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data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-5d669b6e-d60a-4564-9757-247d10d3cacf"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-5d669b6e-d60a-4564-9757-247d10d3cacf"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andrew N Liaropoulos" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/227716/50702/23597235/s200_andrew.liaropoulos.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Andrew N Liaropoulos</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/">University of Piraeus</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/Departments/International_and_European_Studies/Documents">International and European Studies</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Andrew" data-follow-user-id="227716" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" 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class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Dr. Andrew Liaropoulos is Associate Professor in University of Piraeus, Greece. He earned his Master's Degree in Intelligence and Strategic Studies at Aberystwyth University and his Doctorate Diploma at Swansea University.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://yale.academia.edu/LucianoFloridi"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Luciano Floridi related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" 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type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="227716">View All (30)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="227716" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_and_European_Studies"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos","location":"/AndrewLiaropoulos","scheme":"https","host":"piraeus.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AndrewLiaropoulos","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" 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role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>31</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Chapters" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookchapters" role="tab" title="Book Chapters"><span>11</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Book Chapters</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Reviews" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookreviews" role="tab" title="Book Reviews"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Book Reviews</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip more-tab" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-documents-more-tab link-unstyled u-textTruncate" data-toggle="dropdown" role="tab">More  <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a><ul class="js-profile-documents-more-dropdown dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right profile-documents-more-dropdown" role="menu"><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Conference-Proceedings" data-toggle="tab" href="#conferenceproceedings" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>7</span> Conference Proceedings</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="ECCWS-2014" data-toggle="tab" href="#eccws2014" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>1</span> ECCWS 2014</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Conference-Presentations" data-toggle="tab" href="#conferencepresentations" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>1</span> Conference Presentations</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Conference-Programmes-and-Book-of-Abstracts" data-toggle="tab" href="#conferenceprogrammesandbookofabstracts" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Conference Programmes and Book of Abstracts</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>3</span> Books</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Andrew N Liaropoulos</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123153802"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123153802/H_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of H πρόκληση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης για την ευρωπαϊκή άμυνα" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117655610/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123153802/H_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1">H πρόκληση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης για την ευρωπαϊκή άμυνα</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policy Journal</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9f540f070d3f01f651c3bc54a431b32e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117655610,"asset_id":123153802,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117655610/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa 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href="https://www.academia.edu/117598764/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B7"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα: Προκλήσεις για το μέλλον του πολέμου και τη διεθνή τάξη" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113413898/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117598764/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B7">Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα: Προκλήσεις για το μέλλον του πολέμου και τη διεθνή τάξη</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Αεροπορική Επιθεώρηση</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτον...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτονικές αλλαγές τόσο στις αντιλήψεις μας περί πολέμου όσο και σε αυτές που αφορούσαν στην «εκμετάλλευση» των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν, τόσο ο αέρας όσο και το διάστημα, για την εδραίωση της εθνικής ασφάλειας. Στην προσπάθειά της για κατανόηση της δυναμικότητας των εξελίξεων στον τομέα αυτό, η Πολεμική μας Αεροπορία έχει θεσμοθετήσει τη διοργάνωση ετήσιων συνεδρίων Αεροπορικής Ισχύος, όπου εγχώριοι αλλά και συμμετέχοντες από συμμαχικές χώρες, στρατιωτικοί και πολιτικό προσωπικό, έχουν τη δυνατότητα να μας πληροφορήσουν για τις τελευταίες εξελίξεις στους τομείς του εναέριου και διαστημικού περιβάλλοντος σε στρατηγικό, επιχειρησιακό και τακτικό επίπεδο. Η Αεροπορική Επιθεώρηση προχώρησε στην έκδοση των πρακτικών του 8 ου Συνεδρίου Αεροπορικής Ισχύος με το τεύχος νο.129. Το παρόν τεύχος, ως αφιέρωμα στα δέκα χρόνια του θεσμού, επιλεκτικά εστιάζει σε αρθρογράφους που συμμετείχαν σε προηγούμενα συνέδρια, των οποίων η επιστημονική εργασία επί της Αεροπορικής Ισχύος διακρίνεται και για τη διαχρονικότητά τους. Το άρθρο του Καθηγητού (Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς) Κων/ου Κολλιόπουλου θα ασχοληθεί με το ζήτημα της Αποτρεπτικής Στρατηγικής για τις Π.Α. των Μικρών Κρατών ενώ αυτό του Καθηγητού στη Σ.Ι. (Ταξιάρχου ε.α.) Αλέξανδρου Κολοβού με τα διδάγματα από τη χρήση της Διαστημικής Τεχνολογίας στον Πόλεμο της Ουκρανίας. Οι εξελίξεις στα Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα και ο ρόλος τους για το Μέλλον του Πολέμου και τη Διεθνή Τάξη απασχολεί τον Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή (Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς) Ανδρέα Λιαρόπουλο, ενώ το ενδιαφέρον του Σμηνάρχου (ΜΗ) Κων/νου Ζηκίδη, (Δρ. ΕΜΠ, Διδάσκων Σ.Ι.) εστιάζεται στη συνεργασία Επανδρωμένων Μαχητικών με Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα στο Σύγχρονο Πεδίο Μάχης. Η Συλλογή και Εκμετάλλευση Πληροφοριών σε Διακλαδικό Επίπεδο απασχολεί το Δρ. (ΕΜΠ) Αθανάσιο Πότση ενώ οι Τεχνολογίες Σμήνωσης (Swarming) για Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα (ΜΕΑ) ενδιαφέρουν τους Καθηγητές Βάιο Λάππα (ΕΚΠΑ) και Βασίλειο Κωστόπουλο (Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών). Το αφιέρωμα θα ολοκληρώσουν τα άρθρα των Αντισυνταγματάρχη (Γ) Κων/νου Σχοινά, (ΓΥΣ) για τη Στρατηγική Επικοινωνία ως Συντελεστή Ήπιας Ισχύος κατά τη Διαδικασία Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων και του Επίκουρου Καθηγητή (ΣΣΕ) Ιωάννη-Διονύσιου Σαλαβράκου για τις Προκλήσεις Ασφάλειας στις περιοχές του Ειρηνικού, του Ινδικού και της Σινικής Θάλασσας.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03da144d881dfc3aea8a0e25f72e9676" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113413898,"asset_id":117598764,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113413898/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117598764"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117598764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117598764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117598764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117598764]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117598764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117598764']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "03da144d881dfc3aea8a0e25f72e9676" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117598764]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117598764,"title":"Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα: Προκλήσεις για το μέλλον του πολέμου και τη διεθνή τάξη","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτονικές αλλαγές τόσο στις αντιλήψεις μας περί πολέμου όσο και σε αυτές που αφορούσαν στην «εκμετάλλευση» των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν, τόσο ο αέρας όσο και το διάστημα, για την εδραίωση της εθνικής ασφάλειας. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/110293013/Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108155209/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110293013/Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media">Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting<br />audiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4b087a79fda1c527ffd40991bb5fc27f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108155209,"asset_id":110293013,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108155209/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110293013"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110293013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110293013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110293013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110293013]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110293013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110293013']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4b087a79fda1c527ffd40991bb5fc27f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110293013]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110293013,"title":"Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1353/gia.2023.a913646","abstract":"Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. 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The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting\naudiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":108155209,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108155209/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108155209/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108155209/GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023-libre.pdf?1701441923=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVictory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=L5khrQgR1-AtzAXNyE-lV41S49dl3-lOONcRuKcyJ3f4EoYmHVBoHL1H-u2PohBQwdxo6hSA1GlJFF5Ub6Dwx5mLg3KMDi4w0hplm18zvpO3457VJUdZ8bF1lEaV1phlMcttsJysPMaVoqgQ-sey79pnI15-w2PLACH-aLI3CKLWg6VD6J4-vFntn7X5TDboJZY95HwyxKGXGdOoQDSxtyck5vWZm8ZtHJt5zb0UNpRvb4GoRI86KFkSjsMmiT82GP3F-tI-HRUo~g0WgN4aq-Lmr9pb~G27tLujyVSprqfOU3HflK0Fd0Dg7~eowH3TPHR7muuRXDlH9QGHnpKSGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies"},{"id":2869,"name":"Digital Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Media"},{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies"},{"id":4810,"name":"Information Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Warfare"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies"},{"id":9218,"name":"Strategic Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Communication"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media"},{"id":11337,"name":"Cyber Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Warfare"},{"id":18085,"name":"Psychological operations (PSYOP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_operations_PSYOP_"},{"id":30947,"name":"The Internet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Internet"},{"id":42194,"name":"Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warfare"},{"id":63322,"name":"Russian-Ukrainian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian-Ukrainian_Relations"},{"id":115676,"name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Security"},{"id":131971,"name":"Global Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Politics"},{"id":294517,"name":"Defense and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_Strategic_Studies"},{"id":3286728,"name":"TikTok","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TikTok-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-110293013-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="98948941"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/98948941/Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Russia's Strategy in Eastern Mediterranean" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100163892/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/98948941/Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean">Russia's Strategy in Eastern Mediterranean</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policy Paper on EU’s Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Space, Energy & Security Policies</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f74113830f08a6a4d39e7f8de7bd640d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100163892,"asset_id":98948941,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100163892/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="98948941"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="98948941"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98948941; 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It discusses Russia's military interventions, particularly in Syria and Libya, as well as its growing relations with regional actors. While acknowledging Russia's increased influence, the analysis also points to limitations due to its economic challenges and the need for a long-term strategy to solidify its role in a complex geopolitical landscape.","ai_title_tag":"Russia's Eastern Mediterranean Strategy Analysis","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Policy Paper on EU’s Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Space, Energy \u0026 Security Policies"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98948941/Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-03-22T08:39:27.596-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":100163892,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100163892/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos_Russia_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100163892/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100163892/Liaropoulos_Russia_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean-libre.pdf?1679501137=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRussias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranea.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461721\u0026Signature=EawZuWZVlxHEd~M7qvKo54FYwlshHWgy08IcnVoX8ufveucjHKeQBdtFrTS41il0kMYMGqxRWX8gKSloq8MEk18NM1nTtnUVHh7KhtNixTjIGox0vBaEqB8VOiECKxt2gzKKL9R9e3kXan6zmFa-QyWM2exmq0miml99sMXC514VRab1Ty6Rosf0oRSoDNKJq78-f6jbqC7QEhBMJsAOg9EF53Dm-PAHu-AndHnrZ0lGmkv5sLTI6wLun3zT5vB0O0eMtJ~0R6qBMsmmfoZuyrtoB7Ff5lR9INARe5xX~nY1gvGO5T3rfZJKPYOkqD6YHJSVUq5P39EudT9P674dFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":100163892,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100163892/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos_Russia_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100163892/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100163892/Liaropoulos_Russia_in_the_Eastern_Mediterranean-libre.pdf?1679501137=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRussias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranea.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461721\u0026Signature=EawZuWZVlxHEd~M7qvKo54FYwlshHWgy08IcnVoX8ufveucjHKeQBdtFrTS41il0kMYMGqxRWX8gKSloq8MEk18NM1nTtnUVHh7KhtNixTjIGox0vBaEqB8VOiECKxt2gzKKL9R9e3kXan6zmFa-QyWM2exmq0miml99sMXC514VRab1Ty6Rosf0oRSoDNKJq78-f6jbqC7QEhBMJsAOg9EF53Dm-PAHu-AndHnrZ0lGmkv5sLTI6wLun3zT5vB0O0eMtJ~0R6qBMsmmfoZuyrtoB7Ff5lR9INARe5xX~nY1gvGO5T3rfZJKPYOkqD6YHJSVUq5P39EudT9P674dFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security"},{"id":3873,"name":"Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Studies"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies"},{"id":6952,"name":"Mediterranean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Studies"},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy"},{"id":67134,"name":"Grand Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grand_Strategy"},{"id":160948,"name":"Global Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Security"},{"id":161785,"name":"Russian Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Geopolitics"},{"id":549044,"name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"id":782428,"name":"Russian Military Strategy and Doctrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Military_Strategy_and_Doctrine"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-98948941-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91330731"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/91330731/Information_as_an_Instrument_of_Power_Lesson_learned_from_the_War_in_Ukraine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94648406/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/91330731/Information_as_an_Instrument_of_Power_Lesson_learned_from_the_War_in_Ukraine">Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>NATO OPEN Publications</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert infl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. This paper reviews the way Russia has ‘weaponized’ information in the cases of the Crimea’s annexation in 2014 and the ongoing, since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various means and methods that Russia has employed. The Kremlin, via its information apparatus has exploited<br />the Internet and social media platforms, in order to spread disinformation, construct strategic narratives and influence the decision-making processes of targeted audiences (mainly Ukraine and NATO member-states). Though the direct results of such operations are hard to measure,<br />there is evidence that they have had effect in both operational and strategic terms. Confronting this challenge requires a number of measures that range from the construction of counter narratives and the use of social media algorithms to detect fake news, to the internet literacy of the population and the projection of objective reporting to Russian speaking audiences.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-91330731-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-91330731-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299694/figure-1-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299707/figure-2-information-is-an-essential-element-of-state-power"><img alt="Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influ- ence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. This paper reviews the way Russia has ‘weaponized’ information in the cases of the Crimea’s annexation in 2014 and the ongoing, since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various means and methods that Russia has employed. The Kremlin, via its information apparatus has ex- ploited the Internet and social media platforms, in order to spread disinformation, construct stra- tegic narratives and influence the decision-making processes of targeted audiences (mainly Ukraine and NATO member-states). Though the direct results of such operations are hard to meas- ure, there is evidence that they have had effect in both operational and strategic terms. Confront- ing this challenge requires a number of measures that range from the construction of counter narratives and the use of social media algorithms to detect fake news, to the internet literacy of the population and the projection of objective reporting to Russian-speaking audiences. since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299711/figure-3-an-era-characterized-by-the-rapid-development-of"><img alt="an era characterized by the rapid development of ICTs, it is only natural that information plays sntral role in any type of sociopolitical confrontation. Apart from the traditional battlefield, state ive also to take into consideration the battlespace of the mind and the war of narratives. Informatio erations are not new, but their potential in an information-intensive environment poses a gre< vallenge for liberal democracies. Information operations - regardless of whether they are labeled a litical warfare or influence operations or exercised as an element of a broader hybrid campaign (ploit the vulnerabilities of liberal democracies and target both the elites and societies of the wester ates in order to influence political behavior and public opinion. The toolkit involves the disseminatio ‘false, misleading and manipulative information in the media - especially the social media. Info ation operations exploit one of the most challenging characteristics of our era: ambiguity. The line tween virtual and real, domestic and international, public and private have eroded, and the resu far more ambiguity. Planting and disseminating a lie via social media is cheap and easy. On the othe ind, identifying the lie, tracking its origins, and communicating ‘your’ truth to the same audiences | bor intensive and costly’. 3 Keir Giles, The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2016), 7. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299716/figure-4-and-asymmetric-military-means-in-the-case-of"><img alt="and asymmetric military means. In the case of Crimea’s annexation, many analysts identified elements of these practices in the battlefield. 2 Information as an instrument of power: the case of Crimea’s annexation Prior to Euromaidan, Ukraine was portrayed as the ‘little brother’ who depended from the older one - Russia - for support. In this narrative, Ukraine was framed as a subordinate partner that shares com- mon origins and values with Russia. This narrative was useful for Kremlin, up to a point. It justified its involvement in the so-called near abroad, but did not justify a military operation against Ukraine. Thus, this narrative gradually changed and a new one emerged, where Ukraine was interpreted as irrational and misguided, as a traitor that has turned to the West (EU and NATO). Adding to that a more specific narrative was constructed, one that exploited fear and that was the threat of Ukrainians as Nazi, rad- ical nationalists and right wing extremists”. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299730/figure-5-both-russia-and-ukraine-used-various-social-media"><img alt="54 Both Russia and Ukraine used various social media platforms like VKontakte, Twitter, Instragram and messag- ing apps like WhatsApp, Signal, Viber and Facebook Messenger to promote their information operations, but Telegram stands out as the most popular one, since it enables its users to create groups of up to 200.000 members. See inte licy. Christian Perez, “Information Warfare in Russia’s War in Ukraine. The role of social media and artificial ligence in shaping global narratives”, Foreign Policy, August 22, 2022, https://foreignpo- com/2022/08/22/information-warfare-in-russias-war-in-ukraine/ 35 Alexander Martin, “Ukraine war: Britain accuses sick Russian troll factory of plaguing social media with Krem- lin trol 36 B 21, -factory-o Red mayne-Tit propaganda”, Sky News, May 1, 2022, https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-britain-accuses-sick-russian- f-plaguing-social- media- with-kremlin-propaganda- 12603200 rett Redmayne-Titley, “Ukraine’s Nazi connection and the British national cover-up”, The UNZ Review, May 2022, https://www.unz.com/article/ukraines-nazi-connection-and-the-british-national-cover-up/ and Brett ey, “History of Ukraine’s Nazi connection”, Global Research, May 23, 2022, https://www.global- research.ca/ukraine-nazi-connection-british-national-cover-up/578 1054 37 Recorded Future, Russian information operations aim to divide the western coalition on Ukraine, 5 and RIA Novosti, “Poland moves to seize the western territories of Ukraine, says Patrushev”, May 31, 2022, hitne://riqg 1m1/9NI9908 21 /natrichev—179090N275945 htm] 54 Both Russia and Ukraine used various social media platforms like VKontakte, Twitter, Instragram and messag- ing apps like WhatsApp, Signal, Viber and Facebook Messenger to promote their information operations, but Telegram stands out as the most popular one, since it enables its users to create groups of up to 200.000 members See Christian Perez, “Information Warfare in Russia’s War in Ukraine. The role of social media and artificia intelligence in shaping global narratives”, Foreign Policy, August 22, 2022, https://foreignpo- licy.com/2022/08/22/information-warfare-in-russias-war-in-ukraine/ 35 A lewandA ax LAnediion “Teenie <xrne Detinin anniwasn aiale Desanian tert! fantasy: nfelamier anriial eompAta «with VWeaw " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299740/figure-6-ukraine-managed-to-communicate-its-side-of-the"><img alt="Ukraine managed to communicate its side of the story better that Russia. To begin with, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, acting as a media star and appearing in military-style clothing has framed the war as a battle between the Ukrainian David standing up to the Russian Goliath. Besides Zelenskyy, Ukrainian officials and individual citizens flood social media with words and images about their re- sistance to the invader’. In the first days of the war, the Ukrainian government encouraged its citizens to resist, to block the streets so that Russian troops cannot advance and to demonstrate that they are not welcome. Furthermore, Ukraine set up web pages containing pictures and information about Rus- sian prisoners of war, in an effort to demoralize the Russian population with photos and videos of captured Russian soldiers. The external target audience, meaning the international community, was obviously more sympathetic to the Ukrainian narrative, than to the Russian one. Kyiv also successfully used fact-checker groups to undermine Russia’s rhetoric and warned its citizens and the international public opinion of potential Russian false flag operations. To conclude, Ukraine dominated on the in- formation battleground and by gaining international support, managed to translate this success into effective defense of its territory. It is important to note, although not within the scope of the present paper, that Russia has employed information instruments long before the annexation of Crimea in 2014. From the late 1990s, but more aggressively in the years following the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Kremlin used media to trans- mit narratives that questioned Crimea’s connection with Ukraine, in cultural and historic terms and Ukrainian officials and individual citizens flood social media with words and images about their re- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299750/figure-7-the-question-that-inevitably-arises-is-what-can-be"><img alt="The question that inevitably arises is what can be done to counter such operations? Any effort to counter Russia’s information operations requires a comprehensive approach that involves state agen- cies, collective actions within NATO, cooperation with the private sector and the active involvement of the media in investigative journalism projects and the construction of counter-narratives*®. NATO’s member-states can respond to information campaigns with defensive or offensive measures. In par- ticular, defensive measures are overt and aim to safeguard a state’s information domain, whereas offensive ones are covert and aim to target the enemy’s information domain. Striking a balance be- tween defensive and offensive measures is not an easy task, for reasons that mainly have to do with the way a liberal democracy functions. Paradoxically enough, democracies have to tolerate some prop- aganda in order to stand up for democratic values. Democracies have to draw a line between legiti- mate expressions of freedom of speech, on the one hand, and foreign interference that triggers polit- ical upheavals. However, the dividing lines between ordinary people expressing their views and state sponsored trolls can sometime be vague. To what extent should democracies value freedom of speech and thereby enable the spread of disinformation and fake news? One defensive measure, for example, is censorship of the Russian media. This option is very unpopular within the Alliance. Any form of cen- sorship would create a boomerang effect, since it would legitimize the Russian narrative. Likewise, an offensive measure is the employment of counter information warfare campaigns, in order to infiltrate and manipulate the Russian information domain. Again, such an option is not desirable in liberal de- counter Russia’s information operations requires a comprehensive approach that involves state agen- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299761/figure-8-encompassing-approach-will-ensure-the-necessary"><img alt="encompassing approach will ensure the necessary balance between the functioning of liberal democ- racy and the protection of societal cohesion. Fighting propaganda with propaganda is simply not an option. It is only the truth that sheds light on the darkness. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299773/figure-9-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299781/figure-10-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299789/table-1-about-the-author-information-as-an-instrument-of"><img alt="About the author: “Information as an instrument of power - Lessons learned from the war in Ukraine” " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-91330731-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="50812aef154c3941527effda7969204d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94648406,"asset_id":91330731,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94648406/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91330731"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91330731"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91330731; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91330731]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91330731]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91330731; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='91330731']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "50812aef154c3941527effda7969204d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=91330731]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":91330731,"title":"Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. 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In China,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="40a35e12dbb5d1d865b05deac0e67ce7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81016896,"asset_id":71829949,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81016896/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="71829949"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71829949"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71829949; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71829949]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71829949]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71829949; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='71829949']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "40a35e12dbb5d1d865b05deac0e67ce7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=71829949]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":71829949,"title":"Digital Authoritarianism 'Made in China': Installing a Digital Dystopia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.37458/nstf.23.1.7","issue":"1","volume":"23","abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified the use of digital technologies in the name of public health and safety and vividly illustrated how societies, even democratic ones, can tolerate the expansion of executive power and accept restrictions on liberties. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43455901/A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63763122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43455901/A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_">A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Information Warfare</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on on...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on one hand and the state and government on the other. Cyberspace, by serving as a unique global platform for the connection and communication of its billions of users, creates its own social structure and thereby forms a new regulatory ecosystem. The societal reform that is facilitated by cyberspace challenges the traditional understanding of rights and responsibilities that shape social contract theory. The disinformation campaigns, the spread of hate speech, and the emergence of systemic algorithmic discrimination are examples that illustrate the need for new rules and social agreements between all stakeholders. This research aims to manifest the necessity of a social contract for the digital era. The study will first review the social contract theory and in particular, the classic works of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau and then specify the challenges that the state, the corporate sector and civil society face. The study concludes that the construction of a social contract between governments, citizens and companies, is still in its early phase. The enforcement of greater transparency, the implementation of new market regulations and above all the building of trust will enable the emergence of a new social contract.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3ae82b208e52e20720856e2202e0fd70" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63763122,"asset_id":43455901,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63763122/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43455901"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43455901"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43455901; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43455901]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43455901]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43455901; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43455901']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3ae82b208e52e20720856e2202e0fd70" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43455901]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43455901,"title":"A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on one hand and the state and government on the other. 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The societal reform that is facilitated by cyberspace challenges the traditional understanding of rights and responsibilities that shape social contract theory. The disinformation campaigns, the spread of hate speech, and the emergence of systemic algorithmic discrimination are examples that illustrate the need for new rules and social agreements between all stakeholders. This research aims to manifest the necessity of a social contract for the digital era. The study will first review the social contract theory and in particular, the classic works of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau and then specify the challenges that the state, the corporate sector and civil society face. The study concludes that the construction of a social contract between governments, citizens and companies, is still in its early phase. The enforcement of greater transparency, the implementation of new market regulations and above all the building of trust will enable the emergence of a new social contract.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43455901/A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-06-28T02:22:08.246-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63763122,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63763122/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos_2020_JIW_19_2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63763122/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63763122/Liaropoulos_2020_JIW_19_2-libre.pdf?1593337339=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461721\u0026Signature=QMUAKDvcMGDgftABA7UX0YOAr3jMfubQ4dcISuOrOqfeV9G0Ih1UM7Swa~rBn47o1UOH4cj3h7hcreEZJSZTVpRjOLbMrggRwRqCUo6NSke86yE8KSSTlguESmYO-82ZXbWDE8u8jXOCSVH9qgy9snBIPIB4Gsz2quWLm~iC20yrxtU7sTPGrT-c5fMImcBjvAe~gu8vjqiEOuGXPvfXtutDiCArhpnNIOuiKfyS5nNTI1gTKC-7N5HZwO5FhjPthWKFN2rK1JATp4DdWI0SNusEFxukDeIQSk4nrHQFax-5t~9Sd1GoouSOmkxlfpDz71njAw130NoEy6WeCealqg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on one hand and the state and government on the other. 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Η αδιάκοπη εξάρτηση των ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων από τις υποδομές πληροφοριών εγείρει το ζήτημα της ασφάλειας. Οι πιο επιζήμιες επιθέσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο είναι εκείνες κατά των κρίσιμων υποδομών και  των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων ενός κράτους. Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία εξετάζει τις κυβερνοεπιθέσεις που έλαβαν χώρα το 2007 στην Εσθονία με σκοπό να αναδείξει την επίδραση τους στην μετεξέλιξη της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Αποτελεί την πρώτη ιστορικά, περίπτωση κυβερνοεπίθεσης εναντίον ενός κυρίαρχου κράτους, η οποία μάλιστα κατέδειξε το πρόβλημα απόδοσης ευθύνης και την ανεπάρκεια του Διεθνούς Δικαίου στον τομέα της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Για τη διερεύνηση του ζητήματος θα αναλυθούν παρακάτω τα μέτρα που έχουν ληφθεί και οι στρατηγικές που έχουν υιοθετηθεί τόσο σε κρατικό όσο και σε θεσμικό επίπεδο. Τέλος, θα παρατεθεί μία συγκριτική ανάλυση Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) και Βορειοατλαντικής Συμμαχίας (ΝΑΤΟ) αναφορικά με τις δυνατότητες των δύο οργανισμών στον τομέα αυτό.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="73b87ed54318f1489135b7251324c4fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63561789,"asset_id":43285912,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63561789/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43285912"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43285912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43285912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43285912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43285912]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43285912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43285912']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "73b87ed54318f1489135b7251324c4fa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43285912]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43285912,"title":"Η επίδραση των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στην κυβερνοασφάλεια","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Ο κυβερνοχώρος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο πέμπτος τομέας των πολεμικών επιχειρήσεων μετά την ξηρά, τον αέρα, τη θάλασσα και το διάστημα, με τη διαφορά ότι είναι ο μόνος που έχει δημιουργηθεί εξ’ ολοκλήρου από τον άνθρωπο. Η αδιάκοπη εξάρτηση των ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων από τις υποδομές πληροφοριών εγείρει το ζήτημα της ασφάλειας. Οι πιο επιζήμιες επιθέσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο είναι εκείνες κατά των κρίσιμων υποδομών και των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων ενός κράτους. Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία εξετάζει τις κυβερνοεπιθέσεις που έλαβαν χώρα το 2007 στην Εσθονία με σκοπό να αναδείξει την επίδραση τους στην μετεξέλιξη της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Αποτελεί την πρώτη ιστορικά, περίπτωση κυβερνοεπίθεσης εναντίον ενός κυρίαρχου κράτους, η οποία μάλιστα κατέδειξε το πρόβλημα απόδοσης ευθύνης και την ανεπάρκεια του Διεθνούς Δικαίου στον τομέα της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Για τη διερεύνηση του ζητήματος θα αναλυθούν παρακάτω τα μέτρα που έχουν ληφθεί και οι στρατηγικές που έχουν υιοθετηθεί τόσο σε κρατικό όσο και σε θεσμικό επίπεδο. Τέλος, θα παρατεθεί μία συγκριτική ανάλυση Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) και Βορειοατλαντικής Συμμαχίας (ΝΑΤΟ) αναφορικά με τις δυνατότητες των δύο οργανισμών στον τομέα αυτό.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Κείμενο Εργασίας, Εργαστήρι Πληροφόρησης \u0026 Κυβερνοασφάλειας"},"translated_abstract":"Ο κυβερνοχώρος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο πέμπτος τομέας των πολεμικών επιχειρήσεων μετά την ξηρά, τον αέρα, τη θάλασσα και το διάστημα, με τη διαφορά ότι είναι ο μόνος που έχει δημιουργηθεί εξ’ ολοκλήρου από τον άνθρωπο. Η αδιάκοπη εξάρτηση των ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων από τις υποδομές πληροφοριών εγείρει το ζήτημα της ασφάλειας. Οι πιο επιζήμιες επιθέσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο είναι εκείνες κατά των κρίσιμων υποδομών και των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων ενός κράτους. Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία εξετάζει τις κυβερνοεπιθέσεις που έλαβαν χώρα το 2007 στην Εσθονία με σκοπό να αναδείξει την επίδραση τους στην μετεξέλιξη της κυβερνοασφάλειας. 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Particularly, as the digital era began, it brought new possibilities and positive prospects for communication, trade and businesses. It provided easier and faster access, alleviated transport and several services. More and more daily activities and transactions are conducted through the use of Internet and technological devices. Soon challenges, threats and risks developed in the cyber space, rooted in the acceleration of technology. Virtual attacks are threatening government institutions, critical infrastructure. Sensitive information or personal data are exposed. The digitalization overall can create more fragile and exposed to dangers societies. Obviously, with the utilization and expansion of cyberspace, its security has been addressed as highly important for governmental and non-governmental actors. <br />Over the past years, the European Union has acknowledged the increasing threats deriving from the nature of our digitally driven world, the reliance on automation and the connection to data. Thus, the EU wants to take the responsibility of cyber security in its own hands by shaping a comprehensive and integral cyber security strategy for its member states as an effort to strengthen the resilience of cyberspace, mitigate the cyber threats and explore all the benefits of digital transformation. <br />This paper explores the territory of cyber security in the European Union. In the first place, it reflects on the challenge of defining “cybersecurity” by the European Union. Secondly, it maps the cyber security threats which pressed EU to shape a cyber security strategy. Then, it aims to identify the main cyber security capabilities, frameworks and tools of the EU. The last sectionfeatures the future steps of the European Union towards cyber security and reveals some challenges that the EU member states face in order to achieve a common cyber security policy and cyber security management at the EU level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-40344684-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-40344684-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/12452605/figure-1-for-its-own-purposes-enisa-defines-cybersecurity-as"><img alt="For its own purposes, ENISA defines cybersecurity as “the protection of information, information systems, infrastructure and the applications that run on top of it from those threats that are associated with a globally connected environment”.5The agency uses a pyramid to illustrate the layers of cybersecurity protection. It denotes that the EU has to ensure all of the aspects of cyberspace and thus, a holistic and multifaceted approach towards cyber security. As the figure 1. depicts, the fundament of the cybersecurity pyramid refers to the basic protection measures, such as cyber hygiene®, education, awareness which aim to enhance the safety and security of users in cvbersnace. Figure 1. The layers of cybersecurity, Source: ’ " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/60590172/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-40344684-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1c895ba2565766b71a497ff2ac2612d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60590172,"asset_id":40344684,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60590172/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40344684"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40344684"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40344684; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40344684]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40344684]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40344684; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40344684']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1c895ba2565766b71a497ff2ac2612d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40344684]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40344684,"title":"Cybersecurity in the EU: Threats, Frameworks and future perspectives","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"For several years now, as technology integrates into our lives, security of individuals, organizational and states is challenged by high-profile cyber incidents. 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Obviously, with the utilization and expansion of cyberspace, its security has been addressed as highly important for governmental and non-governmental actors. \t\t\t\t\nOver the past years, the European Union has acknowledged the increasing threats deriving from the nature of our digitally driven world, the reliance on automation and the connection to data. Thus, the EU wants to take the responsibility of cyber security in its own hands by shaping a comprehensive and integral cyber security strategy for its member states as an effort to strengthen the resilience of cyberspace, mitigate the cyber threats and explore all the benefits of digital transformation. \t\t\t\t\t\nThis paper explores the territory of cyber security in the European Union. In the first place, it reflects on the challenge of defining “cybersecurity” by the European Union. Secondly, it maps the cyber security threats which pressed EU to shape a cyber security strategy. 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The last sectionfeatures the future steps of the European Union towards cyber security and reveals some challenges that the EU member states face in order to achieve a common cyber security policy and cyber security management at the EU level. \t\n","owner":{"id":55015456,"first_name":"Dominika","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Giantas","page_name":"DominikaGiantas","domain_name":"ttu-ee","created_at":"2016-10-14T07:24:19.580-07:00","display_name":"Dominika Giantas","url":"https://ttu-ee.academia.edu/DominikaGiantas"},"attachments":[{"id":60590172,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60590172/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Lab_WPS_No.1_201920190914-41825-qasovf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60590172/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cybersecurity_in_the_EU_Threats_Framewor.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60590172/Lab_WPS_No.1_201920190914-41825-qasovf-libre.pdf?1568448900=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCybersecurity_in_the_EU_Threats_Framewor.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461721\u0026Signature=Ajw5N9GmCp8MGEB7u0~I0G1slz19ualBRlTPbeHy4Di3cMaLCM3PprpG1VpEG60adNroMjhNR-C0PIMQeWhpP6Yt37uKf6O4qbZA6yLqTslThLLHW8HMIUCH0aMmD4HVWcxXYGP0FkFOrOHeuHuZvRUBHYqTWToT~mH3F9c0GqudcxkOqg4aGl1xy0AnHdlOJ1ngWCgeBTXnLWaFwY8gNW00GljNDcbhZVth4IAf7IPc3hlJP4Py3KD27fcuLlALbXwIhNuhA84DazZREetPbi9wFNTtBX6T0S0p1hNAe20sFle5nukhgH1QozkNXrrzma2GudeQ9xak9bPPDur6Tw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies"},{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology"},{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration"},{"id":1283,"name":"Information Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Security"},{"id":3703,"name":"Network Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Security"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies"},{"id":5954,"name":"European Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union"},{"id":11337,"name":"Cyber Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Warfare"},{"id":30945,"name":"Cyberspace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberspace"},{"id":44778,"name":"Common Security and Defense Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Security_and_Defense_Policy"},{"id":115676,"name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Security"},{"id":127895,"name":"Non-Traditional Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Traditional_Security"},{"id":397846,"name":"Defense Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_Policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40344684-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30693419"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30693419/Exploring_the_Complexity_of_Cyberspace_Governance_State_Sovereignty_Multistakeholderism_and_Power_Politics_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_15_4_2016_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Complexity of Cyberspace Governance: State Sovereignty, Multistakeholderism, and Power Politics, Journal of Information Warfare, 15, 4 (2016)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51137252/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30693419/Exploring_the_Complexity_of_Cyberspace_Governance_State_Sovereignty_Multistakeholderism_and_Power_Politics_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_15_4_2016_">Exploring the Complexity of Cyberspace Governance: State Sovereignty, Multistakeholderism, and Power Politics, Journal of Information Warfare, 15, 4 (2016).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. Its decentr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. Its decentralized nature and the fact that it is mostly owned and managed by the private sector raise a number of questions regarding the most effective model of governance. Viewing cyberspace as a global commons, balancing between state sovereignty and the fragmentation of cyberspace, and debating between multilateralism and multi-stakeholderism makes discussions of cyberspace governance quite complex. The cases of ITU, ICANN, IGF, UN GGE, and NETmundial raise issues of legitimacy and accountability and offer a pragmatic insight into the power politics of cyberspace.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44bd363d56508c0a5c14acf3c6634740" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51137252,"asset_id":30693419,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51137252/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30693419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30693419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30693419; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30693419]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30693419]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30693419; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30693419']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "44bd363d56508c0a5c14acf3c6634740" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30693419]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30693419,"title":"Exploring the Complexity of Cyberspace Governance: State Sovereignty, Multistakeholderism, and Power Politics, Journal of Information Warfare, 15, 4 (2016).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-30693419-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="25431391"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/25431391/Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45747712/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/25431391/Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_">Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. The dominance of war metaphors in the cyber security debates has produced a security dilemma, which is not sufficiently addressing the needs of people. This article underlines this shortcoming and views cyber security through a human-centric perspective. Freedom of expression and the right to privacy are under attack in the era of cyber surveillance. From a human-centric perspective such rights should be understood as a critical part of cyber security. Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66f3d5deeaced7b83c86859182decb7f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45747712,"asset_id":25431391,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45747712/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25431391"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25431391"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25431391; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25431391]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25431391]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25431391; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='25431391']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "66f3d5deeaced7b83c86859182decb7f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=25431391]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":25431391,"title":"Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. The dominance of war metaphors in the cyber security debates has produced a security dilemma, which is not sufficiently addressing the needs of people. This article underlines this shortcoming and views cyber security through a human-centric perspective. Freedom of expression and the right to privacy are under attack in the era of cyber surveillance. From a human-centric perspective such rights should be understood as a critical part of cyber security. Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas."},"translated_abstract":"The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. 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Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25431391/Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-05-18T09:16:14.234-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":20390119,"work_id":25431391,"tagging_user_id":227716,"tagged_user_id":227716,"co_author_invite_id":4597351,"email":"a***s@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Piraeus","display_order":0,"name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","title":"Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016)."}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45747712,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45747712/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Reconceptualizing_Cybersecurity_Safeguarding_Human_Rights.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45747712/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safegua.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45747712/Reconceptualizing_Cybersecurity_Safeguarding_Human_Rights-libre.pdf?1463586921=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safegua.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=T1wmMXdt9yb-03Y7Clyz6oIAkEKgsW6F61cxKIBVrVRkyKe4bvNxFnc25BmnV88Cm3ocFJ7PtY3VT74zjvK8z6FbKqvs~Aja1LPRAQkwru~IyfxIz-SLR0FZPuc9ZMnKtkBpSXtp6ftqbEAAOJZtdG3auwd9GVK1Bs0PLvZSuDO8XGUtFeJVdFsjTZ~TmCyWAu~Ij0au1uHsLTtBQ8Ogbbd9WS8-7vdRt4TJ4127ixlYRMluFVqkeh~D6MCNs5YicKimZztkBPkixARgOMb3XFcR4tp7Vw7mqLjtwUXJAm2IrAC3gdh-I2hS~bHpFqMfrcbXpvOLyKGbNEY6SXje9g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. 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data-work-id="20896281"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20896281/A_Human_Centric_Approach_to_Cybersecurity_Securing_the_Human_in_the_Era_of_Cyberphobia_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_14_4_2015_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41617354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20896281/A_Human_Centric_Approach_to_Cybersecurity_Securing_the_Human_in_the_Era_of_Cyberphobia_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_14_4_2015_">A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should not be limited to the traditional concept of national security. The militarization of the cyber-security discourse has produced a security dilemma, which is not addressing sufficiently the needs of the people. The article highlights this shortcoming and views cyber-security, through a human-centric approach. The challenge ahead is to establish a governance regime for cyberspace that successfully addresses human rights norms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-20896281-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-20896281-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49055703/figure-1-human-centric-approach-to-cybersecurity-securing"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/41617354/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-20896281-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f94d3f4c624a8cbcb2cb34af9c7b006" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41617354,"asset_id":20896281,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41617354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20896281"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20896281"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20896281; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20896281]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20896281]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20896281; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20896281']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f94d3f4c624a8cbcb2cb34af9c7b006" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20896281]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20896281,"title":"A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should not be limited to the traditional concept of national security. 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class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10294157/On_Cyber_terrorism_Redefining_Terror_in_Cyberspace_Politika_Annual_Journal_2014">On Cyber-terrorism: Redefining Terror in Cyberspace, Politika, Annual Journal 2014.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-10294157-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-10294157-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323020/figure-1-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323023/figure-2-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323025/figure-3-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323026/figure-4-another-factor-that-makes-the-definition-of-cyber"><img alt="Another factor that makes the definition of cyber-terrorism challenging is the meanings of the terms ‘cyber’ and ‘terrorism’. The latter, is a concept that has evolved throughout history and has been associated with nationalists, religious extremists and groups in the far-right and far-left of the political spectrum (Crenshaw et al., 2001). Although there is no agreed comprehensive definition as to its character, motive and mode of operation, most analysts agree that mode of operation, most analysts agree that terrorism involves the use or threatened use of violence on a systemic basis to achieve political objectives. The spread of fear, the creation of unrest and a thirst for publicity are its most common characteristics (Schmid, 2011). Competing approaches to cyber-terrorism " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323030/figure-5-likewise-cyberspace-is-also-defined-in-many-ways"><img alt="Likewise, cyberspace is also defined in many ways. Cyberspace is not a static domain, but a dynamic construct that is still rapidly expanding. In sharp contrast to land, sea, air and space, cyberspace is not part of nature; it is human-made and therefore shaped by human behaviour. A widely accepted definition is that of Daniel Kuehl, who defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment whose distinctive and unique character is framed by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange, and exploit information via interdependent and interconnected networks using information-communication technologies (Kramer, 2009). last and least concrete layer is that of data (Tabansky, 2011). This layer, labeled also as semantic contains the data - information that is meaningful to human beings. It is in this layer that a different version of reality can be presented (Libicki, 2007). The semantic layer can be understood as the cognitive function of cyberspace, where information can shape perceptions and social behavior. can be understood as the cognitive function " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323031/figure-6-factor-and-argue-that-since-cyber-attacks"><img alt="factor and argue that since cyber-attacks " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323036/figure-7-to-summarise-we-can-distinguish-between-two"><img alt="To summarise, we can distinguish between two approaches to cyber-terrorism. The first and rather narrow approach uses the ‘tools- targets’ element and argues that cyber- terrorism involves only digital attacks, where a) both the tool and the target are digital, e.g a Trojan horse in public network, and b) the tool is digital, but the target is physical, e.g hacking an air traffic control system to bring down a plane (Devost et al., 1997). On the contrary, the second and much broader approach claims that cyber-terrorism involves all the cases where terrorists use the ICT to materialise their operations, whether that involves the preparation and conduct of an attack, or even the consequences of a cyber- terrorist attack (Chen et al., 2014). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323049/figure-8-using-yannakogeorgos-typology-we-observe-that-cyber"><img alt="Using Yannakogeorgo’s typology, we observe that cyber-terrorists are constantly using the cyber realm for recruitment, indoctrination, fundraising and even small scale cyber operations, but are unable to carry out major cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure. Such attacks are theoretically conceivable, but also unlikely. Why? The lack of available fundraising and even small scale cyber Re-conceptualising the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323054/figure-9-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-10294157-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ee973a263959ac79f07dec3dd0ab1d4d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36371566,"asset_id":10294157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36371566/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10294157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10294157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10294157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10294157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10294157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10294157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10294157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ee973a263959ac79f07dec3dd0ab1d4d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10294157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10294157,"title":"On Cyber-terrorism: Redefining Terror in Cyberspace, Politika, Annual Journal 2014.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"This paper explores the evolving concept of cyber-terrorism, emphasizing its ambiguity and the lack of a universally accepted definition. 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Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33992541/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7403132/Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service_Untying_the_Gordian_Knot_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_3_1_2014_">Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/IOANNISKONSTANTOPOULOS">IOANNIS KONSTANTOPOULOS</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Se...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Service (NIS) is facing and to stress the need for a genuine reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. Over the past years NIS has experienced several failures and so far the efforts to reform the Service have been insufficient. The reason is that past reforms of NIS were basically a spasmodic reaction to intelligence failures and political pressure, and not a result of a holistic and detailed analysis of the challenges that the Greek Intelligence Community has to meet in a complex international security environment. The present article makes a number of recommendations regarding a fundamental reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. Reallocating NIS to the Prime Minister, staffing the Service with the proper personnel and reassessing its priorities, creating new institutions like the National Intelligence Council and placing an Inspector General within the intelligence apparatus, are some of the proposals that will truly reform the Greek Intelligence Community.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5e27f2985ac842afd9ab9c853206403e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33992541,"asset_id":7403132,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33992541/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7403132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7403132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7403132; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7403132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7403132]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7403132; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7403132']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5e27f2985ac842afd9ab9c853206403e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7403132]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7403132,"title":"Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Service (NIS) is facing and to stress the need for a genuine reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. 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Reallocating NIS to the Prime Minister, staffing the Service with the proper personnel and reassessing its priorities, creating new institutions like the National Intelligence Council and placing an Inspector General within the intelligence apparatus, are some of the proposals that will truly reform the Greek Intelligence Community.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7403132/Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service_Untying_the_Gordian_Knot_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_3_1_2014_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-06-19T18:11:27.970-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":7807461,"work_id":7403132,"tagging_user_id":227716,"tagged_user_id":21981571,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***7@yahoo.gr","affiliation":"University of Piraeus","display_order":0,"name":"IOANNIS KONSTANTOPOULOS","title":"Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014)."}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33992541,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33992541/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos_Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33992541/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33992541/Liaropoulos_Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service-libre.pdf?1403226699=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=b2hpgpPLAhD7suhMFFexmYJeSYq265djZc8L0cywECj1F~WVRSEIuLvynMcogfSKsg0ypWBxM7MNt3UbbL6ZoPr-h0XOZgov4aqR8Tqz-fWNIvHBmYSNOAnGdH1wy~KjNntmDhGdwPUt-o96292sN2DXd6aVAdC8NHfHc90Ryq56iB9rHlI7FChiK8WglKBzpg6F6~82siPTn5CyUa~oczF0VfHdwTkC9yEAxw79HpSP0NHbx4-Cc3J9HXWb8jlqKXM5u2lkPB0hE8jCZupOI~XflwN61tbTKqza06ehKHfjnLZAHpDAagdVglfldTqFMvCfFN~4DGhBtQ1itpTZEw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service_Untying_the_Gordian_Knot_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_3_1_2014_","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Service (NIS) is facing and to stress the need for a genuine reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. 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Reallocating NIS to the Prime Minister, staffing the Service with the proper personnel and reassessing its priorities, creating new institutions like the National Intelligence Council and placing an Inspector General within the intelligence apparatus, are some of the proposals that will truly reform the Greek Intelligence Community.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":33992541,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33992541/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos_Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33992541/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33992541/Liaropoulos_Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service-libre.pdf?1403226699=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=b2hpgpPLAhD7suhMFFexmYJeSYq265djZc8L0cywECj1F~WVRSEIuLvynMcogfSKsg0ypWBxM7MNt3UbbL6ZoPr-h0XOZgov4aqR8Tqz-fWNIvHBmYSNOAnGdH1wy~KjNntmDhGdwPUt-o96292sN2DXd6aVAdC8NHfHc90Ryq56iB9rHlI7FChiK8WglKBzpg6F6~82siPTn5CyUa~oczF0VfHdwTkC9yEAxw79HpSP0NHbx4-Cc3J9HXWb8jlqKXM5u2lkPB0hE8jCZupOI~XflwN61tbTKqza06ehKHfjnLZAHpDAagdVglfldTqFMvCfFN~4DGhBtQ1itpTZEw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"},{"id":2052,"name":"Intelligence Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Studies"},{"id":2674,"name":"Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence"},{"id":12628,"name":"Intelligence and Espionage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_and_Espionage"},{"id":13755,"name":"Modern Greek Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Greek_Politics"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy"},{"id":80635,"name":"Intelligence Failure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Failure"},{"id":97770,"name":"Secret Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secret_Services"},{"id":105456,"name":"Intelligence Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Analysis"},{"id":112987,"name":"Espionage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Espionage"},{"id":346639,"name":"Intelligence and security studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_and_security_studies"},{"id":408442,"name":"Intelligence Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Services"},{"id":649926,"name":"Security and Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_and_Intelligence"},{"id":720515,"name":"Intelligence reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_reform"},{"id":1033868,"name":"Intelligence and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_and_Strategic_Studies"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-7403132-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5893953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/5893953/Cyberspace_Sovereignty_and_International_Order_ISN_2014"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32881192/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5893953/Cyberspace_Sovereignty_and_International_Order_ISN_2014">Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every aspect of our lives. The dramatic increase in the speed, volumes and range of communications that it offers has undoubtedly changed the ways that individuals interact with each other, how companies deliver services and, crucially, how we are governed. But there is also a darker side to cyberspace which poses a growing number of challenges to individual and collective security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c5d1e6d781b67f5c04e9b4a88d92b50c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32881192,"asset_id":5893953,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32881192/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5893953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5893953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5893953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5893953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5893953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5893953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5893953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c5d1e6d781b67f5c04e9b4a88d92b50c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5893953]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5893953,"title":"Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"International Relations and Security Network (ISN), 30 January 2014","grobid_abstract":"It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every aspect of our lives. 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profile--work_container" data-work-id="6513099"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6513099/Great_Power_Politics_in_Cyberspace_U_S_and_China_are_drawing_the_lines_between_confrontation_and_cooperation_in_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_Bratislava_Centre_for_European_and_North_American_Affairs_2013_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Great Power Politics in Cyberspace: U.S and China are drawing the lines between confrontation and cooperation, in Panorama of Global Security Environment (Bratislava: Centre for European and North American Affairs, 2013)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33288892/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6513099/Great_Power_Politics_in_Cyberspace_U_S_and_China_are_drawing_the_lines_between_confrontation_and_cooperation_in_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_Bratislava_Centre_for_European_and_North_American_Affairs_2013_">Great Power Politics in Cyberspace: U.S and China are drawing the lines between confrontation and cooperation, in Panorama of Global Security Environment (Bratislava: Centre for European and North American Affairs, 2013).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The U.S.-China bilateral agenda is dominated by issues like trade, intellectual property rights, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The U.S.-China bilateral agenda is dominated by issues like trade, intellectual property rights, monetary policy, human rights and security issues. However, given the fact that critical national infrastructures and the private sector are increasingly dependent on digital assets, cyberspace has become an important aspect of their bilateral relationship. The purpose of this paper is to define the nature of U.S.-China relationship in cyberspace and identify issues that cause conflict between Washington and Beijing. For both sides, cyberspace is a realm where they exercise power politics in order to pursue their national interests. The two global competitors have different positions on most of the issues that relate to cyberspace. Fear and uncertainty are present in cyberspace for both Washington and Beijing. Nevertheless, they also have common goals. The level of interdependence between them is high and avoiding misperception and escalation is a mutual priority. Therefore, both sides are trying to avoid mistrust and conflict in cyberspace and establish some cooperative mechanisms. 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data-work-id="3800630"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3800630/The_Challenges_of_Social_Media_Intelligence_for_the_Intelligence_Community_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_vol_1_no_1_2013_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31458107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3800630/The_Challenges_of_Social_Media_Intelligence_for_the_Intelligence_Community_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_vol_1_no_1_2013_">The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. Cy...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. Cyberspace is an expanding digital network that connects social, business and military networks around the world. The advent of social media has had a fundamental effect on how people communicate and act. In recent years, social media has emphasized the potential for citizens to engage in the public sphere, inform, communicate, affect governance within and across national borders and at the same time empower governments to reach out in new ways and to broader audiences than before. In an interdependent world where communication is transmitted at the speed of light, social media can serve as a tool to understand, but also control societies. The social revolutions that took place in Iran, Tunisia, Egypt and other countries revealed that social media and social networks can function as a force multiplier for political action. These developments have not escaped the attention of the intelligence community. The transition from the traditional means of communication (press, radio and television) to the social media, affects many aspects of the intelligence business. The emergence of social media intelligence poses technical, conceptual and operational challenges for the intelligence agencies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f78260652cf987fc21ff41052ce1444f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31458107,"asset_id":3800630,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31458107/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3800630"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3800630"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3800630; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3800630]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3800630]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3800630; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3800630']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f78260652cf987fc21ff41052ce1444f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3800630]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3800630,"title":"The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. 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The transition from the traditional means of communication (press, radio and television) to the social media, affects many aspects of the intelligence business. The emergence of social media intelligence poses technical, conceptual and operational challenges for the intelligence agencies. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/117598764/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B7">Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα: Προκλήσεις για το μέλλον του πολέμου και τη διεθνή τάξη</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Αεροπορική Επιθεώρηση</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτον...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτονικές αλλαγές τόσο στις αντιλήψεις μας περί πολέμου όσο και σε αυτές που αφορούσαν στην «εκμετάλλευση» των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν, τόσο ο αέρας όσο και το διάστημα, για την εδραίωση της εθνικής ασφάλειας. Στην προσπάθειά της για κατανόηση της δυναμικότητας των εξελίξεων στον τομέα αυτό, η Πολεμική μας Αεροπορία έχει θεσμοθετήσει τη διοργάνωση ετήσιων συνεδρίων Αεροπορικής Ισχύος, όπου εγχώριοι αλλά και συμμετέχοντες από συμμαχικές χώρες, στρατιωτικοί και πολιτικό προσωπικό, έχουν τη δυνατότητα να μας πληροφορήσουν για τις τελευταίες εξελίξεις στους τομείς του εναέριου και διαστημικού περιβάλλοντος σε στρατηγικό, επιχειρησιακό και τακτικό επίπεδο. Η Αεροπορική Επιθεώρηση προχώρησε στην έκδοση των πρακτικών του 8 ου Συνεδρίου Αεροπορικής Ισχύος με το τεύχος νο.129. Το παρόν τεύχος, ως αφιέρωμα στα δέκα χρόνια του θεσμού, επιλεκτικά εστιάζει σε αρθρογράφους που συμμετείχαν σε προηγούμενα συνέδρια, των οποίων η επιστημονική εργασία επί της Αεροπορικής Ισχύος διακρίνεται και για τη διαχρονικότητά τους. Το άρθρο του Καθηγητού (Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς) Κων/ου Κολλιόπουλου θα ασχοληθεί με το ζήτημα της Αποτρεπτικής Στρατηγικής για τις Π.Α. των Μικρών Κρατών ενώ αυτό του Καθηγητού στη Σ.Ι. (Ταξιάρχου ε.α.) Αλέξανδρου Κολοβού με τα διδάγματα από τη χρήση της Διαστημικής Τεχνολογίας στον Πόλεμο της Ουκρανίας. Οι εξελίξεις στα Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα και ο ρόλος τους για το Μέλλον του Πολέμου και τη Διεθνή Τάξη απασχολεί τον Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή (Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς) Ανδρέα Λιαρόπουλο, ενώ το ενδιαφέρον του Σμηνάρχου (ΜΗ) Κων/νου Ζηκίδη, (Δρ. ΕΜΠ, Διδάσκων Σ.Ι.) εστιάζεται στη συνεργασία Επανδρωμένων Μαχητικών με Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα στο Σύγχρονο Πεδίο Μάχης. Η Συλλογή και Εκμετάλλευση Πληροφοριών σε Διακλαδικό Επίπεδο απασχολεί το Δρ. (ΕΜΠ) Αθανάσιο Πότση ενώ οι Τεχνολογίες Σμήνωσης (Swarming) για Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα (ΜΕΑ) ενδιαφέρουν τους Καθηγητές Βάιο Λάππα (ΕΚΠΑ) και Βασίλειο Κωστόπουλο (Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών). Το αφιέρωμα θα ολοκληρώσουν τα άρθρα των Αντισυνταγματάρχη (Γ) Κων/νου Σχοινά, (ΓΥΣ) για τη Στρατηγική Επικοινωνία ως Συντελεστή Ήπιας Ισχύος κατά τη Διαδικασία Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων και του Επίκουρου Καθηγητή (ΣΣΕ) Ιωάννη-Διονύσιου Σαλαβράκου για τις Προκλήσεις Ασφάλειας στις περιοχές του Ειρηνικού, του Ινδικού και της Σινικής Θάλασσας.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03da144d881dfc3aea8a0e25f72e9676" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113413898,"asset_id":117598764,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113413898/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117598764"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117598764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117598764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117598764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117598764]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117598764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117598764']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "03da144d881dfc3aea8a0e25f72e9676" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117598764]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117598764,"title":"Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα: Προκλήσεις για το μέλλον του πολέμου και τη διεθνή τάξη","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Κατά την μεταπολεμική περίοδο, η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας προκάλεσε, μεταξύ άλλων, τεκτονικές αλλαγές τόσο στις αντιλήψεις μας περί πολέμου όσο και σε αυτές που αφορούσαν στην «εκμετάλλευση» των δυνατοτήτων που παρείχαν, τόσο ο αέρας όσο και το διάστημα, για την εδραίωση της εθνικής ασφάλειας. 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(Ταξιάρχου ε.α.) Αλέξανδρου Κολοβού με τα διδάγματα από τη χρήση της Διαστημικής Τεχνολογίας στον Πόλεμο της Ουκρανίας. Οι εξελίξεις στα Αυτόνομα Οπλικά Συστήματα και ο ρόλος τους για το Μέλλον του Πολέμου και τη Διεθνή Τάξη απασχολεί τον Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή (Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς) Ανδρέα Λιαρόπουλο, ενώ το ενδιαφέρον του Σμηνάρχου (ΜΗ) Κων/νου Ζηκίδη, (Δρ. ΕΜΠ, Διδάσκων Σ.Ι.) εστιάζεται στη συνεργασία Επανδρωμένων Μαχητικών με Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα στο Σύγχρονο Πεδίο Μάχης. Η Συλλογή και Εκμετάλλευση Πληροφοριών σε Διακλαδικό Επίπεδο απασχολεί το Δρ. (ΕΜΠ) Αθανάσιο Πότση ενώ οι Τεχνολογίες Σμήνωσης (Swarming) για Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροχήματα (ΜΕΑ) ενδιαφέρουν τους Καθηγητές Βάιο Λάππα (ΕΚΠΑ) και Βασίλειο Κωστόπουλο (Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-117598764-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113927609"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113927609/Military_AI_as_an_Enabler_of_European_Strategic_Autonomy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Military AI as an Enabler of European Strategic Autonomy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110761401/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113927609/Military_AI_as_an_Enabler_of_European_Strategic_Autonomy">Military AI as an Enabler of European Strategic Autonomy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Alumni Note</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ccda4e0da34e89e0dcc6f038316f0e3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110761401,"asset_id":113927609,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110761401/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113927609"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113927609"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113927609; 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href="https://www.academia.edu/110293013/Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108155209/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110293013/Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media">Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting<br />audiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4b087a79fda1c527ffd40991bb5fc27f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108155209,"asset_id":110293013,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108155209/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="110293013"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="110293013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110293013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110293013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=110293013]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 110293013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='110293013']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4b087a79fda1c527ffd40991bb5fc27f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=110293013]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":110293013,"title":"Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1353/gia.2023.a913646","abstract":"Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. 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This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Georgetown Journal of International Affairs"},"translated_abstract":"Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting\naudiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110293013/Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-12-01T05:58:35.756-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":108155209,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108155209/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108155209/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108155209/GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023-libre.pdf?1701441923=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVictory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=L5khrQgR1-AtzAXNyE-lV41S49dl3-lOONcRuKcyJ3f4EoYmHVBoHL1H-u2PohBQwdxo6hSA1GlJFF5Ub6Dwx5mLg3KMDi4w0hplm18zvpO3457VJUdZ8bF1lEaV1phlMcttsJysPMaVoqgQ-sey79pnI15-w2PLACH-aLI3CKLWg6VD6J4-vFntn7X5TDboJZY95HwyxKGXGdOoQDSxtyck5vWZm8ZtHJt5zb0UNpRvb4GoRI86KFkSjsMmiT82GP3F-tI-HRUo~g0WgN4aq-Lmr9pb~G27tLujyVSprqfOU3HflK0Fd0Dg7~eowH3TPHR7muuRXDlH9QGHnpKSGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_Social_Media","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting\naudiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":108155209,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108155209/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108155209/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Victory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/108155209/GJIA_Liaropoulos_2023-libre.pdf?1701441923=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVictory_and_Virality_War_in_the_Age_of_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498272\u0026Signature=L5khrQgR1-AtzAXNyE-lV41S49dl3-lOONcRuKcyJ3f4EoYmHVBoHL1H-u2PohBQwdxo6hSA1GlJFF5Ub6Dwx5mLg3KMDi4w0hplm18zvpO3457VJUdZ8bF1lEaV1phlMcttsJysPMaVoqgQ-sey79pnI15-w2PLACH-aLI3CKLWg6VD6J4-vFntn7X5TDboJZY95HwyxKGXGdOoQDSxtyck5vWZm8ZtHJt5zb0UNpRvb4GoRI86KFkSjsMmiT82GP3F-tI-HRUo~g0WgN4aq-Lmr9pb~G27tLujyVSprqfOU3HflK0Fd0Dg7~eowH3TPHR7muuRXDlH9QGHnpKSGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies"},{"id":2869,"name":"Digital Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Media"},{"id":3356,"name":"Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propaganda"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies"},{"id":4810,"name":"Information Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Warfare"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies"},{"id":9218,"name":"Strategic Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Communication"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media"},{"id":11337,"name":"Cyber Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Warfare"},{"id":18085,"name":"Psychological operations (PSYOP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_operations_PSYOP_"},{"id":30947,"name":"The Internet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Internet"},{"id":42194,"name":"Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Warfare"},{"id":63322,"name":"Russian-Ukrainian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian-Ukrainian_Relations"},{"id":115676,"name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Security"},{"id":131971,"name":"Global Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Politics"},{"id":294517,"name":"Defense and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_Strategic_Studies"},{"id":3286728,"name":"TikTok","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TikTok-1"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-110293013-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="98948941"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/98948941/Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Russia's Strategy in Eastern Mediterranean" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100163892/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/98948941/Russias_Strategy_in_Eastern_Mediterranean">Russia's Strategy in Eastern Mediterranean</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policy Paper on EU’s Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Space, Energy & Security Policies</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f74113830f08a6a4d39e7f8de7bd640d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100163892,"asset_id":98948941,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100163892/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="98948941"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="98948941"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98948941; 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It discusses Russia's military interventions, particularly in Syria and Libya, as well as its growing relations with regional actors. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-98948941-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="91330731"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/91330731/Information_as_an_Instrument_of_Power_Lesson_learned_from_the_War_in_Ukraine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94648406/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/91330731/Information_as_an_Instrument_of_Power_Lesson_learned_from_the_War_in_Ukraine">Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>NATO OPEN Publications</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert infl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. This paper reviews the way Russia has ‘weaponized’ information in the cases of the Crimea’s annexation in 2014 and the ongoing, since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various means and methods that Russia has employed. The Kremlin, via its information apparatus has exploited<br />the Internet and social media platforms, in order to spread disinformation, construct strategic narratives and influence the decision-making processes of targeted audiences (mainly Ukraine and NATO member-states). Though the direct results of such operations are hard to measure,<br />there is evidence that they have had effect in both operational and strategic terms. Confronting this challenge requires a number of measures that range from the construction of counter narratives and the use of social media algorithms to detect fake news, to the internet literacy of the population and the projection of objective reporting to Russian speaking audiences.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-91330731-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-91330731-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299694/figure-1-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299707/figure-2-information-is-an-essential-element-of-state-power"><img alt="Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influ- ence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. This paper reviews the way Russia has ‘weaponized’ information in the cases of the Crimea’s annexation in 2014 and the ongoing, since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various means and methods that Russia has employed. The Kremlin, via its information apparatus has ex- ploited the Internet and social media platforms, in order to spread disinformation, construct stra- tegic narratives and influence the decision-making processes of targeted audiences (mainly Ukraine and NATO member-states). Though the direct results of such operations are hard to meas- ure, there is evidence that they have had effect in both operational and strategic terms. Confront- ing this challenge requires a number of measures that range from the construction of counter narratives and the use of social media algorithms to detect fake news, to the internet literacy of the population and the projection of objective reporting to Russian-speaking audiences. since February 2022, war in Ukraine. The evidence from the above case studies reveal the various " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299711/figure-3-an-era-characterized-by-the-rapid-development-of"><img alt="an era characterized by the rapid development of ICTs, it is only natural that information plays sntral role in any type of sociopolitical confrontation. Apart from the traditional battlefield, state ive also to take into consideration the battlespace of the mind and the war of narratives. Informatio erations are not new, but their potential in an information-intensive environment poses a gre< vallenge for liberal democracies. Information operations - regardless of whether they are labeled a litical warfare or influence operations or exercised as an element of a broader hybrid campaign (ploit the vulnerabilities of liberal democracies and target both the elites and societies of the wester ates in order to influence political behavior and public opinion. The toolkit involves the disseminatio ‘false, misleading and manipulative information in the media - especially the social media. Info ation operations exploit one of the most challenging characteristics of our era: ambiguity. The line tween virtual and real, domestic and international, public and private have eroded, and the resu far more ambiguity. Planting and disseminating a lie via social media is cheap and easy. On the othe ind, identifying the lie, tracking its origins, and communicating ‘your’ truth to the same audiences | bor intensive and costly’. 3 Keir Giles, The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2016), 7. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299716/figure-4-and-asymmetric-military-means-in-the-case-of"><img alt="and asymmetric military means. In the case of Crimea’s annexation, many analysts identified elements of these practices in the battlefield. 2 Information as an instrument of power: the case of Crimea’s annexation Prior to Euromaidan, Ukraine was portrayed as the ‘little brother’ who depended from the older one - Russia - for support. In this narrative, Ukraine was framed as a subordinate partner that shares com- mon origins and values with Russia. This narrative was useful for Kremlin, up to a point. It justified its involvement in the so-called near abroad, but did not justify a military operation against Ukraine. Thus, this narrative gradually changed and a new one emerged, where Ukraine was interpreted as irrational and misguided, as a traitor that has turned to the West (EU and NATO). Adding to that a more specific narrative was constructed, one that exploited fear and that was the threat of Ukrainians as Nazi, rad- ical nationalists and right wing extremists”. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299730/figure-5-both-russia-and-ukraine-used-various-social-media"><img alt="54 Both Russia and Ukraine used various social media platforms like VKontakte, Twitter, Instragram and messag- ing apps like WhatsApp, Signal, Viber and Facebook Messenger to promote their information operations, but Telegram stands out as the most popular one, since it enables its users to create groups of up to 200.000 members. See inte licy. Christian Perez, “Information Warfare in Russia’s War in Ukraine. The role of social media and artificial ligence in shaping global narratives”, Foreign Policy, August 22, 2022, https://foreignpo- com/2022/08/22/information-warfare-in-russias-war-in-ukraine/ 35 Alexander Martin, “Ukraine war: Britain accuses sick Russian troll factory of plaguing social media with Krem- lin trol 36 B 21, -factory-o Red mayne-Tit propaganda”, Sky News, May 1, 2022, https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-britain-accuses-sick-russian- f-plaguing-social- media- with-kremlin-propaganda- 12603200 rett Redmayne-Titley, “Ukraine’s Nazi connection and the British national cover-up”, The UNZ Review, May 2022, https://www.unz.com/article/ukraines-nazi-connection-and-the-british-national-cover-up/ and Brett ey, “History of Ukraine’s Nazi connection”, Global Research, May 23, 2022, https://www.global- research.ca/ukraine-nazi-connection-british-national-cover-up/578 1054 37 Recorded Future, Russian information operations aim to divide the western coalition on Ukraine, 5 and RIA Novosti, “Poland moves to seize the western territories of Ukraine, says Patrushev”, May 31, 2022, hitne://riqg 1m1/9NI9908 21 /natrichev—179090N275945 htm] 54 Both Russia and Ukraine used various social media platforms like VKontakte, Twitter, Instragram and messag- ing apps like WhatsApp, Signal, Viber and Facebook Messenger to promote their information operations, but Telegram stands out as the most popular one, since it enables its users to create groups of up to 200.000 members See Christian Perez, “Information Warfare in Russia’s War in Ukraine. The role of social media and artificia intelligence in shaping global narratives”, Foreign Policy, August 22, 2022, https://foreignpo- licy.com/2022/08/22/information-warfare-in-russias-war-in-ukraine/ 35 A lewandA ax LAnediion “Teenie <xrne Detinin anniwasn aiale Desanian tert! fantasy: nfelamier anriial eompAta «with VWeaw " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299740/figure-6-ukraine-managed-to-communicate-its-side-of-the"><img alt="Ukraine managed to communicate its side of the story better that Russia. To begin with, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, acting as a media star and appearing in military-style clothing has framed the war as a battle between the Ukrainian David standing up to the Russian Goliath. Besides Zelenskyy, Ukrainian officials and individual citizens flood social media with words and images about their re- sistance to the invader’. In the first days of the war, the Ukrainian government encouraged its citizens to resist, to block the streets so that Russian troops cannot advance and to demonstrate that they are not welcome. Furthermore, Ukraine set up web pages containing pictures and information about Rus- sian prisoners of war, in an effort to demoralize the Russian population with photos and videos of captured Russian soldiers. The external target audience, meaning the international community, was obviously more sympathetic to the Ukrainian narrative, than to the Russian one. Kyiv also successfully used fact-checker groups to undermine Russia’s rhetoric and warned its citizens and the international public opinion of potential Russian false flag operations. To conclude, Ukraine dominated on the in- formation battleground and by gaining international support, managed to translate this success into effective defense of its territory. It is important to note, although not within the scope of the present paper, that Russia has employed information instruments long before the annexation of Crimea in 2014. From the late 1990s, but more aggressively in the years following the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Kremlin used media to trans- mit narratives that questioned Crimea’s connection with Ukraine, in cultural and historic terms and Ukrainian officials and individual citizens flood social media with words and images about their re- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299750/figure-7-the-question-that-inevitably-arises-is-what-can-be"><img alt="The question that inevitably arises is what can be done to counter such operations? Any effort to counter Russia’s information operations requires a comprehensive approach that involves state agen- cies, collective actions within NATO, cooperation with the private sector and the active involvement of the media in investigative journalism projects and the construction of counter-narratives*®. NATO’s member-states can respond to information campaigns with defensive or offensive measures. In par- ticular, defensive measures are overt and aim to safeguard a state’s information domain, whereas offensive ones are covert and aim to target the enemy’s information domain. Striking a balance be- tween defensive and offensive measures is not an easy task, for reasons that mainly have to do with the way a liberal democracy functions. Paradoxically enough, democracies have to tolerate some prop- aganda in order to stand up for democratic values. Democracies have to draw a line between legiti- mate expressions of freedom of speech, on the one hand, and foreign interference that triggers polit- ical upheavals. However, the dividing lines between ordinary people expressing their views and state sponsored trolls can sometime be vague. To what extent should democracies value freedom of speech and thereby enable the spread of disinformation and fake news? One defensive measure, for example, is censorship of the Russian media. This option is very unpopular within the Alliance. Any form of cen- sorship would create a boomerang effect, since it would legitimize the Russian narrative. Likewise, an offensive measure is the employment of counter information warfare campaigns, in order to infiltrate and manipulate the Russian information domain. Again, such an option is not desirable in liberal de- counter Russia’s information operations requires a comprehensive approach that involves state agen- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299761/figure-8-encompassing-approach-will-ensure-the-necessary"><img alt="encompassing approach will ensure the necessary balance between the functioning of liberal democ- racy and the protection of societal cohesion. Fighting propaganda with propaganda is simply not an option. It is only the truth that sheds light on the darkness. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299773/figure-9-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299781/figure-10-information-as-an-instrument-of-power-lesson"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10299789/table-1-about-the-author-information-as-an-instrument-of"><img alt="About the author: “Information as an instrument of power - Lessons learned from the war in Ukraine” " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/94648406/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-91330731-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="50812aef154c3941527effda7969204d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":94648406,"asset_id":91330731,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94648406/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="91330731"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="91330731"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91330731; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91330731]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=91330731]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 91330731; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='91330731']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "50812aef154c3941527effda7969204d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=91330731]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":91330731,"title":"Information as an Instrument of Power - Lesson learned from the War in Ukraine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Information is an essential element of state power used throughout history in order to exert influence on other actors and achieve certain political objectives. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43455901/A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63763122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43455901/A_Social_Contract_for_Cyberspace_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_vol_19_no_2_2020_">A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Information Warfare</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on on...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on one hand and the state and government on the other. Cyberspace, by serving as a unique global platform for the connection and communication of its billions of users, creates its own social structure and thereby forms a new regulatory ecosystem. The societal reform that is facilitated by cyberspace challenges the traditional understanding of rights and responsibilities that shape social contract theory. The disinformation campaigns, the spread of hate speech, and the emergence of systemic algorithmic discrimination are examples that illustrate the need for new rules and social agreements between all stakeholders. This research aims to manifest the necessity of a social contract for the digital era. The study will first review the social contract theory and in particular, the classic works of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau and then specify the challenges that the state, the corporate sector and civil society face. The study concludes that the construction of a social contract between governments, citizens and companies, is still in its early phase. The enforcement of greater transparency, the implementation of new market regulations and above all the building of trust will enable the emergence of a new social contract.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3ae82b208e52e20720856e2202e0fd70" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63763122,"asset_id":43455901,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63763122/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43455901"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43455901"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43455901; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43455901]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43455901]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43455901; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43455901']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3ae82b208e52e20720856e2202e0fd70" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43455901]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43455901,"title":"A Social Contract for Cyberspace, Journal of Information Warfare, vol.19, no.2 (2020).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A social contract is about the rights and responsibilities among the members of the society on one hand and the state and government on the other. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-43455901-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43285912"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43285912/%CE%97_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Η επίδραση των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στην κυβερνοασφάλεια" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63561789/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43285912/%CE%97_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1">Η επίδραση των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στην κυβερνοασφάλεια</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/MariaZampati">Maria Zampati</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/ChristinaKontrafouri">Christina Kontrafouri</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Κείμενο Εργασίας, Εργαστήρι Πληροφόρησης & Κυβερνοασφάλειας</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ο κυβερνοχώρος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο πέμπτος τομέας των πολεμικών επιχειρήσεων μετά την ξηρά, το...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ο κυβερνοχώρος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο πέμπτος τομέας των πολεμικών επιχειρήσεων μετά την ξηρά, τον αέρα, τη θάλασσα και το διάστημα, με τη διαφορά ότι είναι ο μόνος που έχει δημιουργηθεί εξ’ ολοκλήρου από τον άνθρωπο. Η αδιάκοπη εξάρτηση των ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων από τις υποδομές πληροφοριών εγείρει το ζήτημα της ασφάλειας. Οι πιο επιζήμιες επιθέσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο είναι εκείνες κατά των κρίσιμων υποδομών και  των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων ενός κράτους. Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία εξετάζει τις κυβερνοεπιθέσεις που έλαβαν χώρα το 2007 στην Εσθονία με σκοπό να αναδείξει την επίδραση τους στην μετεξέλιξη της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Αποτελεί την πρώτη ιστορικά, περίπτωση κυβερνοεπίθεσης εναντίον ενός κυρίαρχου κράτους, η οποία μάλιστα κατέδειξε το πρόβλημα απόδοσης ευθύνης και την ανεπάρκεια του Διεθνούς Δικαίου στον τομέα της κυβερνοασφάλειας. Για τη διερεύνηση του ζητήματος θα αναλυθούν παρακάτω τα μέτρα που έχουν ληφθεί και οι στρατηγικές που έχουν υιοθετηθεί τόσο σε κρατικό όσο και σε θεσμικό επίπεδο. Τέλος, θα παρατεθεί μία συγκριτική ανάλυση Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) και Βορειοατλαντικής Συμμαχίας (ΝΑΤΟ) αναφορικά με τις δυνατότητες των δύο οργανισμών στον τομέα αυτό.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="73b87ed54318f1489135b7251324c4fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63561789,"asset_id":43285912,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63561789/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43285912"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43285912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43285912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43285912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43285912]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43285912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43285912']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "73b87ed54318f1489135b7251324c4fa" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43285912]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43285912,"title":"Η επίδραση των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στην κυβερνοασφάλεια","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Ο κυβερνοχώρος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως ο πέμπτος τομέας των πολεμικών επιχειρήσεων μετά την ξηρά, τον αέρα, τη θάλασσα και το διάστημα, με τη διαφορά ότι είναι ο μόνος που έχει δημιουργηθεί εξ’ ολοκλήρου από τον άνθρωπο. 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Particularly, as the digital era began, it brought new possibilities and positive prospects for communication, trade and businesses. It provided easier and faster access, alleviated transport and several services. More and more daily activities and transactions are conducted through the use of Internet and technological devices. Soon challenges, threats and risks developed in the cyber space, rooted in the acceleration of technology. Virtual attacks are threatening government institutions, critical infrastructure. Sensitive information or personal data are exposed. The digitalization overall can create more fragile and exposed to dangers societies. Obviously, with the utilization and expansion of cyberspace, its security has been addressed as highly important for governmental and non-governmental actors. <br />Over the past years, the European Union has acknowledged the increasing threats deriving from the nature of our digitally driven world, the reliance on automation and the connection to data. Thus, the EU wants to take the responsibility of cyber security in its own hands by shaping a comprehensive and integral cyber security strategy for its member states as an effort to strengthen the resilience of cyberspace, mitigate the cyber threats and explore all the benefits of digital transformation. <br />This paper explores the territory of cyber security in the European Union. In the first place, it reflects on the challenge of defining “cybersecurity” by the European Union. Secondly, it maps the cyber security threats which pressed EU to shape a cyber security strategy. Then, it aims to identify the main cyber security capabilities, frameworks and tools of the EU. The last sectionfeatures the future steps of the European Union towards cyber security and reveals some challenges that the EU member states face in order to achieve a common cyber security policy and cyber security management at the EU level.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-40344684-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-40344684-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/12452605/figure-1-for-its-own-purposes-enisa-defines-cybersecurity-as"><img alt="For its own purposes, ENISA defines cybersecurity as “the protection of information, information systems, infrastructure and the applications that run on top of it from those threats that are associated with a globally connected environment”.5The agency uses a pyramid to illustrate the layers of cybersecurity protection. It denotes that the EU has to ensure all of the aspects of cyberspace and thus, a holistic and multifaceted approach towards cyber security. As the figure 1. depicts, the fundament of the cybersecurity pyramid refers to the basic protection measures, such as cyber hygiene®, education, awareness which aim to enhance the safety and security of users in cvbersnace. Figure 1. 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Its decentr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. Its decentralized nature and the fact that it is mostly owned and managed by the private sector raise a number of questions regarding the most effective model of governance. Viewing cyberspace as a global commons, balancing between state sovereignty and the fragmentation of cyberspace, and debating between multilateralism and multi-stakeholderism makes discussions of cyberspace governance quite complex. The cases of ITU, ICANN, IGF, UN GGE, and NETmundial raise issues of legitimacy and accountability and offer a pragmatic insight into the power politics of cyberspace.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44bd363d56508c0a5c14acf3c6634740" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51137252,"asset_id":30693419,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51137252/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30693419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30693419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30693419; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30693419]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30693419]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30693419; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30693419']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "44bd363d56508c0a5c14acf3c6634740" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30693419]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30693419,"title":"Exploring the Complexity of Cyberspace Governance: State Sovereignty, Multistakeholderism, and Power Politics, Journal of Information Warfare, 15, 4 (2016).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-30693419-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="25431391"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/25431391/Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45747712/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/25431391/Reconceptualising_Cyber_Security_Safeguarding_Human_Rights_in_the_Era_of_Cyber_Surveillance_International_Journal_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_6_2_2016_">Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. The dominance of war metaphors in the cyber security debates has produced a security dilemma, which is not sufficiently addressing the needs of people. This article underlines this shortcoming and views cyber security through a human-centric perspective. Freedom of expression and the right to privacy are under attack in the era of cyber surveillance. From a human-centric perspective such rights should be understood as a critical part of cyber security. Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66f3d5deeaced7b83c86859182decb7f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45747712,"asset_id":25431391,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45747712/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25431391"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25431391"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25431391; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25431391]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25431391]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25431391; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='25431391']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "66f3d5deeaced7b83c86859182decb7f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=25431391]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":25431391,"title":"Reconceptualising Cyber Security: Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Cyber Surveillance, International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 6, 2 (2016).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. 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data-work-id="20896281"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20896281/A_Human_Centric_Approach_to_Cybersecurity_Securing_the_Human_in_the_Era_of_Cyberphobia_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_14_4_2015_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41617354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20896281/A_Human_Centric_Approach_to_Cybersecurity_Securing_the_Human_in_the_Era_of_Cyberphobia_Journal_of_Information_Warfare_14_4_2015_">A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should n...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should not be limited to the traditional concept of national security. The militarization of the cyber-security discourse has produced a security dilemma, which is not addressing sufficiently the needs of the people. The article highlights this shortcoming and views cyber-security, through a human-centric approach. The challenge ahead is to establish a governance regime for cyberspace that successfully addresses human rights norms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-20896281-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-20896281-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/49055703/figure-1-human-centric-approach-to-cybersecurity-securing"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/41617354/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-20896281-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f94d3f4c624a8cbcb2cb34af9c7b006" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41617354,"asset_id":20896281,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41617354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20896281"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20896281"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20896281; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20896281]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20896281]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20896281; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20896281']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f94d3f4c624a8cbcb2cb34af9c7b006" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20896281]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20896281,"title":"A Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity: Securing the Human in the Era of Cyberphobia, Journal of Information Warfare, 14, 4 (2015).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyber-security relates to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should not be limited to the traditional concept of national security. 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class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10294157/On_Cyber_terrorism_Redefining_Terror_in_Cyberspace_Politika_Annual_Journal_2014">On Cyber-terrorism: Redefining Terror in Cyberspace, Politika, Annual Journal 2014.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-10294157-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-10294157-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323020/figure-1-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323023/figure-2-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323025/figure-3-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323026/figure-4-another-factor-that-makes-the-definition-of-cyber"><img alt="Another factor that makes the definition of cyber-terrorism challenging is the meanings of the terms ‘cyber’ and ‘terrorism’. The latter, is a concept that has evolved throughout history and has been associated with nationalists, religious extremists and groups in the far-right and far-left of the political spectrum (Crenshaw et al., 2001). Although there is no agreed comprehensive definition as to its character, motive and mode of operation, most analysts agree that mode of operation, most analysts agree that terrorism involves the use or threatened use of violence on a systemic basis to achieve political objectives. The spread of fear, the creation of unrest and a thirst for publicity are its most common characteristics (Schmid, 2011). Competing approaches to cyber-terrorism " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323030/figure-5-likewise-cyberspace-is-also-defined-in-many-ways"><img alt="Likewise, cyberspace is also defined in many ways. Cyberspace is not a static domain, but a dynamic construct that is still rapidly expanding. In sharp contrast to land, sea, air and space, cyberspace is not part of nature; it is human-made and therefore shaped by human behaviour. A widely accepted definition is that of Daniel Kuehl, who defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment whose distinctive and unique character is framed by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange, and exploit information via interdependent and interconnected networks using information-communication technologies (Kramer, 2009). last and least concrete layer is that of data (Tabansky, 2011). This layer, labeled also as semantic contains the data - information that is meaningful to human beings. It is in this layer that a different version of reality can be presented (Libicki, 2007). The semantic layer can be understood as the cognitive function of cyberspace, where information can shape perceptions and social behavior. can be understood as the cognitive function " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323031/figure-6-factor-and-argue-that-since-cyber-attacks"><img alt="factor and argue that since cyber-attacks " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323036/figure-7-to-summarise-we-can-distinguish-between-two"><img alt="To summarise, we can distinguish between two approaches to cyber-terrorism. The first and rather narrow approach uses the ‘tools- targets’ element and argues that cyber- terrorism involves only digital attacks, where a) both the tool and the target are digital, e.g a Trojan horse in public network, and b) the tool is digital, but the target is physical, e.g hacking an air traffic control system to bring down a plane (Devost et al., 1997). On the contrary, the second and much broader approach claims that cyber-terrorism involves all the cases where terrorists use the ICT to materialise their operations, whether that involves the preparation and conduct of an attack, or even the consequences of a cyber- terrorist attack (Chen et al., 2014). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323049/figure-8-using-yannakogeorgos-typology-we-observe-that-cyber"><img alt="Using Yannakogeorgo’s typology, we observe that cyber-terrorists are constantly using the cyber realm for recruitment, indoctrination, fundraising and even small scale cyber operations, but are unable to carry out major cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure. Such attacks are theoretically conceivable, but also unlikely. Why? The lack of available fundraising and even small scale cyber Re-conceptualising the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54323054/figure-9-on-cyber-terrorism-redefining-terror-in-cyberspace"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/36371566/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-10294157-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ee973a263959ac79f07dec3dd0ab1d4d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36371566,"asset_id":10294157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36371566/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10294157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10294157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10294157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10294157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10294157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10294157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10294157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ee973a263959ac79f07dec3dd0ab1d4d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10294157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10294157,"title":"On Cyber-terrorism: Redefining Terror in Cyberspace, Politika, Annual Journal 2014.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"This paper explores the evolving concept of cyber-terrorism, emphasizing its ambiguity and the lack of a universally accepted definition. 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Σχέσεις","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82"},{"id":1120255,"name":"ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%A3"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9551692-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7403132"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7403132/Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service_Untying_the_Gordian_Knot_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_3_1_2014_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33992541/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7403132/Reforming_the_Greek_National_Intelligence_Service_Untying_the_Gordian_Knot_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_3_1_2014_">Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/IOANNISKONSTANTOPOULOS">IOANNIS KONSTANTOPOULOS</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Se...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Service (NIS) is facing and to stress the need for a genuine reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. Over the past years NIS has experienced several failures and so far the efforts to reform the Service have been insufficient. The reason is that past reforms of NIS were basically a spasmodic reaction to intelligence failures and political pressure, and not a result of a holistic and detailed analysis of the challenges that the Greek Intelligence Community has to meet in a complex international security environment. The present article makes a number of recommendations regarding a fundamental reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. Reallocating NIS to the Prime Minister, staffing the Service with the proper personnel and reassessing its priorities, creating new institutions like the National Intelligence Council and placing an Inspector General within the intelligence apparatus, are some of the proposals that will truly reform the Greek Intelligence Community.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5e27f2985ac842afd9ab9c853206403e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33992541,"asset_id":7403132,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33992541/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7403132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7403132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7403132; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7403132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7403132]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7403132; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7403132']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5e27f2985ac842afd9ab9c853206403e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7403132]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7403132,"title":"Reforming the Greek National Intelligence Service: Untying the Gordian Knot, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, 3, 1 (2014).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to identify the challenges that the Greek National Intelligence Service (NIS) is facing and to stress the need for a genuine reform of the Greek Intelligence Community. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-7403132-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5893953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/5893953/Cyberspace_Sovereignty_and_International_Order_ISN_2014"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32881192/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5893953/Cyberspace_Sovereignty_and_International_Order_ISN_2014">Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every aspect of our lives. The dramatic increase in the speed, volumes and range of communications that it offers has undoubtedly changed the ways that individuals interact with each other, how companies deliver services and, crucially, how we are governed. But there is also a darker side to cyberspace which poses a growing number of challenges to individual and collective security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c5d1e6d781b67f5c04e9b4a88d92b50c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32881192,"asset_id":5893953,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32881192/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5893953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5893953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5893953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5893953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5893953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5893953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5893953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c5d1e6d781b67f5c04e9b4a88d92b50c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5893953]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5893953,"title":"Cyberspace, Sovereignty and International Order, ISN, 2014.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"International Relations and Security Network (ISN), 30 January 2014","grobid_abstract":"It is now well-established that the rapid evolution of cyberspace has impacted upon almost every aspect of our lives. 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profile--work_container" data-work-id="6513099"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6513099/Great_Power_Politics_in_Cyberspace_U_S_and_China_are_drawing_the_lines_between_confrontation_and_cooperation_in_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_Bratislava_Centre_for_European_and_North_American_Affairs_2013_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Great Power Politics in Cyberspace: U.S and China are drawing the lines between confrontation and cooperation, in Panorama of Global Security Environment (Bratislava: Centre for European and North American Affairs, 2013)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33288892/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6513099/Great_Power_Politics_in_Cyberspace_U_S_and_China_are_drawing_the_lines_between_confrontation_and_cooperation_in_Panorama_of_Global_Security_Environment_Bratislava_Centre_for_European_and_North_American_Affairs_2013_">Great Power Politics in Cyberspace: U.S and China are drawing the lines between confrontation and cooperation, in Panorama of Global Security Environment (Bratislava: Centre for European and North American Affairs, 2013).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The U.S.-China bilateral agenda is dominated by issues like trade, intellectual property rights, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The U.S.-China bilateral agenda is dominated by issues like trade, intellectual property rights, monetary policy, human rights and security issues. However, given the fact that critical national infrastructures and the private sector are increasingly dependent on digital assets, cyberspace has become an important aspect of their bilateral relationship. The purpose of this paper is to define the nature of U.S.-China relationship in cyberspace and identify issues that cause conflict between Washington and Beijing. For both sides, cyberspace is a realm where they exercise power politics in order to pursue their national interests. The two global competitors have different positions on most of the issues that relate to cyberspace. Fear and uncertainty are present in cyberspace for both Washington and Beijing. Nevertheless, they also have common goals. The level of interdependence between them is high and avoiding misperception and escalation is a mutual priority. Therefore, both sides are trying to avoid mistrust and conflict in cyberspace and establish some cooperative mechanisms. Based on previous practice from nuclear diplomacy, both sides are in the process of identifying diplomatic tools (e.g. confidence building measures, Track II diplomacy and simulations) in order to avoid unnecessary tension in cyberspace.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="86b07f09249771a385830b7d0199064e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33288892,"asset_id":6513099,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33288892/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6513099"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6513099"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6513099; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6513099]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6513099]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6513099; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6513099']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "86b07f09249771a385830b7d0199064e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6513099]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6513099,"title":"Great Power Politics in Cyberspace: U.S and China are drawing the lines between confrontation and cooperation, in Panorama of Global Security Environment (Bratislava: Centre for European and North American Affairs, 2013).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The U.S.-China bilateral agenda is dominated by issues like trade, intellectual property rights, monetary policy, human rights and security issues. 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However, given the fact that critical national infrastructures and the private sector are increasingly dependent on digital assets, cyberspace has become an important aspect of their bilateral relationship. The purpose of this paper is to define the nature of U.S.-China relationship in cyberspace and identify issues that cause conflict between Washington and Beijing. For both sides, cyberspace is a realm where they exercise power politics in order to pursue their national interests. The two global competitors have different positions on most of the issues that relate to cyberspace. Fear and uncertainty are present in cyberspace for both Washington and Beijing. Nevertheless, they also have common goals. The level of interdependence between them is high and avoiding misperception and escalation is a mutual priority. Therefore, both sides are trying to avoid mistrust and conflict in cyberspace and establish some cooperative mechanisms. 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data-work-id="3800630"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3800630/The_Challenges_of_Social_Media_Intelligence_for_the_Intelligence_Community_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_vol_1_no_1_2013_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31458107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3800630/The_Challenges_of_Social_Media_Intelligence_for_the_Intelligence_Community_Journal_of_Mediterranean_and_Balkan_Intelligence_vol_1_no_1_2013_">The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. Cy...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. Cyberspace is an expanding digital network that connects social, business and military networks around the world. The advent of social media has had a fundamental effect on how people communicate and act. In recent years, social media has emphasized the potential for citizens to engage in the public sphere, inform, communicate, affect governance within and across national borders and at the same time empower governments to reach out in new ways and to broader audiences than before. In an interdependent world where communication is transmitted at the speed of light, social media can serve as a tool to understand, but also control societies. The social revolutions that took place in Iran, Tunisia, Egypt and other countries revealed that social media and social networks can function as a force multiplier for political action. These developments have not escaped the attention of the intelligence community. The transition from the traditional means of communication (press, radio and television) to the social media, affects many aspects of the intelligence business. The emergence of social media intelligence poses technical, conceptual and operational challenges for the intelligence agencies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f78260652cf987fc21ff41052ce1444f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31458107,"asset_id":3800630,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31458107/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3800630"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3800630"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3800630; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3800630]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3800630]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3800630; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3800630']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f78260652cf987fc21ff41052ce1444f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3800630]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3800630,"title":"The Challenges of Social Media Intelligence for the Intelligence Community, Journal of Mediterranean and Balkan Intelligence, vol.1 no.1 (2013).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Information and communication technologies have a broad impact on every aspect of social life. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-3800630-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="378453" id="bookchapters"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="125287039"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/125287039/Autonomous_Weapons_Systems_and_the_Future_of_Warfare"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Future of Warfare" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119358423/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125287039/Autonomous_Weapons_Systems_and_the_Future_of_Warfare">Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Future of Warfare</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The chapter focuses on how the use of AWS affects the conduct of the war in tactical, operational...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The chapter focuses on how the use of AWS affects the conduct of the war in tactical, operational, and strategic terms. The purpose is to identify and properly frame the implications of such weapons systems not only on the battlefield but also about broader issues like the arms race, deterrence, and stability in the international order. In terms of structure, the chapter first tackles the definitional debate and approaches the types of autonomy in modern weapons systems. A common understanding of AWS is still lacking in both the scientific and policy circles. The following two sections review the advantages and challenges that such weapons systems pose to military practitioners and policymakers. Building on the above, the final section discusses the potential impact of AWS on the international system and stresses the likelihood of unintended escalation and the need for arms control or international regulations in the development and deployment of AWS. The chapter ends with the conclusions that summarize the main points discussed and highlight the need for policy development in this area. The research is based on a thorough literature review of scholarly articles, books, reports, and relevant publications that explore the strategic implications of autonomous weapons. Additionally, real-world examples and case studies where autonomous weapons have been deployed or tested are used to support the arguments and provide practical insights.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5ec31d9c1b703b641db779be317458a6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119358423,"asset_id":125287039,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119358423/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="125287039"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="125287039"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125287039; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125287039]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=125287039]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 125287039; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='125287039']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5ec31d9c1b703b641db779be317458a6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=125287039]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":125287039,"title":"Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Future of Warfare","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1201/9781003441700-10","abstract":"The chapter focuses on how the use of AWS affects the conduct of the war in tactical, operational, and strategic terms. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/106790157/Digitizing_the_Battlefield">Digitizing the Battlefield</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge Handbook of the Future of Warfare</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Science and technology have been integrated into military strategy and tactics since the beginnin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Science and technology have been integrated into military strategy and tactics since the beginning of time. In the current era, armies are pushing the boundaries of technology in both the preparation for combat, as well as digitizing the present battlefield. This chapter highlights the extent to which augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are transforming the way armies train and fight. The first part analyzes the reality spectrum and in particular, the developments associated with AR, VR and the metaverse. The second part demonstrates the way AR and VR instruments are integrated in the military sector. This includes among others, efforts to decrease the time and logistics required to train soldiers on combat tactics, to produce warfare simulations and virtual boot camps, but also how to train doctors and paramedics to carry out lifesaving operations in the stressful surroundings of a real warzone. Having conceptualized how AR and VR are practically applied in the military sector, the last part places these technological developments within the broader context of military transformation and critically questions whether these developments do actually constitute a new revolution in military affairs or not.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="648facab854a5cff1c2662e9d39634a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105792946,"asset_id":106790157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105792946/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106790157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106790157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106790157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106790157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106790157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106790157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106790157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "648facab854a5cff1c2662e9d39634a9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106790157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106790157,"title":"Digitizing the Battlefield","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.4324/9781003299011-33","abstract":"Science and technology have been integrated into military strategy and tactics since the beginning of time. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-106790157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44567482"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44567482/Russian_Information_Operations_A_Pillar_of_State_Power_in_Constantinos_Filis_ed_A_Closer_Look_at_Russia_and_its_Influence_on_the_World_NY_Nova_Science_Publishers_2019_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Russian Information Operations: A Pillar of State Power, in Constantinos Filis (ed.), A Closer Look at Russia and its Influence on the World (NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2019)." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65022564/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44567482/Russian_Information_Operations_A_Pillar_of_State_Power_in_Constantinos_Filis_ed_A_Closer_Look_at_Russia_and_its_Influence_on_the_World_NY_Nova_Science_Publishers_2019_">Russian Information Operations: A Pillar of State Power, in Constantinos Filis (ed.), A Closer Look at Russia and its Influence on the World (NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2019).</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Constantinos Filis (ed.), A Closer Look at Russia and its Influence on the World (NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2019).</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The purpose of this chapter is to review Russian Information Operations as exercised in recent ye...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The purpose of this chapter is to review Russian Information Operations as exercised in recent years and analyze their significance as part of a broader grand strategy scheme. In order to do that, we will first analyze the way information war/operations are conceptualized by the Russian political and military elite. There is a distinction between the Russian approach to information warfare, which is employed during both peacetime and wartime, and the Western approach, which is limited to tactical information operations carried out during a military campaign. The Russian approach is broader, and the recent evidence from Ukraine demonstrates that the Russian state and Russian nonstate actors have exploited the Internet, social media and cyber tools in order to conduct a<br />type of warfare that largely avoids using traditional military force. Instead, it is focused on influencing the populations and decision-making processes of targeted countries. Though the direct results of such operations are hard to measure, there is speculation that they have had some effect in both operational terms (e.g., the case of the Ukraine-Crimea crisis) and strategic terms (e.g., eroding liberal democracy in Europe and weakening NATO’s cohesion). Having conceptualized a theoretical framework for how Russia perceives and utilizes information operations, we will make some suggestions on how to counter this new challenge.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8a42dc1b0933fe3c08ffe797fe7f3053" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65022564,"asset_id":44567482,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65022564/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44567482"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44567482"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44567482; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44567482]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44567482]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44567482; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44567482']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8a42dc1b0933fe3c08ffe797fe7f3053" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44567482]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44567482,"title":"Russian Information Operations: A Pillar of State Power, in Constantinos Filis (ed.), A Closer Look at Russia and its Influence on the World (NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2019).","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to review Russian Information Operations as exercised in recent years and analyze their significance as part of a broader grand strategy scheme. 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An international cyber-order under construction?’, in Ryan, Julie (ed), Leading Issues in Information Warfare & Security Research, vol. 2 (Reading: Academic Publishing International Ltd, 2015), pp.191-202." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">‘Exercising state sovereignty in cyberspace: An international cyber-order under construction?’, in Ryan, Julie (ed), Leading Issues in Information Warfare & Security Research, vol. 2 (Reading: Academic Publishing International Ltd, 2015), pp.191-202.</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16944061"><a 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href="https://www.academia.edu/286343/Revolutions_in_Warfare_Theoretical_Paradigms_and_Historical_Evidence_The_Napolenic_and_First_World_War_Revolutions_in_Military_Affairs_in_Sheffiled_Gary_ed_War_Studies_Reader_From_the_Seventeenth_Century_to_the_Present_Day_and_Beyond"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Revolutions in Warfare: Theoretical Paradigms and Historical Evidence - The Napolenic and First World War Revolutions in Military Affairs in Sheffiled Gary (ed), War Studies Reader: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day and Beyond" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Revolutions in Warfare: Theoretical Paradigms and Historical Evidence - The Napolenic and First World War Revolutions in Military Affairs in Sheffiled Gary (ed), War Studies Reader: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day and Beyond</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This reader will provide authoritative and thought-provoking pieces of War Studies scholarship in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This reader will provide authoritative and thought-provoking pieces of War Studies scholarship in an accessible form. Covering a wide spectrum of topics, including strategy (Colin S. Gray), ‘Shell-Shock and the Cultural History of the Great War’ (Jay Winter) and Coalition Warfare (Holger H. Herwig), this book purposefully ranges across military history, international relations and contemporary security to capture the multidisciplinary nature of the subject. Gary Sheffield also provides an introduction to the Reader and to War Studies, explaining the growth and development of this dynamic field of study. <br /> <br />Table of Contents <br /> <br />Editor's Introduction <br />1. Why Study Military History? (Peter Gray) <br />2. Why Strategy is Difficult (Colin Gray) <br />3. General William T. Sherman and Total War (John Bennett Walters) <br />4. Disjointed Allies: Coalition Warfare in Berlin and Vienna, 1914 (Holger H. Herwig) <br />5. "Freies Deutschland" Guerilla Warfare in East Prussia, 1944-1945: A Contribution to the History of the German Resistance (Perry Biddiscombe) <br />6. Revolutions in Warfare: Theoretical Paradigms and Historical Evidence - The Napoleonic and First World War Revolutions in Military Affairs (Andrew N. Liaropoulos) <br />7. Atrocity, War Crime and Treason in the English Civil War (Barbara Donagan) <br />8. Shell-shock and the Cultural History of the Great War (Jay Winter) <br />9. War Casualties, Policy Positions and the Fate of Legislators (Scott Sigmund Gartner, Gary M. Segura and Bethany A. Barratt) <br />10. Chinese Military Power: What Vexes the United States and Why? (Jonathan D. 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(ed), The New Europe: Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations (Athens: Athens Institute for Education and Research, 2010), pp.43-52." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">European Security: The Limits of Strategic Culture in Stivachtis, Yannis A. (ed), The New Europe: Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations (Athens: Athens Institute for Education and Research, 2010), pp.43-52.</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This essay questions whether a strategic culture is emerging in Europe. The objective is to ident...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This essay questions whether a strategic culture is emerging in Europe. The objective is to identify the endogenous obstacles that hinder the formation of a common strategic culture. First, it reviews the concept of strategic culture and then applies it in the European security context. The persistence and heterogeneity of national strategic cultures, along with the scanty military budget, as well as the institutional stiffness and the lack of political will, highlight the inability of the European Union to construct a coherent strategic culture. Second, by identifying the need to focus on the non-military security dimensions, the essay also examines the utility of the security culture concept. Only by balancing the civilian and military dimensions, integrating the new member states and enhancing its operational capabilities will the EU move gradually towards a Common Foreign and Security Policy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="292639"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="292639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 292639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=292639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=292639]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 292639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='292639']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=292639]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":292639,"title":"European Security: The Limits of Strategic Culture in Stivachtis, Yannis A. 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","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/292639/European_Security_The_Limits_of_Strategic_Culture_in_Stivachtis_Yannis_A_ed_The_New_Europe_Politics_Economics_and_Foreign_Relations_Athens_Athens_Institute_for_Education_and_Research_2010_pp_43_52","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2010-08-10T19:55:43.600-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"European_Security_The_Limits_of_Strategic_Culture_in_Stivachtis_Yannis_A_ed_The_New_Europe_Politics_Economics_and_Foreign_Relations_Athens_Athens_Institute_for_Education_and_Research_2010_pp_43_52","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This essay questions whether a strategic culture is emerging in Europe. The objective is to identify the endogenous obstacles that hinder the formation of a common strategic culture. First, it reviews the concept of strategic culture and then applies it in the European security context. The persistence and heterogeneity of national strategic cultures, along with the scanty military budget, as well as the institutional stiffness and the lack of political will, highlight the inability of the European Union to construct a coherent strategic culture. Second, by identifying the need to focus on the non-military security dimensions, the essay also examines the utility of the security culture concept. Only by balancing the civilian and military dimensions, integrating the new member states and enhancing its operational capabilities will the EU move gradually towards a Common Foreign and Security Policy. ","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security"},{"id":5954,"name":"European Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"id":7031,"name":"Strategic Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Culture"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy"},{"id":44778,"name":"Common Security and Defense Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Security_and_Defense_Policy"},{"id":111484,"name":"Common Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy"},{"id":240916,"name":"ESDP/ CFSP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ESDP_CFSP"},{"id":316537,"name":"European strategic culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_strategic_culture"},{"id":326741,"name":"Concept of strategic culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concept_of_strategic_culture"},{"id":352237,"name":"EU CFSP \u0026 CSDP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_CFSP_and_CSDP"},{"id":1003047,"name":"EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy_CFSP_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy_CSDP_and_Internatio"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-292639-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="378449" id="bookreviews"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64691509"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/64691509/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%97_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC_and_%CE%9A_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Βιβλιοκριτική "Η Τέχνη της Στρατηγικής" των Α. Πλατιά & Κ. Κολιόπουλο" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76618766/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/64691509/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%97_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC_and_%CE%9A_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF">Βιβλιοκριτική "Η Τέχνη της Στρατηγικής" των Α. Πλατιά & Κ. Κολιόπουλο</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Αεροπορική Επιθεώρηση</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cc23edc9c534c8c6657f840faaa691f5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":76618766,"asset_id":64691509,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76618766/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64691509"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64691509"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64691509; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64691509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64691509]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64691509; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64691509']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cc23edc9c534c8c6657f840faaa691f5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64691509]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64691509,"title":"Βιβλιοκριτική \"Η Τέχνη της Στρατηγικής\" των Α. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-64691509-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="378478" id="conferenceproceedings"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49356790"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49356790/EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Power_Searching_for_its_Strategic_Autonomy_in_the_Digital_Domain"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of EU Digital Sovereignty: A Regulatory Power Searching for its Strategic Autonomy in the Digital Domain" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67731427/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49356790/EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Power_Searching_for_its_Strategic_Autonomy_in_the_Digital_Domain">EU Digital Sovereignty: A Regulatory Power Searching for its Strategic Autonomy in the Digital Domain</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Cyberwarfare and Security </span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Digital technologies have gradually affected the way societies interact, how companies deliver se...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Digital technologies have gradually affected the way societies interact, how companies deliver services and how<br />people are governed. Policymakers around the world have realized the importance of digital technologies on their countries’<br />security and autonomy and have issued sovereignty claims regarding cyberspace. The European Union - an actor that aims<br />to ensure that governments, the private sector, civil society organisations and end users around the world promote an open,<br />free, and secure cyberspace - has recently added the concept of digital sovereignty in its political vocabulary. Taking for<br />granted that there is no widely accepted and comprehensive approach regarding digital sovereignty, this paper will analyse<br />the European discourse on digital sovereignty. It will first review the ambiguous concept of sovereignty and then explore the<br />way it can be applied in the European digital domain. The aim is to highlight the dilemmas and constrains that the EU is facing<br />in relation to regulating the digital domain, avoiding technological protectionism, promoting cyber-resilience, and<br />understanding the game of digital geopolitics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-49356790-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-49356790-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/25718007/figure-1-eu-digital-sovereignty-regulatory-power-searching"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/67731427/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-49356790-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="856df0a295b936e7cddbdfcec9cee817" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67731427,"asset_id":49356790,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67731427/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49356790"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49356790"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49356790; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49356790]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49356790]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49356790; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49356790']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "856df0a295b936e7cddbdfcec9cee817" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49356790]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49356790,"title":"EU Digital Sovereignty: A Regulatory Power Searching for its Strategic Autonomy in the Digital Domain","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.34190/EWS.21.037","abstract":"Digital technologies have gradually affected the way societies interact, how companies deliver services and how\npeople are governed. Policymakers around the world have realized the importance of digital technologies on their countries’\nsecurity and autonomy and have issued sovereignty claims regarding cyberspace. The European Union - an actor that aims\nto ensure that governments, the private sector, civil society organisations and end users around the world promote an open,\nfree, and secure cyberspace - has recently added the concept of digital sovereignty in its political vocabulary. Taking for\ngranted that there is no widely accepted and comprehensive approach regarding digital sovereignty, this paper will analyse\nthe European discourse on digital sovereignty. It will first review the ambiguous concept of sovereignty and then explore the\nway it can be applied in the European digital domain. The aim is to highlight the dilemmas and constrains that the EU is facing\nin relation to regulating the digital domain, avoiding technological protectionism, promoting cyber-resilience, and\nunderstanding the game of digital geopolitics.","ai_title_tag":"EU Digital Sovereignty: Navigating Autonomy in Cyber Regulation","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Cyberwarfare and Security "},"translated_abstract":"Digital technologies have gradually affected the way societies interact, how companies deliver services and how\npeople are governed. Policymakers around the world have realized the importance of digital technologies on their countries’\nsecurity and autonomy and have issued sovereignty claims regarding cyberspace. The European Union - an actor that aims\nto ensure that governments, the private sector, civil society organisations and end users around the world promote an open,\nfree, and secure cyberspace - has recently added the concept of digital sovereignty in its political vocabulary. Taking for\ngranted that there is no widely accepted and comprehensive approach regarding digital sovereignty, this paper will analyse\nthe European discourse on digital sovereignty. It will first review the ambiguous concept of sovereignty and then explore the\nway it can be applied in the European digital domain. The aim is to highlight the dilemmas and constrains that the EU is facing\nin relation to regulating the digital domain, avoiding technological protectionism, promoting cyber-resilience, and\nunderstanding the game of digital geopolitics.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49356790/EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Power_Searching_for_its_Strategic_Autonomy_in_the_Digital_Domain","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-06-24T07:15:31.966-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67731427,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67731427/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ECCWS21_Liaropoulos.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67731427/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Powe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67731427/ECCWS21_Liaropoulos-libre.pdf?1624552624=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Powe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498273\u0026Signature=Fe6vAH1BqxlVHGAS-DITGYtED9WFzNcI6rk~2~-Ugh9jSdY1TF7xBnkRXmfnki2k0nz8G9Brf4tm5tdTzshCAWbbC~Rx882bTc5nf2EV~HpYX9oQMC1nrBgwKzIb~13VZ0fOHpR9MuD6D94ZXqaNhVVrL~bvxDJi87ATmZqQdBAaAbnQu6MZJPfL29yBbaMzLJckEFiRxLpl9qRQQbJ9SAs3dS4I8VQHwzb3eNwDcs1dUN~xkRBd3DMMEofYbT-cW9Ftb2iLh-14KIh74zlg-qBFJVH1VHP1X39zy2yjJdENnoJKGGi8sBEmx4UIhKSZurpQXcXOFQjibqePTuLlVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Power_Searching_for_its_Strategic_Autonomy_in_the_Digital_Domain","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Digital technologies have gradually affected the way societies interact, how companies deliver services and how\npeople are governed. Policymakers around the world have realized the importance of digital technologies on their countries’\nsecurity and autonomy and have issued sovereignty claims regarding cyberspace. The European Union - an actor that aims\nto ensure that governments, the private sector, civil society organisations and end users around the world promote an open,\nfree, and secure cyberspace - has recently added the concept of digital sovereignty in its political vocabulary. Taking for\ngranted that there is no widely accepted and comprehensive approach regarding digital sovereignty, this paper will analyse\nthe European discourse on digital sovereignty. It will first review the ambiguous concept of sovereignty and then explore the\nway it can be applied in the European digital domain. The aim is to highlight the dilemmas and constrains that the EU is facing\nin relation to regulating the digital domain, avoiding technological protectionism, promoting cyber-resilience, and\nunderstanding the game of digital geopolitics.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":67731427,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67731427/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ECCWS21_Liaropoulos.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67731427/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"EU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Powe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67731427/ECCWS21_Liaropoulos-libre.pdf?1624552624=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEU_Digital_Sovereignty_A_Regulatory_Powe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498273\u0026Signature=Fe6vAH1BqxlVHGAS-DITGYtED9WFzNcI6rk~2~-Ugh9jSdY1TF7xBnkRXmfnki2k0nz8G9Brf4tm5tdTzshCAWbbC~Rx882bTc5nf2EV~HpYX9oQMC1nrBgwKzIb~13VZ0fOHpR9MuD6D94ZXqaNhVVrL~bvxDJi87ATmZqQdBAaAbnQu6MZJPfL29yBbaMzLJckEFiRxLpl9qRQQbJ9SAs3dS4I8VQHwzb3eNwDcs1dUN~xkRBd3DMMEofYbT-cW9Ftb2iLh-14KIh74zlg-qBFJVH1VHP1X39zy2yjJdENnoJKGGi8sBEmx4UIhKSZurpQXcXOFQjibqePTuLlVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3661,"name":"Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sovereignty"},{"id":5954,"name":"European Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union"},{"id":46738,"name":"Cybersecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cybersecurity"},{"id":59103,"name":"Cyberpolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpolitics"},{"id":99126,"name":"Digital Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Politics"},{"id":904205,"name":"European Union Policy on Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_Policy_on_Cyber_Security"},{"id":1685114,"name":"Digital Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Sovereignty"},{"id":4007109,"name":"EU strategic autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_strategic_autonomy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-49356790-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39847279"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39847279/In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cybersecurity_Proceedings_of_the_18th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Portugal_4_5July_2019"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In search of a Social Contract for Cybersecurity, Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Portugal, 4-5July 2019" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60036633/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39847279/In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cybersecurity_Proceedings_of_the_18th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Portugal_4_5July_2019">In search of a Social Contract for Cybersecurity, Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Portugal, 4-5July 2019</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The cybersecurity discourse has evolved over the last two decades from a discussion on national c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The cybersecurity discourse has evolved over the last two decades from a discussion on national cyber policies and internet governance to one that refers to a complex security regime that involves both state and non-state actors. The rise of Big Data, the development of internet censorship techniques, Edward Snowden's revelations about the global surveillance carried out by the United States National Security Agency and the Cambridge Analytica scandal; demonstrate that the universal values of freedom, anonymity and privacy are under attack. Liberal democracies in the era of cyber-surveillance face an enormous challenge. On the one hand, they wish to maintain a high level of security, thereby collecting a vast amount of data on their citizens. On the other hand, they wish to preserve democracy, freedom of law and thereby respect constitutional arrangements, civil and political rights and independent media. The question that is raised is whether states can strike a balance between security concerns and their citizens' rights. The answer is not easy and forces us to readdress the existing security arrangements between state and citizens. States, societies and security institutions (both public and private, national and international) have to rethink the way they approach the constantly evolving security environment, its actors and the way they can reach reliable and effective agreements. As a result, a new social contract for cybersecurity is needed. This social contract has to challenge traditional relations between state and citizens and question the lines between the private and the public sphere. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the societal shift that is taking place in the global digital society and explore the utility of a new social contract.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a8c258a1a553d593a6cc45ea35d3839" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60036633,"asset_id":39847279,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60036633/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39847279"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39847279"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39847279; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39847279]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39847279]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39847279; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39847279']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a8c258a1a553d593a6cc45ea35d3839" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39847279]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39847279,"title":"In search of a Social Contract for Cybersecurity, Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Portugal, 4-5July 2019","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Rethinking Cybersecurity's Social Contract","grobid_abstract":"The cybersecurity discourse has evolved over the last two decades from a discussion on national cyber policies and internet governance to one that refers to a complex security regime that involves both state and non-state actors. The rise of Big Data, the development of internet censorship techniques, Edward Snowden's revelations about the global surveillance carried out by the United States National Security Agency and the Cambridge Analytica scandal; demonstrate that the universal values of freedom, anonymity and privacy are under attack. Liberal democracies in the era of cyber-surveillance face an enormous challenge. On the one hand, they wish to maintain a high level of security, thereby collecting a vast amount of data on their citizens. On the other hand, they wish to preserve democracy, freedom of law and thereby respect constitutional arrangements, civil and political rights and independent media. The question that is raised is whether states can strike a balance between security concerns and their citizens' rights. The answer is not easy and forces us to readdress the existing security arrangements between state and citizens. States, societies and security institutions (both public and private, national and international) have to rethink the way they approach the constantly evolving security environment, its actors and the way they can reach reliable and effective agreements. As a result, a new social contract for cybersecurity is needed. This social contract has to challenge traditional relations between state and citizens and question the lines between the private and the public sphere. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the societal shift that is taking place in the global digital society and explore the utility of a new social contract.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":60036633},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39847279/In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cybersecurity_Proceedings_of_the_18th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Portugal_4_5July_2019","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-07-17T04:21:42.752-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60036633,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60036633/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos20190717-113705-14cz7rf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60036633/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cyber.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60036633/Liaropoulos20190717-113705-14cz7rf-libre.pdf?1563362933=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIn_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cyber.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461722\u0026Signature=Hffc6SvDcxfSdb3eK9Bq~wzhvhrtlII-ghAVHs5~VC~CX9aHdKjnRtlGRJX5EnTlpCX-Boul69gBIsHqTd~zVQzfDPcYaqb4ASoPO3N81QVDQUXLQfS~Pxnj8O3GA79L11bhAcs3DtdZm~wWziafyQOxs-ib17rp3os5D6YjJZiUyJCpYjvQ3kDLQ1LQimb0kRxFyD~GvwhZ8vRwUhWa5ZpQ5nSh7JokIMi74NS7DuLlsXwekqS~B6gQG2jvqEgEjGAIBVSXB4hDL2~oXFYVZTsKI6Q~gMVs5rhP82DxgBwii0Hv5x07dK9LIcXeog~gTDPuXDJ0BuJvOc7t83zw1A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cybersecurity_Proceedings_of_the_18th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Portugal_4_5July_2019","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The cybersecurity discourse has evolved over the last two decades from a discussion on national cyber policies and internet governance to one that refers to a complex security regime that involves both state and non-state actors. The rise of Big Data, the development of internet censorship techniques, Edward Snowden's revelations about the global surveillance carried out by the United States National Security Agency and the Cambridge Analytica scandal; demonstrate that the universal values of freedom, anonymity and privacy are under attack. Liberal democracies in the era of cyber-surveillance face an enormous challenge. On the one hand, they wish to maintain a high level of security, thereby collecting a vast amount of data on their citizens. On the other hand, they wish to preserve democracy, freedom of law and thereby respect constitutional arrangements, civil and political rights and independent media. The question that is raised is whether states can strike a balance between security concerns and their citizens' rights. The answer is not easy and forces us to readdress the existing security arrangements between state and citizens. States, societies and security institutions (both public and private, national and international) have to rethink the way they approach the constantly evolving security environment, its actors and the way they can reach reliable and effective agreements. As a result, a new social contract for cybersecurity is needed. This social contract has to challenge traditional relations between state and citizens and question the lines between the private and the public sphere. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the societal shift that is taking place in the global digital society and explore the utility of a new social contract.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":60036633,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60036633/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Liaropoulos20190717-113705-14cz7rf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60036633/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"In_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cyber.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60036633/Liaropoulos20190717-113705-14cz7rf-libre.pdf?1563362933=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIn_search_of_a_Social_Contract_for_Cyber.pdf\u0026Expires=1743461722\u0026Signature=Hffc6SvDcxfSdb3eK9Bq~wzhvhrtlII-ghAVHs5~VC~CX9aHdKjnRtlGRJX5EnTlpCX-Boul69gBIsHqTd~zVQzfDPcYaqb4ASoPO3N81QVDQUXLQfS~Pxnj8O3GA79L11bhAcs3DtdZm~wWziafyQOxs-ib17rp3os5D6YjJZiUyJCpYjvQ3kDLQ1LQimb0kRxFyD~GvwhZ8vRwUhWa5ZpQ5nSh7JokIMi74NS7DuLlsXwekqS~B6gQG2jvqEgEjGAIBVSXB4hDL2~oXFYVZTsKI6Q~gMVs5rhP82DxgBwii0Hv5x07dK9LIcXeog~gTDPuXDJ0BuJvOc7t83zw1A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":982,"name":"Cyberlaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberlaw"},{"id":2934,"name":"Social Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Contract_Theory"},{"id":10492,"name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Hobbes"},{"id":18130,"name":"John Locke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Locke"},{"id":30945,"name":"Cyberspace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberspace"},{"id":31860,"name":"Jean Jaques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Jaques_Rousseau"},{"id":46738,"name":"Cybersecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cybersecurity"},{"id":59103,"name":"Cyberpolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberpolitics"},{"id":96546,"name":"Cyber Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Law"},{"id":115676,"name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Security"},{"id":126300,"name":"Big Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Data"},{"id":831496,"name":"Cybersecurity policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cybersecurity_policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-39847279-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37007945"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37007945/The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Proceedings_of_the_17th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Oslo_28_29_June_2018"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Uses & Limits of Cyber Coercion, Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Oslo, 28-29 June 2018." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56957325/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37007945/The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Proceedings_of_the_17th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Oslo_28_29_June_2018">The Uses & Limits of Cyber Coercion, Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Oslo, 28-29 June 2018.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>ACPI</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In common with the other domains, cyberspace is a domain where states and non-state actors use fo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In common with the other domains, cyberspace is a domain where states and non-state actors use force, or<br />threaten its use, in order to achieve political objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of coercion in<br />cyberspace and in particular, to identify the conditions under which an actor can successfully use cyber power to deter<br />adversaries from taking certain actions, or compel them. In order to do that, we have to question how coercion theory applies<br />to cyberspace. Taking into consideration the unique characteristics of cyberspace (e.g anonymity, attribution problem) it is<br />necessary to examine how cyber actors can clearly communicate threats, estimate the cost-benefit calculus, assess credibility<br />and exercise reassurance. Cyber coercion is not easy. Cyber operations are secretive in nature, thus, actors conducting cyber<br />coercion have to consider not only the technical parameters of their potential targets, but also the value of attribution.<br />Having established a theoretical framework on cyber coercion, we will proceed with the analysis of the North Korean cyber<br />operation against Sony Pictures Entertainment.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8a789a9604a837389720099c6f657cc0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56957325,"asset_id":37007945,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56957325/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37007945"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37007945"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37007945; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37007945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37007945]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37007945; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37007945']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8a789a9604a837389720099c6f657cc0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37007945]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37007945,"title":"The Uses \u0026 Limits of Cyber Coercion, Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Oslo, 28-29 June 2018.","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In common with the other domains, cyberspace is a domain where states and non-state actors use force, or\nthreaten its use, in order to achieve political objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of coercion in\ncyberspace and in particular, to identify the conditions under which an actor can successfully use cyber power to deter\nadversaries from taking certain actions, or compel them. In order to do that, we have to question how coercion theory applies\nto cyberspace. Taking into consideration the unique characteristics of cyberspace (e.g anonymity, attribution problem) it is\nnecessary to examine how cyber actors can clearly communicate threats, estimate the cost-benefit calculus, assess credibility\nand exercise reassurance. Cyber coercion is not easy. Cyber operations are secretive in nature, thus, actors conducting cyber\ncoercion have to consider not only the technical parameters of their potential targets, but also the value of attribution.\nHaving established a theoretical framework on cyber coercion, we will proceed with the analysis of the North Korean cyber\noperation against Sony Pictures Entertainment.","ai_title_tag":"Cyber Coercion: Theory \u0026 North Korea's Attack","publication_name":"ACPI"},"translated_abstract":"In common with the other domains, cyberspace is a domain where states and non-state actors use force, or\nthreaten its use, in order to achieve political objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of coercion in\ncyberspace and in particular, to identify the conditions under which an actor can successfully use cyber power to deter\nadversaries from taking certain actions, or compel them. In order to do that, we have to question how coercion theory applies\nto cyberspace. Taking into consideration the unique characteristics of cyberspace (e.g anonymity, attribution problem) it is\nnecessary to examine how cyber actors can clearly communicate threats, estimate the cost-benefit calculus, assess credibility\nand exercise reassurance. Cyber coercion is not easy. Cyber operations are secretive in nature, thus, actors conducting cyber\ncoercion have to consider not only the technical parameters of their potential targets, but also the value of attribution.\nHaving established a theoretical framework on cyber coercion, we will proceed with the analysis of the North Korean cyber\noperation against Sony Pictures Entertainment.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37007945/The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Proceedings_of_the_17th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Oslo_28_29_June_2018","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-07-09T00:36:31.808-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":227716,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56957325,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56957325/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Uses___Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56957325/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56957325/The_Uses___Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion-libre.pdf?1531122392=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498273\u0026Signature=bie65KlSJxwB96b~4lV6~dRV7818UoxJ1ZBdU9O8H1Naq9QAkEYSAdN9ooDVp4miqeUbRYMqFn4Vn06N2ijBuiV5CsYtTckOb7ZEO36aG1Jzsti5ho-xoW1uZ9nC8n23QF3V77y1S36wNWolVru5sEEC99hAY29PkfFHyQACjThVh27ME4w~wDxH72NIEcyAR5wabbZ0-qYJ~A7xRl9SDy16GIRhpirQrjBI-PVSsPeVGqe3Konn0xLV1GIMbLa3y1Ss0qQuOfrBnI8QMfxecUygebFZFz91dZsX-qclc3Atf6K3SaDz0hCVFCSTTDl-Tuyr-ayVcnnMyrXewoBNQQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Proceedings_of_the_17th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Oslo_28_29_June_2018","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In common with the other domains, cyberspace is a domain where states and non-state actors use force, or\nthreaten its use, in order to achieve political objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of coercion in\ncyberspace and in particular, to identify the conditions under which an actor can successfully use cyber power to deter\nadversaries from taking certain actions, or compel them. In order to do that, we have to question how coercion theory applies\nto cyberspace. Taking into consideration the unique characteristics of cyberspace (e.g anonymity, attribution problem) it is\nnecessary to examine how cyber actors can clearly communicate threats, estimate the cost-benefit calculus, assess credibility\nand exercise reassurance. Cyber coercion is not easy. Cyber operations are secretive in nature, thus, actors conducting cyber\ncoercion have to consider not only the technical parameters of their potential targets, but also the value of attribution.\nHaving established a theoretical framework on cyber coercion, we will proceed with the analysis of the North Korean cyber\noperation against Sony Pictures Entertainment.","owner":{"id":227716,"first_name":"Andrew","middle_initials":"N","last_name":"Liaropoulos","page_name":"AndrewLiaropoulos","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2010-08-03T18:15:15.999-07:00","display_name":"Andrew N Liaropoulos","url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos"},"attachments":[{"id":56957325,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56957325/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Uses___Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56957325/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56957325/The_Uses___Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion-libre.pdf?1531122392=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Uses_and_Limits_of_Cyber_Coercion_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743498273\u0026Signature=bie65KlSJxwB96b~4lV6~dRV7818UoxJ1ZBdU9O8H1Naq9QAkEYSAdN9ooDVp4miqeUbRYMqFn4Vn06N2ijBuiV5CsYtTckOb7ZEO36aG1Jzsti5ho-xoW1uZ9nC8n23QF3V77y1S36wNWolVru5sEEC99hAY29PkfFHyQACjThVh27ME4w~wDxH72NIEcyAR5wabbZ0-qYJ~A7xRl9SDy16GIRhpirQrjBI-PVSsPeVGqe3Konn0xLV1GIMbLa3y1Ss0qQuOfrBnI8QMfxecUygebFZFz91dZsX-qclc3Atf6K3SaDz0hCVFCSTTDl-Tuyr-ayVcnnMyrXewoBNQQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security"},{"id":4510,"name":"Deterrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deterrence"},{"id":4784,"name":"Attribution Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attribution_Theory"},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics"},{"id":30945,"name":"Cyberspace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberspace"},{"id":41862,"name":"Cyberwarfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberwarfare"},{"id":46738,"name":"Cybersecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cybersecurity"},{"id":115676,"name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Security"},{"id":160948,"name":"Global Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Security"},{"id":176558,"name":"Cyber Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_Politics"},{"id":349502,"name":"Coercion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coercion"},{"id":559844,"name":"Cyberspace Operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberspace_Operations"},{"id":1183960,"name":"Cyberoperations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberoperations"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37007945-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="29818514"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/29818514/Exploring_the_Puzzle_of_Cyberspace_Governance_Proceedings_of_the_15th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Bundeswehr_University_Munich_Germany_7_8_July_2016"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Puzzle of Cyberspace Governance, Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Bundeswehr University, Munich, Germany, 7-8 July 2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50286414/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/29818514/Exploring_the_Puzzle_of_Cyberspace_Governance_Proceedings_of_the_15th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_Bundeswehr_University_Munich_Germany_7_8_July_2016">Exploring the Puzzle of Cyberspace Governance, Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Bundeswehr University, Munich, Germany, 7-8 July 2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. It is a hum...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. It is a human made domain<br />that offers universal reach and access to its users. Its decentralized nature and the fact that it is mostly owned and managed<br />by the private sector, raise a number of questions regarding the limits of state sovereignty and the most effective form of<br />governance. Viewing cyberspace as a global commons, balancing between state sovereignty and the fragmentation of<br />cyberspace and debating between multilateral governance and multi-stakeholderism, illustrate the difficulty of regulating<br />human activities behind keyboards and computer screens. The cases of ITU, ICANN, IGF and NETmundial offer us a pragmatic<br />insight into the power politics of cyberspace. Reducing uncertainty between the various stakeholders, developing norms,<br />advancing law-making efforts and matching geopolitics with technology are all pieces of the complex puzzle of cyberspace<br />governance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="074746cedeae49364fcce17207b65b54" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50286414,"asset_id":29818514,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50286414/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="29818514"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29818514"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29818514; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29818514]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29818514]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29818514; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='29818514']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "074746cedeae49364fcce17207b65b54" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=29818514]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":29818514,"title":"Exploring the Puzzle of Cyberspace Governance, Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Bundeswehr University, Munich, Germany, 7-8 July 2016","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. It is a human made domain\nthat offers universal reach and access to its users. Its decentralized nature and the fact that it is mostly owned and managed\nby the private sector, raise a number of questions regarding the limits of state sovereignty and the most effective form of\ngovernance. Viewing cyberspace as a global commons, balancing between state sovereignty and the fragmentation of\ncyberspace and debating between multilateral governance and multi-stakeholderism, illustrate the difficulty of regulating\nhuman activities behind keyboards and computer screens. The cases of ITU, ICANN, IGF and NETmundial offer us a pragmatic\ninsight into the power politics of cyberspace. Reducing uncertainty between the various stakeholders, developing norms,\nadvancing law-making efforts and matching geopolitics with technology are all pieces of the complex puzzle of cyberspace\ngovernance.","ai_title_tag":"Navigating Cyberspace Governance Challenges"},"translated_abstract":"Cyberspace is a socio-political and technological domain with unique characteristics. It is a human made domain\nthat offers universal reach and access to its users. Its decentralized nature and the fact that it is mostly owned and managed\nby the private sector, raise a number of questions regarding the limits of state sovereignty and the most effective form of\ngovernance. Viewing cyberspace as a global commons, balancing between state sovereignty and the fragmentation of\ncyberspace and debating between multilateral governance and multi-stakeholderism, illustrate the difficulty of regulating\nhuman activities behind keyboards and computer screens. The cases of ITU, ICANN, IGF and NETmundial offer us a pragmatic\ninsight into the power politics of cyberspace. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-29818514-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="13747366"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/13747366/Cyber_Security_A_Human_Centric_Approach_in_14th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Herthfordshire_2_3_July_2015"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cyber-Security: A Human-Centric Approach, in 14th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Herthfordshire, 2-3 July 2015" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38118641/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/13747366/Cyber_Security_A_Human_Centric_Approach_in_14th_European_Conference_on_Cyber_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Herthfordshire_2_3_July_2015">Cyber-Security: A Human-Centric Approach, in 14th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Herthfordshire, 2-3 July 2015</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyber-security has been approached by various disciplines. Information technology experts, lawyer...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyber-security has been approached by various disciplines. Information technology experts, lawyers, strategists and state officials have enriched the debate about the nature of cyber-security. The dominant trend - regardless of its theoretical origin - is state-centric. This approach is to a large extent legitimate, but at the same time inadequate. Cybersecurity relates directly to the threats posed to the nation’s critical infrastructure, but should not be limited to the traditional concept of national security. The militarization of the cyber-security discourse has produced a security dilemma, which is not addressing sufficiently the needs of the people. The purpose of this paper is to highlight this shortcoming and view cybersecurity, through a human-centric prism. The paper will address the way state and non-state practices violate human rights in cyberspace. Over the past years, the development of internet censorship techniques and Edward Snowden revelations about the global surveillance carried out by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), vividly demonstrate that Internet freedom, anonymity and data protection are constantly under attack. The challenge ahead is to establish a governance regime for cyberspace that successfully addresses human rights norms and standards.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-13747366-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-13747366-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/5281396/figure-1-cyber-security-human-centric-approach-in-th"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/38118641/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-13747366-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="655a768a1e803fc4a40b7730de780418" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38118641,"asset_id":13747366,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38118641/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="13747366"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13747366"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13747366; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13747366]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13747366]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13747366; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='13747366']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "655a768a1e803fc4a40b7730de780418" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=13747366]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":13747366,"title":"Cyber-Security: A Human-Centric Approach, in 14th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, University of Herthfordshire, 2-3 July 2015","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyber-security has been approached by various disciplines. 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Over the past years, the development of internet censorship techniques and Edward Snowden revelations about the global surveillance carried out by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), vividly demonstrate that Internet freedom, anonymity and data protection are constantly under attack. 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in 8th International Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Denver Colorado, 25-26 March 2013" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31141866/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3322607/Exercising_State_Sovereignty_in_Cyberspace_an_international_cyber_order_under_construction_in_8th_International_Conference_on_Information_Warfare_and_Security_Denver_Colorado_25_26_March_2013">Exercising State Sovereignty in Cyberspace: an international cyber-order under construction? in 8th International Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Denver Colorado, 25-26 March 2013</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cyberspace is erroneously characterized as a domain that transcends physical space and thereby is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cyberspace is erroneously characterized as a domain that transcends physical space and thereby is immune to state sovereignty and resistant to international regulation. The purpose of this paper is to signify that cyberspace, in common with the other four domains (land, sea, air and outer space) and despite its unique characteristics, is just a reflection of the current international system, and thereby is largely affected by the rules that characterize it. The issue of state sovereignty in cyberspace is critical to any discussion about future regulation of cyberspace. Although cyberspace is borderless and is characterized by anonymity and ubiquity, recent state practices provide sufficient evidence that cyberspace, or at least some components of it, are not immune from sovereignty. The increasing use of Internet filtering techniques by both authoritarian regimes and democracies is just the latest example of attempting to control information flows. Cyberspace is non‐territorial, but in sharp contrast to the land, sea, air and outer space, cyberspace is not a part of nature, it is human‐made and therefore can be unmade and regulated. States have continuously emphasized their right to exercise control over the cyber‐infrastructure located in their respective territory, to exercise their jurisdiction over cyberactivities on their territory, and to protect their cyber‐infrastructure against any trans‐border interference by other states or by individuals. As a result, states are filtering and monitoring cyber‐bytes. Over the past years, there is a growing number of states that is publishing national cyber‐policies and establishing cyber‐centers that aim to protect the national cyber‐infrastructure and control their citizens’ access to information. The issue of state sovereignty in cyberspace raises critical questions about the need to regulate the cyber domain and gradually reach an international cyber‐order.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-3322607-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-3322607-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/44701586/figure-1-exercising-state-sovereignty-in-cyberspace-an"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31141866/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-3322607-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6f2d31ac3feea12ef47d30209d306df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31141866,"asset_id":3322607,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31141866/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3322607"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3322607"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3322607; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3322607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3322607]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3322607; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3322607']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f6f2d31ac3feea12ef47d30209d306df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3322607]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3322607,"title":"Exercising State Sovereignty in Cyberspace: an international cyber-order under construction? in 8th International Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Denver Colorado, 25-26 March 2013","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cyberspace is erroneously characterized as a domain that transcends physical space and thereby is immune to state sovereignty and resistant to international regulation. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-3322607-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="292652"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/292652/War_and_Ethics_in_Cyberspace_Cyber_Conflict_and_Just_War_Theory_in_9th_European_Conference_on_Information_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Macedonia_and_Strategy_International_Thessaloniki_Greece_1_2_July_2010"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of War and Ethics in Cyberspace: Cyber-Conflict and Just War Theory in 9th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, University of Macedonia and Strategy International, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-2 July 2010. " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/2282234/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/292652/War_and_Ethics_in_Cyberspace_Cyber_Conflict_and_Just_War_Theory_in_9th_European_Conference_on_Information_Warfare_and_Security_University_of_Macedonia_and_Strategy_International_Thessaloniki_Greece_1_2_July_2010">War and Ethics in Cyberspace: Cyber-Conflict and Just War Theory in 9th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, University of Macedonia and Strategy International, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-2 July 2010. </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Over the last two decades there is a growing body of literature over exploiting cyberspace for of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Over the last two decades there is a growing body of literature over exploiting cyberspace for offensive and defensive purposes. Cyber-conflict is after all the newest mode of warfare and cyber-weapons have been described as weapons of mass disruption. Although the attention on the technical and military dimensions of cyberspace is justifiable, one needs also to look into the legal and ethical aspects of cyber-conflict, in order to comprehend the complex nature of cyberspace. Conflict in cyberspace raises many ethical questions for both theorists and practitioners of warfare. In particular, the lack of an international legal framework that defines the use of force in cyberspace, operational difficulties in deterring and identifying cyber-attacks as well as the asymmetric dimension of cyber-conflicts pose without a doubt, great pressure on the just war tradition. This paper applies just war theory (jus ad bellum, jus in bello and jus post bellum) in cyberspace and explores when and how states may justly resort to cyber-conflict, operate during such a conflict and terminate it. Cyberspace is accessible to all and there are no rules or norms providing guidelines for the use of force. In addition to that, cyber-conflict appears to be less lethal and has a global reach. As a result, cyberspace makes conflict more thinkable, but that does not mean that it must also be unjust.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2ecb9627ee113e39dc74d969fcb0b807" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":2282234,"asset_id":292652,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/2282234/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="292652"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="292652"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 292652; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=292652]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=292652]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 292652; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='292652']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2ecb9627ee113e39dc74d969fcb0b807" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=292652]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":292652,"title":"War and Ethics in Cyberspace: Cyber-Conflict and Just War Theory in 9th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security, University of Macedonia and Strategy International, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-2 July 2010. 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thumbnail of European Defence and the Role of R&D: An add-on value for development or a distinct Europeanisation force?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">European Defence and the Role of R&D: An add-on value for development or a distinct Europeanisation force?</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rabdanacademy.academia.edu/PetrosViolakis">Petros Violakis</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The latest Eurozone crisis indicated that economic sustainability and development cannot be unila...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The latest Eurozone crisis indicated that economic sustainability and development cannot be unilaterally tackled by Member States. Such case resembles the situation when Cold War ended and EU Defence industries faced major budgetary reductions. The sustainability of national defence industries and relative economic policies is twofold: The determination of defence-related economic policies on the national-level has important implications for national security which, in turn provides an environment conductive to economic growth and hence to citizens’ welfare. Therefore, Moshovis’ argument that national defence and security have historically been considered a public-social merit good (Moshovis, 2000: 11) reflects a more general attitude which is relevant to the realisation of CSDP. Hence, CSDP may be considered as EU Member States’ shared means for promoting joint economic interests. This paper explores the dynamics and contributing policies to the promotion of these joint interests while investigates the role of R&D as a distinct Europeanisation force. The analysis focuses on the correlation of Radaelli’s Europeanisation theoretical perspective with empirical data in order to shed light to the process and impact of R&D.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33763975"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33763975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33763975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33763975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33763975]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33763975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='33763975']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=33763975]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":33763975,"title":"European Defence and the Role of R\u0026D: An add-on value for development or a distinct Europeanisation force?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The latest Eurozone crisis indicated that economic sustainability and development cannot be unilaterally tackled by Member States. Such case resembles the situation when Cold War ended and EU Defence industries faced major budgetary reductions. The sustainability of national defence industries and relative economic policies is twofold: The determination of defence-related economic policies on the national-level has important implications for national security which, in turn provides an environment conductive to economic growth and hence to citizens’ welfare. Therefore, Moshovis’ argument that national defence and security have historically been considered a public-social merit good (Moshovis, 2000: 11) reflects a more general attitude which is relevant to the realisation of CSDP. Hence, CSDP may be considered as EU Member States’ shared means for promoting joint economic interests. This paper explores the dynamics and contributing policies to the promotion of these joint interests while investigates the role of R\u0026D as a distinct Europeanisation force. The analysis focuses on the correlation of Radaelli’s Europeanisation theoretical perspective with empirical data in order to shed light to the process and impact of R\u0026D. "},"translated_abstract":"The latest Eurozone crisis indicated that economic sustainability and development cannot be unilaterally tackled by Member States. Such case resembles the situation when Cold War ended and EU Defence industries faced major budgetary reductions. The sustainability of national defence industries and relative economic policies is twofold: The determination of defence-related economic policies on the national-level has important implications for national security which, in turn provides an environment conductive to economic growth and hence to citizens’ welfare. Therefore, Moshovis’ argument that national defence and security have historically been considered a public-social merit good (Moshovis, 2000: 11) reflects a more general attitude which is relevant to the realisation of CSDP. 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Such case resembles the situation when Cold War ended and EU Defence industries faced major budgetary reductions. The sustainability of national defence industries and relative economic policies is twofold: The determination of defence-related economic policies on the national-level has important implications for national security which, in turn provides an environment conductive to economic growth and hence to citizens’ welfare. Therefore, Moshovis’ argument that national defence and security have historically been considered a public-social merit good (Moshovis, 2000: 11) reflects a more general attitude which is relevant to the realisation of CSDP. Hence, CSDP may be considered as EU Member States’ shared means for promoting joint economic interests. This paper explores the dynamics and contributing policies to the promotion of these joint interests while investigates the role of R\u0026D as a distinct Europeanisation force. 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Samaras</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/TonyAspriadis">Tony N Aspriadis</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aueb.academia.edu/MyrsiniDogani">Myrsini Dogani</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/MarilenaDimitriou">Marilena Dimitriou</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/stratcomlab">Strategic Communication and News Media Lab Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AnastasiaKapodistria">Anastasia Kapodistria</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Το Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης & το Εργαστήριο Πληροφόρησης και Κυβε...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Το Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης & το Εργαστήριο Πληροφόρησης και Κυβερνοασφάλειας, του Τμήματος Διεθνών και Ευρωπαϊκών Σπουδών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πειριαιώς συνδιοργανώνουν το συνέδριο με θέμα:<br /><br />«Κοινωνία της Επιτήρησης: Από την Κυβερνοασφάλεια στα Fake News - Μέσα, Μηνύματα, Στρατηγικές»<br /><br />Η συζήτηση γύρω από τις «ψευδείς ειδήσεις» είναι μια συζήτηση για τη γνώση και την αλήθεια, για την μεροληψία και την χειραγώγηση, για την τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και την ισχύ. Επιτήρηση και παρακολούθηση στον ψηφιακό κόσμο, κυβερνοασφάλεια, fake news, μέσα, μηνύματα και στρατηγικές,  φόβοι των αποκαλύψεων και προβολές ισχύος, είναι ζητήματα τα οποία θα εξεταστούν διεξοδικά .<br />Υπό το πρίσμα του συνεδρίου θα τεθούν σύγχρονα θέματα κυβερνοασφάλειας, απειλές και στρατηγικές που χρησιμοποιούνται από κυβερνήσεις και ιδιώτες, καθώς και ποιες είναι οι σύγχρονες στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης: <br />Ποια είναι η εφαρμογή του διεθνούς δικαίου για τις επιχειρήσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο;  <br />Τι συμβαίνει στην Ευρώπη πάνω στο ζήτημα της κυβερνοασφάλειας;                          <br />Ποιος ήταν ο ρόλος των ΜΜΕ στην αναπαραγωγή των ειδήσεων για τα σκάνδαλα των Wikileaks και του Snowden; <br />Ποια είναι η στρατηγική χρήση του όρου fake news και πως χρησιμοποιούνται στους λόγους των ηγετών και των πολιτικών για την αποδόμηση των αντιπάλων τους; <br />Ποια παίγνια κυριαρχίας και ποιες συμβολικές διαμάχες  διεξάγονται στην Κοινωνίας της Επιτήρησης και ποιες ρητορικές στρατηγικές ακολουθούνται; <br />Πώς διαχειρίζονται τις κατηγορίες για χρησιμοποίηση των fake news όσοι τις υφίστανται; <br />Στο συνέδριο θα συμμετέχουν έγκριτοι επιστήμονες και καθηγητές του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά, του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης, νέοι ερευνητές  καθώς και επαγγελματίες του χώρου. Το Συνέδριο τελεί υπό την Αιγίδα του Μορφωτικού Ιδρύματος της ΕΣΗΕΑ.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="330a2a173fc024250deace2cfb38d10b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57838251,"asset_id":37836146,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57838251/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37836146"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37836146"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37836146; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37836146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37836146]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37836146; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37836146']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "330a2a173fc024250deace2cfb38d10b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37836146]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37836146,"title":"Πρόγραμμα Συνεδρίου: «Κοινωνία της Επιτήρησης – Από την Κυβερνο-ασφάλεια στα Fake News: Μέσα, Μηνύματα, Στρατηγικές,».","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Το Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης \u0026 το Εργαστήριο Πληροφόρησης και Κυβερνοασφάλειας, του Τμήματος Διεθνών και Ευρωπαϊκών Σπουδών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πειριαιώς συνδιοργανώνουν το συνέδριο με θέμα:\n\n«Κοινωνία της Επιτήρησης: Από την Κυβερνοασφάλεια στα Fake News - Μέσα, Μηνύματα, Στρατηγικές»\n\nΗ συζήτηση γύρω από τις «ψευδείς ειδήσεις» είναι μια συζήτηση για τη γνώση και την αλήθεια, για την μεροληψία και την χειραγώγηση, για την τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και την ισχύ. 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Το Συνέδριο τελεί υπό την Αιγίδα του Μορφωτικού Ιδρύματος της ΕΣΗΕΑ. \n"},"translated_abstract":"Το Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης \u0026 το Εργαστήριο Πληροφόρησης και Κυβερνοασφάλειας, του Τμήματος Διεθνών και Ευρωπαϊκών Σπουδών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πειριαιώς συνδιοργανώνουν το συνέδριο με θέμα:\n\n«Κοινωνία της Επιτήρησης: Από την Κυβερνοασφάλεια στα Fake News - Μέσα, Μηνύματα, Στρατηγικές»\n\nΗ συζήτηση γύρω από τις «ψευδείς ειδήσεις» είναι μια συζήτηση για τη γνώση και την αλήθεια, για την μεροληψία και την χειραγώγηση, για την τεχνολογική εξέλιξη και την ισχύ. Επιτήρηση και παρακολούθηση στον ψηφιακό κόσμο, κυβερνοασφάλεια, fake news, μέσα, μηνύματα και στρατηγικές, φόβοι των αποκαλύψεων και προβολές ισχύος, είναι ζητήματα τα οποία θα εξεταστούν διεξοδικά .\nΥπό το πρίσμα του συνεδρίου θα τεθούν σύγχρονα θέματα κυβερνοασφάλειας, απειλές και στρατηγικές που χρησιμοποιούνται από κυβερνήσεις και ιδιώτες, καθώς και ποιες είναι οι σύγχρονες στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης: \nΠοια είναι η εφαρμογή του διεθνούς δικαίου για τις επιχειρήσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο; \nΤι συμβαίνει στην Ευρώπη πάνω στο ζήτημα της κυβερνοασφάλειας; \nΠοιος ήταν ο ρόλος των ΜΜΕ στην αναπαραγωγή των ειδήσεων για τα σκάνδαλα των Wikileaks και του Snowden; \nΠοια είναι η στρατηγική χρήση του όρου fake news και πως χρησιμοποιούνται στους λόγους των ηγετών και των πολιτικών για την αποδόμηση των αντιπάλων τους; \nΠοια παίγνια κυριαρχίας και ποιες συμβολικές διαμάχες διεξάγονται στην Κοινωνίας της Επιτήρησης και ποιες ρητορικές στρατηγικές ακολουθούνται; \nΠώς διαχειρίζονται τις κατηγορίες για χρησιμοποίηση των fake news όσοι τις υφίστανται; \nΣτο συνέδριο θα συμμετέχουν έγκριτοι επιστήμονες και καθηγητές του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά, του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης, νέοι ερευνητές καθώς και επαγγελματίες του χώρου. 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Επιτήρηση και παρακολούθηση στον ψηφιακό κόσμο, κυβερνοασφάλεια, fake news, μέσα, μηνύματα και στρατηγικές, φόβοι των αποκαλύψεων και προβολές ισχύος, είναι ζητήματα τα οποία θα εξεταστούν διεξοδικά .\nΥπό το πρίσμα του συνεδρίου θα τεθούν σύγχρονα θέματα κυβερνοασφάλειας, απειλές και στρατηγικές που χρησιμοποιούνται από κυβερνήσεις και ιδιώτες, καθώς και ποιες είναι οι σύγχρονες στρατηγικές αντιμετώπισης: \nΠοια είναι η εφαρμογή του διεθνούς δικαίου για τις επιχειρήσεις στον κυβερνοχώρο; \nΤι συμβαίνει στην Ευρώπη πάνω στο ζήτημα της κυβερνοασφάλειας; \nΠοιος ήταν ο ρόλος των ΜΜΕ στην αναπαραγωγή των ειδήσεων για τα σκάνδαλα των Wikileaks και του Snowden; \nΠοια είναι η στρατηγική χρήση του όρου fake news και πως χρησιμοποιούνται στους λόγους των ηγετών και των πολιτικών για την αποδόμηση των αντιπάλων τους; \nΠοια παίγνια κυριαρχίας και ποιες συμβολικές διαμάχες διεξάγονται στην Κοινωνίας της Επιτήρησης και ποιες ρητορικές στρατηγικές ακολουθούνται; \nΠώς διαχειρίζονται τις κατηγορίες για χρησιμοποίηση των fake news όσοι τις υφίστανται; \nΣτο συνέδριο θα συμμετέχουν έγκριτοι επιστήμονες και καθηγητές του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιά, του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης, νέοι ερευνητές καθώς και επαγγελματίες του χώρου. Το Συνέδριο τελεί υπό την Αιγίδα του Μορφωτικού Ιδρύματος της ΕΣΗΕΑ. \n","owner":{"id":959936,"first_name":"Athanassios","middle_initials":"","last_name":"N. Samaras","page_name":"AthanassiosNSamaras","domain_name":"piraeus","created_at":"2011-11-18T17:25:20.137-08:00","display_name":"Athanassios N. 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SCM Lab @ Limassol: Abstract Book" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54392185/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34526898/Images_of_Nations_and_the_Surveillance_Society_SCM_Lab_at_Limassol_Abstract_Book">Images of Nations & the Surveillance Society. SCM Lab @ Limassol: Abstract Book</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AthanassiosNSamaras">Athanassios N. Samaras</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aueb.academia.edu/MyrsiniDogani">Myrsini Dogani</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/TonyAspriadis">Tony N Aspriadis</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/stratcomlab">Strategic Communication and News Media Lab Εργαστήριο Στρατηγικής Επικοινωνίας και Μέσων Ενημέρωσης</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/IOANNISKONSTANTOPOULOS">IOANNIS KONSTANTOPOULOS</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/AndrewLiaropoulos">Andrew N Liaropoulos</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory is a research and education institution ope...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory is a research and education institution operating at the International and European Studies Department, University of Piraeus. The Laboratory’s mission is to fill the gap between the scientific fields of International Relations with Communication and Media Studies and contribute to the development of the interdisciplinary field of International Political Communication.The Laboratory provides the Department of International and European Studies with research and education expertise on the fields of Strategic Communication, Argumentation, Rhetorical Communication and Persuasion in the context of both domestic politics and international politics, Media Studies, News Analysis, Nation Banding, Images of Nations, Cultural Diplomacy and Intercultural and International Communication.<br />The Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory participated at the international conference:  #AMIRetreat2017: Journalism, Society and Politics in the Digital Media Era, organized by the Advanced Media Institute, Open University of Cyprus and Cyprus University of Technology with two panels and eight research presentations. The Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security, University of Piraeus joined the panels with two more papers.This presentation includes only the abstracts of the panels and the papers of the two Laboratories that were presented at the conference. <br />Both theStrategic Communication and News Media Laboratory and the Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security wish to thank the organizers of the conference and especially Prof. Sofia Iordanidou  for the invitation and for providing a forum for in depth academic discussions and exchange of ideas. <br /><br />Panel 1: (International) Politics, News Media and Images of Nations: Image Making in the Context of Crisis.<br />Nation image is defined as the cognitive representation of a given country (Kunczik, 1997). There are three main forms of  image-projected (i.e. the image as an attribute of  the message):  (a) The identity of the country as constructed and projected by strategic communication of institutions of a country. (b)  The image of the country that derives from events that take place within the country and/or otherwise related with the country and (c)  The journalistically mediated image, the image in the news which is produced by the combined operation of the (international) news making process, the strategies of actors and domestic and international events. Major events with long duration and high visibility operate via the processes of agenda setting and framing in order to affect the journalistically projected nation image of the countries related with the event. Aim of this panel is to examine the image of nation as constructed by the interplay of international events, domestic party -political systems, international politics and the news making process. The underlying context for all researches in this panel is that of crisis: Grexit, Brexit, Turkish Coup, Ukrainian Crisis, Refugee Crisis and the Greek Financial Crisis.<br />This panel is sponsored by the Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory.<br /><br />Panel 2: WikiLeaks, Snowden and the Surveillance Society:  Politics, Narratives and Representations.<br />The ability to digitize and capture data, to publish and disseminate it worldwide without mediation by external parties provided opportunities to anyone with the inclination to harness them. Continual developments in digital technology provided the ideal catalyst for the creation of the transparency organization Wiki Leaks. In June 2013, Edward Snowden released a series of classified National Security Administration documents that revealed extensive National Security Agency (NSA) foreign and domestic surveillance activities. The disclosure of US spying programs potentially threatened the government’s ability to carry out the national security activities needed to protect a democracy while Wiki Leaks deconstruct the official political rhetoric at an international level, delegitimize political actors in several countries while it provided opportunities for embarrassment for governments at both the international and domestic level.  Both cases pose the more intricate question of how to weigh the democratic expectancies of free expression and the public’s right to know versus national security needs. Snowden and WikiLeaks necessitate a conceptual and methodological outline for studying the social and political implications of digital surveillance. The papers in this panel explore the politics of surveillance society, its triangular relations with journalism and security as well as the related narratives and representations.<br />This panel is sponsored by the “Intelligence & Cybersecurity Laboratory” and the “Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory”, International and European Studies Department, University of Piraeus.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-34526898-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-34526898-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989274/figure-1-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989276/figure-2-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989283/figure-3-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989288/figure-4-dimitriou-kokkinou-dokou-marra-ch-representations"><img alt="Dimitriou M., Kokkinou E., Dokou E., Marra Ch., (2017). Representations of the World System in the Greek News Media — Results from the Measurements of J une 2015 and J une2016: A Grexit Vs. Brexit Perspective. Paper presented at the Amiretreat International Conference on J ournalism, Society and Politics in Digital Media Era. 1-3 September. Limassol, Cyprus. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989307/figure-5-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989317/figure-6-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="Abstract " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989330/figure-7-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989342/figure-8-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989357/figure-9-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989366/figure-10-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989376/figure-11-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989386/figure-12-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/39989398/figure-13-images-of-nations-the-surveillance-society-scm-lab"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/54392185/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-34526898-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e43ac435c729bace3f10f8611ec1c4bc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":54392185,"asset_id":34526898,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54392185/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34526898"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34526898"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34526898; 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The Laboratory’s mission is to fill the gap between the scientific fields of International Relations with Communication and Media Studies and contribute to the development of the interdisciplinary field of International Political Communication.The Laboratory provides the Department of International and European Studies with research and education expertise on the fields of Strategic Communication, Argumentation, Rhetorical Communication and Persuasion in the context of both domestic politics and international politics, Media Studies, News Analysis, Nation Banding, Images of Nations, Cultural Diplomacy and Intercultural and International Communication.\nThe Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory participated at the international conference: #AMIRetreat2017: Journalism, Society and Politics in the Digital Media Era, organized by the Advanced Media Institute, Open University of Cyprus and Cyprus University of Technology with two panels and eight research presentations. The Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security, University of Piraeus joined the panels with two more papers.This presentation includes only the abstracts of the panels and the papers of the two Laboratories that were presented at the conference. \nBoth theStrategic Communication and News Media Laboratory and the Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security wish to thank the organizers of the conference and especially Prof. Sofia Iordanidou for the invitation and for providing a forum for in depth academic discussions and exchange of ideas. \n\nPanel 1: (International) Politics, News Media and Images of Nations: Image Making in the Context of Crisis.\nNation image is defined as the cognitive representation of a given country (Kunczik, 1997). There are three main forms of image-projected (i.e. the image as an attribute of the message): (a) The identity of the country as constructed and projected by strategic communication of institutions of a country. (b) The image of the country that derives from events that take place within the country and/or otherwise related with the country and (c) The journalistically mediated image, the image in the news which is produced by the combined operation of the (international) news making process, the strategies of actors and domestic and international events. Major events with long duration and high visibility operate via the processes of agenda setting and framing in order to affect the journalistically projected nation image of the countries related with the event. Aim of this panel is to examine the image of nation as constructed by the interplay of international events, domestic party -political systems, international politics and the news making process. The underlying context for all researches in this panel is that of crisis: Grexit, Brexit, Turkish Coup, Ukrainian Crisis, Refugee Crisis and the Greek Financial Crisis.\nThis panel is sponsored by the Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory.\n\nPanel 2: WikiLeaks, Snowden and the Surveillance Society: Politics, Narratives and Representations.\nThe ability to digitize and capture data, to publish and disseminate it worldwide without mediation by external parties provided opportunities to anyone with the inclination to harness them. Continual developments in digital technology provided the ideal catalyst for the creation of the transparency organization Wiki Leaks. In June 2013, Edward Snowden released a series of classified National Security Administration documents that revealed extensive National Security Agency (NSA) foreign and domestic surveillance activities. The disclosure of US spying programs potentially threatened the government’s ability to carry out the national security activities needed to protect a democracy while Wiki Leaks deconstruct the official political rhetoric at an international level, delegitimize political actors in several countries while it provided opportunities for embarrassment for governments at both the international and domestic level. Both cases pose the more intricate question of how to weigh the democratic expectancies of free expression and the public’s right to know versus national security needs. Snowden and WikiLeaks necessitate a conceptual and methodological outline for studying the social and political implications of digital surveillance. The papers in this panel explore the politics of surveillance society, its triangular relations with journalism and security as well as the related narratives and representations.\nThis panel is sponsored by the “Intelligence \u0026 Cybersecurity Laboratory” and the “Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory”, International and European Studies Department, University of Piraeus.\n"},"translated_abstract":"The Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory is a research and education institution operating at the International and European Studies Department, University of Piraeus. The Laboratory’s mission is to fill the gap between the scientific fields of International Relations with Communication and Media Studies and contribute to the development of the interdisciplinary field of International Political Communication.The Laboratory provides the Department of International and European Studies with research and education expertise on the fields of Strategic Communication, Argumentation, Rhetorical Communication and Persuasion in the context of both domestic politics and international politics, Media Studies, News Analysis, Nation Banding, Images of Nations, Cultural Diplomacy and Intercultural and International Communication.\nThe Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory participated at the international conference: #AMIRetreat2017: Journalism, Society and Politics in the Digital Media Era, organized by the Advanced Media Institute, Open University of Cyprus and Cyprus University of Technology with two panels and eight research presentations. The Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security, University of Piraeus joined the panels with two more papers.This presentation includes only the abstracts of the panels and the papers of the two Laboratories that were presented at the conference. \nBoth theStrategic Communication and News Media Laboratory and the Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security wish to thank the organizers of the conference and especially Prof. Sofia Iordanidou for the invitation and for providing a forum for in depth academic discussions and exchange of ideas. \n\nPanel 1: (International) Politics, News Media and Images of Nations: Image Making in the Context of Crisis.\nNation image is defined as the cognitive representation of a given country (Kunczik, 1997). There are three main forms of image-projected (i.e. the image as an attribute of the message): (a) The identity of the country as constructed and projected by strategic communication of institutions of a country. (b) The image of the country that derives from events that take place within the country and/or otherwise related with the country and (c) The journalistically mediated image, the image in the news which is produced by the combined operation of the (international) news making process, the strategies of actors and domestic and international events. Major events with long duration and high visibility operate via the processes of agenda setting and framing in order to affect the journalistically projected nation image of the countries related with the event. Aim of this panel is to examine the image of nation as constructed by the interplay of international events, domestic party -political systems, international politics and the news making process. The underlying context for all researches in this panel is that of crisis: Grexit, Brexit, Turkish Coup, Ukrainian Crisis, Refugee Crisis and the Greek Financial Crisis.\nThis panel is sponsored by the Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory.\n\nPanel 2: WikiLeaks, Snowden and the Surveillance Society: Politics, Narratives and Representations.\nThe ability to digitize and capture data, to publish and disseminate it worldwide without mediation by external parties provided opportunities to anyone with the inclination to harness them. Continual developments in digital technology provided the ideal catalyst for the creation of the transparency organization Wiki Leaks. In June 2013, Edward Snowden released a series of classified National Security Administration documents that revealed extensive National Security Agency (NSA) foreign and domestic surveillance activities. The disclosure of US spying programs potentially threatened the government’s ability to carry out the national security activities needed to protect a democracy while Wiki Leaks deconstruct the official political rhetoric at an international level, delegitimize political actors in several countries while it provided opportunities for embarrassment for governments at both the international and domestic level. Both cases pose the more intricate question of how to weigh the democratic expectancies of free expression and the public’s right to know versus national security needs. Snowden and WikiLeaks necessitate a conceptual and methodological outline for studying the social and political implications of digital surveillance. The papers in this panel explore the politics of surveillance society, its triangular relations with journalism and security as well as the related narratives and representations.\nThis panel is sponsored by the “Intelligence \u0026 Cybersecurity Laboratory” and the “Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory”, International and European Studies Department, University of Piraeus.\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34526898/Images_of_Nations_and_the_Surveillance_Society_SCM_Lab_at_Limassol_Abstract_Book","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-09-10T07:47:48.409-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":959936,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":30254945,"work_id":34526898,"tagging_user_id":959936,"tagged_user_id":834208,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***2@gmail.com","affiliation":"Athens University of Economics and Business","display_order":1,"name":"Myrsini Dogani","title":"Images of Nations \u0026 the Surveillance Society. 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The Laboratory’s mission is to fill the gap between the scientific fields of International Relations with Communication and Media Studies and contribute to the development of the interdisciplinary field of International Political Communication.The Laboratory provides the Department of International and European Studies with research and education expertise on the fields of Strategic Communication, Argumentation, Rhetorical Communication and Persuasion in the context of both domestic politics and international politics, Media Studies, News Analysis, Nation Banding, Images of Nations, Cultural Diplomacy and Intercultural and International Communication.\nThe Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory participated at the international conference: #AMIRetreat2017: Journalism, Society and Politics in the Digital Media Era, organized by the Advanced Media Institute, Open University of Cyprus and Cyprus University of Technology with two panels and eight research presentations. The Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security, University of Piraeus joined the panels with two more papers.This presentation includes only the abstracts of the panels and the papers of the two Laboratories that were presented at the conference. \nBoth theStrategic Communication and News Media Laboratory and the Laboratory of Intelligence and Cyber-Security wish to thank the organizers of the conference and especially Prof. Sofia Iordanidou for the invitation and for providing a forum for in depth academic discussions and exchange of ideas. \n\nPanel 1: (International) Politics, News Media and Images of Nations: Image Making in the Context of Crisis.\nNation image is defined as the cognitive representation of a given country (Kunczik, 1997). There are three main forms of image-projected (i.e. the image as an attribute of the message): (a) The identity of the country as constructed and projected by strategic communication of institutions of a country. (b) The image of the country that derives from events that take place within the country and/or otherwise related with the country and (c) The journalistically mediated image, the image in the news which is produced by the combined operation of the (international) news making process, the strategies of actors and domestic and international events. Major events with long duration and high visibility operate via the processes of agenda setting and framing in order to affect the journalistically projected nation image of the countries related with the event. Aim of this panel is to examine the image of nation as constructed by the interplay of international events, domestic party -political systems, international politics and the news making process. The underlying context for all researches in this panel is that of crisis: Grexit, Brexit, Turkish Coup, Ukrainian Crisis, Refugee Crisis and the Greek Financial Crisis.\nThis panel is sponsored by the Strategic Communication and News Media Laboratory.\n\nPanel 2: WikiLeaks, Snowden and the Surveillance Society: Politics, Narratives and Representations.\nThe ability to digitize and capture data, to publish and disseminate it worldwide without mediation by external parties provided opportunities to anyone with the inclination to harness them. Continual developments in digital technology provided the ideal catalyst for the creation of the transparency organization Wiki Leaks. In June 2013, Edward Snowden released a series of classified National Security Administration documents that revealed extensive National Security Agency (NSA) foreign and domestic surveillance activities. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/82954155/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82">Διακυβέρνηση του Κυβερνοχώρου και Κυβερνοασφάλεια στις Διεθνείς Σχέσεις</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιο...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιοδήποτε μέσο χωρίς σχετική άδεια του Εκδότη.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b665bcd9cd56d75076bcb6b48e48f04d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88479379,"asset_id":82954155,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88479379/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="82954155"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div 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class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιο...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Απαγορεύεται η μερική ή ολική αναδημοσίευση του έργου αυτού, καθώς και η αναπαραγωγή του με οποιοδήποτε μέσο χωρίς σχετική άδεια του Εκδότη.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="476ca4e59b610fff846609c026623e38" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88479405,"asset_id":82954201,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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