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class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">Roots</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/roots"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img width=640 height=427 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20427'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots-768x512.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="Buttress roots" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots-252x168.jpg 252w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots-863x576.jpg 863w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Roots.jpg 1980w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>Buttress roots of a tree</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_72 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title style=cursor:inherit>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c12766274eb class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c12766274eb checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Root_Structure title="Root Structure">Root Structure</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Root_cap title="Root cap">Root cap</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Region_of_cell_division title="Region of cell division">Region of cell division</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Region_of_elongation title="Region of elongation">Region of elongation</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Region_of_maturation title="Region of maturation">Region of maturation</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Modified_Roots title="Modified Roots">Modified Roots</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Food-storage_roots title="Food-storage roots">Food-storage roots</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Water-storage_roots title="Water-storage roots">Water-storage roots</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#Propagative_roots title="Propagative roots">Propagative roots</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Pneumatophores title=Pneumatophores>Pneumatophores</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Contractile_roots title="Contractile roots">Contractile roots</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12" href=#Buttress_roots title="Buttress roots">Buttress roots</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13" href=#Haustoria title=Haustoria>Haustoria</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14" href=#Mycorrhizae title=Mycorrhizae>Mycorrhizae</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15" href=#Root_nodules title="Root nodules">Root nodules</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><p>Upon <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/germination/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>seed germination</a>, the embryo root, called the <em>radicle</em>, grows and develops into the first root. The radicle may thicken into a taproot with many branching roots, or it may develop into many <em>adventitious roots</em>. The direct opposite of a taproot system is a <em>fibrous root system</em>. This develops out of the many adventitious roots. In diameter, the roots in a fibrous system are very fine. There are many mature plants that have a combination system, which means there is the main taproot with many branching fibrous roots attached. Root hairs, or extensions of the epidermis as explained in the <strong><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/plant-tissues/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Plant Tissue tutorial</a></strong>, significantly increase the contact surface area of the root system. This allows for more exchange with the surrounding soil.</p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><p>In general, most dicot plants (peas, carrots), or two seed-leaf plants, have taproot systems while monocot plants (corn, grasses), or one seed-leaf plants, have fibrous root systems. Further comparisons between monocots and dicots are found in these tutorial guides: <strong><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/fruits-flowers-and-seeds/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Fruits Flowers and Seeds</a> & <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/stems/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Stems</a></strong>.</p><figure id=attachment-105561 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-105561 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img fetchpriority=high fetchpriority=high decoding=async class="wp-image-105561 size-large lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20370'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/plant-biology-tutorials-plant-roots-995x576.jpg alt="plant biology tutorials - plant root types diagram" width=640 height=370 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/plant-biology-tutorials-plant-roots-995x576.jpg 995w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/plant-biology-tutorials-plant-roots-290x168.jpg 290w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/plant-biology-tutorials-plant-roots-768x444.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/plant-biology-tutorials-plant-roots.jpg 1023w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-105561 class=wp-caption-text><em>Different forms of roots: taproot (left), fibrous (middle), modified root (right)</em></figcaption></figure><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Root_Structure></span>Root Structure<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Historically, developing roots have been categorized into four zones of development. These are not strict zones, but rather regions of cells that gradually develop into those of the next region. The zones vary widely as far as extent and levels of development.</p><p>Regions of root development:</p><ol> <li><strong>Root cap</strong></li> <li><strong>Region of cell division</strong></li> <li><strong>Region of elongation</strong></li> <li><strong>Region of maturation</strong></li></ol><p>We will discuss each region in greater detail.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-32334426' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-32334426 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2OCcgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Root_cap></span>Root cap<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>In some plants, the root cap is quite large and obvious, while in others it is nearly impossible to find. The root cap is made of parenchyma cells that form a thimble shape, as a covering for the tip of each root. The cap serves several functions. The main function being protection as the delicate root tip pushes through soil particles. In the outer cells of the root cap, the Golgi bodies secrete a slimy substance that lodges in the walls and eventually pass to the outside. As the cells slough off, replaced from the inside, they form a slimy lubricant that aids root tip movement through the soil. In addition, to aiding movement, the slime is a supportive medium for beneficial bacteria.</p><p>The root cap serves in additional capacity in determining the root growth direction. As the root cap has a life span of about one week, it can serve for some interesting experiments. Whether the cap sloughs off or is cut off, the root will grow in random directions, as opposed to downward, until a new root cap is formed. This lends support to the notion that the root cap functions in the perception of gravity. On the sides of the root cap amyloplasts, or plastids containing starch grains, collect facing the direction of gravitational force. In documented experiments, when the root is tipped horizontally from its vertical growing position, the amyloplasts will reshift themselves to the “bottom” of the cells in which they are found. In a short time or 30 minutes to a few hours, the root will resume growing downward. While the exact nature of this gravitational response, or gravitropism, is not fully known, there is some evidence that the calcium ions found in amyloplasts do influence the distribution of growth hormones in plant cells.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Region_of_cell_division></span>Region of cell division<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The region of cell division is the next zone in the root cap. The root cap arises from the cells in this zone. This inverted cup-shaped region is composed of an apical meristem at its edges. The cells divide every 12 to 36 hours at the tip of the meristem, while the ones at the base of the meristem may divide once every 200 to 500 hours. Interestingly enough, the divisions are rhythmic and peak usually twice a day around noon and midnight. In the interim, the cells are not usually dividing. Most of the cells in this region are cube-shaped with fairly large nuclei and few, if any, small vacuoles. As in stems as well, the apical meristem in the roots will subdivide and give rise to three meristematic areas: the protoderm, which gives rise to the epidermis; just to the inside of the protoderm, the ground meristem, which produces parenchyma cells of the cortex; and the solid-looking cylinder in the center of the root, the procambium, which produces primary xylem and phloem. The central pith tissue is found in many monocots, such as grasses, but is generally not seen in mature dicot plants due to compression by the vascular cylinder.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-21864837' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-21864837 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2OScgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Region_of_elongation></span>Region of elongation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>This region is merged with the upper (toward the soil surface), region of the root apical meristem. It is in this region that the cells become several times their original length, and somewhat wider. The tiny vacuoles in each cell will merge and become one or two large vacuoles. In their final state, the enlarged vacuoles will account for up to 90% or more of the cellular volume. As only the root cap and apical meristem are actually moving through the soil, no further increase in cell size occurs above the region of elongation. While the elongated portions of the root generally remain stationary for the rest of their life, if a cambium is present there may be secondary growth and an increase in root girth.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Region_of_maturation></span>Region of maturation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The region of maturation is sometimes also called the region of differentiation or root-hair zone. In this region, cells mature into the various types of primary tissues. Recall that root hairs are extensions of the epidermis that serve to increase surface area and aid in the absorption of water and soil nutrients. If the region of maturation is examined carefully, it would be noted that the cuticle is very thin on the root hairs and epidermal cells of roots. It is understood that any significant amount of fatty substance would interfere with the ability to absorb water, as fats are hydrophobic—or water-repelling. A root in cross-section would have an epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem, phloem, and a pericycle. The cortex is the tissue at the immediate inside of the epidermis that functions in storing food. Generally, the cortex is many cells thick and similar to the cortex of stems, with the exception of the presence of a root endodermis at the inner boundary. In stems, an endodermis is quite rare, while in roots only three species of plants are known to lack a root endodermis. The endodermis is a cylinder formed by a single layer of tightly arranged cells. The primary walls of these cells contain suberin. The waterproof suberin forms bands, called Casparian strips, around the cell walls perpendicular to the root’s surface. The barrier that is formed forces all water and dissolved substances entering and leaving the central tissue core to pass through the plasma membrane or their plasmodesmata. This entire structure serves to regulate the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the root to the stems.</p><p>Next to the inside of the endodermis is a cylinder of parenchyma cells called the pericycle. The <em>pericycle </em>is generally one cell wide, however, it can extend for several cells depending on the plant. It is a vital tissue, as the pericycle is the point of origin for the lateral branch roots, and if it is a dicot, part of the vascular cambium. The cells in the pericycle retain their ability to divide even after they have matured. Primary xylem, which contains water-conducting cells, forms at the core of the root and may or may not have observable ‘branches’ which extend like an ‘x’ to the pericycle. The primary phloem, which contains the food conducting cells, fills in the spaces between the branches of xylem. Any branch roots will usually arise in the pericycle opposite the xylem branches.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-77021740' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-77021740 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTAnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Modified_Roots></span>Modified Roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Most plants produce a fibrous root system, a taproot system, or most commonly a combination of both. However, some plants have roots with modifications that allow specific functions in addition to the absorption of water and minerals in solution.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Food-storage_roots></span>Food-storage roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>In certain plants, the roots, or part of the root system, is enlarged in order to store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates. Sweet potatoes and yams, for example, have extra cambial cells that develop in the xylem portion of branch roots. The cambial cells produce numerous parenchyma cells that cause the organs to swell. Starches are then stored in the swollen areas of the root. Carrots, beets, and turnips have storage organs that are actually a combination of root and stem. Approximately, the top two centimeters of a carrot are actually derived from the stem. Although, you likely will not be able to see the origin of the cells just by looking at a carrot.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-68683899' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-68683899 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTEnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Water-storage_roots></span>Water-storage roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Plants that grow in particularly arid regions are known for growing structures used to retain water. Some plants in the Pumpkin Family produce huge water-storing roots. The plant will then use the stored water in times or seasons of low precipitation. Some cultures will harvest the water storing root and use them for drinking water. Plants storing up to 159 pounds (72 kilograms) of water in a single major root have been found and documented.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Propagative_roots></span>Propagative roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>To propagate means to produce more of oneself. Propagative root structures are one way for a plant to produce more of itself. Adventitious buds are buds that appear in unusual places. Many plants will produce these buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground. <em>Suckers</em>, or aerial stems with rootlets, will develop from these adventitious buds. The ‘new’ plant can be separated from the original plant and can grow independently. Some plants will produce propagative roots up to 30 feet or more away from the parent plant. This can be a nuisance for some people, while others may enjoy the propagative qualities of their cherry tree, strawberries or horseradish plants.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-64524850' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-64524850 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTInIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Pneumatophores></span>Pneumatophores<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Pneumatophores are spongy roots that develop in most plants that grow in water. Swamps, marshes, and coastal areas are good places to find plants with pneumatophores. These specialized roots account for the fact that water, even after having air bubbled through it, has less than one-thirtieth of the amount of free oxygen that is found in the air. Plants growing in water may require additional methods of obtaining oxygen for respiration. Pneumatophores fill that need by rising above the water surface and facilitating gas exchange.</p><p>There are many different kinds of aerial roots produced by a wide variety of plants. Orchids produce velamen roots, corn plants have prop roots, ivies have adventitious roots, and vanilla orchids even have photosynthetic roots that can manufacture food. Banyan trees have aerial roots that grow down from the tree branches until they touch find the soil. In a nutshell, aerial roots are roots that are not covered by soil hence out in the air. They can facilitate climbing and various types of support as demonstrated by ivies and creeper plants.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Contractile_roots></span>Contractile roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Contractile roots are roots that pull the plant deeper into the soil. Lily bulbs are a good example, as each bulb is pulled a little further into the soil as additional contractile roots are developed each year. When a region of stable temperature is reached, the contractile roots quit pulling. Dandelions also have contractile roots, and their presence is noticeable because the lower leaves may look like they are coming right out of the ground. In reality, the roots are pulling the stem downward. The actual mechanism of contraction involves the thickening and constriction of parenchyma cells. This causes the components of xylem to spiral into a corkscrew shape. The portion of the root that contracts may lose up to two-thirds of its length within weeks.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-12381645' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-12381645 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTMnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Buttress_roots></span>Buttress roots<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Tropical trees may have large buttress roots at the base of the trunk. These roots add stability to the tree and give an angular look to the lower visible portion of the trunk.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Haustoria></span>Haustoria<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Some plants, such as dodders, broomrapes, and pinedrops do not have <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/chlorophyll/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>chlorophyll</a>. They will parasitize other plants and utilize their chlorophyll and food making abilities. The parasitic mechanism involves rootlike projections called <em>haustoria</em> (singular haustorium). These projections develop along stems that are in contact with the host. They will penetrate the outer tissues of the host plant and will tap into the water and food conducting tissues (xylem and phloem). Other plants with chlorophyll, such as mistletoes, will also form haustoria in order to obtain water and dissolved minerals from host plants. They are capable of producing their own food and thus are considered to be <em>partially</em> parasitic.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-17979991' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-17979991 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTQnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Mycorrhizae></span>Mycorrhizae<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Mycorrhizae are fungal roots found in many plants. These fungal associations are important for both the plant and for the fungal and are therefore considered to be mutualistic. Essentially, the fungus will have a greater capacity for absorbing phosphorus than root hairs alone. The fungus will also grow and increase the absorption of water and other nutrients. In return, the plant provides sugars and amino acids vital to the survival of the fungus. Plants with mycorrhizae generally have fewer root hairs than those without. Nearly all woody trees and shrubs found in forests have fungal associations in their root systems. However, it has been demonstrated that mycorrhizae are particularly susceptible to acid rain. This may have a direct impact on forest health and maintenance.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Root_nodules></span>Root nodules<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>It is important to note that root nodules are <em>not root knots</em>, which are root swellings in response to worm invasions. Root nodules are beneficial bacterial colonies that are visible as small swellings in the root system. The bacteria aid the plant in fixing, or converting, atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can use. Root nodules are found extensively throughout the legume family. A nodule develops when a substance leaked into the soil by plant roots stimulates <em>Rhizobium</em> bacteria to produce another substance that caused root hairs to bend sharply. The bacterium may attach in the crook of the bend and then ‘invade’ the cell with a tubular infection thread. This thread does not penetrate the cell wall and plasma membrane. The thread, does, however, grow through to the cortex which is stimulated to produce new cells that will become part of the housing for the bacterium. As the bacteria multiply and the colony grows, the nodule will swell. It is in the crook of root hairs that the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/nitrogen-fixation/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>nitrogen-fixing</a> takes place.</p><p><strong>Recommended reading</strong>: Whipps, J. M. (2001). <a href=https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.487 data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere</a>. <a href=https://academic.oup.com/jxb data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Journal of Experimental Botany</a>, 52(suppl 1), 487–511. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.487.</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/yRs3Tyjhquw width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;">Credit: <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLZ37G1zG3JFYWjwpcom4Aw data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Biology by Priya Balvir</a></div> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["48"]={"quiz_id":"48","quiz_name":"Roots - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"2":{"id":"2","quizID":"48","pagekey":"KFzQbjSp","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! You have selected correct answer.","quick_result_wrong_answer_text":"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-48 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm48 id=quizForm48 action=/tutorials/roots method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_48 value=00af724610> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_48 value=67c12765bb302><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Choose the best answer. </strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-246 " data-qid=246><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. What do you call the embryo root upon seed germination?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question246-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question246 id=question246_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question246_1> adventitious root </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question246-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question246 id=question246_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question246_2> fibrous root </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question246-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question246 id=question246_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question246_3> radicle </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question246_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question246 id=question246_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-247 " data-qid=247><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. What type of root system do carrots have?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question247-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question247 id=question247_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question247_1> taproot </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question247-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question247 id=question247_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question247_2> fibrous root </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question247-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question247 id=question247_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question247_3> adventitious root </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question247_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question247 id=question247_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-248 " data-qid=248><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Which region of the root does cell differentiation occur?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question248-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question248 id=question248_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question248_1> region of cell division </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question248-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question248 id=question248_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question248_2> region of elongation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question248-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question248 id=question248_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question248_3> region of maturation </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question248_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question248 id=question248_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-249 " data-qid=249><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. Which of the following is a root specialized for gas exchange by rising above the water surface?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question249-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question249 id=question249_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question249_1> root knots of legumes </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question249-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question249 id=question249_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question249_2> haustoria of mistletoe </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question249-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question249 id=question249_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question249_3> pneumatophore of a banyan tree </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question249_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question249 id=question249_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-250 " data-qid=250><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. All these plants use roots largely as food storage, except for ...</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question250-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question250 id=question250_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question250_1> dandelions </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question250-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question250 id=question250_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question250_2> sweet potatoes </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question250-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question250 id=question250_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question250_3> yams </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question250_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question250 id=question250_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_0>Your Name</label></span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_1>To Email</label></span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=246Q247Q248Q249Q250Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=48> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><p> </p><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing' style='width:44px;right: -10px;top: 200px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/roots><div class=heateor_sss_sharing_ul><a aria-label=Facebook class=heateor_sss_facebook href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Ftutorials%2Froots" title=Facebook rel="nofollow noopener" target=_blank style=font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle data-wpel-link=internal><span class=heateor_sss_svg style="background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;margin:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:repeat;overflow:hidden;padding:0;cursor:pointer;box-sizing:content-box"><svg style=display:block; 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C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g 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