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id="toc-Word-final_schwas_in_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word-final_schwas_in_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Word-final schwas in loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word-final_schwas_in_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Rumi_Spelling&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="New Rumi Spelling">New Rumi Spelling</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Malay Latin spelling reform used since 1972</div> <p>The <b>Indonesian-Malaysian orthography reform of 1972</b> was a joint effort between Indonesia and Malaysia to harmonize the spelling system used in their national languages, which are both forms of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>. For the most part, the changes made in the reform are still used today. This system uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and in Malaysia is called <i>Joint Rumi Spelling</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Ejaan Rumi Bersama</i>, <i>ERB</i>), and in Indonesia <i>Perfect Spelling</i> or <i>Enhanced Spelling</i> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Ejaan yang Disempurnakan</i>, <i>EYD</i>). It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling" title="Za'aba Spelling">Za'aba Spelling</a> that was previously standard in Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spelling_System" title="Republican Spelling System">Republican Spelling System</a> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>—the two largest <a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Malay is an official language">Malay-speaking countries</a>, in that order—were divided between two colonial administrations, under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> empires respectively. Thus, the development of spelling systems for Rumi script were greatly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a> of their respective colonial tongues. Shortly after the end of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation</a> in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new spelling system, known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and '<a href="/wiki/Perfected_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfected Spelling System">Perfected Spelling System</a>' in Indonesia, was officially announced in both countries on 16 August 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malaysian varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known attempt to use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi</a>' for writing Malay words was by <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> in 1518 in <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a>, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, in 1522, the world's first Malay–European dictionary was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a>, an Italian companion of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was subsequently followed by many other European traders, adventurers, explorers and scholars who invented their own Rumi spelling systems. Among notable Rumi spelling systems that existed before the 20th century were the orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> (1595),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davidis Haex (1631),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowrey" title="Thomas Bowrey">Thomas Bowrey</a> (1701),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J.Howison (1800),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Marsden_(orientalist)" title="William Marsden (orientalist)">William Marsden</a> (1812),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius Thomsen (1820),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> (1848),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> (1878),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Swettenham" title="Frank Swettenham">Frank Swettenham</a> (1881),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and William Edward Maxwell (1882).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these systems were mainly developed using the method of <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-derived Malay script). The divergences of various spelling systems that existed in colonial Malaya necessitated the need for a commonly accepted spelling system. A major orthographic reform was initiated by British scholar and administrator <a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Wilkinson" title="Richard James Wilkinson">Richard James Wilkinson</a> in 1904, from which the Wilkinson spelling was introduced, which became the official system widely used in all British colonies and protectorates in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wilkinson spelling is very similar to the modern orthography used in both Indonesia and Malaysia, except that modern <i>c</i> and <i>sy</i> were instead <i>ch</i> and <i>sh</i> at that time. </p><p>In 1924, another reform was devised by a notable Malay <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">grammarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Za%27ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Za'ba">Za'ba</a>, which was later adopted in all schools from the 1930s onwards. After the short-lived Fajar Asia system used during <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation</a> (1941–1945), the Third Malay Congress introduced the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Spelling_System" title="Congress Spelling System">Congress system</a> in 1956. The innovative Congress System gained widespread currency through published works but remained impractical for the use of the masses. In the meantime, schools and government publications continued using the <a href="/wiki/Za%27aba_Spelling" title="Za'aba Spelling">Za'aba system</a>. Hence, the general public became increasingly confused with the existence of different spelling systems. As a result, it was common during this era to find several spelling systems concurrently used in printed media and individual writings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> and Indonesia signed a cultural agreement, which included the implementation of a common spelling system. The system agreed to in this agreement was known as the 'Malindo System'. However, because of its similarity with the Congress system, which was proven impractical, and the ensuing diplomatic tension between Indonesia and Malaya over the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">formation of Malaysia</a>, the system was never implemented or even published. Following the end of Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a <a href="/wiki/Detente" class="mw-redirect" title="Detente">detente</a> between the two countries. Language experts from both countries began to work on formulating a new system that was practical and above all accepted by the two parties concerned. Six years later, on 16 August 1972, the common spelling system, which came to be known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and '<a href="/wiki/Perfected_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfected Spelling System">Perfected Spelling System</a>' in Indonesia, was officially announced by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tun_Abdul_Razak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun Abdul Razak">Tun Abdul Razak</a> in Malaysia and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, another Malay-speaking country, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, decided to adopt the new common system to replace the Malaysian Za'aba system previously used in the country. Although <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> does not use Malay as much as its neighbours, because of its four-language policy (consisting of English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil), its Malay language developments had always been closely linked with those of Malaysia. There has never been anything official on Singapore's part on its stand on the new spelling, but implementation of this system has taken place as evidenced by publications in Malay produced in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A grace period of five years was given in both countries for people to get used to the new system. In Malaysia this meant that students were not penalised for making mistakes in spelling words according to the old systems. However, a rigorous programme was undertaken by the government's Language and Literacy Agency (<a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>) to see to the implementation of the new spelling system by giving special classes to the people, especially teachers and administrators, on how to spell their language according to the new spelling system. The grace period also allowed publishers to dispose of their old stocks and to publish revised editions and new titles in the new spelling. Names of roads, places, and institutions had to undergo a change in appearance, using the new spelling system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_system">The system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_diacritics">Removal of diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Removal of diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schwa"><a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Za'aba system uses the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ĕ⟩</span> to stand for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> while letter <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> stands for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span> sound. The Malay language shows a higher frequency of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> compared to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, thus the Za'aba style was not economical in terms of the time taken for writing, quite apart from the fact that the text was full of diacritics. Furthermore, with a few exceptions, the occurrence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> is predictable, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> usually occurs in a harmonious relationship with itself and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> in two contiguous syllables where the vowel of the other syllable is also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>. On the other hand, the schwa enters such a relationship with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. The new system, guided by the Wilkinson system, has discarded them and uses <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> for both the vowels concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Za'aba spelling</th> <th>New Rumi Spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>b<b>ĕ</b>rhemat</td> <td>b<b>e</b>rhemat</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bərhemat/</span></td> <td>being prudent </td></tr> <tr> <td>p<b>ĕ</b>ny<b>ĕ</b>l<b>ĕ</b>saian</td> <td>p<b>e</b>ny<b>e</b>l<b>e</b>saian</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pəɲələsaian/</span></td> <td>solution </td></tr> <tr> <td>m<b>ĕ</b>rdeka</td> <td>m<b>e</b>rdeka</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mərdeka/</span></td> <td>independence </td></tr> <tr> <td>t<b>ĕ</b>nt<b>ĕ</b>ra</td> <td>t<b>e</b>nt<b>e</b>ra</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/təntəra/</span></td> <td>soldier </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostrophes"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophes</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apostrophes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the old systems, the apostrophe was placed before a vowel, if the vowel is syllable-initial, to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal fricative">pharyngeal fricative</a> which appeared in loanwords from Arabic. However, Malay does not have this <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in its inventory. Most Malays actualise this sound as a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. Since syllable- and word-initial vowels in Malay are always accompanied by the glottal stop, the apostrophe to indicate the Arabic pharyngeal fricative was discarded, so spelling certain Arabic loanwords with one <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> less, as:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old spellings</th> <th>New Rumi Spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Juma<b>'</b>at</td> <td>Jumaat</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒumʕat/</span></td> <td>Friday </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta<b>'</b>at</td> <td>taat</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taʕat/</span></td> <td>loyal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>'</b>alim</td> <td>alim</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕalɪm/</span></td> <td>pious </td></tr> <tr> <td>ni<b>'</b>mat</td> <td>nikmat</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/niʕmat/</span></td> <td>pleasure </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyphens"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphens</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hyphens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the hyphen became significantly less with the new spelling system. The old spelling systems were liberal in the use of the hyphen e.g. between the affix <i>di-</i> or the postpositional emphatic word <i>lah</i> or the clitic form <i>nya</i> and the root word, or between certain prepositions and the nouns that follow them. In the new spelling, the hyphen in the first set of contexts is removed and the components are written as a complete or whole word; in the second context, the removal of the hyphen results in two distinct words, one a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> and the other a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>. In the new system, the hyphen remains in use between components of reduplicated words, like <i>menari-nari</i> ('keeps on dancing') and <i>rumah-rumah</i> ('houses').<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old spellings</th> <th>New Rumi Spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>di<b>-</b>buat</td> <td>dibuat</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dibwɒt/</span> (Malaysia) <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dibuat/</span> (Indonesia)</td> <td>is made </td></tr> <tr> <td>rumah<b>-</b>nya</td> <td>rumahnya</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rumahɲa/</span></td> <td>his/her house </td></tr> <tr> <td>ambil<b>-</b>lah</td> <td>ambillah</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ambɪllah/</span></td> <td>take! </td></tr> <tr> <td>di<b>-</b>rumah</td> <td>di rumah</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dirumah/</span></td> <td>at the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>ke<b>-</b>rumah</td> <td>ke rumah</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kərumah/</span></td> <td>to the house </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_choice_of_graphemes">The choice of graphemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The choice of graphemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">voiceless palato-alveolar affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, spelt in Malaysia as <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> and Indonesia as <span class="nowrap">⟨tj⟩</span>, a new grapheme was agreed on: <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>. Previous to the new spelling system, <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> did not have the status of a grapheme either in Malaysia or in Indonesia. The common spelling system has given it graphemic status. It is not only simplicity that is indicated in the choice of <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, but also the end of the confusion arising from <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> for people reading Malaysian and Indonesian texts. In Malaysia, <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> stood for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">voiceless palato-alveolar affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> (represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> in the new spelling) while in Indonesia it was for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> (represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> in the new spelling).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old <p>Indonesian </p> </th> <th>Old <p>Malaysian </p> </th> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>New common <p>spelling </p> </th> <th>Example – <p>Indonesian </p> </th> <th>Example – <p>Malaysian </p> </th> <th>New spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>tj </td> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span></td> <td>c </td> <td><b>tj</b>i<b>tj</b>ak</td> <td><b>ch</b>icak</td> <td><b>c</b>icak</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃitʃaʔ/</span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hemidactylus_platyurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemidactylus platyurus">Hemidactylus platyurus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>dh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤ/</span></td> <td>d </td> <td></td> <td><b>dh</b>arab</td> <td><b>d</b>arab</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤarab/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiply" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiply">multiply</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>dz</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zˤ/</span></td> <td>z </td> <td></td> <td><b>dz</b>alim</td> <td><b>z</b>alim</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zˤolɪm/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zalɪm/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cruel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel">cruel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sj </td> <td>sh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td>sy </td> <td><b>sj</b>aitan</td> <td><b>sh</b>aitan</td> <td><b>sy</b>aitan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaitˤɔn/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃaitan/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">satan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>th</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span></td> <td>s </td> <td></td> <td>i<b>th</b>nin</td> <td>i<b>s</b>nin</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iθnɪn/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/isnɪn/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">monday</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of graphemes remain in use in Malaysian spelling, and in turn adopted by the Indonesians. For example, the Indonesians agreed to adopt Malaysian <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">voiced alveolopalatal affricate</a> spelt <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> in English. Linked to the Indonesian acceptance of <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> was their acceptance of the Malaysian <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>. When the Indonesians accepted <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, they also accepted <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> in place of their <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span>, for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> sound. The <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> as a component in certain graphemes is also retained in Malaysian spelling, and it indicates 'gutturalisation'. Such phonemes mostly occur in loan words from Arabic, and they are represented in the graphemes <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> etc. Here, it is worth mentioning that the Indonesian side had agreed to the grapheme <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> for /x/ to replace their <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Indonesian</th> <th>Old Malaysian</th> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>New</th> <th>Example – Indonesian</th> <th>Example – Malaysian</th> <th>New common spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>dj</td> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></td> <td>j</td> <td><b>dj</b>u<b>dj</b>ur</td> <td><b>j</b>u<b>j</b>ur</td> <td><b>j</b>u<b>j</b>ur</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒudʒur/</span></td> <td>honest </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td>y</td> <td><b>j</b>a<b>j</b>asan</td> <td><b>y</b>a<b>y</b>asan</td> <td><b>y</b>a<b>y</b>asan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jajasan/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">foundation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nj</td> <td>ny</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td>ny</td> <td><b>nj</b>o<b>nj</b>a</td> <td><b>ny</b>o<b>ny</b>a</td> <td><b>ny</b>o<b>ny</b>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲoɲa/</span></td> <td>madam </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td>kh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td>kh</td> <td>a<b>ch</b>ir</td> <td>a<b>kh</b>ir</td> <td>a<b>kh</b>ir</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/axir/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ahir/</span></td> <td>end </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malay, <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> is very productive as a morphological process. There are three types of reduplication in Malay: the reduplication of the first syllable of the root, the reduplication of the stem of a complex word, and the reduplication of the whole word, be it a simple or complex word. In the old spelling systems both in Malaysia and Indonesia, the first type of reduplication was spelt <i><a href="/wiki/In_toto" class="mw-redirect" title="In toto">in toto</a></i>, but the character <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> was used to indicate the reduplication of the second and third types. In the reduplication of the whole word, the character <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> was placed at the end of the word, for example, <i>rumah2</i> was read as <i>rumah-rumah</i> ('houses'), <i>makan2</i> as <i>makan-makan</i> ('to while away the time eating').<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writing of the reduplication of the complex word with the character <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> was not neat and consistent. The use of <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> made it possible to write the same word in more than one way. One was to separate the components with a hyphen and place <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> after the component that was duplicated (see ii below), and the other was to place <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> at the end of the whole word (see iii below).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td>i.</td> <td>bermain</td> <td>'to play' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ii.</td> <td>ber-main2</td> <td>'to keep on playing' </td></tr> <tr> <td>iii.</td> <td>bermain2</td> <td>'to keep on playing' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both ii and iii above should be read as <i>bermain-main</i>. The first method facilitated reading, but it violated the rule of writing complex words with affixes, namely that an affix should be written together with the stem so that the word appears as a complete whole. As for the second method, while it observed the morphological rule, it caused difficulty in reading. Speakers, especially non-native ones, were prone to reading the second example above as a total reduplication <i>bermain-bermain</i> which is ungrammatical. Although native speakers, with their native competence, may not read <i>bermain2</i> as a total reduplication, because the total reduplication of forms falling into this pattern does not occur in the language, there are other patterns where native speakers themselves find difficulty in deciding whether the written word with the character <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> represents total reduplication or only that of the stem. An example is <i>sekali2</i>. As a total reduplication, <i>sekali-sekali</i>, it means 'once in a while', whereas as a word which undergoes reduplication only at the stem, <i>sekali-kali</i>, it means '(not) ... at all'.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the character <span class="nowrap">⟨2⟩</span> was economical in nature. It was a form of shorthand in writing the cumbersome reduplicated word. However, facilitation in reading and mastering the language was the overriding factor in discarding it altogether as a shorthand symbol for reduplication. This makes the physical writing slower but it has brought simplification to the learning system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old spellings</th> <th>New Rumi Spelling</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ber-main2 or bermain2</td> <td>bermain-main</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bərmaen<span class="wrap"> </span>maen/</span></td> <td>to keep on playing </td></tr> <tr> <td>kanak2</td> <td>kanak-kanak</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kanaʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>kanaʔ/</span></td> <td>children </td></tr> <tr> <td>angan2</td> <td>angan-angan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aŋan<span class="wrap"> </span>aŋan/</span></td> <td>wishful thinking </td></tr> <tr> <td>orang2an</td> <td>orang-orangan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oraŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>oraŋan/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">scarecrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>terang2an</td> <td>terang-terangan</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/təraŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>təraŋan/</span></td> <td>obvious </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_consonant_clusters">New consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The old spelling systems in Malaysia and Indonesia did not recognise the existence of consonant clusters at the word-initial and word-final positions. Loanwords which have such clusters are mainly from English. They were spelt, based on the established rule of <a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a> that the syllable structure consists of only a single consonant as its <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Onset" title="Syllable">onset</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a>. Therefore, the cluster at the beginning of the word was neutralised by inserting a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, usually a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, between its components.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old spellings</th> <th>New Rumi Spelling</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>perojek</td> <td>projek</td> <td>project </td></tr> <tr> <td>peroses</td> <td>proses</td> <td>process </td></tr> <tr> <td>komplek</td> <td>kompleks</td> <td>complex </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were certain words which showed a difference in the perceptions of the Indonesians and the Malaysians on the clusters concerned, viz. on the component that was more significant and should be retained. This concerned mainly clusters with <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> as the penultimate component. As in the examples below, in Indonesia, the <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> was more significant than <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>. On the other hand, the Malaysians, perhaps very much influenced by British pronunciation, wrote and pronounced those words with the <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>. In their quest for uniformity, the Malaysians and the Indonesians decided to neutralise their differences by putting back both <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> in those words.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Indonesian</th> <th>Old Malaysian</th> <th>New common spelling</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <td>paspor</td> <td>paspot</td> <td>pasport</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Indonesians have reverted to the old spelling </td></tr> <tr> <td>impor</td> <td>impot</td> <td>import</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ekspor</td> <td>ekspot</td> <td>eksport</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>konser</td> <td>konset</td> <td>konsert</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With its flexibility rule, the new spelling system has admitted clusters in the initial and final positions of the word. This has facilitated the borrowing of technical terms from English for the various sciences. However, those words which have existed for a long time in the Malay language with one or two components decapitated have been allowed to remain, so as not to cause too much destandardisation. Among those which did not undergo a change in form by having their clusters reinstated are the Malaysian examples of <i>komunis</i> ('communist'), <i>rekod</i> ('record'), <i>moden</i> ('modern').<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word-final_schwas_in_loanwords">Word-final schwas in loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Word-final schwas in loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Malay is essentially disyllabic in nature, monosyllabic words with final consonant clusters in English are assimilated by giving them a disyllabic appearance, namely by placing the grapheme <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> at the end of the word. For example, <i>kuspa</i> from 'cusp', <i>kalka</i> from 'calc'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acceptance of the schwa in final closed syllables, as in the word <i>filem</i> ('film'), also linked to the acceptance of <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> for schwa at the end of the word as in <i>koine</i> which has been taken <i><a href="/wiki/In_toto" class="mw-redirect" title="In toto">in toto</a></i>. This has greatly facilitated the work of the various terminology committees of the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>, already mentioned, in assimilating loanwords from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acceptance of the final schwa does not mean acceptance of something foreign. The pronunciation adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">Radio Televisyen Malaysia</a> (RTM) actualises the final <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span>, based on the Johor dialect of Southern Peninsular Malaysia. In the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsula</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, as also in Indonesia. However, the acceptance of this final schwa does not mean that all cases of <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> in the word final position are changed to <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>. Native words continue to be spelt with <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, and this <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> can have various styles of pronunciation. The final <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> for schwa is meant only for loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Spelling_System" title="Republican Spelling System">Republican Spelling System</a>, for more information on a similar spelling system used in Indonesian in older times.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbosa2010">Barbosa 2010</a>, p. 121,145,164,195,204,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007">Ismail Dahaman 2007</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHashim_Musa1997">Hashim Musa 1997</a>, p. 429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989">Asmah Omar 1989</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian-Malaysian_orthography_reform_of_1972&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Omar1989" class="citation cs2">Asmah Omar (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826053108/http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php">"The Malay Spelling Reform"</a>, <i>Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishspellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php">the original</a> on 2011-08-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Simplified+Spelling+Society&rft.atitle=The+Malay+Spelling+Reform&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Asmah+Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishspellingsociety.org%2Fjournals%2Fj11%2Fmalay.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian-Malaysian+orthography+reform+of+1972" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim_Musa1997" class="citation cs2">Hashim Musa (1997), <i>Epigrafi Melayu: Sejarah Sistem Tulisan dalam Bahasa Melayu (Malay epigraphy: A history of writing systems in Malay language)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8362-5729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8362-5729-1"><bdi>978-9-8362-5729-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigrafi+Melayu%3A+Sejarah+Sistem+Tulisan+dalam+Bahasa+Melayu+%28Malay+epigraphy%3A+A+history+of+writing+systems+in+Malay+language%29&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9-8362-5729-1&rft.au=Hashim+Musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian-Malaysian+orthography+reform+of+1972" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Dahaman2007" class="citation cs2">Ismail Dahaman (2007), <i>Ejaan Rumi Sepanjang Zaman (Complete history of Rumi spellings)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8362-9278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8362-9278-0"><bdi>978-9-8362-9278-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ejaan+Rumi+Sepanjang+Zaman+%28Complete+history+of+Rumi+spellings%29&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-8362-9278-0&rft.au=Ismail+Dahaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian-Malaysian+orthography+reform+of+1972" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Barbosa, Duarte</a> (2010), <i>The Book of Duarte Barbosa, An Account of the Countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants (Volume II, edited by Mansel Longworth Dames)</i>, Hakluyt Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1416-2"><bdi>978-1-4094-1416-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Duarte+Barbosa%2C+An+Account+of+the+Countries+bordering+on+the+Indian+Ocean+and+their+Inhabitants+%28Volume+II%2C+edited+by+Mansel+Longworth+Dames%29&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1416-2&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Duarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian-Malaysian+orthography+reform+of+1972" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation cs2">Collins, James T (1998), <i>Malay, World Language: a short history</i>, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-461-537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-461-537-9"><bdi>978-979-461-537-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay%2C+World+Language%3A+a+short+history&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-979-461-537-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=James+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian-Malaysian+orthography+reform+of+1972" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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