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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel–Hamas_war" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template:Campaignbox Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel–Hamas_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war"><span class="wrap">Israel–Hamas war</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Outline of the Israel–Hamas war">Outline</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war">Military engagements</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Re%27im" title="Battle of Re'im">Re'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sderot" title="Battle of Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufa" title="Battle of Sufa">Sufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack" title="Nahal Oz attack">Nahal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ofakim" title="Battle of Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikim_attack" title="Zikim attack">Zikim</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Civilian attacks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im music festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shani_Louk" title="Killing of Shani Louk">Killing of Shani Louk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumim_massacre" title="Alumim massacre">Alumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Holit" title="Attack on Holit">Holit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_attack" title="Nir Oz attack">Nir Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak_attack" title="Nir Yitzhak attack">Nir Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirim_attack" title="Nirim attack">Nirim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war">Military engagements</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="Battle of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_City" title="Siege of Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jabalia" title="Battle of Jabalia">Jabalia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Siege of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Qarara" title="Siege of Al-Qarara">Al-Qarara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shuja%27iyya_(2023)" title="Battle of Shuja'iyya (2023)">Shuja'iyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuja%27iyya_ambush" title="Shuja'iyya ambush">Shuja'iyya ambush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Shuja%27iyya_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Shuja'iyya (2024)">Shuja'iyya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Gaza_Strip" title="Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip">Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_City_incursion" title="Hamad City incursion">Hamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zana_ambush" title="Zana ambush">Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_offensive" title="Rafah offensive">Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Second battle of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_battle_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Third battle of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_North_Gaza" title="Siege of North Gaza">North Gaza</a></li> <li>West Bank <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_Tulkarm" title="Israeli incursions in Tulkarm">Tulkarm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_military_operation_in_the_northern_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israeli military operation in the northern West Bank">Operation Summer Camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_July_2024_Tulkarm_confrontations" title="26 July 2024 Tulkarm confrontations">Tulkarm II</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Civilian attacks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Bombing of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war">Refugee camps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrikes_(2023%E2%80%932024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabalia refugee camp airstrikes (2023–2024)">Jabalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_October_2023_Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrike" title="31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike">31 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhoora_school_airstrikes" title="Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes">Al-Fakhoora school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp_airstrikes" title="Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes">Al-Shati refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp" title="Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp">Al-Maghazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Palestinians_evacuating_Gaza_City" title="Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City">Palestinians evacuating Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">Health facilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital_explosion" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital_siege" title="Al-Shifa Hospital siege">Al-Shifa Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_ambulance_airstrike" title="Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike">Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_siege" title="Nasser Hospital siege">Nasser Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_religious_sites_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on religious sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2024_Rafah_strikes" title="12 February 2024 Rafah strikes">Rafah strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_massacre" title="Flour massacre">Flour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Roundabout_mass_killings" title="Kuwait Roundabout mass killings">Kuwait Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Attack on journalists in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Friendly fire during the Israel–Hamas war">Friendly fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Alon_Shamriz,_Yotam_Haim,_and_Samer_Talalka" title="Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka">IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_attack" title="Tel al-Sultan attack">Tel al-Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="May 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sardi_school_attack" title="Al-Sardi school attack">Al-Sardi school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp_massacre" title="Nuseirat refugee camp massacre">Nuseirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="June 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_northern_Gaza_City_airstrikes" title="June 2024 northern Gaza City airstrikes">Al-Shati and Tuffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_July_2024_Gaza_attacks" title="9 July 2024 Gaza attacks">9 July 2024 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_School_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Awda School massacre">Al-Awda school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_July_2024_al-Mawasi_attack" title="13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack">Al-Mawasi (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2024_al-Shati_refugee_camp_attack" title="July 2024 al-Shati refugee camp attack">Al-Shati (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2024_Khan_Yunis_attack" title="22 July 2024 Khan Yunis attack">Khan Yunis (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_School_airstrike" title="Khadija School airstrike">Khadija school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama_School_bombing" title="Hamama School bombing">Hamama school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabaeen_school_attack" title="Al-Tabaeen school attack">Al-Tabaeen school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Deir_el-Balah_attacks" title="August 2024 Deir el-Balah attacks">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (September)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Jawni_School_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack">Al-Jawni school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tulkarm_Camp_airstrike" title="2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike">Tulkarm Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Deir_al-Balah_mosque_bombing" title="October 2024 Deir al-Balah mosque bombing">Deir al-Balah mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Rufaida_school_attack" title="October 2024 Rufaida school attack">Rufaida school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Hospital_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Hospital massacre">Al-Aqsa hospital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shaban_al-Dalou" title="Killing of Shaban al-Dalou">Killing of Shaban al-Dalou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Abu_Hussein_school_attack" title="October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack">Abu Hussein school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_attacks" title="19 October 2024 Beit Lahia attacks">Beit Lahia (19 October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_airstrike" title="29 October 2024 Beit Lahia airstrike">Beit Lahia (29 October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_aid_convoy_looting" title="Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting">Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war">Other theaters</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Maersk_Hangzhou" title="Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou">Attacks on the MV <i>Maersk Hangzhou</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">Operation Poseidon Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Luanda_missile_strike" title="Marlin Luanda missile strike"><i>Marlin Luanda</i> missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aspides" title="Operation Aspides">Operation Aspides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Rubymar" title="MV Rubymar">Sinking of the MV <i>Rubymar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Tutor" title="Attacks on the MV Tutor">Attacks on the MV <i>Tutor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tel_Aviv_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tel Aviv drone attack">2024 Tel Aviv drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion" title="Attacks on the Sounion">Attacks on the Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_September_2024_Israeli_attacks_on_Yemen" title="29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen">29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Homs_airstrikes" title="2024 Homs airstrikes">2024 Homs airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Masyaf_raid" title="2024 Masyaf raid">2024 Masyaf raid</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Odaisseh_clashes" title="2024 Odaisseh clashes">Odaisseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maroun_al-Ras_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maroun al-Ras (2024)">Maroun al-Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ayta_ash_Shab_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Ayta ash Shab clashes">Ayta ash-Shab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kafr_Kila_clashes" title="2024 Kafr Kila clashes">Kafr Kila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ramyah_clashes" title="2024 Ramyah clashes">Ramyah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations" title="List of Israeli assassinations">Assassinations</a> and deaths of prominent individuals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Marwan_Issa" title="Assassination of Marwan Issa">Marwan Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hassan_Nasrallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yahya_Sinwar" title="Killing of Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>See also</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Background to the Israel–Hamas war">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Diplomatic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Economic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the Israel–Hamas war">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Gaza humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Healthcare collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_on_children_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Effect of the Israel–Hamas war on children in the Gaza Strip">Children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Gaza_Strip_preterm_births" title="2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births">Premature babies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_famine" title="Gaza Strip famine">Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_prisoner_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange">Prisoner exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shields_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">Israeli blockade of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_public_diplomacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory_report" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes and crimes against humanity report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Torture during the Israel–Hamas war">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executions_and_assassinations_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Executions and assassinations during the Israel–Hamas war">Executions and assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_journalists_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war">Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war">List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Wider regional conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">2023 ceasefire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Israel–Hamas war">Calls for a ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_ceasefire_proposal" title="Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal">Three-phase proposal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Anti-Palestinianism during the Israel–Hamas war">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Mass detentions in the Israel–Hamas war">Mass detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests" title="Israel–Hamas war protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">university campuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Aysenur_Eygi" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Aysenur Eygi">Killing of Aysenur Eygi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war">Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AI-assisted targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_mass_graves" title="Gaza Strip mass graves">Gaza Strip mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah" title="All Eyes on Rafah">All Eyes on Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_secret_document_leak_scandal" title="2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal">Israeli document leak scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">ICC arrest warrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defense Force">Israel Defense Force</a> (IDF) has used <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> to rapidly and automatically perform much of the process of determining what to bomb. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has greatly expanded the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Gaza Strip">bombing of the Gaza Strip</a>, which in previous wars had been limited by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> running out of targets. </p><p>These tools include the Gospel, an AI which automatically reviews surveillance data looking for buildings, equipment and people thought to belong to the enemy, and upon finding them, recommends bombing targets to a human analyst who may then decide whether to pass it along to the field. Another is Lavender, an "AI-powered <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>" which lists tens of thousands of Palestinian men linked by AI to <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>, and which is also used for target recommendation. </p><p>Critics have argued the use of these AI tools puts civilians at risk, blurs accountability, and results in militarily <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(international_humanitarian_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportionality (international humanitarian law)">disproportionate</a> violence in violation of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Gospel">The Gospel</h2></div> <p>Israel uses an AI system dubbed "Habsora", "the Gospel", to determine which targets the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> would bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It automatically provides a targeting recommendation to a human analyst,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-aggregate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-blogpost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who decides whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-blogpost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommendations can be anything from individual fighters, rocket launchers, Hamas command posts,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-aggregate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to private homes of suspected Hamas or Islamic Jihad members.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AI can process <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">intel</a> far faster than humans.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-faster_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-faster-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheConversation-speed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheConversation-speed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired Lt Gen. <a href="/wiki/Aviv_Kohavi" title="Aviv Kohavi">Aviv Kohavi</a>, head of the IDF until 2023, stated that the system could produce 100 bombing targets in Gaza a day, with real-time recommendations which ones to attack, where human analysts might produce 50 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lecturer interviewed by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> estimated these figures as 50–100 targets in 300 days for 20 <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officers</a>, and 200 targets within 10–12 days for the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-article_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_background">Technological background</h3></div> <p>Artificial intelligences, despite the name, are not capable of thought or consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they are machines developed to automate tasks humans accomplish with intelligence through other means. The Gospel uses <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where an AI is tasked with identifying commonalities in vast amounts of data (e.g. scans of cancerous tissue, photos of a facial expression, surveillance of Hamas members identified by human analysts), then looking for those commonalities in new material.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What information the Gospel uses is not known, but it is thought<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to combine surveillance data from diverse sources in enormous amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recommendations are based on pattern-matching. A person with enough similarities to other people labeled as enemy combatants may be labelled a combatant themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the suitability of AIs for the task, NPR cited Heidy Khlaaf, engineering director of AI Assurance at the technology security firm Trail of Bits, as saying "AI algorithms are notoriously flawed with high error rates observed across applications that require precision, accuracy, and safety."<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-article_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bianca Baggiarini, lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>'s Strategic and Defence Studies Centre wrote AIs are "more effective in predictable environments where concepts are objective, reasonably stable, and internally consistent." She contrasted this with telling the difference between a <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatant</a>, which even humans frequently can't do.<sup id="cite_ref-Theconversation-combatantsandcivilians_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theconversation-combatantsandcivilians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khlaaf went on to point out that such a system's decisions depend entirely on the data it's trained on,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are not based on reasoning, factual evidence or <a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">causation</a>, but solely on statistical probability.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-Khlaaf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3></div> <p>The IAF ran out of targets to strike<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-junior-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 war</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-France24-ranout_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France24-ranout-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview on <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>, investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Abraham" title="Yuval Abraham">Yuval Abraham</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/%2B972_Magazine" title="+972 Magazine">+972 Magazine</a></i> stated that to maintain military pressure, and due to political pressure to continue the war, the military would bomb the same places twice.<sup id="cite_ref-France24-twice_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France24-twice-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the integration of AI tools has significantly sped up the selection of targets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early November, the IDF stated more than 12,000 targets in Gaza had been identified by the target administration division<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-tad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that uses the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-aggregate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NPR wrote on December 14 that it was unclear how many targets from the Gospel had been acted upon, but that the Israeli military said it was currently striking as many as 250 targets a day.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-article_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombing, too, has intensified to what the December 14 article called an astonishing pace:<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-22k-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Israeli military stated at the time it had struck more than 22,000 targets inside Gaza,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-22k-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a daily rate more than double that of the 2021 conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-+972-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 3,500 of them since the collapse of <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">the truce</a> on December 1.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-22k-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the offensive the head of the Air Force stated his forces only struck military targets, but added: "We are not <a href="/wiki/Surgical_strike" title="Surgical strike">being surgical</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a recommendation is accepted another AI, Fire Factory, cuts assembling the attack down from hours to minutes<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg-confrontation_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-confrontation-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by calculating munition loads, prioritizing and assigning targets to aircraft and drones, and proposing a schedule,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to a pre-war Bloomberg article that described such AI tools as tailored for a military confrontation and proxy war with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg-confrontation_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-confrontation-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One change that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> noted is that since senior Hamas leaders disappear into <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">tunnels</a> at the start of an offensive, systems such as the Gospel have allowed the IDF to locate and attack a much larger pool of more junior Hamas operatives. It cited an official who worked on targeting decisions in previous Gaza operations as saying that while the homes of junior Hamas members had previously not been targeted for bombing, the official believes the houses of suspected Hamas operatives were now targeted regardless of rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-junior-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the France 24 interview Abraham, of <i>+972 Magazine</i>, characterized this as enabling the systematization of dropping a 2000 lb bomb into a home to kill one person and everybody around them, something that had previously been done to a very small group of senior Hamas leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NPR cited a report by <i>+972 Magazine</i> and its sister publication <i><a href="/wiki/%2B972_Magazine#Local_Call" title="+972 Magazine">Local Call</a></i> as asserting the system is being used to manufacture targets so that Israeli military forces can continue to bombard Gaza at an enormous rate, punishing the general Palestinian population. NPR noted it had not verified this; it was unclear how many targets are being generated by AI alone; but there'd been a substantial increase in targeting, with an enormous civilian toll.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-+972-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In principle, the combination of a computer's speed to identify opportunities and a human's judgment to evaluate them can enable more precise attacks and fewer civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli military and media have emphasized the minimized harm to non-combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-Khlaaf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-collateraldamage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Moyes, researcher and head of the NGO Article 36, pointed to "the widespread flattening of an urban area with heavy explosive weapons" to question these claims,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-collateraldamage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Suchman" title="Lucy Suchman">Lucy Suchman</a>, professor emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, described the bombing as "aimed at maximum devastation of the Gaza Strip".<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-article_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Guardian</i> wrote that when a strike was authorized on private homes of those identified as Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives, target researchers knew in advance the expected number of civilians killed, each target had a file containing a collateral damage score stipulating how many civilians were likely to be killed in a strike,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to a senior Israeli military source, operatives use a "very accurate" measurement of the rate of civilians evacuating a building shortly before a strike. “We use an algorithm to evaluate how many civilians are remaining. It gives us a green, yellow, red, like a traffic signal.”<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-collateraldamage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_use">2021 use</h4></div> <p>Kohavi compared the target division using the Gospel to a machine and stated that once the machine was activated in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">war of May 2021</a> it generated 100 targets a day, with half of them being attacked, in contrast with 50 targets in Gaza per year beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Kochavi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Kochavi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 200 targets came from the Gospel out of the 1,500 targets Israel struck in Gaza in the war,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-+972-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including both static and moving targets according to the military.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-AAR_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-AAR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/After_action_report" title="After action report">after action report</a> identified an issue, stating the system had data on what was a target, but lacked data on what wasn't.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system depends entirely on training data,<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-Khlaaf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and intel that human analysts had examined and deemed didn't constitute a target had been discarded, <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">risking bias</a>. The vice president expressed his hopes this had since been rectified.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-AAR_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-AAR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3></div> <p>The Gospel is used by the military's target administration division (or Directorate of Targets<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-blogpost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Targeting Directorate<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which was formed in 2019 in the IDF's intelligence directorate<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-tad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to address the air force running out of targets to bomb,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-junior-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which Kohavi described as "powered by AI capabilities" and including hundreds of officers of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Kochavi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Kochavi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its wartime role, <i>The Guardian</i> wrote it'd helped the IDF build a database of between 30,000 and 40,000 suspected militants in recent years, and that systems such as the Gospel had played a critical role in building lists of individuals authorized to be assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-tad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gospel was developed by <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">Unit 8200</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Corps" title="Israeli Intelligence Corps">Israeli Intelligence Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lavender">Lavender</h2></div> <p><i>The Guardian</i> defined Lavender as an AI-powered <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, according to six intelligence officers' testimonies given to <i>+972 Magazine</i>/<i>Local Call</i> and shared with <i>The Guardian</i>. The six said Lavender had played a central role in the war, rapidly processing data to identify potential junior operatives to target, at one point listing as many as 37,000 Palestinian men linked by AI to Hamas or PIJ.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Lavender-37k&20s_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Lavender-37k&20s-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of Lavender's operation or how it comes to its conclusions are not included in accounts published by <i>+972</i>/<i>Local Call</i>, but after a sample of the list was found to have a 90% accuracy rate, the IDF approved Lavender's sweeping use for recommending targets. According to the officers it was used alongside the Gospel, which targeted buildings and structures instead of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing multiple sources, <i>the Guardian</i> wrote that in previous wars identifying someone as a legitimate target would be discussed and then signed off by a legal adviser, and that, after 7 October, the process was dramatically accelerated, there was pressure for more targets, and to meet the demand, the IDF came to rely heavily on Lavender for a database of individuals judged to have the characteristics of a PIJ or Hamas militant.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> quoted one source: “I would invest 20 seconds for each target at this stage, and do dozens of them every day. I had zero added-value as a human, apart from being a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">stamp of approval</a>. It saved a lot of time.”<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A source who justified the use of Lavender to help identify low-ranking targets said that in wartime there's no time to carefully go through the identification process with every target, and rather than invest manpower and time in a junior militant "you're willing to take the margin of error of using artificial intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IDF issued a statement that some of the claims portrayed are baseless while others reflect a flawed understanding of IDF directives and international law, and that the IDF does not use an AI system that identifies terrorist operatives or tries to predict whether a person is a terrorist. Information systems are merely one of the types of tools that help analysts gather and optimally analyze intelligence from various sources for the process of identifying military targets, and according to IDF directives, analysts must conduct independent examinations to verify the targets meet the relevant definitions in accordance with international law and the additional restrictions of the IDF directives.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statement went on to say the "system" in question is not a system, nor a list of confirmed military operatives eligible to attack, only a database to cross-reference intelligence sources in order to produce up-to-date layers of information on the military operatives of terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_and_legal_ramifications">Ethical and legal ramifications</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#By_Israel" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war § By Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)</a></div> <p>Experts in ethics, AI, and <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> have criticized the use of such AI systems along ethical and legal lines, arguing that they violate basic principles of international humanitarian law, such as <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(international_humanitarian_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportionality (international humanitarian law)">proportionality</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">distinction</a> between combatants and civilians..<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-ethics-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_bombing_homes">Allegations of bombing homes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_killing_of_the_wife,_daughter,_and_infant_son_of_Mohammed_Deif" class="mw-redirect" title="The killing of the wife, daughter, and infant son of Mohammed Deif">The killing of the wife, daughter, and infant son of Mohammed Deif</a></div> <p><i>The Guardian</i> cited the intelligence officers' testimonies published by <i>+972</i> and <i>Local Call</i> as saying Palestinian men linked to Hamas's military wing were considered potential targets regardless of rank or importance,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and low-ranking Hamas and PLJ members would be preferentially targeted at home, with one saying the system was built to look for them in these situations when attacking would be much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the sources said attacks on low-ranking militants were typically carried out with <a href="/wiki/Unguided_bomb" title="Unguided bomb">dumb bombs</a>, destroying entire homes and killing everyone there, with one saying you don't want to waste expensive bombs that are in short supply on unimportant people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing unnamed conflict experts, <i>the Guardian</i> wrote that if Israel has been using dumb bombs to flatten the homes of thousands of Palestinians who were linked with AI assistance to militant groups in Gaza, it could help explain what the newspaper called the shockingly high death toll of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Israeli official speaking to <i>+972</i> stated also that the Israeli program "Where's Daddy?" tracked suspected militants until they returned home, at which point "the IDF bombed them in homes without hesitation, as a first option. It's much easier to bomb a family's home."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IDF's response to the publication of the testimonies said that unlike Hamas, it is committed to international law and only strikes military targets and military operatives, does so in accordance to <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)#International_humanitarian_law" title="Proportionality (law)">proportionality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">precautions</a>, and thoroughly examines and investigates exceptions;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a member of an organized armed group or a direct participant in hostilities is a lawful target under international humanitarian law and the policy of all law-abiding countries;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it "makes various efforts to reduce harm to civilians to the extent feasible in the operational circumstances ruling at the time of the strike"; that it chooses the proper munition in accordance with operational and humanitarian considerations; that aerial munitions without an integrated precision-guide kit are developed militaries' standard weaponry; that onboard aircraft systems used by trained pilots ensure high precision of such weapons; and that the clear majority of munitions it uses are <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision-guided munitions">precision-guided</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-carryingout_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-IDF-carryingout-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family homes were also hit in Southern Lebanon, in a residential area of <a href="/wiki/Bint_Jbeil" title="Bint Jbeil">Bint Jbeil</a>. Killing two brothers <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Ali_Ahmed_Bazzi"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Ali Ahmed Bazzi</span></span> and Ibrahim Bazzi (27), and Ibrahim's wife Shorouq Hammond.<sup id="cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS_-_wife_and_brother-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers are both Australian citizens, Ali lived locally but Ibrahim was visiting from Sydney to bring his wife home to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_-_from_Sydney_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_-_from_Sydney-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS_-_wife_and_brother-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> claimed Ali as one of their fighters,<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_-_Bazzi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_-_Bazzi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFR_-_Bazzi_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFR_-_Bazzi-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also included the civilian family members in a Hezbollah funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_-_Bazzi_funeral_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_-_Bazzi_funeral-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS_-_wife_and_brother-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_pre-authorised_civilian_kill_limits">Allegations of pre-authorised civilian kill limits</h3></div> <p>According to the testimonies, the IDF imposed pre-authorised limits on how many civilians it permitted killing in order to kill one Hamas militant. <i>The Guardian</i> cited <i>+972</i> and <i>Local Call</i> on how this number was over 100 for top-ranking Hamas officials, with one of the sources saying there was a calculation for how many civilians could be killed for a brigade commander, how many for a battalion commander, and so on. One of the officers said that for junior militants, this number was 15 on the first week of the war, and at one point was as low as five. Another said it had been as high as 20 uninvolved civilians for one operative, regardless of rank, military importance, or age.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> wrote that experts in international humanitarian law who spoke to the newspaper expressed alarm.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IDF's response said that IDF procedures require assessing the anticipated military advantage and <a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">collateral damage</a> for each target, that such assessments are made individually, not categorically, that the EDF doesn't carry out strikes when the collateral damage is excessive relative to the military advantage,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the IDF outright rejects the claim regarding any policy to kill tens of thousands of people in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limits_of_human_review">Limits of human review</h3></div> <p><i>The Guardian</i> cited Moyes as saying a commander who's handed a computer-generated list of targets may not know how the list was generated or be able to question the targeting recommendations, and is in danger of losing the ability to meaningfully consider the risk of civilian harm.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-ethics-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an opinion piece in <i>Le Monde</i>, reporter <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lise_Vincent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Élise Vincent (page does not exist)">Élise Vincent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise_Vincent" class="extiw" title="fr:Élise Vincent">fr</a>]</span> wrote that automated weapons are divided into fully automated systems, which aren't really on the market, and <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethal autonomous weapons">lethal autonomous weapons</a>, which in principle allow human control, and that this division allows Israel to claim the Gospel falls on the side of the more appropriate use of force. She cited Laure de Roucy-Rochegonde, a researcher at <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales" title="Institut français des relations internationales">Institut français des relations internationales</a>, as saying the war could obsolete these blurred categories and invigorate a stricter regulatory definition, significant human control, which human rights activists including Article 36 have been trying to advocate. She quoted de Roucy-Rochegonde as saying it's not known what kind of algorithm the Israeli army uses, or how the data has been aggregated, which wouldn't be a problem if they didn't lead to a life-or-death decision.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diligence">Diligence</h3></div> <p>Dr. Marta Bo, researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>, noted that the humans in <a href="/wiki/Human-in-the-loop" title="Human-in-the-loop">human-in-the-loop</a> risk "automation bias": overreliance on systems, giving those systems too much influence over decisions that need to be made by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-ethics-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suchman observed that the huge volume of targets is likely putting pressure on the human reviewers, saying that "in the face of this kind of acceleration, those reviews become more and more constrained in terms of what kind of judgment people can actually exercise." Tal Mimran, lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University in Jerusalem">Hebrew University in Jerusalem</a> who's previously worked with the government on targeting, added that pressure will make analysts more likely to accept the AI's targeting recommendations, whether they are correct, and they may be tempted to make life easier for themselves by going along with the machine's recommendations, which could create a "whole new level of problems" if the machine is systematically misidentifying targets.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-ethics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-ethics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accountability">Accountability</h3></div> <p>Khlaaf noted the difficulty of pursuing accountability when AIs are involved. Humans retain the <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">culpability</a>, but who's responsible if the targeting system fails, and it's impossible to trace the failure to any one mistake by one person? The NPR article went on: "Is it the analyst who accepted the AI recommendation? The programmers who made the system? The intelligence officers who gathered the training data?"<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-ethics_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-ethics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <p>United Nations Secretary-General, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Antonio Guterres</a>, said he was “deeply troubled” by reports that Israel used artificial intelligence in its military campaign in Gaza, saying the practice puts civilians at risk and blurs accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking about the Lavender system, Marc Owen Jones, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Hamad_Bin_Khalifa_University" title="Hamad Bin Khalifa University">Hamad Bin Khalifa University</a> stated, "Let’s be clear: This is an AI-assisted genocide, and going forward, there needs to be a call for a moratorium on the use of AI in the war".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Saul" title="Ben Saul">Ben Saul</a>, a United Nations special rapporteur, stated that if reports about Israel's use of AI were true, then "many Israeli strikes in Gaza would constitute the war crimes of launching disproportionate attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Srinivasan" title="Ramesh Srinivasan">Ramesh Srinivasan</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, stated, "Corporate America Big Tech is actually aligned with many of the Israeli military’s actions. The fact that AI systems are being used indicates there’s a lack of regard by the Israeli state. Everybody knows these AI systems will make mistakes."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance" title="Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance">Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">Lethal autonomous weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Maven" title="Project Maven">Project Maven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guardian</i>, citing unnamed experts, wrote that "AI-based decision support systems for targeting" would typically "analyse large sets of information from a range of sources, such as drone footage, intercepted communications, surveillance data," and "movements and behaviour patterns of individuals and large groups."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NPR cited Blaise Misztal of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America</a> as saying the data likely comes from a wide variety of sources, including such things as cellphone messages, satellite imagery, drone footage and seismic sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data is aggregated and classified by other AI systems before being fed into the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-aggregate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It's well-known in the field that an AI imitating the decisions of humans may imitate their mistakes and prejudices, resulting in what's known as <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">"Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings"</a>. <i>France24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Understanding+how+Israel+uses+%27Gospel%27+AI+system+in+Gaza+bombings&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Fperspective%2F20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-aggregate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-aggregate_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Gospel is actually one of several AI programs being used by Israeli intelligence, according to Tal Mimran, a lecturer at Hebrew University in Jerusalem who has worked for the Israeli government on targeting during previous military operations. Other AI systems aggregate vast quantities of intelligence data and classify it. The final system is the Gospel, which makes a targeting recommendation to a human analyst. Those targets could be anything from individual fighters, to equipment like rocket launchers, or facilities such as Hamas command posts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-blogpost-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-blogpost_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>A brief blog post by the Israeli military on November 2 lays out how the Gospel is being used in the current conflict. According to the post, the military's Directorate of Targets is using the Gospel to rapidly produce targets based on the latest intelligence. The system provides a targeting recommendation for a human analyst who then decides whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field.<br /><br />"This isn't just an automatic system," Misztal emphasizes. "If it thinks it finds something that could be a potential target, that's flagged then for an intelligence analyst to review."<br /><br />The post states that the targeting division is able to send these targets to the IAF and navy, and directly to ground forces via an app known as "Pillar of Fire," which commanders carry on military-issued smartphones and other devices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Multiple sources familiar with the IDF's targeting processes confirmed the existence of the Gospel to +972/Local Call, saying it had been used to produce automated recommendations for attacking targets, such as the private homes of individuals suspected of being Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-faster-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPR-faster_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Algorithms can sift through mounds of intelligence data far faster than human analysts, says <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Ashley_Jr." title="Robert P. Ashley Jr.">Robert Ashley</a>, a former head of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency. Using AI to assist with targeting has the potential to give commanders an enormous edge.<br /><br />"You're going to make decisions faster than your opponent, that's really what it's about," he says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheConversation-speed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheConversation-speed_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggiarini2023" class="citation news cs1">Baggiarini, Bianca (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">"Israel's AI can produce 100 bombing targets a day in Gaza. Is this the future of war?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Militaries and soldiers frame their decision-making through what is called the "OODA loop" (for observe, orient, decide, act). A faster OODA loop can help you outmanoeuvre your enemy. The goal is to avoid slowing down decisions through excessive deliberation, and instead to match the accelerating tempo of war. So the use of AI is potentially justified on the basis it can interpret and synthesise huge amounts of data, processing it and delivering outputs at rates that far surpass human cognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+AI+can+produce+100+bombing+targets+a+day+in+Gaza.+Is+this+the+future+of+war%3F&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Baggiarini&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggiarini2023" class="citation news cs1">Baggiarini, Bianca (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">"Israel's AI can produce 100 bombing targets a day in Gaza. Is this the future of war?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+AI+can+produce+100+bombing+targets+a+day+in+Gaza.+Is+this+the+future+of+war%3F&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Baggiarini&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-article-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-article_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-article_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-article_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-article_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuellerMassaron2016" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, John Paul; Massaron, Luca (2016). <i>Machine Learning For Dummies®</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-24551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-24551-3"><bdi>978-1-119-24551-3</bdi></a>. p. 13: <q>Machine learning relies on algorithms to analyze huge datasets. Currently, machine learning can't provide the sort of AI that the movies present. Even the best algorithms can't think, feel, present any form of self-awareness, or exercise free will.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Learning+For+Dummies%C2%AE&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-119-24551-3&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft.au=Massaron%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theconversation-whatismachinelearning_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggiarini2023" class="citation news cs1">Baggiarini, Bianca (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">"Israel's AI can produce 100 bombing targets a day in Gaza. Is this the future of war?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>How does the system produce these targets? It does so through probabilistic reasoning offered by machine learning algorithms.<br /><br />Machine learning algorithms learn through data. They learn by seeking patterns in huge piles of data, and their success is contingent on the data's quality and quantity. They make recommendations based on probabilities.<br /><br />The probabilities are based on pattern-matching. If a person has enough similarities to other people labelled as an enemy combatant, they too may be labelled a combatant themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+AI+can+produce+100+bombing+targets+a+day+in+Gaza.+Is+this+the+future+of+war%3F&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Baggiarini&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuellerMassaron2016" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, John Paul; Massaron, Luca (2016). <i>Machine Learning For Dummies®</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-24551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-24551-3"><bdi>978-1-119-24551-3</bdi></a>. p. 33: <q>The secret to machine learning is generalization. The goal is to generalize the output function so that it works on data beyond the training set. For example, consider a spam filter. Your dictionary contains 100,000 words (actually a small dictionary). A limited training dataset of 4,000 or 5,000 word combinations must create a generalized function that can then find spam in the 2^100,000 combinations that the function will see when working with actual data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Learning+For+Dummies%C2%AE&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-119-24551-3&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=John+Paul&rft.au=Massaron%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Precisely what forms of data are ingested into the Gospel is not known. But experts said AI-based decision support systems for targeting would typically analyse large sets of information from a range of sources, such as drone footage, intercepted communications, surveillance data and information drawn from monitoring the movements and behaviour patterns of individuals and large groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Although it's not known exactly what data the Gospel uses to make its suggestions, it likely comes from a wide variety of different sources. The list includes things like cell phone messages, satellite imagery, drone footage and even seismic sensors, according to Blaise Misztal, vice president for policy at the Jewish Institute for National Security of America, a group that facilitates military cooperation between Israel and the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInskeep" class="citation news cs1">Inskeep, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1218643254">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1218643254">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The system is called the Gospel. And basically, it takes an enormous quantity of surveillance data, crunches it all together and makes recommendations about where the military should strike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Inskeep&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftranscripts%2F1218643254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theconversation-combatantsandcivilians-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theconversation-combatantsandcivilians_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggiarini2023" class="citation news cs1">Baggiarini, Bianca (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">"Israel's AI can produce 100 bombing targets a day in Gaza. Is this the future of war?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Some claim machine learning enables greater precision in targeting, which makes it easier to avoid harming innocent people and using a proportional amount of force. However, the idea of more precise targeting of airstrikes has not been successful in the past, as the high toll of declared and undeclared civilian casualties from the global war on terror shows.<br /><br />Moreover, the difference between a combatant and a civilian is rarely self-evident. Even humans frequently cannot tell who is and is not a combatant.<br /><br />Technology does not change this fundamental truth. Often social categories and concepts are not objective, but are contested or specific to time and place. But computer vision together with algorithms are more effective in predictable environments where concepts are objective, reasonably stable, and internally consistent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+AI+can+produce+100+bombing+targets+a+day+in+Gaza.+Is+this+the+future+of+war%3F&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Baggiarini&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-Khlaaf-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-Khlaaf_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Israeli military did not respond directly to NPR's inquiries about the Gospel. In the November 2 post, it said the system allows the military to "produce targets for precise attacks on infrastructures associated with Hamas, while causing great damage to the enemy and minimal harm to those not involved," according to an unnamed spokesperson.<br /><br />But critics question whether the Gospel and other associated AI systems are in fact performing as the military claims. Khlaaf notes that artificial intelligence depends entirely on training data to make its decisions.<br /><br />"The nature of AI systems is to provide outcomes based on statistical and probabilistic inferences and correlations from historical data, and not any type of reasoning, factual evidence, or 'causation,'" she says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-junior-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-junior_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The target division was created to address a chronic problem for the IDF: in earlier operations in Gaza, the air force repeatedly ran out of targets to strike. Since senior Hamas officials disappeared into tunnels at the start of any new offensive, sources said, systems such as the Gospel allowed the IDF to locate and attack a much larger pool of more junior operatives.<br /><br />One official, who worked on targeting decisions in previous Gaza operations, said the IDF had not previously targeted the homes of junior Hamas members for bombings. They said they believed that had changed for the present conflict, with the houses of suspected Hamas operatives now targeted regardless of rank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France24-ranout-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France24-ranout_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">"Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings"</a>. <i>France24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q><b>Yuval Abraham</b>: "Now, sources that I've spoken to that have operated the Gospel and have served in that center [...] they said the use of artificial intelligence is being incr- increasing trend in the military because in the past, the military ran out of targets in 2014 and 2021.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Understanding+how+Israel+uses+%27Gospel%27+AI+system+in+Gaza+bombings&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Fperspective%2F20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France24-twice-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-France24-twice_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">"Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings"</a>. <i>France24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q><b>Yuval Abraham</b>: I mean one source recalled how, for example, in 2021 and 2014, y'know, they ran out of targets. They had nothing left to bomb. There was nothing but quality to bomb. But there was political pressure to continue the war. There was a need to continue the pressure in Gaza. So one source recalled how in 2014, they would bomb the same places twice. When you have artificial intelligence, when you have automation, when you can create so many targets, often spending, y'know, less than a minute on a target that, at the end of the day, is killing families, y'know? So, so, so that allows you to continue wars, often even for political purposes, it could be, for much longer than you could in the past.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Understanding+how+Israel+uses+%27Gospel%27+AI+system+in+Gaza+bombings&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Fperspective%2F20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-tad-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-tad_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In early November, the IDF said "more than 12,000" targets in Gaza had been identified by its target administration division.<br /><br />The activities of the division, formed in 2019 in the IDF's intelligence directorate, are classified.<br /><br />However a short statement on the IDF website claimed it was using an AI-based system called Habsora (the Gospel, in English) in the war against Hamas to "produce targets at a fast pace".<br /><br />[...] In recent years, the target division has helped the IDF build a database of what sources said was between 30,000 and 40,000 suspected militants. Systems such as the Gospel, they said, had played a critical role in building lists of individuals authorised to be assassinated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-22k-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-22k_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The pace is astonishing: In the wake of the brutal attacks by Hamas-led militants on October 7, Israeli forces have struck more than 22,000 targets inside Gaza, a small strip of land along the Mediterranean coast. Just since the temporary truce broke down on December 1, Israel's Air Force has hit more than 3,500 sites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-+972-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-+972_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>A report by the Israeli publication +972 Magazine and the Hebrew-language outlet Local Call asserts that the system is being used to manufacture targets so that Israeli military forces can continue to bombard Gaza at an enormous rate, punishing the general Palestinian population.<br /><br />NPR has not independently verified those claims, and it's unclear how many targets are currently being generated by AI alone. But there has been a substantial increase in targeting, according to the Israeli military's own numbers. In the 2021 conflict, Israel said it struck 1,500 targets in Gaza, approximately 200 of which came from the Gospel. Since October 7, the military says it has struck more than 22,000 targets inside Gaza — a daily rate more than double that of the 2021 conflict.<br /><br />The toll on Palestinian civilians has been enormous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Israel's military has made no secret of the intensity of its bombardment of the Gaza Strip. In the early days of the offensive, the head of its air force spoke of relentless, "around the clock" airstrikes. His forces, he said, were only striking military targets, but he added: "We are not being surgical."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-confrontation-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg-confrontation_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg-confrontation_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2023" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Marissa (16 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-16/israel-using-ai-systems-to-plan-deadly-military-operations">"Israel Quietly Embeds AI Systems in Deadly Military Operations"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In recent months, Israel has been issuing near-daily warnings to Iran over its uranium enrichment, vowing it will not allow the country to obtain nuclear weapons under any circumstances. Should the two enter into a military confrontation, the IDF anticipates that Iranian proxies in Gaza, Syria and Lebanon would retaliate, setting the stage for the first serious multi-front conflict for Israel since a surprise attack by Egypt and Syria 50 years ago sparked the Yom Kippur War.<br /><br />AI-based tools like Fire Factory are tailored for such a scenario, according to IDF officials. "What used to take hours now takes minutes, with a few more minutes for human review," said Col. Uri, who heads the army's digital transformation unit [...] "With the same amount of people, we do much more."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Israel+Quietly+Embeds+AI+Systems+in+Deadly+Military+Operations&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Marissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-07-16%2Fisrael-using-ai-systems-to-plan-deadly-military-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2023" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Marissa (16 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-16/israel-using-ai-systems-to-plan-deadly-military-operations">"Israel Quietly Embeds AI Systems in Deadly Military Operations"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Though the military won't comment on specific operations, officials say that it now uses an AI recommendation system that can crunch huge amounts of data to select targets for air strikes. Ensuing raids can then be rapidly assembled with another artificial intelligence model called Fire Factory, which uses data about military-approved targets to calculate munition loads, prioritize and assign thousands of targets to aircraft and drones, and propose a schedule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Israel+Quietly+Embeds+AI+Systems+in+Deadly+Military+Operations&rft.date=2023-07-16&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Marissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-07-16%2Fisrael-using-ai-systems-to-plan-deadly-military-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Gavin (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">"Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings"</a>. <i>France24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q><b>Yuval Abraham</b>: "What we're talking about is, a policy of dropping a bomb that weighs two thousand pounds, on a home, in order to assassinate one person, okay? Now, in the past, imagine before artificial intelligence and automation, you would do that, say, for a group of very small senior leaders of Hamas, killing them and knowingly killing everybody around them [...] when you automates that process, when you have a need to strike hundreds and thousands of targets, you can do so in a systematic way..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Understanding+how+Israel+uses+%27Gospel%27+AI+system+in+Gaza+bombings&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ftv-shows%2Fperspective%2F20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggiarini2023" class="citation news cs1">Baggiarini, Bianca (8 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">"Israel's AI can produce 100 bombing targets a day in Gaza. Is this the future of war?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://theconversation.com/israels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In principle, machine learning systems may enable more precisely targeted attacks and fewer civilian casualties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+AI+can+produce+100+bombing+targets+a+day+in+Gaza.+Is+this+the+future+of+war%3F&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Baggiarini&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-ai-can-produce-100-bombing-targets-a-day-in-gaza-is-this-the-future-of-war-219302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-collateraldamage-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-collateraldamage_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In the IDF's brief statement about its target division, a senior official said the unit "produces precise attacks on infrastructure associated with Hamas while inflicting great damage to the enemy and minimal harm to non-combatants".<br /><br />The precision of strikes recommended by the "AI target bank" has been emphasised in multiple reports in Israeli media. The <a href="/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth" title="Yedioth Ahronoth">Yedioth Ahronoth</a> daily newspaper reported that the unit "makes sure as far as possible there will be no harm to non-involved civilians".<br /><br />A former senior Israeli military source told the Guardian that operatives use a "very accurate" measurement of the rate of civilians evacuating a building shortly before a strike. "We use an algorithm to evaluate how many civilians are remaining. It gives us a green, yellow, red, like a traffic signal."<br /><br />[...] "Look at the physical landscape of Gaza," said Richard Moyes, a researcher who heads Article 36, a group that campaigns to reduce harm from weapons. "We're seeing the widespread flattening of an urban area with heavy explosive weapons, so to claim there's precision and narrowness of force being exerted is not borne out by the facts."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Multiple sources told the Guardian and <i>+972</i>/<i>Local Call</i> that when a strike was authorised on the private homes of individuals identified as Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives, target researchers knew in advance the number of civilians expected to be killed.<br /><br />Each target, they said, had a file containing a collateral damage score that stipulated how many civilians were likely to be killed in a strike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Kochavi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Kochavi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Kochavi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Aviv Kochavi, who served as the head of the IDF until January, has said the target division is "powered by AI capabilities" and includes hundreds of officers and soldiers.<br /><br />In an interview published before the war, he said it was "a machine that produces vast amounts of data more effectively than any human, and translates it into targets for attack".<br /><br /> According to Kochavi, "once this machine was activated" in Israel's 11-day war with Hamas in May 2021 it generated 100 targets a day. "To put that into perspective, in the past we would produce 50 targets in Gaza per year. Now, this machine produces 100 targets a single day, with 50% of them being attacked."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-AAR-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-AAR_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-AAR_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Misztal's group documented one of the first trials of the Gospel, during a 2021 conflict in Gaza between Israel and the militant groups Hamas and Islamic Jihad. According to press reports and statements from the military itself, Israel used the Gospel and other AI programs to identify likely targets such as rocket launchers. The system was used to identify static targets as well as moving targets as they appeared on the battlefield. According to press reports, it identified around 200 targets in the conflict.<br /><br />But it was not without its problems. The after-action report by Misztal's group noted that, while the AI had plenty of training data for what constituted a target, it lacked data on things that human analysts had decided were <i>not</i> targets. The Israeli military hadn't collected the target data its analysts had discarded, and as a result the system's training had been biased.<br /><br />"It's been two years since then, so it's something that, hopefully, they've been able to rectify," Misztal says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Gaza-Assessment.v8-1.pdf">https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Gaza-Assessment.v8-1.pdf</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeshem2023" class="citation news cs1">Leshem, Ron (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/ry0uzlhu3">"IDF possesses Matrix-like capabilities, ex-Israeli army chief says"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=IDF+possesses+Matrix-like+capabilities%2C+ex-Israeli+army+chief+says&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.aulast=Leshem&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fry0uzlhu3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>According to posts on the Israeli military's website, the Gospel was developed by Israel's signals intelligence branch, known as Unit 8200. The system is relatively new — one of the earliest mentions was a top innovation award that it won in 2020.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Lavender-37k&20s-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Lavender-37k&20s_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Israeli military's bombing campaign in Gaza used a previously undisclosed AI-powered database that at one stage identified 37,000 potential targets based on their apparent links to Hamas, according to intelligence sources involved in the war.<br /><br />The testimony from the six intelligence officers, all who have been involved in using AI systems to identify Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) targets in the war, was given to the journalist Yuval Abraham for a report published by the Israeli-Palestinian publication <i>+972 Magazine</i> and the Hebrew-language outlet <i>Local Call</i>.<br /><br />Their accounts were shared exclusively with the Guardian in advance of publication. All six said that Lavender had played a central role in the war, processing masses of data to rapidly identify potential "junior" operatives to target. Four of the sources said that, at one stage early in the war, Lavender listed as many as 37,000 Palestinian men who had been linked by the AI system to Hamas or PIL.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Details about the specific kinds of data used to train Lavender's algorithm, or how the programme reached its conclusions, are not included in the accounts published by +972 or Local Call. However, the sources said that during the first few weeks of the war, Unit 8200 refined Lavender's algorithm and tweaked its search parameters.<br /><br />After randomly sampling and cross-checking its predictions, the unit concluded Lavender had achieved a 90% accuracy rate, the sources said, leading the IDF to approve its sweeping use as a target recommendation tool.<br /><br />Lavender created a database of tens of thousands of individuals who were marked as predominantly low-ranking members of Hamas's military wing, they added. This was used alongside another AI-based decision support system, called the Gospel, which recommended buildings and structures as targets rather than individuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In earlier military operations conducted by the IDF, producing human targets was often a more labour-intensive process. Multiple sources who described target development in previous wars to the Guardian, said the decision to "incriminate" an individual, or identify them as a legitimate target, would be discussed and then signed off by a legal adviser.<br /><br />In the weeks and months after 7 October, this model for approving strikes on human targets was dramatically accelerated, according to the sources. As the IDF's bombardment of Gaza intensified, they said, commanders demanded a continuous pipeline of targets.<br /><br />"We were constantly being pressured: 'Bring us more targets.' They really shouted at us," said one intelligence officer. "We were told: now we have to fuck up Hamas, no matter what the cost. Whatever you can, you bomb."<br /><br />To meet this demand, the IDF came to rely heavily on Lavender to generate a database of individuals judged to have the characteristics of a PIJ or Hamas militant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Another source, who justified the use of Lavender to help identify low-ranking targets, said that "when it comes to a junior militant, you don't want to invest manpower and time in it". They said that in wartime there was insufficient time to carefully "incriminate every target".<br /><br />"So you're willing to take the margin of error of using artificial intelligence, risking collateral damage and civilians dying, and risking attacking by mistake, and to live with it," they added.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-informationsystems_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Some of the claims portrayed in your questions are baseless in fact, while others reflect a flawed understanding of IDF directives and international law. Following the murderous attack by the Hamas terror organization on October 7, the IDF has been operating to dismantle Hamas' military capabilities.<br /><br />[...]The process of identifying military targets in the IDF consists of various types of tools and methods, including information management tools, which are used in order to help the intelligence analysts to gather and optimally analyze the intelligence, obtained from a variety of sources. Contrary to claims, the IDF does not use an artificial intelligence system that identifies terrorist operatives or tries to predict whether a person is a terrorist. Information systems are merely tools for analysts in the target identification process. According to IDF directives, analysts must conduct independent examinations, in which they verify that the identified targets meet the relevant definitions in accordance with international law and additional restrictions stipulated in the IDF directives.<br /><br />The "system" your questions refer to is not a system, but simply a database whose purpose is to cross-reference intelligence sources, in order to produce up-to-date layers of information on the military operatives of terrorist organizations. This is not a list of confirmed military operatives eligible to attack.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-ethics-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-ethics_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Harry; McKernan, Bethan; Sabbagh, Dan (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>For some experts who research AI and international humanitarian law, an acceleration of this kind raises a number of concerns.<br /><br />Dr Marta Bo, a researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, said that even when "humans are in the loop" there is a risk they develop "automation bias" and "over-rely on systems which come to have too much influence over complex human decisions".<br /><br />Moyes, of Article 36, said that when relying on tools such as the Gospel, a commander "is handed a list of targets a computer has generated" and they "don't necessarily know how the list has been created or have the ability to adequately interrogate and question the targeting recommendations".<br /><br />"There is a danger," he added, "that as humans come to rely on these systems they become cogs in a mechanised process and lose the ability to consider the risk of civilian harm in a meaningful way."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+Gospel%27%3A+how+Israel+uses+AI+to+select+bombing+targets+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=McKernan%2C+Bethan&rft.au=Sabbagh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fthe-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>In the weeks after the Hamas-led 7 October assault on southern Israel, in which Palestinian militants killed nearly 1,200 Israelis and kidnapped about 240 people, the sources said there was a decision to treat Palestinian men linked to Hamas's military wing as potential targets, regardless of their rank or importance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The testimonies published by +972 and Local Call may explain how such a western military with such advanced capabilities, with weapons that can conduct highly surgical strikes, has conducted a war with such a vast human toll.<br /><br />When it came to targeting low-ranking Hamas and PIJ suspects, they said, the preference was to attack when they were believed to be at home. "We were not interested in killing [Hamas] operatives only when they were in a military building or engaged in a military activity," one said. "It's much easier to bomb a family's home. The system is built to look for them in these situations."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Two sources said that during the early weeks of the war they were permitted to kill 15 or 20 civilians during airstrikes on low-ranking militants. Attacks on such targets were typically carried out using unguided munitions known as "dumb bombs", the sources said, destroying entire homes and killing all their occupants.<br /><br />"You don't want to waste expensive bombs on unimportant people – it's very expensive for the country and there's a shortage [of those bombs]," one intelligence officer said. Another said the principal question they were faced with was whether the "collateral damage" to civilians allowed for an attack.<br /><br />"Because we usually carried out the attacks with dumb bombs, and that meant literally dropping the whole house on its occupants. But even if an attack is averted, you don't care – you immediately move on to the next target. Because of the system, the targets never end. You have another 36,000 waiting."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>According to conflict experts, if Israel has been using dumb bombs to flatten the homes of thousands of Palestinians who were linked, with the assistance of AI, to militant groups in Gaza, that could help explain the shockingly high death toll in the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRommen" class="citation web cs1">Rommen, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/israels-wheres-daddy-ai-system-093311866.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAADbMEhOfTZmc7SSwoCDnshzBHeN5mR6itJHQGKzYCwePvVyD-P9FTJRdLlzmeJ_wcRd0c2_ruiZbNj114YziUmbOHTI5titBRqC-tfwNgdfNE3JmKzVB99nIxdpJuovsDiu333w4EBdU9iBkUqPyUENSZkLpe0XDM48cLp76C1i5">"Israel's 'Where's Daddy?' AI system helps target suspected Hamas militants when they're at home with their families, report says"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+%27Where%27s+Daddy%3F%27+AI+system+helps+target+suspected+Hamas+militants+when+they%27re+at+home+with+their+families%2C+report+says&rft.aulast=Rommen&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fisraels-wheres-daddy-ai-system-093311866.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAADbMEhOfTZmc7SSwoCDnshzBHeN5mR6itJHQGKzYCwePvVyD-P9FTJRdLlzmeJ_wcRd0c2_ruiZbNj114YziUmbOHTI5titBRqC-tfwNgdfNE3JmKzVB99nIxdpJuovsDiu333w4EBdU9iBkUqPyUENSZkLpe0XDM48cLp76C1i5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Contrary to Hamas, the IDF is committed to international law and acts accordingly. As such, the IDF directs its strikes only towards military targets and military operatives and carries out strikes in accordance with the rules of proportionality and precautions in attacks. Exceptional incidents undergo thorough examinations and investigations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>According to international humanitarian law, a person who is identified as a member of an organized armed group (like the Hamas' military wing), or a person who directly participates in hostilities, is considered a lawful target. This legal rule is reflected in the policy of all law-abiding countries, including the IDF's legal practice and policy, which did not change during the course of the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-IDF-carryingout-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-IDF-carryingout_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>As for the manner of carrying out the strikes – the IDF makes various efforts to reduce harm to civilians to the extent feasible in the operational circumstances ruling at the time of the strike.<br /><br />In this regard, the IDF reviews targets before strikes and chooses the proper munition in accordance with operational and humanitarian considerations, taking into account an assessment of the relevant structural and geographical features of the target, the target's environment, possible effects on nearby civilians, critical infrastructure in the vicinity, and more. Aerial munitions without an integrated precision-guide kit are standard weaponry in developed militaries worldwide. The IDF uses such munitions while employing onboard aircraft systems to calculate a specific release point to ensure a high level of precision, used by trained pilots. In any event, the clear majority of munitions used in strikes are precision-guided munitions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBS_-_wife_and_brother-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBS_-_wife_and_brother_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyett2023" class="citation news cs1">Dyett, Greg (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/australian-man-his-wife-and-brother-killed-in-air-strike/5yy5pgu0f">"Australian man, his wife and brother killed in air strike"</a>. <i>SBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Local media in Lebanon says an Israeli war plane fired a missile at a number of homes in Lebanon's Bint Jbei area. A missile strike killed 27-year-old Ibraham Bazzi, his brother Ali Bazzi and Ibrahim's wife Shorouk Hammond. Ms Hammoud had recently acquired an Australian visa and she and her husband Ibrahim were planning a life in Australia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Australian+man%2C+his+wife+and+brother+killed+in+air+strike&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.aulast=Dyett&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fpodcast-episode%2Faustralian-man-his-wife-and-brother-killed-in-air-strike%2F5yy5pgu0f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afif_Bazzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afif Bazzi (page does not exist)">Afif Bazzi</a> (Mayor of Bint Jbeil): <i>"It was a surprise that the Israelis hit a civilian neighbourhood, people are living normally, they have not fled. We did not flee Bint Jbeil, all residents are still in Bint Jbeil. We hear the bombardment and the shelling but it was still far away, the town was neutral but we were surprised that a civilian neighbourhood was hit, civilians, a groom who came from Australia to take his bride. They were spending time together along with his brother at his brother’s house, really it was a surprise for us."</i> (translation by <a href="/wiki/SBS_World_News" title="SBS World News">SBS World News</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_-_from_Sydney-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_-_from_Sydney_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-27/australian-and-wife-killed-in-lebanon-air-strike/103267574?utm_campaign=abc_news_web">"Australian man and his brother killed in Lebanon after building hit by Israeli air strike, family says"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australian+man+and+his+brother+killed+in+Lebanon+after+building+hit+by+Israeli+air+strike%2C+family+says&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-12-27%2Faustralian-and-wife-killed-in-lebanon-air-strike%2F103267574%3Futm_campaign%3Dabc_news_web&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH_-_Bazzi-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMH_-_Bazzi_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2023" class="citation news cs1">Ireland, Latika Bourke, Olivia (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/australian-man-killed-in-israeli-airstrike-was-hezbollah-fighter-terror-group-says-20231228-p5etxp.html">"Australian killed in Lebanon strike was Hezbollah fighter, militant group says"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Australian+killed+in+Lebanon+strike+was+Hezbollah+fighter%2C+militant+group+says&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Latika+Bourke%2C+Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Faustralian-man-killed-in-israeli-airstrike-was-hezbollah-fighter-terror-group-says-20231228-p5etxp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFR_-_Bazzi-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFR_-_Bazzi_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/world/middle-east/australians-reportedly-killed-in-lebanon-by-israeli-airstrike-20231227-p5etxh">"Australian reportedly killed in Lebanon by airstrike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review" title="Australian Financial Review">Australian Financial Review</a></i>. 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Australian+reportedly+killed+in+Lebanon+by+airstrike&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Faustralians-reportedly-killed-in-lebanon-by-israeli-airstrike-20231227-p5etxh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_-_Bazzi_funeral-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_-_Bazzi_funeral_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-28/funeral-australian-brothers-lebanon-israeli-air-strike/103269076?utm_campaign=abc_news_web">"Military-style funeral held for Australian 'Hezbollah fighter' killed by Israeli air strike in Lebanon"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 28 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Military-style+funeral+held+for+Australian+%27Hezbollah+fighter%27+killed+by+Israeli+air+strike+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-12-28%2Ffuneral-australian-brothers-lebanon-israeli-air-strike%2F103269076%3Futm_campaign%3Dabc_news_web&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Such a strategy risked higher numbers of civilian casualties, and the sources said the IDF imposed pre-authorised limits on the number of civilians it deemed acceptable to kill in a strike aimed at a single Hamas militant. The ratio was said to have changed over time, and varied according to the seniority of the target.<br /><br />According to +972 and Local Call, the IDF judged it permissible to kill more than 100 civilians in attacks on a top-ranking Hamas officials. "We had a calculation for how many [civilians could be killed] for the brigade commander, how many [civilians] for a battalion commander, and so on," one source said.<br /><br /> [...]One source said that the limit on permitted civilian casualties "went up and down" over time, and at one point was as low as five. During the first week of the conflict, the source said, permission was given to kill 15 non-combatants to take out junior militants in Gaza. However, they said estimates of civilian casualties were imprecise, as it was not possible to know definitively how many people were in a building.<br /><br />Another intelligence officer said that more recently in the conflict, the rate of permitted collateral damage was brought down again. But at one stage earlier in the war they were authorised to kill up to "20 uninvolved civilians" for a single operative, regardless of their rank, military importance, or age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Davies, Harry (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The machine did it coldly': Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Experts in international humanitarian law who spoke to the Guardian expressed alarm at accounts of the IDF accepting and pre-authorising collateral damage ratios as high as 20 civilians, particularly for lower-ranking militants. They said militaries must assess proportionality for each individual strike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+machine+did+it+coldly%27%3A+Israel+used+AI+to+identify+37%2C000+Hamas+targets&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>For each target, IDF procedures require conducting an individual assessment of the anticipated military advantage and collateral damage expected. Such assessments are not made categorically in relation to the approval of individual strikes. The assessment of the collateral damage expected from a strike is based on a variety of assessment methods and intelligence-gathering measures, in order to achieve the most accurate assessment possible, considering the relevant operational circumstances. The IDF does not carry out strikes when the expected collateral damage from the strike is excessive in relation to the military advantage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza">"Israel Defence Forces' response to claims about use of 'Lavender' AI database in Gaza"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The IDF outright rejects the claim regarding any policy to kill tens of thousands of people in their homes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+Defence+Forces%27+response+to+claims+about+use+of+%27Lavender%27+AI+database+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F03%2Fisrael-defence-forces-response-to-claims-about-use-of-lavender-ai-database-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElise2023" class="citation news cs1">Elise, Vincent (15 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2023/12/15/israel-s-use-of-ai-in-bombings-raises-questions-over-rules-of-war_6345351_23.html">"Israel's use of AI in bombings raises questions over rules of war"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2023/12/15/israel-s-use-of-ai-in-bombings-raises-questions-over-rules-of-war_6345351_23.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Automated weapons today fall into two main categories: Fully-automated lethal weapons systems, of which there are no real examples on the market, and lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs), which in principle allow humans to have control. The vast majority of Western military powers – and Israel, with Habsora – now claim to have opted for LAWs and can therefore claim to be on the more appropriate side of the use of force.<br /><br />Laure de Roucy-Rochegonde, also a researcher at IFRI and the author of a thesis on the regulation of autonomous weapons systems, said the specifics of the war between Israel and Hamas could render these blurred categories obsolete and reinvigorate another regulatory concept, that of "significant human control." It's a stricter definition that some human rights activists, including the NGO Article 36, have been pushing for without much success. "The problem is that we don't know what kind of algorithm is being used [by the Israeli army], or how the data has been aggregated. It wouldn't be a problem if there wasn't a life-or-death decision at the end of it," said de Roucy-Rochegonde.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+use+of+AI+in+bombings+raises+questions+over+rules+of+war&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft.aulast=Elise&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fisrael-s-use-of-ai-in-bombings-raises-questions-over-rules-of-war_6345351_23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-ethics-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-ethics_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-ethics_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel" class="citation news cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">"Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>The huge volume of targets is also likely putting pressure on the humans asked to review them, says Suchman. "In the face of this kind of acceleration, those reviews become more and more constrained in terms of what kind of judgment people can actually exercise," she says.<br /><br />Mimran adds that, under pressure, analysts will be more likely to accept the AI's targeting recommendations, regardless of whether they are correct. Targeting officers may be tempted to think that "life will be much easier if we flow with the machine and accept its advice and recommendations," he says. But it could create a "whole new level of problems" if the machine is systematically misidentifying targets.<br /><br />Finally, Khlaaf points out that the use of AI could make it more difficult to pursue accountability for those involved in the conflict. Although humans still retain the legal culpability for strikes, it's unclear who is responsible if the targeting system fails. Is it the analyst who accepted the AI recommendation? The programmers who made the system? The intelligence officers who gathered the training data?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Israel+is+using+an+AI+system+to+find+targets+in+Gaza.+Experts+say+it%27s+just+the+start&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F14%2F1218643254%2Fisrael-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240405-un-chief-deeply-troubled-by-reports-israel-using-ai-to-identify-gaza-targets">"UN chief 'deeply troubled' by reports Israel using AI to identify Gaza targets"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 2024-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=UN+chief+%27deeply+troubled%27+by+reports+Israel+using+AI+to+identify+Gaza+targets&rft.date=2024-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20240405-un-chief-deeply-troubled-by-reports-israel-using-ai-to-identify-gaza-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/ai-assisted-genocide-israel-reportedly-used-database-for-gaza-kill-lists">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'AI-assisted genocide': Israel reportedly used database for Gaza kill lists"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27AI-assisted+genocide%27%3A+Israel+reportedly+used+database+for+Gaza+kill+lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F4%2F4%2Fai-assisted-genocide-israel-reportedly-used-database-for-gaza-kill-lists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/ai-assisted-genocide-israel-reportedly-used-database-for-gaza-kill-lists#:~:text=Ben%20Saul%2C%20the%20United%20Nations,crimes%20of%20launching%20disproportionate%20attacks”.">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'AI-assisted genocide': Israel reportedly used database for Gaza kill lists"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27AI-assisted+genocide%27%3A+Israel+reportedly+used+database+for+Gaza+kill+lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F4%2F4%2Fai-assisted-genocide-israel-reportedly-used-database-for-gaza-kill-lists%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBen%2520Saul%252C%2520the%2520United%2520Nations%2Ccrimes%2520of%2520launching%2520disproportionate%2520attacks%E2%80%9D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-eleven-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-refugee-camp?update=2841906">"Big Tech 'basically complicit' in civilian deaths in Gaza"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Big+Tech+%27basically+complicit%27+in+civilian+deaths+in+Gaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2024%2F4%2F17%2Fisraels-war-on-gaza-live-eleven-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-refugee-camp%3Fupdate%3D2841906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAI-assisted+targeting+in+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel–Hamas_war" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template talk:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel–Hamas_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Outline of the Israel–Hamas war">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war">Engage-<br />ments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led<br />attack on<br />Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks on civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumim_massacre" title="Alumim massacre">Alumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Team" title="Elhanan Team">Elhanan Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Holit" title="Attack on Holit">Holit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_attack" title="Nir Oz attack">Nir Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak_attack" title="Nir Yitzhak attack">Nir Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack" title="Nahal Oz attack">Nahal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirim_attack" title="Nirim attack">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_music_festival_massacre" title="Nova music festival massacre">Nova music festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyduck_music_festival_massacre" title="Psyduck music festival massacre">Psyduck music festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Re%27im" title="Battle of Re'im">Re'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sderot" title="Battle of Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufa" title="Battle of Sufa">Sufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikim_attack" title="Zikim attack">Zikim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_female_tank_crew_fight" title="2023 Israeli female tank crew fight">Israeli female tank crew fight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Allegations of genocide in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Allegations of genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA_and_Israel" title="UNRWA and Israel">Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Denial of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Sexual and gender-based violence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Screams_Without_Words" title="Screams Without Words">Screams Without Words</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)"><i>Bearing Witness</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Screams_Before_Silence" title="Screams Before Silence">Screams Before Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli<br />invasion<br />of Gaza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="Battle of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_City" title="Siege of Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Siege of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_offensive" title="Rafah offensive">Rafah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Rafah_offensive" title="Background of the Rafah offensive">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on<br />refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Jabalia_refugee_camp_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)">Jabalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_October_2023_Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrike" title="31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike">31 October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp_airstrikes" title="Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes">Al-Shati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_northern_Gaza_City_airstrikes" title="June 2024 northern Gaza City airstrikes">Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp" title="Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp">Al-Maghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_attack" title="Tel al-Sultan attack">Tel al-Sultan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="May 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp_massacre" title="Nuseirat refugee camp massacre">Nuseirat refugee camp massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="June 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2024_al-Shati_refugee_camp_attack" title="July 2024 al-Shati refugee camp attack">Al-Shati (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Deir_el-Balah_attacks" title="August 2024 Deir el-Balah attacks">Deir el-Balah (August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (September)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhoora_school_airstrikes" title="Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes">Al-Fakhoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadia_Abu_Ghazala_School_massacre" title="Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre">Shadia Abu Ghazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sardi_school_attack" title="Al-Sardi school attack">Al-Sardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_school_attack" title="Al-Awda school attack">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_School_airstrike" title="Khadija School airstrike">Khadija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama_School_bombing" title="Hamama School bombing">Hamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabaeen_school_attack" title="Al-Tabaeen school attack">Al-Tabaeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Jawni_School_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack">Al-Jawni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Rufaida_school_attack" title="October 2024 Rufaida school attack">Rufaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Abu_Hussein_school_attack" title="October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack">Abu Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on<br />health facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital_explosion" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital_siege" title="Al-Shifa Hospital siege">Al-Shifa Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_military_use_of_al-Shifa_hospital" title="Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital">alleged military use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_ambulance_airstrike" title="Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike">ambulance airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_mass_graves" title="Gaza Strip mass graves">Gaza Strip mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adwan_Hospital_sieges" title="Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges">Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_health_workers_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war">Killing of health workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_siege" title="Nasser Hospital siege">Nasser Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_mass_graves" title="Nasser Hospital mass graves">Nasser Hospital mass graves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2024_Al-Aqsa_Hospital_attack" title="14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack">14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrikes_on_municipal_services_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip">Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_religious_sites_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on religious sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_Building_airstrike" title="Engineer's Building airstrike">Engineer's Building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2024_Rafah_strikes" title="12 February 2024 Rafah strikes">Rafah strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_massacre" title="Flour massacre">Flour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Roundabout_mass_killings" title="Kuwait Roundabout mass killings">Kuwait Roundabout mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Palestinians_evacuating_Gaza_City" title="Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City">Palestinians evacuating Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen_aid_convoy_attack" title="World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack">World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_July_2024_Gaza_attacks" title="9 July 2024 Gaza attacks">9 July 2024 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_July_2024_al-Mawasi_attack" title="13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack">13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2024_Khan_Yunis_attack" title="22 July 2024 Khan Yunis attack">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Deir_al-Balah_mosque_bombing" title="October 2024 Deir al-Balah mosque bombing">Deir al-Balah mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_attacks" title="19 October 2024 Beit Lahia attacks">Beit Lahia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_airstrike" title="29 October 2024 Beit Lahia airstrike">Beit Lahia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_aid_convoy_looting" title="Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting">Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AI-assisted targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip">Bombing of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_generals%27_plan" title="Israeli generals' plan">Israeli generals' plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Torture during the Israel–Hamas war">Torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">Other<br />theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli incursions in the West Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_military_operation_in_the_West_Bank" title="2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank">2024 Israeli military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Benjamin_Achimeir" title="Killing of Benjamin Achimeir">Killing of Benjamin Achimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_settler_rampages" title="April 2024 Israeli settler rampages">April 2024 Israeli settler rampages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_Street_bombing" title="Lehi Street bombing">Lehi Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Givat_Shaul_shooting" title="2023 Givat Shaul shooting">Givat Shaul shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams_attack" title="Majdal Shams attack">Majdal Shams attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_Tulkarm" title="Israeli incursions in Tulkarm">Israeli incursions in Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Masyaf_raid" title="2024 Masyaf raid">2024 Masyaf raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Jaffa_shooting" title="2024 Jaffa shooting">2024 Jaffa shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tulkarm_Camp_airstrike" title="2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike">2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes in Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Attacks on journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_displacement_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict" title="Lebanese displacement during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict">Lebanese displacement</a></li> <li>Assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">Hezbollah headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Nabatieh_attack" title="August 2024 Nabatieh attack">August 2024 Nabatieh attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_strikes" title="August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes">August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">ceasefire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Red_Sea_crisis" title="Timeline of the Red Sea crisis">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Maersk_Hangzhou" title="Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou">Attacks on the MV <i>Maersk Hangzhou</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">2024 missile strikes in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Luanda_missile_strike" title="Marlin Luanda missile strike"><i>Marlin Luanda</i> missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Houthi_drone_attack_on_Israel" title="2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel">2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion" title="Attacks on the Sounion">Attacks on the <i>Sounion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_September_2024_Israeli_attacks_on_Yemen" title="29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen">Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Hostages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_prisoner_exchange" title="Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange">Hostage–prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_from_Israel" title="Kidnapped from Israel">Kidnapped from Israel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_and_Missing_Families_Forum" title="Hostages and Missing Families Forum">Hostages and Missing Families Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_Square" title="Hostages Square">Hostages Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_the_Bibas_family" title="Kidnapping of the Bibas family">Bibas family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_Lifshitz" title="Oded Lifshitz">Oded Lifshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Naama_Levy" title="Kidnapping of Naama Levy">Naama Levy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Rescued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Golden_Hand" title="Operation Golden Hand">Operation Golden Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Ori_Megidish" title="Rescue of Ori Megidish"> Ori Megidish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nuseirat_rescue_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Nuseirat rescue operation">Nuseirat operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Noa_Argamani" title="Kidnapping of Noa Argamani">Noa Argamani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Qaid_Farhan_Al-Qadi" title="Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi">Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Released</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Edry_hostage_situation" title="Rachel Edry hostage situation">Rachel Edry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Yarden_Roman-Gat" title="Kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat">Yarden Roman-Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Mia_Schem" title="Kidnapping of Mia Schem">Mia Schem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Deceased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dancyg" title="Alex Dancyg">Alex Dancyg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_killing_of_Hersh_Goldberg-Polin" title="Kidnapping and killing of Hersh Goldberg-Polin">Hersh Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Alon_Shamriz,_Yotam_Haim,_and_Samer_Talalka" title="Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka">Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">COGAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_doctrine" title="Dahiya doctrine">Dahiya doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_on_children_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Effect of the Israel–Hamas war on children in the Gaza Strip">Effect on children in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Directive" title="Hannibal Directive">Hannibal Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition of the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Interrogation in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli interrogations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_advocacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#Israel–Hamas_war" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">International law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Background to the Israel–Hamas war">Background to the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_Israeli_attacks_on_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip">Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shields_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Israeli_settlements" title="Legality of Israeli settlements">Legality of Israeli settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_outpost" title="Israeli outpost">Israeli outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">Palestinian tunnel warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tunnel_barrier_along_the_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_border" title="Anti-tunnel barrier along the Gaza–Israel border">anti-tunnel barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing_by_Israel" title="Targeted killing by Israel">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the Israel–Hamas war">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">Calls for the destruction of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_government_response_to_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Israeli government response to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Israeli government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">Israeli war cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Mass detentions in the Israel–Hamas war">Mass detentions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Economic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environment impact in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Evacuations during the Israel–Hamas war">Evacuations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations" title="Gaza Strip evacuations">Gaza Strip evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_floating_pier" title="Gaza floating pier">Gaza floating pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Healthcare collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Gaza_Strip_preterm_births" title="2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births">Premature baby crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_famine" title="Gaza Strip famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_breakdown_in_the_Gaza_Strip_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war">Societal breakdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_public_diplomacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_journalists_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war">Violence against journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_complicity_in_Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">United States complicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">Sexual violence against Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_razing_of_cemeteries_and_necroviolence_against_Palestinians" title="Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians">Cemetery destruction and necroviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_torture_in_the_occupied_territories" title="Israeli torture in the occupied territories">Israeli torture in the occupied territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">Reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Israel–Hamas war">Calls for a ceasefire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_ceasefire_proposal" title="Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal">Three-phase proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israel_hostage_deal_protests" title="September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests">September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Diplomatic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_donors_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="University donors during the Israel–Hamas war">University donors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="European Union reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurmat-e-Masjid_Aqsa_Conference" title="Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference">Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="2023 MTV Europe Music Awards">Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beijing_Declaration" title="2024 Beijing Declaration">2024 Beijing Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Israel_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war">Military aid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">US support for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United Kingdom support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">UK support for Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Riots in the North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Anti-Palestinianism during the Israel–Hamas war">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Islamophobia during the Israel–Hamas war">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_incidents_in_reaction_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Violent incidents in reaction to the Israel–Hamas war">Violent incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Wadea_al-Fayoume" title="Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume">Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Paul_Kessler" title="Death of Paul Kessler">Death of Paul Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_shooting_of_Palestinian_students_in_Burlington,_Vermont" title="2023 shooting of Palestinian students in Burlington, Vermont">Vermont student shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests" title="Israel–Hamas war protests">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">University campuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupations" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sciences_Po_pro-Palestinian_occupation_protest" title="2024 Sciences Po pro-Palestinian occupation protest">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" title="2024 University of California, Los Angeles pro-Palestinian campus occupation">UCLA</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_for_the_Republic_and_Against_Antisemitism" title="March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism">March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bitung_clashes" title="2023 Bitung clashes">2023 Bitung clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_Israel" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_aid_delivery_to_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli blockade of aid delivery to the Gaza Strip">Humanitarian aid blockade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_pro-Palestinian_strike_in_Spain" title="September 2024 pro-Palestinian strike in Spain">2024 pro-Palestinian strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists4Ceasefire" title="Artists4Ceasefire">Artists4Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Democratic_National_Committee_protests" title="2023 Democratic National Committee protests">DNC protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Gaza" title="March on Washington for Gaza">March on Washington for Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Israel" title="March for Israel">March for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_March_on_Washington:_Free_Palestine" title="National March on Washington: Free Palestine">National March on Washington: Free Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">Protest votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-Chowk_Dharna" title="D-Chowk Dharna">D-Chowk Dharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Faizabad_sit-in" title="2024 Faizabad sit-in">2024 Faizabad sit-in</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/21" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21">A/RES/ES-10/21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2712" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712">S/RES/2712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/22" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22">A/RES/ES-10/22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2720" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720">S/RES/2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2728" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728">S/RES/2728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/23" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/23">A/RES/ES-10/23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2735" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2735">S/RES/2735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories#UN_General_Assembly_resolution" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">A/RES/ES-10/24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN inquiry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory_report" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes and crimes against humanity report</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel"><i>South Africa v. Israel</i> (Genocide Convention)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories"><i>Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">ICC investigation in Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al"><i>Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war">Casualties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alim_Abdallah" title="Alim Abdallah">Alim Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Bashat" title="Yitzhak Ben-Bashat">Yitzhak Ben-Bashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayar_Davidov" title="Jayar Davidov">Jayar Davidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ginsberg" title="Eli Ginsberg">Eli Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Habaka" title="Salman Habaka">Salman Habaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Hamami" title="Asaf Hamami">Asaf Hamami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhar_Hofman" title="Yitzhar Hofman">Yitzhar Hofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Levy" title="Roi Levy">Roi Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhar_Peled" title="Izhar Peled">Izhar Peled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonatan_Steinberg" title="Yonatan Steinberg">Yonatan Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Daxa" title="Ehsan Daxa">Ehsan Daxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Asulin" title="Lior Asulin">Lior Asulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yuval_Castleman" title="Killing of Yuval Castleman">Yuval Castleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Katsman" title="Hayim Katsman">Hayim Katsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofir_Libstein" title="Ofir Libstein">Ofir Libstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shani_Louk" title="Killing of Shani Louk">Shani Louk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Aner_Shapira" title="Death of Aner Shapira">Aner Shapira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Silver" title="Vivian Silver">Vivian Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahav_Winner" title="Yahav Winner">Yahav Winner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Dukhan" title="Abdul Fatah Dukhan">Abdul Fatah Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dababish" title="Mohammed Dababish">Mohammed Dababish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_Farhat" title="Wissam Farhat">Wissam Farhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghandour_(militant)" title="Ahmed Ghandour (militant)">Ahmed Ghandour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Issa" title="Marwan Issa">Marwan Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursan_Khalifa" title="Fursan Khalifa">Fursan Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa_Salama" title="Rafa Salama">Rafa Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_Mazini" title="Osama Mazini">Osama Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nofal" title="Ayman Nofal">Ayman Nofal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Abdallah_Taha_al-Shanti" title="Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti">Jamila al-Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al_Qadi" title="Ali Al Qadi">Ali Al Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Shreiteh" title="Alaa Shreiteh">Alaa Shreiteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiq_Al-Mabhouh" title="Faiq Al-Mabhouh">Faiq Al-Mabhouh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />militants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Abu_Butihan" title="Fouad Abu Butihan">Fouad Abu Butihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Shehadeh" title="Jihad Shehadeh">Jihad Shehadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Tawfic_Abdel_Jabbar" title="Killing of Tawfic Abdel Jabbar">Tawfic Abdel Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majed_Abu_Maraheel" title="Majed Abu Maraheel">Majed Abu Maraheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiba_Abu_Nada" title="Hiba Abu Nada">Hiba Abu Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refaat_Alareer" title="Refaat Alareer">Refaat Alareer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Alloh" title="Hammam Alloh">Hammam Alloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nahida_and_Samar_Anton" title="Killing of Nahida and Samar Anton">Nahida and Samar Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Astal" title="Ibrahim al-Astal">Ibrahim al-Astal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Bahar_(Palestinian_politician)" title="Ahmad Bahar (Palestinian politician)">Ahmad Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Barakat_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Barakat (footballer)">Mohammed Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Bhar" title="Killing of Mohammad Bhar">Mohammad Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Ben_Avraham" title="Killing of David Ben Avraham">David Ben Avraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Bursh" title="Adnan al-Bursh">Adnan al-Bursh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Dabour" title="Rashid Dabour">Rashid Dabour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Dalou" title="Mohamed al-Dalou">Mohamed al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awni_El-Dous" title="Awni El-Dous">Awni El-Dous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ferwana" title="Omar Ferwana">Omar Ferwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Ghaben" title="Fathi Ghaben">Fathi Ghaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_al-Ghussein" title="Ihab al-Ghussein">Ihab al-Ghussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medo_Halimy" title="Medo Halimy">Medo Halimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Sidra_Hassouna" title="Killing of Sidra Hassouna">Sidra Hassouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Yazan_al-Kafarneh" title="Death of Yazan al-Kafarneh">Yazan al-Kafarneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Khdour" title="Killing of Mohammad Khdour">Mohammad Khdour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Al-Masdar" title="Hani Al-Masdar">Hani Al-Masdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qusaya" title="Ibrahim Qusaya">Ibrahim Qusaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab" title="Killing of Hind Rajab">Hind Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shabir" title="Mohammed Shabir">Mohammed Shabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Abu_Sakhila" title="Rashad Abu Sakhila">Rashad Abu Sakhila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Shawish" title="Omar Abu Shawish">Omar Abu Shawish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufian_Tayeh" title="Sufian Tayeh">Sufian Tayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al_Zard" title="Wael Al Zard">Wael Al Zard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Abu_Zarifa" title="Talal Abu Zarifa">Talal Abu Zarifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shaban_al-Dalou" title="Killing of Shaban al-Dalou">Shaban al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasen_al-Khateeb" title="Mahasen al-Khateeb">Mahasen al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagham_Abu_Samra" title="Nagham Abu Samra">Nagham Abu Samra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spillover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hussein_Barji" title="Ali Hussein Barji">Ali Hussein Barji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waibhav_Anil_Kale" title="Waibhav Anil Kale">Waibhav Anil Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Mousavi" title="Razi Mousavi">Razi Mousavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_al-Tawil" title="Wissam al-Tawil">Wissam al-Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Omidzadeh" title="Sadegh Omidzadeh">Sadegh Omidzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Talib_Al-Saeedi" title="Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi">Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Zahedi" title="Mohammad Reza Zahedi">Mohammad Reza Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Shukr" title="Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil" title="Ibrahim Aqil">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Karaki" title="Ali Karaki">Ali Karaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Qaouk" title="Nabil Qaouk">Nabil Qaouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nilforoushan" title="Abbas Nilforoushan">Abbas Nilforoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Sharif" title="Fatah Sharif">Fatah Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashem_Safieddine" title="Hashem Safieddine">Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afif" title="Mohammad Afif">Mohammad Afif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abdallah" title="Issam Abdallah">Issam Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samer_Abu_Daqqa" title="Samer Abu Daqqa">Samer Abu Daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ismail_al-Ghoul" title="Killing of Ismail al-Ghoul">Ismail al-Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belal_Jadallah" title="Belal Jadallah">Belal Jadallah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Friendly fire during the Israel–Hamas war">Friendly fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Israelis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Aloni" title="Nimrod Aloni">Nimrod Aloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Goldberg-Polin" title="Rachel Goldberg-Polin">Rachel Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitan_Okun" title="Eitan Okun">Eitan Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagel_Oshri" title="Yagel Oshri">Yagel Oshri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbal_Rabin-Lieberman" title="Inbal Rabin-Lieberman">Inbal Rabin-Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Tibon" title="Amir Tibon">Amir Tibon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palestinians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al-Dahdouh" title="Wael Al-Dahdouh">Wael Al-Dahdouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plestia_Alaqad" title="Plestia Alaqad">Plestia Alaqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motaz_Azaiza" title="Motaz Azaiza">Motaz Azaiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisan_Owda" title="Bisan Owda">Bisan Owda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Moien_Ayyash" title="Mustafa Moien Ayyash">Mustafa Moien Ayyash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_secret_document_leak_scandal" title="2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal">2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdel_Khalek" title="Ahmed Abdel Khalek">Ahmed Abdel Khalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saqqa_House" title="Al-Saqqa House">Al-Saqqa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qarara_Cultural_Museum" title="Al Qarara Cultural Museum">Al Qarara Cultural Museum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah" title="All Eyes on Rafah">All Eyes on Rafah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockout_2024" title="Blockout 2024">Blockout 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Archives_of_Gaza_City" title="Central Archives of Gaza City">Central Archives of Gaza City</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)">Bearing Witness</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the river to the sea</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Daily" title="Gaza Daily">Gaza Daily</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Harbu_Darbu" title="Harbu Darbu">Harbu Darbu</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hind%27s_Hall" title="Hind's Hall">Hind's Hall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Eden_Golan_song)" title="Hurricane (Eden Golan song)">Hurricane</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_exception" title="Palestine exception">Palestine exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_sports_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Options_for_a_policy_regarding_Gaza%27s_civilian_population" title="Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population">Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rajieen" title="Rajieen">Rajieen</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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