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datetime="2011-02-16T11:01:32+02:00">16 février 2011</time><time class="updated" datetime="2011-09-23T17:00:32+02:00">23 septembre 2011</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/178" rel="bookmark">Marceau Gast (1927-2010)</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><strong><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2011/02/MGastNB-Vignette.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-187" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2011/02/MGastNB-Vignette-114x150.jpg" alt="" width="114" height="150" /></a>Un ethnologue infatigable épris d’horizons nouveaux<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a></strong></p> <p>« Je n’avais qu’un but, c’était de partir le plus loin possible. J’aurais voulu aller en Nouvelle Calédonie, dans le Pacifique, mais il fallait connaître les cheminements à Paris pour obtenir de pareils postes et je n’en avais pas les clés. J’ai donc demandé à partir au Sahara »<br /> (Marceau Gast, <em>Tikatoûtin</em>, Eds La Boussole, 2004 : 35)</p> <p> </p> <p>Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, ethnologue spécialiste des Touaregs, observateur passionné du Sahara, à l’aise dans les campements du désert autant que dans les salles de réunions universitaires, proche de ses amis nomades chez qui il avait exercé d’abord le métier d’instituteur nomade, aimant partager la parole, le pain, les joies et les peines des plus humbles, Marceau Gast a marqué notre milieu, entre autres par son enthousiasme et sa passion à transmettre un savoir élaboré par immersion totale dans un pays rude à vivre et par le soutien généreux et l’hospitalité sans faille qu’il a toujours prodigués aux jeunes chercheurs de tous pays.</p> <p>Le 22 juillet 2010, il nous a « précédés », comme diraient les Touaregs. <em>Amuzzar </em>est celui qui précède, qui guide, qui oriente, car il sait vers où nous cheminons tous et peut donc anticiper. Cela fait longtemps que Marceau avait anticipé cette étape, s’inquiétant moins pour lui-même que pour la pérennité de ses précieuses archives, de ses données scientifiques, de tous les matériaux originaux – notes, fiches, photos, cassettes, manuscrits, articles, ouvrages – qu’il avait engrangés durant des décennies de recherche, au cours de ses longs séjours d’étude et d’enquêtes sur le terrain. Des terrains qui ont varié du Sahara central au Yémen en passant par les Hautes-Alpes en fonction de divers facteurs : les aléas politiques, autorisant ou bloquant l’accès aux lieux d’enquête, les thématiques de recherche engagées, les rencontres, les amitiés et la mise en réseau des compétences.</p> <p>C’est en 1972 que mon professeur, le linguiste Georges Mounin, me mit en contact avec Marceau qui cherchait un étudiant pour faire une étude sémantique des termes de parenté touaregs. À travers Marceau, je découvrais deux univers : d’une part, celui exotique du Sahara, des Berbères, de l’Afrique de l’ouest, du monde musulman et, d’autre part, celui d’une équipe de recherche à l’accueil chaleureux et à la culture nord-africaine pied-noire tout aussi exotique pour moi que son domaine de spécialité. Au LAPMO, laboratoire pluridisciplinaire (créé en 1969 à Aix-en-Provence par Gabriel Camps arrivant d’Alger avec son équipe), les préhistoriens, archéologues, anthropologues, historiens, ethnologues, linguistes, chercheurs adoubés ou simples étudiants, se côtoyaient, impliqués dans des thématiques communes, coopération renforcée par la tradition des fouilles archéologiques auxquelles beaucoup participaient et qui fabriquaient du lien extra-universitaire entre les membres de l’équipe.</p> <p>Le désir de « partir, de (s’) affranchir de toutes les tutelles qui entravaient (son) besoin d’action, (son) insatiable curiosité du monde » (<em>Tikatoûtin</em>, p. 39) ont poussé Marceau dans des espaces inattendus. Son itinéraire professionnel débute par le métier d’enseignant qu’il part exercer au Sahara, en milieu sédentaire puis nomade. Dans le campement de l’<em>amenukal</em> de l’Ahaggar, il se heurte à une certaine hostilité ou indifférence des enfants touaregs, difficulté qui le blesse, qu’il essaie de comprendre et qui va stimuler sa curiosité et sa recherche sur le plan pédagogique. Il découvre avec passion la méthode Freinet et sera le premier à l’appliquer, avec succès, au Sahara. Ses rudes conditions de travail ne le rebutent pas. Il enseigne et vit dans la hutte-école qui « était une petite construction de paille de typhas, très modeste, de trois mètres sur trois. C’était à la fois l’école nomade et l’habitat de l’instituteur » (<em>Tikatoûtin</em>. p. 51).</p> <p>Motiver les élèves, transmettre un savoir, aboutir à un résultat, correspondaient à une véritable vocation de pédagogue qui s’est prolongée ensuite dans le cadre universitaire. Les étudiants dont s’est occupé Marceau et dont je faisais partie ont eu la chance de bénéficier de sa capacité et de son goût à transmettre, avec toute la verve, l’enthousiasme, la saveur des mots, le talent de passeur de savoir et d’expériences qu’il possédait. Il savait mettre la réalité en scène, et nous avons tous savouré ses interventions passionnées, ses discours animés, ses images foisonnantes et l’extraordinaire mine de conseils, d’expériences, de souvenirs, d’anecdotes vécues qu’il nous offrait lorsqu’il nous parlait du Sahara, de sa vie d’instituteur nomade dans les campements touaregs, et enfin de ses engagements et questionnements de chercheur. Un chercheur nourri de longs séjours d’observation participante, mais aussi du désir de contribuer à un monde plus humain.</p> <p>À la mesure de ses aspirations, il avait d’ailleurs vécu des expériences marquantes. Ainsi, en 1956, Germaine Tillion, intéressée par son étonnant parcours saharien, le sollicita pour participer au projet des Centres sociaux éducatifs à Alger. Pendant plus de quatre ans, Marceau s’investit pleinement dans cette « utopie en marche vers une fraternité interethnique, interculturelle » (<em>Tikatoûtin</em>, 172), qui fut brisée le 15 mars 1962 par un attentat de l’OAS fauchant l’équipe des responsables parmi lesquels l’écrivain Mouloud Ferraoun. Entre-temps, Marceau qui fréquentait le Musée du Bardo et avait noué des liens avec le centre de recherches préhistoriques dirigé par le Pr Balout, avait été recruté au CNRS. À partir de 1960, il retourna au Sahara pour mener des enquêtes ethnographiques en qualité de chercheur. Après l’indépendance algérienne, durant sept ans, il fit partie de l’équipe de G. Camps qui était demeurée à Alger jusqu’au départ en France en 1969.</p> <p>Marceau aimait le travail de terrain et supportait sans problème la rusticité des conditions d’enquête. Sa sociabilité méditerranéenne était un atout majeur d’intégration dans des milieux parfois méfiants. Il avait un rapport chaleureux aux autres et savait établir de la connivence avec ses interlocuteurs. Où qu’il soit, j’ai toujours vu Marceau parler aux gens et susciter leur curiosité et leur intérêt. Il prenait d’ailleurs autant de plaisir à échanger avec des collègues chercheurs, toutes disciplines confondues, qu’avec les nomades touaregs, les cueilleuses de graminées sauvages, les modestes quinteniers sahariens qui travaillaient dans les jardins, les artisans du Queyras ou les paysans de Haute Provence. Son itinéraire de recherche était ancré dans le vécu, nourri par l’expérience, la sienne et celle des autres qu’il questionnait inlassablement, s’intéressant aux aspects même les plus modestes de la vie des individus et des communautés.</p> <p>Son parcours et son œuvre scientifiques sont originaux à plus d’un titre. Parallèlement à la publication de ses mémoires, nous<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> avions prévu d’organiser en sa présence des journées de recherche qui seraient consacrées à son itinéraire de chercheur et qui ont dû être repoussées, de semestre en semestre, à cause de ses problèmes de santé récurrents au cours des dernières années.</p> <p>Marceau a été un précurseur dans le domaine de l’anthropologie de l’alimentation. Il a été le premier à l’étudier au Sahara. Questionner la façon dont se nourrit une population qui vit dans un milieu aride aux ressources fragiles est un angle d’approche ingénieux, car il permet de saisir le fil qui conduit à tous les autres domaines d’une société : les techniques, l’économie, la gestion des ressources, l’organisation sociale et parentale, le sacré, la répartition des tâches, les rôles féminins et masculins…</p> <p>Ces aspects de la vie de tous les jours auxquels Marceau prêtait attention – comme la culture alimentaire, la conservation des grains, les cueillettes et les moissons, l’utilisation des ressources naturelles végétales, animales, minérales… – sont devenus aujourd’hui des objets scientifiques de premier plan. Mais il faut savoir qu’à l’époque où il les étudiait, ces domaines étaient négligés, parfois jugés dérisoires et encore plus dans les aires pauvres et désertiques du Sahara central où justement la nourriture était rare. L’apport de Marceau en la matière, son obstination à se départir des thèmes à la mode, sont remarquables et donnent à ses enquêtes sur l’alimentation, menées à partir des années 1960, une grande modernité. Il a consacré de nombreuses publications aux techniques de production, de conservation, de préparation et de consommation des aliments, montrant l’intérêt nutritionnel de certaines pratiques de traitement des grains, par exemple la mouture traditionnelle du mil au Sahara. Il s’est intéressé à la symbolique alimentaire et dans un domaine où se croisent intimement observations empiriques, calculs mathématiques, savoirs agricoles et représentations du monde, il a également travaillé sur la production et l‘usage des mesures du temps, de l’espace, des volumes, des longueurs et des poids.</p> <p>En lien avec les nouvelles orientations de l’ethnologie dans les années 1970, il a développé des thématiques sur la parenté et l’alliance, l’interprétation de l’endogamie, les modes de filiation, la transmission des biens et des pouvoirs, et a fondé, avec l’énergie qui le caractérisait, un réseau de recherches comparatives sur ces questions avec des collègues du Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale de Paris. Dans tous ces contextes, il a œuvré à inclure les jeunes, les doctorants et post-doctorants, à qui il offrait l’occasion unique de se former et de travailler dans des équipes de chercheurs confirmés.</p> <p>À partir de 1974, Marceau a entamé un nouveau terrain au Yémen sur son thème de prédilection, l’alimentation, mais pas seulement. Il saisissait au cours de ses enquêtes de nombreux autres versants de la vie des gens qui se manifestaient spontanément dans leurs occupations et préoccupations, leurs labeurs et leurs loisirs, leurs tâches matérielles et immatérielles. On peut entendre ses archives sonores sur le site de la phonothèque de la MMSH et apprécier à travers ses enregistrements le spectre large de ses intérêts concernant par exemple les transformations du mode de vie, les mutations socio-politiques, les innovations techno-économiques, les rites agricoles, les fêtes, la poésie, les chants d’amour…</p> <p>La fréquentation de plusieurs terrains, l’intérêt pour des thèmes multiples, la collaboration avec des spécialistes de diverses disciplines, ont favorisé la posture comparative ouverte qu’il a développée par exemple dans l’étude des systèmes techniques et de leurs dimensions esthétiques, éthique et symbolique qui le captivaient. Il a étudié sous cet angle des objets emblématiques tels que le coffre kabyle, le cadenas et l’épée touaregs, le pilon et le matériel de broyage saharien, les silos et magasins à grains du Yémen et du Sahara, les objets sculptés des artisans du Queyras.</p> <p>Il a également travaillé sur l’histoire orale, dans le cadre de recherches collectives sur l’histoire du peuplement au Sahara et sur l’histoire contemporaine, notamment la période coloniale. Ces travaux thématiques ont été nourris par des approches monographiques, comme celles menées par exemple sur le village de Mertoutek au Sahara central ou sur une ville yéménite à l’architecture remarquable, Thula.</p> <p>Il s’est impliqué aussi dans la gestion de la recherche en tant que directeur de laboratoire, directeur scientifique et élu au comité national, sensible à certaines questions auxquelles le centralisme français s’attache rarement, comme le sort des chercheurs français en province, sur lequel il avait écrit un rapport.</p> <p>Une qualité encore que j’ai à cœur d’évoquer : Marceau était un excellent photographe. Ses clichés en noir et blanc sont d’une grande sensibilité. Il a su saisir les gestes, les expressions, les postures du quotidien dans leur simplicité, leur aspect naturel, leur spontanéité, qui montre la complicité, la proximité et l’amitié qui le liaient aux personnes photographiées. En fait, il ne se contentait pas d’être un photographe embusqué derrière l’objectif, il parlait à ceux qu’il photographiait et c’est cette communication entre lui et les autres qui donne à ses photographies toute leur densité et tout leur sens. Ce regard photographique si spécial de Marceau est un bon révélateur de sa démarche de terrain, combinant approche scientifique, engagement intellectuel, proximité sociale, souci humaniste, qui impliquent le chercheur dans la vie et les mutations locales.</p> <p>Pleinement associés à la générosité de Marceau, il y avait enfin Andrée son épouse, ses enfants, toute sa famille à l’hospitalité chaleureuse. La maison Gast, ouverte aux humbles comme aux plus grands, aux étudiants comme aux professeurs, était une véritable institution parallèle, un centre de gravité, un havre amical, une agora où Marceau lançait les débats, un lieu chaleureux de rencontres et d’échanges internationaux où s’entrecroisaient travail, repas, détente, plaisanteries, découvertes… Quand je pense à Marceau, ce sont également ces images de connivence et de bonheur partagé qui me reviennent à l’esprit.</p> <p><em>Hélène Claudot-Hawad, Directrice de recherche au CNRS – IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence</em></p> <hr size="1" /> <p><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a>Ce texte reprend en grande partie l’hommage publié dans l’Encyclopédie Berbère (n°XXIX, 2011) où figure également une bibliographie exhaustive de Marceau Gast à laquelle les lecteurs voudront bien se référer.</p> <p><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Équipe 5 de l’IREMAM : « Marges et identités plurielles du Nord de l’Afrique ».</p> <p><strong>pdf </strong>: <a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2011/02/CPréhméd1-2010_Mémoires-Gast.pdf">CPréhméd1*-2010_Mémoires-Gast</a></p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> </main> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" aria-label="Colonne latérale du blog"> <section id="search-1" class="widget widget_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pm.hypotheses.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche pour : </span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Recherche…" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-search" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche </span></button> </form> </section><section id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget">L’équipe de rédaction de la revue "Préhistoires méditerranéennes" ouvre un espace d’informations scientifiques "Les Chroniques de Préhméd". 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