have</del> similar competencies as the producers of the work ([[:wiktionary:peer#Etymology 2|peers]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peer review process |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peer-review-process |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is intended to function</del> as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant [[Field of study|field]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Academic</del> peer review <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">faced</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">considerable</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">criticism,</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">studies</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">highlighting</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inherent</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">issues</del> in the peer review <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">process</del>. </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Peer review''' is the evaluation of work by one or more people <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with</ins> similar competencies as the producers of the work ([[:wiktionary:peer#Etymology 2|peers]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peer review process |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peer-review-process |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">functions</ins> as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant [[Field of study|field]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In [[academia]], [[scholarly</ins> peer review<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">determine</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[academic</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">paper]]'s</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suitability</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession</ins> in<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> which</ins> the<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> activity occurs, e.g., [[#Medical|medical</ins> peer review<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]].</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;ref</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name=":4"&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magnifico |first1=Alecia Marie |last2=Woodard |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCarthey |first3=Sarah |date=2019-06-01 |title=Teachers as co-authors of student writing: How teachers' initiating texts influence response and revision in an online space |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S875546151730066X |journal=Computers and Composition |language=en |volume=52 |pages=107–131 |doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2019.01.005 |s2cid=86438229 |issn=8755-4615}}&lt;/ref&gt;</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The editorial peer review process has been found to be strongly biased against ‘negative studies,’ i.e. studies that do not work. This then biases the information base of medicine. Peer review methods aim to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In [[academia]], [[scholarly peer review]] is often used to determine an [[academic paper]]'s suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., [[#Medical|medical peer review]]. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.&lt;ref name=":4"&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magnifico |first1=Alecia Marie |last2=Woodard |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCarthey |first3=Sarah |date=2019-06-01 |title=Teachers as co-authors of student writing: How teachers' initiating texts influence response and revision in an online space |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S875546151730066X |journal=Computers and Composition |language=en |volume=52 |pages=107–131 |doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2019.01.005 |s2cid=86438229 |issn=8755-4615}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Henry Oldenburg]] (1619–1677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116232845/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=21 August 2016 |publisher=[[University of Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oldenburg |first=Henry |year=1665 |title=Epistle Dedicatory |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |pages=0 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 |s2cid=186211404}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boas Hall |first=Marie |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-851053-6 |location=Oxford |bibcode=2002heol.book.....B |author-link=Marie Boas Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt; It developed over the following centuries with, for example, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] making it standard practice in 1973. The term "peer review" was first used in the early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2024-07-21 |title=The History of Peer Review Is More Interesting Than You Think |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-history-of-peer-review-is-more-interesting-than-you-think/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017 a monument to peer review is at the [[Higher School of Economics]] in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schiermeier |first=Quirin |date=2017-05-26 |title=Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22060 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22060 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Henry Oldenburg]] (1619–1677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116232845/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=21 August 2016 |publisher=[[University of Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oldenburg |first=Henry |year=1665 |title=Epistle Dedicatory |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |pages=0 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 |s2cid=186211404}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boas Hall |first=Marie |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-851053-6 |location=Oxford |bibcode=2002heol.book.....B |author-link=Marie Boas Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt; It developed over the following centuries with, for example, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] making it standard practice in 1973. The term "peer review" was first used in the early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2024-07-21 |title=The History of Peer Review Is More Interesting Than You Think |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-history-of-peer-review-is-more-interesting-than-you-think/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017 a monument to peer review is at the [[Higher School of Economics]] in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schiermeier |first=Quirin |date=2017-05-26 |title=Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22060 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22060 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Zefr</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_review&diff=1258824516&oldid=1255988516</id> <title>Peer review</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_review&diff=1258824516&oldid=1255988516"/> <updated>2024-11-21T20:55:55Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>moved some relevant summary text from the body to the introduction</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:55, 21 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ScientificReview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A reviewer at the American National Institutes of Health evaluating a [[Grant (money)|grant]] proposal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ScientificReview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A reviewer at the American National Institutes of Health evaluating a [[Grant (money)|grant]] proposal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Peer review''' is the evaluation of work by one or more people <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with</del> similar competencies as the producers of the work ([[:wiktionary:peer#Etymology 2|peers]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peer review process |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peer-review-process |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">functions</del> as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant [[Field of study|field]]. Peer review methods <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are used</del> to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In [[academia]], [[scholarly peer review]] is often used to determine an [[academic paper]]'s suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., [[#Medical|medical peer review]]. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.&lt;ref name=":4"&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magnifico |first1=Alecia Marie |last2=Woodard |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCarthey |first3=Sarah |date=2019-06-01 |title=Teachers as co-authors of student writing: How teachers' initiating texts influence response and revision in an online space |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S875546151730066X |journal=Computers and Composition |language=en |volume=52 |pages=107–131 |doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2019.01.005 |s2cid=86438229 |issn=8755-4615}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Peer review''' is the evaluation of work by one or more people <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who should have</ins> similar competencies as the producers of the work ([[:wiktionary:peer#Etymology 2|peers]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=peer review process |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/peer-review-process |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is intended to function</ins> as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant [[Field of study|field]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Academic peer review has faced considerable criticism, with many studies highlighting inherent issues in the peer review process. </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The editorial peer review process has been found to be strongly biased against ‘negative studies,’ i.e. studies that do not work. This then biases the information base of medicine</ins>. Peer review methods <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aim</ins> to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In [[academia]], [[scholarly peer review]] is often used to determine an [[academic paper]]'s suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., [[#Medical|medical peer review]]. It can also be used as a teaching tool to help students improve writing assignments.&lt;ref name=":4"&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Magnifico |first1=Alecia Marie |last2=Woodard |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCarthey |first3=Sarah |date=2019-06-01 |title=Teachers as co-authors of student writing: How teachers' initiating texts influence response and revision in an online space |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S875546151730066X |journal=Computers and Composition |language=en |volume=52 |pages=107–131 |doi=10.1016/j.compcom.2019.01.005 |s2cid=86438229 |issn=8755-4615}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Henry Oldenburg]] (1619–1677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116232845/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=21 August 2016 |publisher=[[University of Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oldenburg |first=Henry |year=1665 |title=Epistle Dedicatory |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |pages=0 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 |s2cid=186211404}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boas Hall |first=Marie |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-851053-6 |location=Oxford |bibcode=2002heol.book.....B |author-link=Marie Boas Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt; It developed over the following centuries with, for example, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] making it standard practice in 1973. The term "peer review" was first used in the early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2024-07-21 |title=The History of Peer Review Is More Interesting Than You Think |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-history-of-peer-review-is-more-interesting-than-you-think/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017 a monument to peer review is at the [[Higher School of Economics]] in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schiermeier |first=Quirin |date=2017-05-26 |title=Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22060 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22060 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Henry Oldenburg]] (1619–1677) was a German-born British philosopher who is seen as the 'father' of modern scientific peer review.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite web |last=Hatch |first=Robert A. |date=February 1998 |title=The Scientific Revolution: Correspondence Networks |url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116232845/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/correspond-net/08sr-crrsp.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |access-date=21 August 2016 |publisher=[[University of Florida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oldenburg |first=Henry |year=1665 |title=Epistle Dedicatory |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |pages=0 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 |s2cid=186211404}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boas Hall |first=Marie |title=Henry Oldenburg: shaping the Royal Society |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-851053-6 |location=Oxford |bibcode=2002heol.book.....B |author-link=Marie Boas Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt; It developed over the following centuries with, for example, the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] making it standard practice in 1973. The term "peer review" was first used in the early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2024-07-21 |title=The History of Peer Review Is More Interesting Than You Think |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-history-of-peer-review-is-more-interesting-than-you-think/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017 a monument to peer review is at the [[Higher School of Economics]] in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schiermeier |first=Quirin |date=2017-05-26 |title=Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22060 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22060 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>109.146.39.121</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_paper&diff=1258616243&oldid=1255405392</id> <title>White paper</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_paper&diff=1258616243&oldid=1255405392"/> <updated>2024-11-20T18:06:40Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">Variants: </span> remove hatnote, and link to new <a href="/wiki/Blue_paper" title="Blue paper">blue paper</a> article – despite my sense it may be a different topic than mentioned here</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:06, 20 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Variants==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Variants==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Redirect|Blue paper|the urban legend|Red Paper, Blue Paper||Blue pages|and|Blueprint|and|Blue book (disambiguation)|and|Construction paper|and|Touchpaper (disambiguation){{!}}blue touch paper}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several variations on the colour theme exist:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several variations on the colour theme exist:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The [[green paper]] is a proposal or consultative document rather than being authoritative or final.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The [[green paper]] is a proposal or consultative document rather than being authoritative or final.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 40:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Two others are much less well established:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Two others are much less well established:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* A blue paper sets out technical specifications of a technology or item of equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blue Paper|url=http://www.genuinewriting.com/blue_paper.html|website=Genuine Writing|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212122242/http://www.genuinewriting.com/blue_paper.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better reference needed|date=October 2024}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>blue paper<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> sets out technical specifications of a technology or item of equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blue Paper|url=http://www.genuinewriting.com/blue_paper.html|website=Genuine Writing|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212122242/http://www.genuinewriting.com/blue_paper.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better reference needed|date=October 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* A yellow paper is a document containing research that has not yet been formally accepted or published in an academic journal. It is synonymous with the more widely used term ''[[preprint]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* A yellow paper is a document containing research that has not yet been formally accepted or published in an academic journal. It is synonymous with the more widely used term ''[[preprint]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Wbm1058</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_science&diff=1258596773&oldid=1256358761</id> <title>Open science</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_science&diff=1258596773&oldid=1256358761"/> <updated>2024-11-20T15:56:59Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">See also</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:56, 20 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 261:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 261:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open government}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open government}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open Energy Modelling Initiative}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open Energy Modelling Initiative}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open-access_repository}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open scientific data}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open scientific data}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open source}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* {{annotated link|Open source}}</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>71.58.95.39</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cape_Town&diff=1258408313&oldid=1256634284</id> <title>University of Cape Town</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cape_Town&diff=1258408313&oldid=1256634284"/> <updated>2024-11-19T15:27:52Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">External links</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:27, 19 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 624:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 624:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/ UCT OpenContent - Open Educational Resource website]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/ UCT OpenContent - Open Educational Resource website]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{University of Cape Town navbox<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|state=uncollapsed</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{University of Cape Town navbox}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_4_0_lhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_2_0_rhs"></a>{{navboxes|list=</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Cape Town|education}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Cape Town|education}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Association of African Universities}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Association of African Universities}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_2_0_rhs">&#x26AB;</a></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_0_lhs"></a>{{navboxes|list=</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{South African universities}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{South African universities}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Varsity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rugby</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Varsity <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sports (South Africa)</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Varsity Hockey}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Worldwide Universities Network}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Worldwide Universities Network}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Djln19</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1258357532&oldid=1257889218</id> <title>Open access</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1258357532&oldid=1257889218"/> <updated>2024-11-19T06:54:26Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Removed expression of opinion. Fixed an improper period.</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:54, 19 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Open access''' ('''OA''') is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally [[copyright]]able publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers.&lt;ref name="suber overview"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suber |first=Peter |title=Open Access Overview |url=http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519103647/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm |archive-date=19 May 2007 |access-date=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or [[Gratis versus libre|libre]] open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an [[open license]] for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work.&lt;ref name="suber overview" /&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Open access''' ('''OA''') is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally [[copyright]]able publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers.&lt;ref name="suber overview"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suber |first=Peter |title=Open Access Overview |url=http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519103647/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm |archive-date=19 May 2007 |access-date=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or [[Gratis versus libre|libre]] open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an [[open license]] for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work.&lt;ref name="suber overview" /&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main focus of the open access movement has been on "[[peer review]]ed research literature", and<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del> more specifically on [[academic journal]]s.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2012 |title=Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414001646/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; because:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The main focus of the open access movement has been on "[[peer review]]ed research literature", and more specifically on [[academic journal]]s.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2012 |title=Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414001646/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> This is</ins> because:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1) such publications [[academic journal publishing reform|have been]] a subject of [[serials crisis]], unlike [[newspapers]], [[magazines]] and [[fiction writing]]. The main difference between these two groups is in [[demand elasticity]]: whereas <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a teacher of</del> English literature can substitute<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> in her class a copyrighted</del> ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' with a<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> ca. 300-year old</del> free-domain ''[[Gulliver's Travels|A Voyage to Lilliput]]''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> without a detrimental effect on the students,</del> an [[emergency room]] [[physician]] treating a patient for a life-threatening [[urushiol]] poisoning cannot substitute the most recent, but [[paywalled]] review article on this topic&lt;ref&gt;Diedrich V, Zweerink K, Elder B. Plant Dermatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2024;42(3):613-38 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001; https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract&lt;/ref&gt; with a 90 year-old copyright-expired article&lt;ref&gt;Hill GA, Mattacotti V. The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1934;56(12):2736-8 doi: 10.1021/ja01327a064; https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064&lt;/ref&gt; that was published before the invention of [[prednisone]] in 1954.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1) such publications [[academic journal publishing reform|have been]] a subject of [[serials crisis]], unlike [[newspapers]], [[magazines]] and [[fiction writing]]. The main difference between these two groups is in [[demand elasticity]]: whereas <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an</ins> English literature<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> curriculum</ins> can substitute ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' with a free-domain<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> alternative, such as</ins> ''[[Gulliver's Travels|A Voyage to Lilliput]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</ins>'' an [[emergency room]] [[physician]] treating a patient for a life-threatening [[urushiol]] poisoning cannot substitute the most recent, but [[paywalled]] review article on this topic&lt;ref&gt;Diedrich V, Zweerink K, Elder B. Plant Dermatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2024;42(3):613-38 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001; https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract&lt;/ref&gt; with a 90 year-old copyright-expired article&lt;ref&gt;Hill GA, Mattacotti V. The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1934;56(12):2736-8 doi: 10.1021/ja01327a064; https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064&lt;/ref&gt; that was published before the invention of [[prednisone]] in 1954.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2) the authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from [[Serials_crisis#Big_deal|behind paywall]] to open access publishing, especially, if they use [[diamond open access]] media.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2) the authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from [[Serials_crisis#Big_deal|behind paywall]] to open access publishing, especially, if they use [[diamond open access]] media.</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Ongoloror</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&diff=1258240758&oldid=1256900119</id> <title>Google Scholar</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&diff=1258240758&oldid=1256900119"/> <updated>2024-11-18T22:22:52Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">Limitations and criticism</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:22, 18 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar does not publish a list of journals crawled or publishers included, and the frequency of its updates is uncertain. [[Bibliometrics|Bibliometric]] evidence suggests Google Scholar's coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases; as of 2017, Scholar's coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and Scholar's utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fagan|first=Jody|date=2017|title=An evidence-based review of academic web search engines, 2014–2016: Implications for librarians' practice and research agenda|url=https://ital.corejournals.org/index.php/ital/article/download/9718/pdf|journal=Information Technology and Libraries|volume=36|issue=2|pages=7–47|doi=10.6017/ital.v36i2.9718|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-24|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Especially early on, some publishers did not allow Scholar to crawl their journals. [[Elsevier]] journals have been included since mid-2007, when Elsevier began to make most of its [[ScienceDirect]] content available to Google Scholar and Google's web search.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Brantley, Peter |title=Science Direct-ly into Google |date=3 July 2007 |work=O'Reilly Radar |url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/07/science-directly-into-google.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421014001/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/07/science-directly-into-google.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, a 2014 study&lt;ref name="nat_22_5_2014" /&gt; estimates that Google Scholar can find almost 90% (approximately 100 million) of all scholarly documents on the Web written in English. Large-scale longitudinal studies have found between 40 and 60 percent of scientific articles are available in full text via Google Scholar links.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv|last1=Martín-Martín|first1=Alberto|last2=Orduña-Malea|first2=Enrique|last3=Ayllón|first3=Juan Manuel|last4=Delgado López-Cózar|first4=Emilio|date=2014-10-30|title=Does Google Scholar contain all highly cited documents (1950–2013)?|eprint=1410.8464 |class=cs.DL}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar does not publish a list of journals crawled or publishers included, and the frequency of its updates is uncertain. [[Bibliometrics|Bibliometric]] evidence suggests Google Scholar's coverage of the sciences and social sciences is competitive with other academic databases; as of 2017, Scholar's coverage of the arts and humanities has not been investigated empirically and Scholar's utility for disciplines in these fields remains ambiguous.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fagan|first=Jody|date=2017|title=An evidence-based review of academic web search engines, 2014–2016: Implications for librarians' practice and research agenda|url=https://ital.corejournals.org/index.php/ital/article/download/9718/pdf|journal=Information Technology and Libraries|volume=36|issue=2|pages=7–47|doi=10.6017/ital.v36i2.9718|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-12-24|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Especially early on, some publishers did not allow Scholar to crawl their journals. [[Elsevier]] journals have been included since mid-2007, when Elsevier began to make most of its [[ScienceDirect]] content available to Google Scholar and Google's web search.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Brantley, Peter |title=Science Direct-ly into Google |date=3 July 2007 |work=O'Reilly Radar |url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/07/science-directly-into-google.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421014001/http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/07/science-directly-into-google.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, a 2014 study&lt;ref name="nat_22_5_2014" /&gt; estimates that Google Scholar can find almost 90% (approximately 100 million) of all scholarly documents on the Web written in English. Large-scale longitudinal studies have found between 40 and 60 percent of scientific articles are available in full text via Google Scholar links.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv|last1=Martín-Martín|first1=Alberto|last2=Orduña-Malea|first2=Enrique|last3=Ayllón|first3=Juan Manuel|last4=Delgado López-Cózar|first4=Emilio|date=2014-10-30|title=Does Google Scholar contain all highly cited documents (1950–2013)?|eprint=1410.8464 |class=cs.DL}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar puts high weight on citation counts in its ranking algorithm and therefore is being criticized for strengthening the [[Matthew effect (sociology)|Matthew effect]];&lt;ref name="citcount" /&gt; as highly cited papers appear in top positions they gain more citations while new papers hardly appear in top positions and therefore get less attention by the users of Google Scholar and hence fewer citations. Google Scholar effect is a phenomenon when some researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on Google Scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication because they automatically assume these works' credibility and believe that editors, reviewers, and readers expect to see these citations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Serenko, A. |author2=Dumay, J. |title=Citation classics published in knowledge management journals. Part II: Studying research trends and discovering the Google Scholar Effect |journal=Journal of Knowledge Management |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1335–55 |year=2015 |url=https://aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Dumay_CitationClassics2.pdf |doi=10.1108/JKM-02-2015-0086 |access-date=2015-09-30 |archive-date=2015-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001124153/http://aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Dumay_CitationClassics2.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Google Scholar has problems identifying publications on the [[arXiv]] preprint server correctly. Interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results, and authors are assigned to wrong papers, which leads to erroneous additional search results. Some search results are even given without any comprehensible reason.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Jacso, Peter |title=Google Scholar's Ghost Authors, Lost Authors, and Other Problems |journal=Library Journal |date=24 September 2009 |url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6698580.html?q=jacso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104842/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6698580.html?q=jacso |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Péter Jacsó| doi = 10.1108/14684521011024191 | title = Metadata mega mess in Google Scholar | journal = Online Information Review | volume = 34 | pages = 175–91 | year = 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar puts high weight on citation counts in its ranking algorithm and therefore is being criticized for strengthening the [[Matthew effect (sociology)|Matthew effect]];&lt;ref name="citcount" /&gt; as highly cited papers appear in top positions they gain more citations while new papers hardly appear in top positions and therefore get less attention by the users of Google Scholar and hence fewer citations. Google Scholar effect is a phenomenon when some researchers pick and cite works appearing in the top results on Google Scholar regardless of their contribution to the citing publication because they automatically assume these works' credibility and believe that editors, reviewers, and readers expect to see these citations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Serenko, A. |author2=Dumay, J. |title=Citation classics published in knowledge management journals. Part II: Studying research trends and discovering the Google Scholar Effect |journal=Journal of Knowledge Management |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1335–55 |year=2015 |url=https://aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Dumay_CitationClassics2.pdf |doi=10.1108/JKM-02-2015-0086 |access-date=2015-09-30 |archive-date=2015-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001124153/http://aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Dumay_CitationClassics2.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Google Scholar has problems identifying publications on the [[arXiv]] preprint server correctly.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Citation needed}}</ins> Interpunctuation characters in titles produce wrong search results, and authors are assigned to wrong papers, which leads to erroneous additional search results. Some search results are even given without any comprehensible reason.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Jacso, Peter |title=Google Scholar's Ghost Authors, Lost Authors, and Other Problems |journal=Library Journal |date=24 September 2009 |url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6698580.html?q=jacso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607104842/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6698580.html?q=jacso |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Péter Jacsó| doi = 10.1108/14684521011024191 | title = Metadata mega mess in Google Scholar | journal = Online Information Review | volume = 34 | pages = 175–91 | year = 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar is vulnerable to [[spam (electronic)|spam]].&lt;ref name="spam"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030404/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-On_the_Robustness_of_Google_Scholar_against_Spam--preprint.pdf|title=On the Robustness of Google Scholar against Spam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="gamingscholar"&gt;[http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/01/20/did-a-romanian-researcher-successfully-game-google-scholar-to-raise-his-citation-count/ Scholarly Open Access – Did A Romanian Researcher Successfully Game Google Scholar to Raise his Citation Count?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122224124/http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/01/20/did-a-romanian-researcher-successfully-game-google-scholar-to-raise-his-citation-count/ |date=2015-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg]] demonstrated that citation counts on Google Scholar can be manipulated and complete non-sense articles created with [[SCIgen]] were indexed within Google Scholar.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Beel, Joeran |author2=Gipp, Bela |url=https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/31020/Beel_0-285754.pdf |title=Academic search engine spam and google scholar's resilience against it |journal=Journal of Electronic Publishing |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=December 2010 |doi=10.3998/3336451.0013.305 |doi-access=free |access-date=2019-12-24 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001120520/https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/31020/Beel_0-285754.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These researchers concluded that citation counts from Google Scholar should be used with care, especially when used to calculate performance metrics such as the [[h-index]] or [[impact factor]], which is in itself a poor predictor of article quality.&lt;ref name="Brembs 2018"&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brembs B |title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |page=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Google Scholar started computing an h-index in 2012 with the advent of individual Scholar pages. Several downstream packages like ''Harzing's Publish or Perish'' also use its data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish |title=Publish or Perish |publisher=Anne-Wil Harzing.com |access-date=2013-06-15 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111194425/https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The practicality of manipulating h-index calculators by [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]] Google Scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by Cyril Labbe from [[Joseph Fourier University]], who managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of [[Albert Einstein]] by means of a large set of [[SCIgen]]-produced documents citing each other (effectively an academic [[link farm]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Labbe, Cyril |title=Ike Antkare one of the great stars in the scientific firmament |date=2010 |work=Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble RR-LIG-2008 (technical report) |publisher=[[Joseph Fourier University]] |url=http://rr.liglab.fr/research_report/RR-LIG-008.pdf |access-date=2011-03-22 |archive-date=2013-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402153925/http://rr.liglab.fr/research_report/RR-LIG-008.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2010, Google Scholar was not able to [[shepardize]] case law, as [[LexisNexis|Lexis]] could.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Benn|first=Oliver|date=March 9, 2010|title=Is Google Scholar a Worthy Adversary?|url=http://nonpublication.com/benn.pdf|journal=The Recorder|access-date=April 19, 2019|archive-date=May 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101811/http://nonpublication.com/benn.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike other indexes of academic work such as [[Scopus]] and [[Web of Science]], Google Scholar does not maintain an [[Application Programming Interface]] that may be used to automate data retrieval. Use of web scrapers to obtain the contents of search results is also severely restricted by the implementation of CAPTCHAs. Google Scholar does not display or export [[Digital Object Identifiers]] (DOIs),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-_3DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA104|title=Digital Libraries for Open Knowledge|last1=Hall|first1=Mark|last2=Merčun|first2=Tanja|last3=Risse|first3=Thomas|last4=Duchateau|first4=Fabien|work=[[International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries]]|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|date=August 25–27, 2020|access-date=2022-01-15|page=104|isbn=978-3-030-54956-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ''de facto'' standard implemented by all major academic publishers to uniquely identify and refer to individual pieces of academic work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations' COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations|last1=Martín-Martín|first1=Alberto|last2=Thelwall|first2=Mike|last3=Orduna‑Malea|first3=Enrique|last4=López‑Cózar|first4=Emilio Delgado|journal=[[Scientometrics (journal)|Scientometrics]]|date=2020-09-21|volume=126|issue=1|pages=871–906|doi=10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4|pmid=32981987|pmc=7505221|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Google Scholar is vulnerable to [[spam (electronic)|spam]].&lt;ref name="spam"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030404/http://www.sciplore.org/publications/2010-On_the_Robustness_of_Google_Scholar_against_Spam--preprint.pdf|title=On the Robustness of Google Scholar against Spam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="gamingscholar"&gt;[http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/01/20/did-a-romanian-researcher-successfully-game-google-scholar-to-raise-his-citation-count/ Scholarly Open Access – Did A Romanian Researcher Successfully Game Google Scholar to Raise his Citation Count?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122224124/http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/01/20/did-a-romanian-researcher-successfully-game-google-scholar-to-raise-his-citation-count/ |date=2015-01-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers from the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg]] demonstrated that citation counts on Google Scholar can be manipulated and complete non-sense articles created with [[SCIgen]] were indexed within Google Scholar.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Beel, Joeran |author2=Gipp, Bela |url=https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/31020/Beel_0-285754.pdf |title=Academic search engine spam and google scholar's resilience against it |journal=Journal of Electronic Publishing |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=December 2010 |doi=10.3998/3336451.0013.305 |doi-access=free |access-date=2019-12-24 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001120520/https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/31020/Beel_0-285754.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These researchers concluded that citation counts from Google Scholar should be used with care, especially when used to calculate performance metrics such as the [[h-index]] or [[impact factor]], which is in itself a poor predictor of article quality.&lt;ref name="Brembs 2018"&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brembs B |title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |page=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Google Scholar started computing an h-index in 2012 with the advent of individual Scholar pages. Several downstream packages like ''Harzing's Publish or Perish'' also use its data.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish |title=Publish or Perish |publisher=Anne-Wil Harzing.com |access-date=2013-06-15 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111194425/https://harzing.com/resources/publish-or-perish |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The practicality of manipulating h-index calculators by [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]] Google Scholar was demonstrated in 2010 by Cyril Labbe from [[Joseph Fourier University]], who managed to rank "Ike Antkare" ahead of [[Albert Einstein]] by means of a large set of [[SCIgen]]-produced documents citing each other (effectively an academic [[link farm]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Labbe, Cyril |title=Ike Antkare one of the great stars in the scientific firmament |date=2010 |work=Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble RR-LIG-2008 (technical report) |publisher=[[Joseph Fourier University]] |url=http://rr.liglab.fr/research_report/RR-LIG-008.pdf |access-date=2011-03-22 |archive-date=2013-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402153925/http://rr.liglab.fr/research_report/RR-LIG-008.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2010, Google Scholar was not able to [[shepardize]] case law, as [[LexisNexis|Lexis]] could.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Benn|first=Oliver|date=March 9, 2010|title=Is Google Scholar a Worthy Adversary?|url=http://nonpublication.com/benn.pdf|journal=The Recorder|access-date=April 19, 2019|archive-date=May 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101811/http://nonpublication.com/benn.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike other indexes of academic work such as [[Scopus]] and [[Web of Science]], Google Scholar does not maintain an [[Application Programming Interface]] that may be used to automate data retrieval. Use of web scrapers to obtain the contents of search results is also severely restricted by the implementation of CAPTCHAs. Google Scholar does not display or export [[Digital Object Identifiers]] (DOIs),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-_3DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA104|title=Digital Libraries for Open Knowledge|last1=Hall|first1=Mark|last2=Merčun|first2=Tanja|last3=Risse|first3=Thomas|last4=Duchateau|first4=Fabien|work=[[International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries]]|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|date=August 25–27, 2020|access-date=2022-01-15|page=104|isbn=978-3-030-54956-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ''de facto'' standard implemented by all major academic publishers to uniquely identify and refer to individual pieces of academic work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations' COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations|last1=Martín-Martín|first1=Alberto|last2=Thelwall|first2=Mike|last3=Orduna‑Malea|first3=Enrique|last4=López‑Cózar|first4=Emilio Delgado|journal=[[Scientometrics (journal)|Scientometrics]]|date=2020-09-21|volume=126|issue=1|pages=871–906|doi=10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4|pmid=32981987|pmc=7505221|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>IcknieldRidgeway</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&diff=1258055650&oldid=1258052417</id> <title>Citation impact</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&diff=1258055650&oldid=1258052417"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:51:36Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">Author-level: </span> typo</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:51, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|pmc=4654436</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|pmc=4654436</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |doi-access=free</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |doi-access=free</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The best-known measures include the [[h-index]]&lt;ref name=Hirsch2005&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The best-known<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> author-level</ins> measures include<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> total citations and</ins> the [[h-index]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>&lt;ref name=Hirsch2005&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{cite journal</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{cite journal</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Hirsch |first1=J. E.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Hirsch |first1=J. E.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 134:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 134:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |pmid=16275915</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |pmid=16275915</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|doi-access=free</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|doi-access=free</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[g-index]].&lt;ref name=Egghe2006&gt;</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{cite journal</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Egghe |first1=L.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |year=2006</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |title=Theory and practise of the g-index</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |journal=[[Scientometrics (journal)|Scientometrics]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=131–152</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |doi=10.1007/s11192-006-0144-7</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|hdl=1942/981</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |s2cid=207236267</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |hdl-access=free</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,&lt;ref name="10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1"&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gálvez RH |title=Assessing author self-citation as a mechanism of relevant knowledge diffusion |journal=Scientometrics |volume=111 |issue=3 |pages=1801–1812 |date=March 2017 |doi=10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1|s2cid=6863843 }}&lt;/ref&gt; spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,&lt;ref name="10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1"&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gálvez RH |title=Assessing author self-citation as a mechanism of relevant knowledge diffusion |journal=Scientometrics |volume=111 |issue=3 |pages=1801–1812 |date=March 2017 |doi=10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1|s2cid=6863843 }}&lt;/ref&gt; spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Couto</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last1=Couto</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article-level_metrics&diff=1258053975&oldid=1258051788</id> <title>Article-level metrics</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article-level_metrics&diff=1258053975&oldid=1258051788"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:39:03Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>FWCI</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:39, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Short description|Measurements designed to measure scholarly article impact}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Short description|Measurements designed to measure scholarly article impact}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Citation metrics}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Citation metrics}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Article-level metrics''' are [[citation metrics]] which measure the usage and impact of individual [[scholarly article]]s.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Article-level metrics''' are [[citation metrics]] which measure the usage and impact of individual [[scholarly article]]s.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The most common article-level citation metric is the number of citations.&lt;ref name="i555"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Tahamtan | first=Iman | last2=Safipour Afshar | first2=Askar | last3=Ahamdzadeh | first3=Khadijeh | title=Factors affecting number of citations: a comprehensive review of the literature | journal=Scientometrics | volume=107 | issue=3 | date=2016 | issn=0138-9130 | doi=10.1007/s11192-016-1889-2 | pages=1195–1225}}&lt;/ref&gt;</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Field-weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) by [[Scopus]] divides the total citations by the average number of citations for an article in the [[Branches of science|scientific field]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cooke |first1=Bec |title=Guides: Research Metrics: Field-Weighted Citation Impact |url=https://libguides.usc.edu.au/researchmetrics/researchmetrics-field-weighted-citation-impact |website=libguides.usc.edu.au |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most common article-level citation metric is the number of citations.&lt;ref name="i555"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Tahamtan | first=Iman | last2=Safipour Afshar | first2=Askar | last3=Ahamdzadeh | first3=Khadijeh | title=Factors affecting number of citations: a comprehensive review of the literature | journal=Scientometrics | volume=107 | issue=3 | date=2016 | issn=0138-9130 | doi=10.1007/s11192-016-1889-2 | pages=1195–1225}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Alternative article-level metrics include the CD index, a measure of the [[disruptive innovation|disruptiveness]] of an article.&lt;ref name="u950"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Funk | first=Russell J. | last2=Owen-Smith | first2=Jason | title=A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change | journal=Management Science | volume=63 | issue=3 | date=2017 | issn=0025-1909 | doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2366 | pages=791–817}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="w782"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Park | first=Michael | last2=Leahey | first2=Erin | last3=Funk | first3=Russell J. | title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time | journal=Nature | volume=613 | issue=7942 | date=5 January 2023 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x | doi-access=free | pages=138–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Alternative article-level metrics include the CD index, a measure of the [[disruptive innovation|disruptiveness]] of an article.&lt;ref name="u950"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Funk | first=Russell J. | last2=Owen-Smith | first2=Jason | title=A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change | journal=Management Science | volume=63 | issue=3 | date=2017 | issn=0025-1909 | doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2366 | pages=791–817}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="w782"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Park | first=Michael | last2=Leahey | first2=Erin | last3=Funk | first3=Russell J. | title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time | journal=Nature | volume=613 | issue=7942 | date=5 January 2023 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x | doi-access=free | pages=138–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Author-level_metrics&diff=1258053175&oldid=1258049505</id> <title>Author-level metrics</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Author-level_metrics&diff=1258053175&oldid=1258049505"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:33:07Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>FWCI is article level not author level</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:33, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These quantitative comparisons between researchers are mostly done to distribute resources (such as money and academic positions). However, there is still debate in the academic world about how effectively author-level metrics accomplish this objective.&lt;ref name="hirsch"&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hirsch|first1=J. E.|date=7 November 2005|title=An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=46|pages=16569–16572|doi=10.1073/pnas.0507655102|pmc=1283832|pmid=16275915|arxiv=physics/0508025|bibcode=2005PNAS..10216569H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These quantitative comparisons between researchers are mostly done to distribute resources (such as money and academic positions). However, there is still debate in the academic world about how effectively author-level metrics accomplish this objective.&lt;ref name="hirsch"&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hirsch|first1=J. E.|date=7 November 2005|title=An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=46|pages=16569–16572|doi=10.1073/pnas.0507655102|pmc=1283832|pmid=16275915|arxiv=physics/0508025|bibcode=2005PNAS..10216569H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Author-level metrics differ from [[journal-level metrics]] which attempt to measure the bibliometric impact of academic journals rather than individuals. However, metrics originally developed for academic journals can be reported at researcher level, such as the author-level eigenfactor&lt;ref name="wiley"&gt;{{cite journal |title=Author-level Eigenfactor metrics: Evaluating the influence of authors, institutions, and countries within the social science research network community |first1=Jevin D. |last1=West |first2=Michael C. |last2=Jensen |first3=Ralph J. |last3=Dandrea |first4=Gregory J. |last4=Gordon |first5=Carl T. |last5=Bergstrom |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/asi.22790 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=787–801}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the author impact factor.&lt;ref name="nature"&gt;{{cite journal |title=Author Impact Factor: Tracking the dynamics of individual scientific impact |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |doi=10.1038/srep04880 |first1=Raj Kumar |last1=Pan |first2=Santo |last2=Fortunato |year=2014 |volume=4 |page=4880|pmid=24814674 |pmc=4017244 |arxiv=1312.2650 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4E4880P }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Author-level metrics differ from [[journal-level metrics]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</ins> which attempt to measure the bibliometric impact of academic journals rather than individuals<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and from [[article-level metrics]], which attempt to measure the impact of individual articles</ins>. However, metrics originally developed for academic journals can be reported at researcher level, such as the author-level eigenfactor&lt;ref name="wiley"&gt;{{cite journal |title=Author-level Eigenfactor metrics: Evaluating the influence of authors, institutions, and countries within the social science research network community |first1=Jevin D. |last1=West |first2=Michael C. |last2=Jensen |first3=Ralph J. |last3=Dandrea |first4=Gregory J. |last4=Gordon |first5=Carl T. |last5=Bergstrom |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology]] |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/asi.22790 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=787–801}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the author impact factor.&lt;ref name="nature"&gt;{{cite journal |title=Author Impact Factor: Tracking the dynamics of individual scientific impact |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |doi=10.1038/srep04880 |first1=Raj Kumar |last1=Pan |first2=Santo |last2=Fortunato |year=2014 |volume=4 |page=4880|pmid=24814674 |pmc=4017244 |arxiv=1312.2650 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4E4880P }}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==List of metrics==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==List of metrics==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| '''{{vanchor|RG Score}}''' ||''ResearchGate Score'' or ''RG Score'' is an author-level metric introduced by [[ResearchGate]] in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title="Professoren der nächsten Generation" {{!}} NZZ |url=https://www.nzz.ch/digital/researchgate-rg-score-1.17536449 |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ResearchGate's CEO Dr. [[Ijad Madisch]], “[t]he RG Score allows real-time feedback from the people who matter: the scientists themselves.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Knowles |first1=Jamillah |title=ResearchGate Releases RG Score - Klout for Boffins |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/08/10/researchgate-introduces-rg-score-like-klout-boffins/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Next Web |date=10 August 2012 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; RG Score has been reported to be correlated with existing author-level metrics and has an undisclosed calculation methodology.&lt;ref name="doi10.1002/asi.23236"&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1002/asi.23236| title = ResearchGate: Disseminating, communicating, and measuring Scholarship?| journal = Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology| volume = 66| issue = 5| pages = 876–889| year = 2014| last1 = Thelwall| first1 = M.| last2 = Kousha| first2 = K.| url = http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~cm1993/papers/ResearchGate.pdf| citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.5396| s2cid = 8974197| access-date = 2018-07-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233038/http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~cm1993/papers/ResearchGate.pdf| archive-date = 2018-02-18| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Min-Chun|title=ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|date=February 2016|volume=55|pages=1001–1006|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kraker&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kraker |first1=Peter |last2=Lex |first2=Elisabeth |title=A Critical Look at the ResearchGate Score as a Measure of Scientific Reputation|journal=Proceedings of the Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web Workshop (ASCW'15) |date=2015 |url=https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-critical-look-at-the-researchgate-score-as-a-measure-of-scienti |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Jordan"&gt;{{cite conference|first=Katy|last=Jordan|title=Exploring the ResearchGate score as an academic metric: Reflections and implications for practice|conference=Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15)|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two studies reported that RG Score seems to incorporate the [[journal impact factor]]s into the calculation.&lt;ref name=Kraker/&gt;&lt;ref name="Jordan"/&gt; The RG Score was found to be negatively correlated with network [[centrality]] – users that are the most active on ResearchGate usually do not have high RG scores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hoffmann|first1=C. P.|last2=Lutz|first2=C.|last3=Meckel|first3=M.|title=A relational altmetric? Network centrality on ResearchGate as an indicator of scientific impact|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|date=2016|volume=67|issue=4|pages=765–775|doi=10.1002/asi.23423|s2cid=7769870|url=https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/240735/1/Hoffmann_Lutz_Meckel-2015-Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also found to be strongly positively correlated with [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] university rankings at the institutional level, but only weakly with [[Elsevier]] SciVal rankings of individual authors.&lt;ref name="CHB"&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Min-Chun|title=ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|date=February 2016|volume=55|pages=1001–1006|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; While it was found to be correlated with different university rankings, the correlation in between these rankings themselves was higher.&lt;ref name="doi10.1002/asi.23236" /&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| '''{{vanchor|RG Score}}''' ||''ResearchGate Score'' or ''RG Score'' is an author-level metric introduced by [[ResearchGate]] in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title="Professoren der nächsten Generation" {{!}} NZZ |url=https://www.nzz.ch/digital/researchgate-rg-score-1.17536449 |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ResearchGate's CEO Dr. [[Ijad Madisch]], “[t]he RG Score allows real-time feedback from the people who matter: the scientists themselves.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Knowles |first1=Jamillah |title=ResearchGate Releases RG Score - Klout for Boffins |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/08/10/researchgate-introduces-rg-score-like-klout-boffins/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Next Web |date=10 August 2012 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; RG Score has been reported to be correlated with existing author-level metrics and has an undisclosed calculation methodology.&lt;ref name="doi10.1002/asi.23236"&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1002/asi.23236| title = ResearchGate: Disseminating, communicating, and measuring Scholarship?| journal = Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology| volume = 66| issue = 5| pages = 876–889| year = 2014| last1 = Thelwall| first1 = M.| last2 = Kousha| first2 = K.| url = http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~cm1993/papers/ResearchGate.pdf| citeseerx = 10.1.1.589.5396| s2cid = 8974197| access-date = 2018-07-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233038/http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~cm1993/papers/ResearchGate.pdf| archive-date = 2018-02-18| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Min-Chun|title=ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|date=February 2016|volume=55|pages=1001–1006|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kraker&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kraker |first1=Peter |last2=Lex |first2=Elisabeth |title=A Critical Look at the ResearchGate Score as a Measure of Scientific Reputation|journal=Proceedings of the Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web Workshop (ASCW'15) |date=2015 |url=https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-critical-look-at-the-researchgate-score-as-a-measure-of-scienti |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Jordan"&gt;{{cite conference|first=Katy|last=Jordan|title=Exploring the ResearchGate score as an academic metric: Reflections and implications for practice|conference=Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15)|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two studies reported that RG Score seems to incorporate the [[journal impact factor]]s into the calculation.&lt;ref name=Kraker/&gt;&lt;ref name="Jordan"/&gt; The RG Score was found to be negatively correlated with network [[centrality]] – users that are the most active on ResearchGate usually do not have high RG scores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hoffmann|first1=C. P.|last2=Lutz|first2=C.|last3=Meckel|first3=M.|title=A relational altmetric? Network centrality on ResearchGate as an indicator of scientific impact|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|date=2016|volume=67|issue=4|pages=765–775|doi=10.1002/asi.23423|s2cid=7769870|url=https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/240735/1/Hoffmann_Lutz_Meckel-2015-Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also found to be strongly positively correlated with [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] university rankings at the institutional level, but only weakly with [[Elsevier]] SciVal rankings of individual authors.&lt;ref name="CHB"&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Min-Chun|title=ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|date=February 2016|volume=55|pages=1001–1006|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; While it was found to be correlated with different university rankings, the correlation in between these rankings themselves was higher.&lt;ref name="doi10.1002/asi.23236" /&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| '''{{vanchor|Field-weighted Citation Impact}}''' ||Field-weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is an author-level metric introduced and applied by [[Scopus]] SciVal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cooke |first1=Bec |title=Guides: Research Metrics: Field-Weighted Citation Impact |url=https://libguides.usc.edu.au/researchmetrics/researchmetrics-field-weighted-citation-impact |website=libguides.usc.edu.au |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; FWCI equals to the total citations actually received divided by the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the considered field. FWCI of 1 means that the output performs just as expected for the global average. More than 1 means that the author outperforms the average, and less than 1 means that the author underperforms. For instance, &lt;math&gt;1.55&lt;/math&gt; means &lt;math&gt;55&lt;/math&gt;% more likely to be cited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Snowball Metrics Recipe Book |url=https://www.snowballmetrics.com/wp-content/uploads/snowball-metrics-recipe-book-upd.pdf |date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tauro |first1=Kiera |title=Subject Guides: 6. Measure Impact: Field-Weighted Citation Impact |url=https://canterbury.libguides.com/impactmeasure/fieldweighted |website=canterbury.libguides.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| '''{{vanchor|''m''-index}}''' ||The ''m''-index is defined as ''h''/''n'', where ''h'' is the ''h''-index and ''n'' is the number of years since the first published paper of the scientist;&lt;ref name="hirsch"/&gt; also called ''m''-quotient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.harzing.com/pop_hindex.htm |title=Reflections on the ''h''-index |author=Anne-Wil Harzing |date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2013-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmid=21507617 |year=2011 |author1=von Bohlen und Halbach O |title=How to judge a book by its cover? How useful are bibliometric indices for the evaluation of "scientific quality" or "scientific productivity"? |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=191–96 |doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.011 |journal=[[Annals of Anatomy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| '''{{vanchor|''m''-index}}''' ||The ''m''-index is defined as ''h''/''n'', where ''h'' is the ''h''-index and ''n'' is the number of years since the first published paper of the scientist;&lt;ref name="hirsch"/&gt; also called ''m''-quotient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.harzing.com/pop_hindex.htm |title=Reflections on the ''h''-index |author=Anne-Wil Harzing |date=2008-04-23 |access-date=2013-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmid=21507617 |year=2011 |author1=von Bohlen und Halbach O |title=How to judge a book by its cover? How useful are bibliometric indices for the evaluation of "scientific quality" or "scientific productivity"? |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=191–96 |doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.011 |journal=[[Annals of Anatomy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> </table></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&diff=1258052417&oldid=1239425231</id> <title>Citation impact</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&diff=1258052417&oldid=1239425231"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:27:24Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>first author, then journal, retitle section, move into subsection impact</p> <a href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&amp;diff=1258052417&amp;oldid=1239425231">Show changes</a></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article-level_metrics&diff=1258051788&oldid=1187906371</id> <title>Article-level metrics</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article-level_metrics&diff=1258051788&oldid=1187906371"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:23:01Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>number of citation, CD index</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:23, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Citation metrics}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Citation metrics}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Article-level metrics''' are [[citation metrics]] which measure the usage and impact of individual [[scholarly article]]s.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Article-level metrics''' are [[citation metrics]] which measure the usage and impact of individual [[scholarly article]]s.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most common article-level citation metric is the number of citations.&lt;ref name="i555"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Tahamtan | first=Iman | last2=Safipour Afshar | first2=Askar | last3=Ahamdzadeh | first3=Khadijeh | title=Factors affecting number of citations: a comprehensive review of the literature | journal=Scientometrics | volume=107 | issue=3 | date=2016 | issn=0138-9130 | doi=10.1007/s11192-016-1889-2 | pages=1195–1225}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Alternative article-level metrics include the CD index, a measure of the [[disruptive innovation|disruptiveness]] of an article.&lt;ref name="u950"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Funk | first=Russell J. | last2=Owen-Smith | first2=Jason | title=A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change | journal=Management Science | volume=63 | issue=3 | date=2017 | issn=0025-1909 | doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2366 | pages=791–817}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="w782"&gt;{{cite journal | last=Park | first=Michael | last2=Leahey | first2=Erin | last3=Funk | first3=Russell J. | title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time | journal=Nature | volume=613 | issue=7942 | date=5 January 2023 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x | doi-access=free | pages=138–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Adoption==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Adoption==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Author-level_metrics&diff=1258049505&oldid=1251894166</id> <title>Author-level metrics</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Author-level_metrics&diff=1258049505&oldid=1251894166"/> <updated>2024-11-17T22:07:31Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>undo, article-level metric</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:07, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>HudecEmil</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257895223&oldid=1257891293</id> <title>Academic publishing</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257895223&oldid=1257891293"/> <updated>2024-11-17T04:07:56Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Restored revision 1257888515 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Remsense" title="Special:Contributions/Remsense">Remsense</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Remsense" title="User talk:Remsense">talk</a>): Per previous edit summary</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:07, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Business'''===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Publishing in business disciplines shares similarities with other academic fields but is uniquely driven by the need for timeliness and practical applicability. A variety of journals, from broad management and economics journals to specialized publications focused on areas like entrepreneurship, corporate ethics, or human resources, are available. University presses and independent publishers release numerous business books annually, contributing to both academic research and industry knowledge. The rise of digital and open-access publishing has significantly impacted business literature, making resources more accessible to a wider audience, including professionals who may not have access to traditional academic journals.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to the natural sciences, business research often requires shorter publication timelines due to the rapid evolution of business practices, technologies, and economic conditions. Business literature typically aims to address current challenges and trends, making it a dynamic field where relevance is highly valued. This differs from humanities publishing, where individual research and analysis can take years. Most business publications emphasize quantitative research, although case studies and qualitative approaches are also prominent, especially in fields like organizational behavior and leadership.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the United States, business scholars aiming for tenure usually need to publish in respected peer-reviewed journals, and their research often includes both theoretical contributions and practical applications. As in other fields, high publication expectations can lead to increased pressure on young scholars, and critics argue this may encourage the production of lower-quality work simply to meet publication requirements. The situation is compounded by the increasing costs of journal subscriptions, limiting the accessibility of business research. To address these challenges, some advocates have called for financial support for open-access publishing in business, suggesting that such support could enhance the reach and impact of research while reducing barriers to access.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===References===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Career Outlook: Business Research." U.S. Department of Labor.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>American Economic Association. "Journals and Publications."</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Harvard Business Review. "The State of Business Research Publishing."</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Academy of Management. "Academy of Management Journal: Submission Guidelines."</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press. "Open Access and Business Publishing."]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Remsense</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257891293&oldid=1257888515</id> <title>Academic publishing</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257891293&oldid=1257888515"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:39:28Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:39, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Business'''===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Publishing in business disciplines shares similarities with other academic fields but is uniquely driven by the need for timeliness and practical applicability. A variety of journals, from broad management and economics journals to specialized publications focused on areas like entrepreneurship, corporate ethics, or human resources, are available. University presses and independent publishers release numerous business books annually, contributing to both academic research and industry knowledge. The rise of digital and open-access publishing has significantly impacted business literature, making resources more accessible to a wider audience, including professionals who may not have access to traditional academic journals.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to the natural sciences, business research often requires shorter publication timelines due to the rapid evolution of business practices, technologies, and economic conditions. Business literature typically aims to address current challenges and trends, making it a dynamic field where relevance is highly valued. This differs from humanities publishing, where individual research and analysis can take years. Most business publications emphasize quantitative research, although case studies and qualitative approaches are also prominent, especially in fields like organizational behavior and leadership.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the United States, business scholars aiming for tenure usually need to publish in respected peer-reviewed journals, and their research often includes both theoretical contributions and practical applications. As in other fields, high publication expectations can lead to increased pressure on young scholars, and critics argue this may encourage the production of lower-quality work simply to meet publication requirements. The situation is compounded by the increasing costs of journal subscriptions, limiting the accessibility of business research. To address these challenges, some advocates have called for financial support for open-access publishing in business, suggesting that such support could enhance the reach and impact of research while reducing barriers to access.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===References===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Career Outlook: Business Research." U.S. Department of Labor.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>American Economic Association. "Journals and Publications."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Harvard Business Review. "The State of Business Research Publishing."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Academy of Management. "Academy of Management Journal: Submission Guidelines."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press. "Open Access and Business Publishing."]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>EditorialReprints</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257889218&oldid=1257888547</id> <title>Open access</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257889218&oldid=1257888547"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:25:34Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">Open irony: </span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EL">WP:EL</a></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:25, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 157:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 157:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, a group of universities in North America formed the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI) – SPARC |url=http://www.sparc.arl.org/COAPI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018182442/http://www.sparc.arl.org/COAPI |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=arl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, COAPI now has nearly 50 members. These institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the Coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, a group of universities in North America formed the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI) – SPARC |url=http://www.sparc.arl.org/COAPI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018182442/http://www.sparc.arl.org/COAPI |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=arl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, COAPI now has nearly 50 members. These institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the Coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2012, the Harvard Open Access Project released its guide to good practices for university open-access policies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Good practices for university open-access policies |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005152857/https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=Harvard}}&lt;/ref&gt; focusing on rights-retention policies that allow universities to distribute faculty research without seeking permission from publishers. As of November 2023, Rights retention policies are being adopted by an increasing number of UK universities as well<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. For a list of institutions worldwide currently espousing rights retention, see the list at [https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/University_rights-retention_OA_policies University rights-retention OA policies]</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2012, the Harvard Open Access Project released its guide to good practices for university open-access policies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Good practices for university open-access policies |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005152857/https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |website=Harvard}}&lt;/ref&gt; focusing on rights-retention policies that allow universities to distribute faculty research without seeking permission from publishers. As of November 2023, Rights retention policies are being adopted by an increasing number of UK universities as well.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013 a group of nine Australian universities formed the Australian Open Access Strategy Group (AOASG) to advocate, collaborate, raise awareness, and lead and build capacity in the open access space in Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=About the AOASG |url=http://aoasg.org.au/welcome-to-the-aoasg/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233015/http://aoasg.org.au/welcome-to-the-aoasg/about/ |archive-date=20 December 2014 |website=Australian Open Access Support Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the group expanded to include all eight New Zealand universities and was renamed the Australasian Open Access Support Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Australian Open Access Support Group expands to become Australasian Open Access Support Group |url=http://aoasg.org.au/2015/08/17/australian-open-access-support-group-expands-to-become-australasian-open-access-support-group/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033048/http://aoasg.org.au/2015/08/17/australian-open-access-support-group-expands-to-become-australasian-open-access-support-group/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was then renamed the<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> [https://aoasg.org.au/</del> Australasian Open Access Strategy Group<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210061918/https://aoasg.org.au/ |date=10 February 2018 }}</del>, highlighting its emphasis on strategy. The awareness raising activities of the AOASG include presentations, workshops, blogs, and a<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> [https://aoasg.org.au/webinar-series-2017/</del> webinar series<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130223/https://aoasg.org.au/webinar-series-2017/ |date=5 February 2018 }}</del> on open access issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=Creative Commons Australia partners with Australasian Open Access Strategy Group |work=Creative Commons Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2013 a group of nine Australian universities formed the Australian Open Access Strategy Group (AOASG) to advocate, collaborate, raise awareness, and lead and build capacity in the open access space in Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=About the AOASG |url=http://aoasg.org.au/welcome-to-the-aoasg/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233015/http://aoasg.org.au/welcome-to-the-aoasg/about/ |archive-date=20 December 2014 |website=Australian Open Access Support Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the group expanded to include all eight New Zealand universities and was renamed the Australasian Open Access Support Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Australian Open Access Support Group expands to become Australasian Open Access Support Group |url=http://aoasg.org.au/2015/08/17/australian-open-access-support-group-expands-to-become-australasian-open-access-support-group/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033048/http://aoasg.org.au/2015/08/17/australian-open-access-support-group-expands-to-become-australasian-open-access-support-group/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was then renamed the Australasian Open Access Strategy Group, highlighting its emphasis on strategy. The awareness raising activities of the AOASG include presentations, workshops, blogs, and a webinar series on open access issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=Creative Commons Australia partners with Australasian Open Access Strategy Group |work=Creative Commons Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Libraries and librarians ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Libraries and librarians ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 256:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 256:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Open irony ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Open irony ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Open irony refers to the situation where a scholarly journal article advocates open access but the article itself is only accessible by paying a fee to the journal publisher to read the article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hull |first1=Duncan |title=The Open Access Irony Awards: Naming and shaming them |url=https://duncan.hull.name/2012/02/15/open-irony/ |website=O'Really? |date=15 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Green |title=Whatever happened to the Academic Spring? (Or the irony of hiding papers on transparency and accountability behind a paywall) |url=https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whatever-happened-to-the-academic-spring-or-the-irony-of-being-prevented-from-reading-papers-on-transparency-and-accountability/ |website=From Poverty to Power |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235834/https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whatever-happened-to-the-academic-spring-or-the-irony-of-being-prevented-from-reading-papers-on-transparency-and-accountability/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Open Access to Publications to Expa"&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |title=Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology |journal=Norwegian Archaeological Review |date=29 October 2020 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1080/00293652.2020.1837233|s2cid=228961066 |url=http://osf.io/v9kfy/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; This has been noted in many fields, with more than 20 examples appearing since around 2010, including in widely-read journals such as ''[[The Lancet]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' and ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. A [[Flickr]] [https://www.flickr.com/groups/open-access-irony-award/ group] collected screenshots of examples</del>. In 2012 Duncan Hull proposed the Open Access Irony award to publicly humiliate journals that publish these kinds of papers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=Teresa Auch |title=Practicing What You Preach: Evaluating Access of Open Access Research |journal=The Journal of Electronic Publishing |date=2 March 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.3998/3336451.0021.103|doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.3336451.0021.103 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of these have been shared and discussed on social media using the [[hashtag]] #openirony<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (e.g. on [https://twitter.com/hashtag/openirony Twitter])</del>. Typically, these discussions are humorous exposures of articles/editorials that are pro-open access, but locked behind paywalls. The main concern that motivates these discussions is that restricted access to public scientific knowledge is slowing scientific progress.&lt;ref name="Open Access to Publications to Expa"/&gt; The practice has been justified as important for raising awareness of open access.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Eve |first1=Martin Paul |title=How ironic are the open access irony awards? |url=https://eve.gd/2013/10/21/how-ironic-are-the-open-access-irony-awards/ |website=Martin Paul Eve |language=en |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Open irony refers to the situation where a scholarly journal article advocates open access but the article itself is only accessible by paying a fee to the journal publisher to read the article.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hull |first1=Duncan |title=The Open Access Irony Awards: Naming and shaming them |url=https://duncan.hull.name/2012/02/15/open-irony/ |website=O'Really? |date=15 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=Green |title=Whatever happened to the Academic Spring? (Or the irony of hiding papers on transparency and accountability behind a paywall) |url=https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whatever-happened-to-the-academic-spring-or-the-irony-of-being-prevented-from-reading-papers-on-transparency-and-accountability/ |website=From Poverty to Power |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235834/https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/whatever-happened-to-the-academic-spring-or-the-irony-of-being-prevented-from-reading-papers-on-transparency-and-accountability/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Open Access to Publications to Expa"&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |title=Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology |journal=Norwegian Archaeological Review |date=29 October 2020 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1080/00293652.2020.1837233|s2cid=228961066 |url=http://osf.io/v9kfy/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; This has been noted in many fields, with more than 20 examples appearing since around 2010, including in widely-read journals such as ''[[The Lancet]]'', ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' and ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''. In 2012 Duncan Hull proposed the Open Access Irony award to publicly humiliate journals that publish these kinds of papers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=Teresa Auch |title=Practicing What You Preach: Evaluating Access of Open Access Research |journal=The Journal of Electronic Publishing |date=2 March 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.3998/3336451.0021.103|doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.3336451.0021.103 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of these have been shared and discussed on social media using the [[hashtag]] #openirony. Typically, these discussions are humorous exposures of articles/editorials that are pro-open access, but locked behind paywalls. The main concern that motivates these discussions is that restricted access to public scientific knowledge is slowing scientific progress.&lt;ref name="Open Access to Publications to Expa"/&gt; The practice has been justified as important for raising awareness of open access.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Eve |first1=Martin Paul |title=How ironic are the open access irony awards? |url=https://eve.gd/2013/10/21/how-ironic-are-the-open-access-irony-awards/ |website=Martin Paul Eve |language=en |date=21 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Infrastructure ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Infrastructure ==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>ElKevbo</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257888547&oldid=1257887680</id> <title>Open access</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257888547&oldid=1257887680"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:21:06Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Reverted 4 edits by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/EditorialReprints" title="Special:Contributions/EditorialReprints">EditorialReprints</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:EditorialReprints" title="User talk:EditorialReprints">talk</a>) to last revision by Adnarimiranda</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:21, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 419:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 419:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del> [http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in US.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins> [http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in US.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del> [[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins> [[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del> [https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins> [https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del> [https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins> [https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- [https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press]: [[Pyrrhic Press]], an independent publisher dedicated to open-access business and research literature, focusing on professional development, environmental sustainability, and innovative business theories.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Open access navbox}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Open access navbox}}</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Remsense</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257888515&oldid=1257888345</id> <title>Academic publishing</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257888515&oldid=1257888345"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:20:53Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>Undid revision 1257888345 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/EditorialReprints" title="Special:Contributions/EditorialReprints">EditorialReprints</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:EditorialReprints" title="User talk:EditorialReprints">talk</a>): rv LLM sludge</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:20, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Publishing in Business Literature</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Overview</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business literature is a growing and dynamic field that covers topics ranging from management and finance to entrepreneurship, corporate strategy, marketing, and human resources. This type of publishing is unique because it serves both academic and practical needs, catering to researchers, industry professionals, policymakers, and educators. With the rise of digital and open-access models, business literature has become more accessible, enabling knowledge dissemination that reaches beyond traditional academic audiences.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Growth of Business Publishing</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The demand for business-related publications has increased significantly over the past few decades, reflecting growing global interest in topics like corporate governance, digital innovation, leadership, and economic trends. Many business journals focus on empirical studies and case analyses that provide practical insights for managers and executives. Additionally, scholarly publications in business research contribute to the broader academic community by offering new theoretical perspectives and frameworks.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most business research is published in academic journals, which are regarded as primary sources. These journals are often complemented by secondary sources, such as review articles that summarize and analyze existing research on specific business topics. Tertiary sources, including textbooks, encyclopedias, and handbooks, provide overviews for broad audiences, serving as essential resources for both educational and professional contexts.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Independent and Open-Access Publishing in Business</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In recent years, independent publishers have played an increasingly important role in the field of business literature. One example is Pyrrhic Press, an independent publisher committed to open-access publishing. By focusing on accessibility, Pyrrhic Press and other independent publishers address the needs of diverse audiences, including business professionals who benefit from practical insights without the barrier of subscription fees.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through publications like the Professionals in Business Journal (PIBJ), Pyrrhic Press contributes to the accessibility and relevance of business literature, providing open-access articles, case studies, and theoretical advancements. Independent publishers like Pyrrhic Press often prioritize sustainable publishing practices, using digital formats and print-on-demand methods to reduce their environmental impact.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distinctions Within Business Publishing</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business publishing encompasses a range of disciplines and methods, often blending empirical research with case-based studies and qualitative analysis. Key areas include:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Management and Organizational Studies: Journals in this field publish research on leadership, organizational behavior, and corporate strategy, which often incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Finance and Economics: Business finance literature covers investment, asset management, and market analysis, with quantitative methods being central to this area.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Publications in this domain highlight new business models, startup case studies, and innovation strategies, often targeting both practitioners and researchers.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Journals in this field analyze market trends, branding, and consumer psychology, providing insights that influence both academic theories and practical applications.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Future Directions</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business publishing is likely to continue evolving with a focus on digital access, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainability. As digital and open-access models gain traction, independent publishers like Pyrrhic Press play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of business literature. The emphasis on sustainability in publishing practices also reflects a growing awareness of the environmental impact of traditional print publishing, leading to the adoption of digital-first approaches and print-on-demand options.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>References</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press]: [[Pyrrhic Press]], an independent publisher dedicated to open-access business and research literature, focusing on professional development, environmental sustainability, and innovative business theories.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world."</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in the US.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organizations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Remsense</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257888345&oldid=1255777275</id> <title>Academic publishing</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishing&diff=1257888345&oldid=1255777275"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:19:47Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">Publishing by discipline: </span> Including Business as a discipline</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:19, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 141:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first [[tenure-track]] job, and a published or forthcoming ''book'' is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this ''de facto'' system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the 1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each [[graduate student]] [[fellow]]ship or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Publishing in Business Literature</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Overview</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business literature is a growing and dynamic field that covers topics ranging from management and finance to entrepreneurship, corporate strategy, marketing, and human resources. This type of publishing is unique because it serves both academic and practical needs, catering to researchers, industry professionals, policymakers, and educators. With the rise of digital and open-access models, business literature has become more accessible, enabling knowledge dissemination that reaches beyond traditional academic audiences.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Growth of Business Publishing</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The demand for business-related publications has increased significantly over the past few decades, reflecting growing global interest in topics like corporate governance, digital innovation, leadership, and economic trends. Many business journals focus on empirical studies and case analyses that provide practical insights for managers and executives. Additionally, scholarly publications in business research contribute to the broader academic community by offering new theoretical perspectives and frameworks.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most business research is published in academic journals, which are regarded as primary sources. These journals are often complemented by secondary sources, such as review articles that summarize and analyze existing research on specific business topics. Tertiary sources, including textbooks, encyclopedias, and handbooks, provide overviews for broad audiences, serving as essential resources for both educational and professional contexts.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Independent and Open-Access Publishing in Business</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In recent years, independent publishers have played an increasingly important role in the field of business literature. One example is Pyrrhic Press, an independent publisher committed to open-access publishing. By focusing on accessibility, Pyrrhic Press and other independent publishers address the needs of diverse audiences, including business professionals who benefit from practical insights without the barrier of subscription fees.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through publications like the Professionals in Business Journal (PIBJ), Pyrrhic Press contributes to the accessibility and relevance of business literature, providing open-access articles, case studies, and theoretical advancements. Independent publishers like Pyrrhic Press often prioritize sustainable publishing practices, using digital formats and print-on-demand methods to reduce their environmental impact.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distinctions Within Business Publishing</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business publishing encompasses a range of disciplines and methods, often blending empirical research with case-based studies and qualitative analysis. Key areas include:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Management and Organizational Studies: Journals in this field publish research on leadership, organizational behavior, and corporate strategy, which often incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Finance and Economics: Business finance literature covers investment, asset management, and market analysis, with quantitative methods being central to this area.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Publications in this domain highlight new business models, startup case studies, and innovation strategies, often targeting both practitioners and researchers.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Journals in this field analyze market trends, branding, and consumer psychology, providing insights that influence both academic theories and practical applications.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Future Directions</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Business publishing is likely to continue evolving with a focus on digital access, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainability. As digital and open-access models gain traction, independent publishers like Pyrrhic Press play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of business literature. The emphasis on sustainability in publishing practices also reflects a growing awareness of the environmental impact of traditional print publishing, leading to the adoption of digital-first approaches and print-on-demand options.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>References</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press]: [[Pyrrhic Press]], an independent publisher dedicated to open-access business and research literature, focusing on professional development, environmental sustainability, and innovative business theories.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world."</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in the US.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organizations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Open access journals==</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>EditorialReprints</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257887680&oldid=1257598043</id> <title>Open access</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access&diff=1257887680&oldid=1257598043"/> <updated>2024-11-17T03:15:19Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p><span class="autocomment">External links</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:15, 17 November 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 419:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 419:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del> [http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in US.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins> [http://oad.simmons.edu/ OAD]: [[Open Access Directory]], an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by [[Peter Suber]] and Robin Peek). {{oclc|757073363}}. Published by [[Simmons School of Library and Information Science]] in US.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del> [[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins> [[Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association|OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association]], a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del> [https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins> [https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project OATP]: [[Open Access Tracking Project]], a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). {{oclc|1040261573}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del> [https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins> [https://goap.info/ GOAP]: [[UNESCO]]'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- [https://www.pyrrhicpress.org Pyrrhic Press]: [[Pyrrhic Press]], an independent publisher dedicated to open-access business and research literature, focusing on professional development, environmental sustainability, and innovative business theories.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Open access navbox}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Open access navbox}}</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>EditorialReprints</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&diff=1257850321&oldid=1257604698</id> <title>Sci-Hub</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sci-Hub&diff=1257850321&oldid=1257604698"/> <updated>2024-11-16T23:14:08Z</updated> <summary type="html"><p>cannot find source supporting uploads are back up since 2022 (revert edit 1256663411)</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Previous revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:14, 16 November 2024</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Sci-Hub''' is a [[shadow library]] website that provides free access to millions of [[academic paper|research papers]], [[copyright infringement|regardless of copyright]],&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt; by bypassing publishers' [[paywall]]s in various ways.&lt;ref name="Segado-Boj-2022-12"/&gt;&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bohannon/&gt;&lt;ref name="Elbakyan2017"/&gt; Unlike [[Library Genesis]], it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in [[Kazakhstan]] by [[Alexandra Elbakyan]] in 2011, in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls (see [[Serials crisis]]). The site is extensively used worldwide.&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bohannon/&gt; In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day.&lt;ref name="roskomsvoboda"&gt;{{cite web|url=https://roskomsvoboda.org/49416/|title=Sci-Hub отметил восьмилетие|website=Roskomsvoboda.org|date=6 September 2019|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021170135/https://roskomsvoboda.org/49416/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Sci-Hub''' is a [[shadow library]] website that provides free access to millions of [[academic paper|research papers]], [[copyright infringement|regardless of copyright]],&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt; by bypassing publishers' [[paywall]]s in various ways.&lt;ref name="Segado-Boj-2022-12"/&gt;&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bohannon/&gt;&lt;ref name="Elbakyan2017"/&gt; Unlike [[Library Genesis]], it does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in [[Kazakhstan]] by [[Alexandra Elbakyan]] in 2011, in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls (see [[Serials crisis]]). The site is extensively used worldwide.&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bohannon/&gt; In September 2019, the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day.&lt;ref name="roskomsvoboda"&gt;{{cite web|url=https://roskomsvoboda.org/49416/|title=Sci-Hub отметил восьмилетие|website=Roskomsvoboda.org|date=6 September 2019|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021170135/https://roskomsvoboda.org/49416/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of the enormous size of its collection; a 2018 study estimated that Sci-Hub provided access to most of the scholarly publications with issued [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] numbers.&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt; On 15 July 2022, Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprised 88,343,822 files.&lt;ref&gt;Sci-Hub Official website: About. Retrieved 2022-07-15.&lt;/ref&gt; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From</del> December 2020<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> to 2022</del>, the site has paused uploads due to [[#India|legal troubles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.reddit.com/r/scihub/comments/lofj0r/announcement_scihub_has_been_paused_no_new/ | title=Announcement: Sci-Hub has been paused, NO NEW ARTICLES will be downloadable via Sci-Hub until further notice | date=20 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to its intensive use, Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of the enormous size of its collection; a 2018 study estimated that Sci-Hub provided access to most of the scholarly publications with issued [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] numbers.&lt;ref name="eLife"/&gt; On 15 July 2022, Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprised 88,343,822 files.&lt;ref&gt;Sci-Hub Official website: About. Retrieved 2022-07-15.&lt;/ref&gt; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since</ins> December 2020, the site has paused uploads due to [[#India|legal troubles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.reddit.com/r/scihub/comments/lofj0r/announcement_scihub_has_been_paused_no_new/ | title=Announcement: Sci-Hub has been paused, NO NEW ARTICLES will be downloadable via Sci-Hub until further notice | date=20 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sci-Hub and Elbakyan were sued twice for [[copyright infringement]] in the United States, in 2015 and 2017, and lost both cases [[default judgment|by default]], leading to loss of some of its Internet [[domain name]]s.&lt;ref name=Chawla/&gt; The site has cycled through different domain names since then.&lt;ref name="eLife"&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Himmelstein|first1=Daniel S|last2=Romero|first2=Ariel Rodriguez|last3=Levernier|first3=Jacob G|last4=Munro|first4=Thomas Anthony|last5=McLaughlin|first5=Stephen Reid|last6=Greshake Tzovaras|first6=Bastian|last7=Greene|first7=Casey S|date=1 March 2018|title=Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=7|doi=10.7554/eLife.32822|issn=2050-084X|pmc=5832410|pmid=29424689 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|sci-hub.org was one of the first ones.}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sci-Hub and Elbakyan were sued twice for [[copyright infringement]] in the United States, in 2015 and 2017, and lost both cases [[default judgment|by default]], leading to loss of some of its Internet [[domain name]]s.&lt;ref name=Chawla/&gt; The site has cycled through different domain names since then.&lt;ref name="eLife"&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Himmelstein|first1=Daniel S|last2=Romero|first2=Ariel Rodriguez|last3=Levernier|first3=Jacob G|last4=Munro|first4=Thomas Anthony|last5=McLaughlin|first5=Stephen Reid|last6=Greshake Tzovaras|first6=Bastian|last7=Greene|first7=Casey S|date=1 March 2018|title=Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=7|doi=10.7554/eLife.32822|issn=2050-084X|pmc=5832410|pmid=29424689 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|sci-hub.org was one of the first ones.}}</div></td> </tr>  </table></summary> <author><name>Treetear</name></author> </entry> </feed>

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