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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Markets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Residential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_and_corporate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_and_corporate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commercial and corporate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_and_corporate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_of_a_video_server_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_of_a_video_server_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Architecture of a video server network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_of_a_video_server_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_IPTV_home_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_IPTV_home_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Residential IPTV home networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_IPTV_home_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecomms_IMS_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecomms_IMS_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Telecomms IMS architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecomms_IMS_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Via_satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Via satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_IPTV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_IPTV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hybrid IPTV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_IPTV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Interactivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_on_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_on_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Video on demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_on_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPTV-based_converged_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPTV-based_converged_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>IPTV-based converged services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPTV-based_converged_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Latency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandwidth_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandwidth_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bandwidth requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandwidth_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Privacy implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_bundling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_bundling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Service bundling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_bundling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Protocol television</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="تلفزة وفق بروتوكول الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفزة وفق بروتوكول الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Television" title="Internet Protocol Television – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Protocol Television" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آی‌پی تی‌وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌پی تی‌وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_IP" title="Télévision IP – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision IP" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल टेलीविजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल टेलीविजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_protokol_internet" title="Televisi protokol internet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi protokol internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Интернет протокол телевизија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет протокол телевизија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF." title="ഐ.പി. ടി.വി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.പി. ടി.വി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="IP放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IP放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protokolli_televideniye" title="Internet protokolli televideniye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Internet protokolli televideniye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Television" title="Internet Protocol Television – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Protocol Television" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Protocol television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைய நெறிமுறைத் தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறைத் தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="ไอพีทีวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอพีทีวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_giao_th%E1%BB%A9c_Internet" title="Truyền hình giao thức Internet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình giao thức Internet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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style="display:none">Television transmitted over a computer network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IPTV" redirects here. 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Usually sold and run by a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telecom provider</a>, it consists of broadcast <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Streamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamed">streamed</a> over the Internet (<a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>) — in contrast to delivery through traditional <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> transmission formats — as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> services for watching or replaying content (<a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPTV broadcasts started gaining usage during the 2000s alongside the rising use of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>-based internet connections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often provided bundled with internet access services by <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> to subscribers and runs in a closed network.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPTV normally requires the use of a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, which receives the encoded television content in the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> via <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a>, and converts the <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">packets</a> to be watched on a TV set or other kind of display.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top (OTT)</a> services, which are based on a direct one-to-one transmission mechanism. </p><p>IPTV methods have been standardised by organisations such as <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPTV has found success in some regions: for example in Western Europe in 2015, pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPTV is also used for media delivery around corporate and private networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> over IP networks, <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport streams</a> over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. One official definition approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is: </p> <blockquote><p>IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/data delivered over IP-based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another definition of IPTV, relating to the telecommunications industry, is the one given by <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Telecommunications_Industry_Solutions" title="Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions">Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions</a> (ATIS) IPTV Exploratory Group in 2005: </p> <blockquote><p>IPTV is defined as the secure and reliable delivery to subscribers of entertainment video and related services. These services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_television" title="Interactive television">Interactive TV (iTV)</a>. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video and control signals. In contrast to video over the public Internet, with IPTV deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a superior entertainment experience, resulting in a compelling business environment for content providers, advertisers and customers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Up until the early 1990s, it was not thought possible that a <a href="/wiki/Television_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programme">television programme</a> could be squeezed into the limited <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephone_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cable">telephone cable</a> to provide a <a href="/wiki/Video-on-demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-on-demand">video-on-demand</a> (VOD) television service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> signal was around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>, which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper <a href="/wiki/Telephone_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone wire">telephone wire</a>. VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">asymmetric digital subscriber line</a> (ADSL) <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion-compensated DCT algorithms for <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standards">video coding standards</a> include the <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> formats from 1988 onwards and the <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats from 1991 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a television signal, while at the same time ADSL increased the bandwidth of data that could be sent over a copper telephone wire. ADSL increased the bandwidth of a telephone line from around 0.1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> to 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s, while DCT compression reduced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s down to about 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s. The combination of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible to practically implement VOD services at around 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s bandwidth in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Precept_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Precept Software">Precept Software</a> by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Estrin" title="Judith Estrin">Judith Estrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_N._Carrico_Jr." title="William N. Carrico Jr.">Bill Carrico</a>. Precept developed an Internet video product named <i>IP/TV</i>. IP/TV was an <a href="/wiki/Mbone" title="Mbone">Mbone</a> compatible Windows and Unix-based application that transmitted single and multi-source audio and video traffic, ranging from low to DVD quality, using both <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> and <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) and <a href="/wiki/Real_time_control_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real time control protocol">Real time control protocol</a> (RTCP). The software was written primarily by Steve Casner, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Auerbach" title="Karl Auerbach">Karl Auerbach</a>, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cisco retains the IP/TV trademark. </p><p>Telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/US_West" title="US West">US West</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a>) launched an IPTV service called TeleChoice in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> in 1998 using <a href="/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL">VDSL</a> technology, becoming the first company in the United States to provide digital television over telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service was shut down in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> company <a href="/wiki/AudioNet" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioNet">AudioNet</a> started the first continuous <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasts</a> with content from <a href="/wiki/WFAA" title="WFAA">WFAA</a>-TV in January 1998 and <a href="/wiki/KCTU-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KCTU-LP">KCTU-LP</a> on 10 January 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Communications">Kingston Communications</a>, a regional telecommunications operator in the UK, launched Kingston Interactive Television (KIT), an IPTV over <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) service in September 1999. The operator added additional VOD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, a VOD content provider. Kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VOD over <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations and policy on IPTV. In 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/NBTel" title="NBTel">NBTel</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aliant" title="Bell Aliant">Bell Aliant</a>) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the Alcatel 7350 <a href="/wiki/DSLAM" title="DSLAM">DSLAM</a> and middleware created by iMagic TV (owned by NBTel's parent company <a href="/wiki/Bruncor" title="Bruncor">Bruncor</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and later expanded into <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> in early 2000<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the formation of <a href="/wiki/Aliant" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliant">Aliant</a>. iMagic TV was later sold to <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Sasktel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasktel">Sasktel</a> was the second in Canada to commercially deploy IPTV over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform.<sup id="cite_ref-rlp20080204_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rlp20080204-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) channels over an IPTV service.<sup id="cite_ref-rlp20061017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rlp20061017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Bredbandsbolaget" title="Bredbandsbolaget">Bredbandsbolaget</a> launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest provider any longer; <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a>, who launched their service later, now has more customers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, TPG launched their IPTV service in Australia after a limited beta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Telecommunication_Company_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited">Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited</a> (PTCL) launched IPTV under the brand name of <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country offering 140 live channels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/CenturyLink" class="mw-redirect" title="CenturyLink">CenturyLink</a> – after acquiring <a href="/wiki/Embarq" title="Embarq">Embarq</a> (2009) and Qwest (2010) – entered five U.S. markets with an IPTV service called Prism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was after successful test marketing in Florida. Later in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (a major division, if not the largest division of <a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc." title="BCE Inc.">BCE</a>) announced it would begin offering residential and business/commercial customers in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario IPTV over a number of different modalities, including <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the node">fibre to the node</a> and <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>. This flavour of IPTV would be packaged with other services and branded as "Bell Fibe," providing Canadian customers with everything from local analogue trunk connectivity (<a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a>), to <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Internet">fibre Internet</a> to TV service via IPTV.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell further announced in the September 13th (2010) press release it would begin deploying fiber optic Ethernet to homes in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Bell has since continued to install fiber optic Ethernet to homes (fibre to the home) across <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Bell Canada's two largest customer territories. Bell was very successful with the deployment of the Bell Fibe product offering. Many customers in Ontario and Quebec switched from legacy (<a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cable_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable companies">cable companies</a> to Bell's Fibe product because of Bell's marketing around IPTV and their at-home wireless PVR offering. Bell's wireless PVR would permit customers to place a TV anywhere they wanted - as long as they had a power outlet. Bell Fibe TV commercials would show young families watching TV outside on the couch with large 70+ inch LCDs and their Bell Fibe wireless PVR.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brazil, since at least 2012, <a href="/wiki/Vivo_(telecommunications_company)" title="Vivo (telecommunications company)">Vivo</a> has been offering the service Vivo TV Fibra in 200+ cities where it has FTTH coverage (4Q 2020 data) . Since at least 2018, Oi has also been offering IPTV under its FTTH service "Oi Fibra". Also, several regional FTTH providers also offer IPTV along with FTTH internet services. </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Television" title="Korean Central Television">Korean Central Television</a> (KCTV) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> called <a href="/wiki/Manbang" title="Manbang">Manbang</a>, reportedly providing video-on-demand services in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> via quasi-internet protocol television (IPTV). Manbang allows viewers to watch five different TV channels in real-time, and find political information regarding the <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of North Korea">Supreme Leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> ideology, and read articles from state-run news organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential">Residential</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/220px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/330px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/440px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An IPTV set-top box on display from a Taiwanese provider</figcaption></figure> <p>The global IPTV market was expected to grow from 28 million subscribers at US$12 billion revenue in 2009 to 83 million and US$38 billion in 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Europe and Asia are the leading territories in terms of the overall number of subscribers. But in terms of service revenues, Europe and North America generate a larger share of global revenue, due to very low average revenue per user (ARPU) in China and India, the fastest growing (and ultimately, the biggest markets) is Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> Media Receiver 400 set-top box for an IPTV service in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Services also launched in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in February 2009 <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a> announced that it had reached 398,000 subscribers to its <a href="/wiki/BT_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="BT Vision">BT Vision</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A free IPTV service by the public broadcasters was launched in 2024 named <a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claro_(mobile_phone_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claro (mobile phone network)">Claro</a> has launched their own IPTV service called "Claro TV". This service is available in several countries in which they operate, such as <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. IPTV is just beginning to grow in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, and now it is growing in South Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but significant plans exist in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> introduced<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its own IPTV services by the national provider Kazakhtelecom JSC<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and content integrator Alacast under the "iD TV" brand in two major cities Astana and Almaty in 2009 and is about to go nationwide starting 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (December 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Australian ISP iiNet launched Australia's first IPTV with Fetch TV.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/MTNL" class="mw-redirect" title="MTNL">MTNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jio" title="Jio">Jio</a> in New Delhi, Mumbai and Punjab. <a href="/wiki/APSFL" class="mw-redirect" title="APSFL">APSFL</a> is another IPTV provider in the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, IPTV was first launched by NEW IT VENTURE CORPORATION called <a href="/wiki/Net_TV_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Net TV Nepal">Net TV Nepal</a>, the service can be accessed through its app, web app and Set-top boxes provided by local ISPs, another IPTV was started by <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecom</a> called WOW Time in 2016 which can be accessed through its app. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Telecom">Sri Lanka Telecom</a> (operated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=SLT_VisionCom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLT VisionCom (page does not exist)">SLT VisionCom</a>) in 2008, under the brand name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=PEO_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEO TV (page does not exist)">PEO TV</a>. This service is available throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Dialog_TV" title="Dialog TV">Dialog TV</a> has been available through the service since 2018. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/PTCL" title="PTCL">PTCL</a> in 2008, under the brand name of <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a>. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/PLDT" title="PLDT">PLDT</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a> IPTV services as an add-on in certain ADSL and fiber optic plans.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2005. Failed PayTV provider <a href="/wiki/MiTV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiTV">MiTV</a> attempted to use an IPTV-over-UHF service but the service failed to take off. <a href="/wiki/HyppTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HyppTV">HyppTV</a> was supposed to use an IPTV-based system, but not true IPTV as it does not provide a set-top box and requires users to view channels using a computer. True IPTV providers available in the country at the moment are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fine TV (page does not exist)">Fine TV</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DETV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DETV (page does not exist)">DETV</a>. In Q2 2010, Telekom Malaysia launched IPTV services through their <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a> product <a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi</a> in select areas. In April 2010, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> began testing IPTV services on TIME dotCom Berhad's high-speed <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a> optical fibre network. In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> began trials with customers in high-rise condominium buildings around the Mont Kiara area. In April 2011, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> commercially launched its IPTV services under the tag line "The One and Only Line You'll Ever Need", a triple play offering in conjunction with TIME dotCom Berhad that provides all the Astro programming via IPTV, together with voice telephone services and broadband Internet access all through the same fibre optic connection into the customer's home. In 2020, Astro launched "Plug-and-Play", which uses Unicast technology for streaming TV. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/TTNET" title="TTNET">TTNET</a> launched IPTV services under the name IPtivibu in 2010. It was available in pilot areas in the cities of Istanbul, İzmir and Ankara. As of 2011, IPTV service is launched as a large-scale commercial service and widely available across the country under the trademark "Tivibu EV".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name "WebTV" in 2011. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" title="Türk Telekom">Türk Telekom</a> started building the fibre optic substructure for IPTV in late 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_and_corporate">Commercial and corporate</h3></div> <p>IPTV has been widely used since around 2002<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to distribute television and <a href="/wiki/Audio-visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio-visual">audio-visual</a> (AV) media around businesses and commercial sites, whether as live TV channels or Video on Demand (VOD). Examples of types of commercial users include airports, schools, offices, hotels, and sports stadiums, to name just a few. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hotel_television_systems" title="Hotel television systems">Hotel television systems</a> are the in-suite television content presented in hotel rooms, other hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment, as well as hospitals, assisted living, senior care and nursing homes. These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotel's or hotel chain's policy. Generally, these services are controlled by using the remote control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPTVnet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/220px-IPTVnet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/330px-IPTVnet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/440px-IPTVnet.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>A simplified network diagram for IPTV</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div> <p>An IPTV head-end is a place where live <a href="/wiki/TV_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="TV channel">TV channels</a> and AV sources are encoded, encrypted, and delivered as IP <a href="/wiki/Multicast_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast stream">multicast streams</a>. Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD) platform stores on-demand video assets and serves them as IP unicast streams when a user requests them. Sometimes, the VOD platform is located within the IPTV head-end. An interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the VOD catalogue. A delivery network is a packet-switched network that carries IP packets, including <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> and multicast streams. Endpoints refer to user equipment that can request, decode, and deliver IPTV streams for display to the user. This can include computers, mobile devices, and <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>. At a residential IPTV user's home, the home TV gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network. Lastly, the user set-top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts TV and VOD streams for display on the TV screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_of_a_video_server_network">Architecture of a video server network</h3></div> <p>Depending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for IPTV deployment: centralised and distributed. </p><p>The centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy-to-manage solution. Because all media content is stored in centralised servers, it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system. Centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small VOD service deployment, has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a> (CDN). </p><p>A distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network. Distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider's network.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_IPTV_home_networks">Residential IPTV home networks</h3></div> <p>In many cases, the <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a> that provides connectivity with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> network is not located close to the IPTV set-top box. This scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set-top boxes per subscriber. </p><p>Networking technologies that take advantage of existing <a href="/wiki/Home_wiring" title="Home wiring">home wiring</a> (such as power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables) or of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> hardware have become common solutions for this problem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2008, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> adopted Recommendation <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/G.9960" class="mw-redirect" title="G.9960">G.9960</a>), which is a next-generation home networking standard that specifies a common PHY/MAC that can operate over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">Multimedia over Coax Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/HomePlug_Powerline_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="HomePlug Powerline Alliance">HomePlug Powerline Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_Phoneline_Networking_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Phoneline Networking Alliance">Home Phoneline Networking Alliance</a>, and Quasar Alliance (<a href="/wiki/Plastic_Optical_Fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Optical Fiber">Plastic Optical Fibre</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each advocate their own technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecomms_IMS_architecture">Telecomms IMS architecture</h3></div> <p>There is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3GPP <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IP Multimedia Subsystem</a> (IMS) as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in telecommunications carrier networks. Both ITU-T and ETSI are working on so-called "IMS-based IPTV" standards (see e.g. ETSI TS 182 027<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Carriers will be able to offer both voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional TV services with telephony features (e.g. caller ID on the TV screen) will become straightforward.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocols">Protocols</h2></div> <p>IPTV supports both <a href="/wiki/Live_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Live TV">live TV</a> as well as stored video-on-demand. Playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless IP network in the form of a standalone <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet tablet">touch screen tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game console</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connected_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected TV">connected TV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box#IPTV_receiver" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>. Content is compressed by <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codecs</a> and then encapsulated in <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> or other packets. IP multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In standards-based IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are: </p> <ul><li>Service-provider-based streaming: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGMP" class="mw-redirect" title="IGMP">IGMP</a> for subscribing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change). IP multicast operates within LANs (including VLANs) and across WANs also.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Multicast is not supported on many WANs (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> IP multicast is usually routed in the network core by <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> (PIM), setting up correct distribution of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed. On-demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection. <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) over <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP) or the lower overhead <a href="/wiki/H.222" class="mw-redirect" title="H.222">H.222</a> transport stream over <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a>-based unicast only live and VOD streaming: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> prefers <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Messaging_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a> over TCP with setup and control via either <a href="/wiki/Action_Message_Format" title="Action Message Format">AMF</a> or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> or <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> transactions.</li> <li>Apple iOS uses <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Live_Streaming" title="HTTP Live Streaming">HLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a> over <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> with setup and control via an embedded <a href="/wiki/M3U" title="M3U">M3U</a> playlist file.</li> <li>Microsoft Silverlight uses <a href="/wiki/Smooth_Streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth Streaming">smooth streaming</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a>) over HTTP.</li></ul></li> <li>Web-based multicast live and unicast VOD streaming: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) recommends RTP over UDP or <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> transports with setup and control using <a href="/wiki/RTSP" class="mw-redirect" title="RTSP">RTSP</a> over TCP.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected TV">Connected TVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box#IPTV_receiver" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_personal_video_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Network personal video recorder">network personal video recorders</a>: <ul><li>Local network content uses <a href="/wiki/Universal_Plug_and_Play#AV_standards" title="Universal Plug and Play">UPnP AV</a> for unicast via HTTP over TCP or for multicast live RTP over UDP.</li> <li>Web-based content is provided through either inline Web plug-ins or a television broadcast-based application that uses a <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> language such as <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG-5</a> that triggers an event such as loading an inline Web browser using an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> plug-in.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Local IPTV, as used by businesses for <a href="/wiki/Audio_visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio visual">audio visual</a> AV distribution on their company networks is typically based on a mixture of: </p> <ol><li>Conventional TV reception equipment and IPTV encoders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_gateway" title="TV gateway">TV gateways</a> that receive live <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and convert them into IP streams</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Via_satellite">Via satellite</h2></div> <p>Although IPTV and conventional <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a> distribution have been seen as complementary technologies, they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid IPTV networks. IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a> trunking and corporate <a href="/wiki/VSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VSAT">VSAT</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The copper twisted pair cabling that forms the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a> of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an IPTV service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital TV distribution. For a competitive multi-channel TV service, a connection speed of 20 Mbit/s is likely to be required, but unavailable to most potential customers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing popularity of high-definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits IPTV service quality and connection eligibility even further. </p><p>However, satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100 Gbit/s via multi-spot beam technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks. Satellite distribution can be included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways. The simplest to implement is an IPTV-<a href="/wiki/Direct_to_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct to home">direct to home</a> (DTH) architecture, in which hybrid DVB-broadband <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a> in subscriber homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities. In such a system, many live TV channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video-on-demand transmission via the broadband connection. <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a>’s Satellite Media Solutions Division suggests "IPTV works best in a hybrid format. For example, you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channels".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_IPTV">Hybrid IPTV</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hybrid IPTV refers to the combination of traditional broadcast TV services and video delivered over either managed IP networks or the public Internet. It is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay TV markets.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of Hybrid IPTV is driven by two major factors. Since the emergence of online video aggregation sites, like <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> in the mid-2000s, traditional <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based video on their televisions. At the same time, specialist IP-based operators have looked for ways to offer <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital terrestrial">digital terrestrial</a> services to their operations, without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations. <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a> is a valuable asset for operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures. </p><p>A hybrid set-top allows content from a range of sources, including <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a> broadcast, satellite, and cable, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet via an Ethernet connection on the device. This enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their TV sets, without the need for a separate box for each service. Hybrid IPTV set-top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services, such as VOD, <a href="/wiki/Catch-up_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-up TV">catch-up TV</a>, as well as Internet applications, including <a href="/wiki/Video_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Video telephony">video telephony</a>, surveillance, gaming, shopping, <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a> accessed via a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>. </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Pay-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay-TV">pay-TV</a> operator's perspective, a hybrid IPTV set-top box gives them greater long-term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require, most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device. This reduces the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV" title="Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV">Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV</a> (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trends led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV" title="Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV">Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV</a> set-top boxes that included both a <a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">broadcast tuner</a> and an Internet connection – usually via an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> port. The first commercially available hybrid IPTV set-top box was developed by <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Digital_Broadcast" title="Advanced Digital Broadcast">Advanced Digital Broadcast</a>, a developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2005. The platform was developed for Spanish pay TV operator <a href="/wiki/Telefonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefonica">Telefonica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used as part of its Movistar TV service, launched to subscribers at the end of 2005. </p><p>An alternative approach is the IPTV version of the <a href="/wiki/Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a> cable TV solution. Here, multiple TV channels are distributed via satellite to the ISP or IPTV provider's <a href="/wiki/Point_of_presence" title="Point of presence">point of presence</a> (POP) for IP-encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber. This can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening incoming Internet to the POP, and enables an IPTV service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high-speed WAN connection. An example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an <a href="/wiki/SES_New_Skies" class="mw-redirect" title="SES New Skies">SES New Skies</a> satellite of 95 channels to Latin America and the Caribbean, operated by IPTV Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="SES New Skies was apparently short lived. (October 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2></div> <p>The Internet protocol-based platform offers significant advantages, including the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high-speed Internet access and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a>. </p><p>A switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality. In a typical TV or satellite network, using broadcast video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the set-top box. The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, cable or satellite company can stuff into the <i>pipe</i> flowing into the home. A switched IP network works differently. Content remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customer's home. That frees up bandwidth, and the customer's choice is less restricted by the size of the <i>pipe</i> into the home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactivity">Interactivity</h3></div> <p>An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalised. The provider may, for example, include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor's name, or a <a href="/wiki/Picture-in-picture" title="Picture-in-picture">picture-in-picture</a> functionality that allows them to <a href="/wiki/Channel_surf" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel surf">channel surf</a> without leaving the programme they're watching. Viewers may be able to look up a player's stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while they're away from home. </p><p>A feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity. Terrestrial, satellite, and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don't allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining TV networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mobile communication network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_on_demand">Video on demand</h3></div> <p>IPTV technology is used for <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue, to watch trailers and to then select a program. The <a href="/wiki/Playout" title="Playout">playout</a> of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC. </p><p>Technically, when the customer selects the program, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (set-top box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick mode functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) may be communicated using, for instance, RTSP. </p><p>In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VOD content is usually encrypted and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> may be applied. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPTV-based_converged_services">IPTV-based converged services</h3></div> <p>Another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value-added services. One example is on-screen <a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">caller ID</a>, getting caller ID on a TV, and the ability to handle the call (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs, and mobile device, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div> <p>IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays. An IPTV channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement. Some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality. </p><p>Although a few countries have very high-speed broadband-enabled populations,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3–5 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (August 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> and so simultaneous use of IPTV, VOIP and Internet access may not be viable. The last-mile delivery for IPTV usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous TV channel streams – typically from one to three – to be delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latency">Latency</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">network delay</a> inherent in the use of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite Internet access</a> is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for IPTV. In practice, however, delay is not an important factor for IPTV, since it is a service that does not require real-time transmission, as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services. It is the delay of response to requests to change channel, display an EPG, etc. that most affects customers’ perceived quality of service. </p><p>Existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays. Existing <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> TV channels that <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0.25-second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed by viewers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bandwidth_requirements">Bandwidth requirements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Special:EditPage/Internet Protocol television">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/400px-Figure2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/600px-Figure2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/800px-Figure2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital video is a sequence of digital images, called frames, each made up of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> or picture elements. Three bytes are typically used to represent the colour of the high quality image. </p><p>Movies use 24 frames per second, North America television uses approximately 30 frames per second where the Europe television frame rate is 25 frames per second. Each digital video has dimensions width and height; SDTV is <span class="nowrap">720 × 480</span> pixels, HDTV uses up to <span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080</span> pixels. </p><p>For checking the bandwidth requirements, you need to dimension your IPTV service, such as defining number of SD and HD TV channels, number of planned subscribers, VOD and nPVR concurrency. Based on these, you can calculate required bandwidth on each DSL line, in access network and in core IP network.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_implications">Privacy implications</h2></div> <p>Due to limitations in bandwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time. Changing a channel requires requesting the head-end server to provide a different broadcast stream, much like VOD.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer. In conjunction with regulatory differences between IPTV and cable TV, this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast group (TV channel) needs to be requested before it can be viewed, the same privacy concerns apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vendors">Vendors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some major telecoms vendors are active in this space, notably <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a> (Accenture Video Solution), <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> (sometimes working with Movistar TV), <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> (notably since acquiring <a href="/wiki/Tandberg_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandberg Television">Tandberg Television</a>), <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Telecom">Sri Lanka Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, as are some IT houses, led by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Miami-based AlphaOTT, Tokyo-based The New Media Group, Malaysian-based <a href="/wiki/Select-TV" title="Select-TV">Select-TV</a>, Oslo/Norway-based SnapTV, and California-based <a href="/wiki/UTStarcom" title="UTStarcom">UTStarcom</a>, Inc. also offer end-to-end networking infrastructure for IPTV-based services, and Hong Kong-based BNS Ltd. provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions. Others include <a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber</a> offers an IPTV service in various US cities which includes up to 1 Gigabit-speed internet and over 290 channels depending on package via the fibre optic network being built out in Kansas City Kansas and Kansas City Missouri. </p><p>Many of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the biennial Multiservice Switching Forum Interoperability 2008 (GMI) event which was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/MultiService_Forum" title="MultiService Forum">MultiService Forum</a> (MSF) at five sites worldwide from 20 to 31 October 2008. Test equipment vendors including Netrounds, <a href="/wiki/Codenomicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codenomicon">Codenomicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empirix" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirix">Empirix</a>, Ixia, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu Dynamics">Mu Dynamics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spirent" title="Spirent">Spirent</a> joined solution vendors such as the companies listed above in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever deployed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_bundling">Service bundling</h2></div> <p>For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with VOD and may be bundled with <a href="/wiki/Internet_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service">Internet services</a> such as Internet access and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP) telecommunications services. Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes referred to in marketing as <i><a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple play</a></i> service. When these three are offered with cellular service, the combined service may be referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_play" title="Quadruple play">quadruple play</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div> <p>Historically, cable TV operators have been regulated differently from telecommunication operators. As IPTV allows TV and VOD to be transmitted over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, new regulatory issues arise.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Eli M. Noam highlights in his report "TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?" some of the key challenges with sector-specific regulation that is becoming obsolete due to convergence in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="DVB-IPTV">DVB-IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-the-top media service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, for instance, has 6 million homes benefiting from a minimum connection speed of 100 Mbit/s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For VOD, the stream is delivered using unicast whereas IPTV typically uses multicast.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.203998/bredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv">the original</a> on 27 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bredbandsbolaget+rustar+p%C3%A5+ip-tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idg.se%2F2.1085%2F1.203998%2Fbredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/760306">"TPG IPTV Officially Launched! - TPG"</a>. <i>Whirlpool.net.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Matin&rft.atitle=Orange+consacr%C3%A9+%22Meilleur+r%C3%A9seau+mobile%22+au+Maroc&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flematin.ma%2Fjournal%2F2018%2Forange-consacre-meilleur-reseau-mobile-maroc%2F302109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html">"BH Telecom: BH Telecom - početna"</a>. <i>www.bhtelecom.ba</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629193910/http://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bhtelecom.ba&rft.atitle=BH+Telecom%3A+BH+Telecom+-+po%C4%8Detna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhtelecom.ba%2Fportalnovost%2BM5c30c4559cc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm">"Interactieve TV - Wat is Interactieve TV? - KPN"</a>. <i>www.kpn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091206083324/http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kpn.com&rft.atitle=Interactieve+TV+-+Wat+is+Interactieve+TV%3F+-+KPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpn.com%2Ftv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv">T-Home.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917024737/http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv">Archived</a> 17 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invitv.hu/">InviTV.hu</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112172142/http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f">"UZONLINE - Тарифы на Интернет"</a>. <i>uzonline.uz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f">the original</a> on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uzonline.uz&rft.atitle=UZONLINE+-+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuzonline.uz%2Fru%2Fservices%2Finternet%2F%23iptv_f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095603/http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08">"Media + Networks"</a>. <i>www.iptv-news.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08">the original</a> on 22 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iptv-news.com&rft.atitle=Media+%2B+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iptv-news.com%2Fiptv_news%2Ffebruary_09%2Fbt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685">"Salad days,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503153512/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685">Archived</a> 3 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chris Dziadul, <i>Broadband TV News,</i> 2 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm">Delivering IPTV System to Kazakhtelecom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110000552/http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Article from the IPTV industrial portal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng">iD TV services for broadband subscribers in Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008005028/http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng">Archived</a> 8 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kazakhtelecom JSC – iD TV service for Home users</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf">iiNet's Age of Terabyte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010194736/http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PDF from iiNet press release 18 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition">"PLDT HOME leads fixed broadband market, adds six times more subscribers than competition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLDT_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="PLDT Incorporated">PLDT Incorporated</a>. 25 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529083030/http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city.ac.uk&rft.atitle=IMS-based+IPTV+services+%E2%80%93+architecture+and+implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.city.ac.uk%2F~veselin%2Fpublications%2FSivchenko_ACM07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlocher, Greg and Freyer, Dan. "IP And Satellite: Communications Worlds Merging" <i>Via Satellite</i> January 2009 p 24–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taga, Karim. "Hybrid delivery of content for IPTV" <i>InterComms</i> Issue 11 August 2008 p 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Holmes, Mark (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satellitetoday.com/broadcasting/2008/09/01/broadcast-2-0-the-changing-scene-in-europe/">"Broadcast 2.0: The Changing Scene In Europe"</a>. <i>Via Satellite</i>. pp. 20–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Via+Satellite&rft.atitle=Broadcast+2.0%3A+The+Changing+Scene+In+Europe&rft.pages=20-25&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satellitetoday.com%2Fbroadcasting%2F2008%2F09%2F01%2Fbroadcast-2-0-the-changing-scene-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF19.46_Europe/London2009" class="citation web cs1">19.46 Europe/London (14 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/10/14/uk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops/">"UK and France lead with hybrid IPTV set-tops"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+and+France+lead+with+hybrid+IPTV+set-tops&rft.pub=Broadbandtvnews.com&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.au=19.46+Europe%2FLondon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2009%2F10%2F14%2Fuk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402135703/http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09">Archived</a> 2 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jviptv.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/hybrid-iptv-stb/">"HYBRID Set Top Boxes for IPTV | Digital Media Strategy by Jeff Vinson"</a>. 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Digitaltvnews.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaltvnews.net/items/060911adb_spain.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADB+Delivers+World%27s+First+Hybrid%2C+Single-Chip%2C+Advanced+Video+Coding%2C+High+Definition+IPTV+Set-Top+Boxes+To+TELEF%C3%93NICA&rft.pub=Digitaltvnews.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltvnews.net%2Fitems%2F060911adb_spain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016015125/http://www.iptv-americas.tv/releaseDB.php?leng=&notID=47">"IPTV Americas Launches First IPTV Satellite Distribution Platform for Latin America and The Caribbean via SES NEW SKIES' NSS-806"</a> (Press release). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2010/04/06/broadband-users-control-watch/">the original</a> on 20 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadband+Users+Control+What+They+Watch+and+When&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvgenius.net%2Fblog%2F2010%2F04%2F06%2Fbroadband-users-control-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiede,_ChristianAl-Hezmi,_AdelMagedanz,_Thomas2008" class="citation web cs1">Riede, Christian; Al-Hezmi, Adel; Magedanz, Thomas (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625075612/http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf">"Session and Media Signalling for IPTV via IMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MobileWare'08</i>. Innsbruck, Austria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobileWare%2708&rft.atitle=Session+and+Media+Signalling+for+IPTV+via+IMS&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.au=Riede%2C+Christian&rft.au=Al-Hezmi%2C+Adel&rft.au=Magedanz%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-mobile.ptinovacao.pt%2Ffiles%2FPaperMobilWare2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulkley, Kate. "IPTV's Eastern Promise" <i>Digital TV Europe</i> October 2008 p 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Peter J. "Super Headends And High Expectations" <i>Via Satellite</i> April 2006 p 18–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis2020" class="citation web cs1">Denis, Lacković (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements">"Network Requirements for IPTV and OTT Service"</a>. <i>Uniqcast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208124601/https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniqcast&rft.atitle=Network+Requirements+for+IPTV+and+OTT+Service&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=Lackovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniqcast.com%2Fblog%2Fiptv-ott-service-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx">IPTV privacy risks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172921/http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx">Archived</a> 5 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf">"Ericsson report on need for regulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115174848/http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ericsson+report+on+need+for+regulation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericsson.com%2Fericsson%2Fcorpinfo%2Fpublications%2Fericsson_business_review%2Fpdf%2F308%2F308_38_41_reshaping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(217 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(CRTC)2008" class="citation web cs1">(CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (3 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm">"TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?"</a>. <i>www.crtc.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213034731/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crtc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=TV+or+Not+TV%3A+Three+Screens%2C+One+Regulation%3F&rft.date=2008-09-03&rft.aulast=%28CRTC%29&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Canadian+Radio-television+and+Telecommunications+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fmedia%2Fnoam2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Nate2006" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Nate (12 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/guides/other/iptv.ars">"An Introduction to IPTV"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+IPTV&rft.date=2006-03-12&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fguides%2Fother%2Fiptv.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cable_television_providers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV" title="Template:CATV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV" title="Template talk:CATV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable_television_providers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a> providers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Asianet_Satellite_Communications" title="Asianet Satellite Communications">Asianet Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Networks_Akita" title="Cable Networks Akita">Cable Networks Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablelink" title="Cablelink">Cablelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEN_Networks" title="DEN Networks">DEN Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio_telecom" title="Ethio telecom">Ethio telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fil-Products_Group" title="Fil-Products Group">Fil-Products</a> <ul><li>Cine Cebu</li> <li>Fil-Products TV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Media_(Indonesian_media_company)" title="First Media (Indonesian media company)">First Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathway" title="Hathway">Hathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_(Israel)" title="Hot (Israel)">Hot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwi" title="Inwi">Inwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malitel" title="Malitel">Malitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasat_Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasat Cable TV">Parasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_Cable_Television" title="Phnom Penh Cable Television">PPCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Networks" title="Siti Networks">Siti Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cable" title="Sky Cable">Sky Cable</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatel" title="Sonatel">Sonatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Cable_TV_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited">TACTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Communications" title="Tokai Communications">Tokai Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransACT" title="TransACT">TransACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Namibia" title="Telecom Namibia">tn TV (Namibia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitel_(Angola)" title="Unitel (Angola)">Unitel (Angola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTVCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldCall" title="WorldCall">WorldCall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_digital_TV" title="Airtel digital TV">Airtel digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_(company)" title="Astro (company)">Astro (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Afrique" title="Canal+ Afrique">Canal+ Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cal%C3%A9donie" title="Canal+ Calédonie">Canal+ Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2h" class="mw-redirect" title="D2h">D2h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD_Free_Dish" title="DD Free Dish">DD Free Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDishTV" title="DDishTV">DDishTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_TV" title="Dialog TV">Dialog TV</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Dish TV (Sri Lanka)">Dish TV (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHome" title="DishHome">DishHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DStv" title="DStv">DStv</a> (Sub-Saharan Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Sat" title="G Sat">G Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B#International_versions" title="Groupe Canal+">K+ (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeIN_Channels_Network" title="BeIN Channels Network">beIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KT_SkyLife" title="KT SkyLife">KT SkyLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">ME Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaNet" title="MediaNet">MediaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">MBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNC_Vision" title="MNC Vision">MNC Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">NJOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSN" title="OSN">OSN</a> (Middle East and North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Broadcasting_Services_Fiji" title="Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji">Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVU" class="mw-redirect" title="RealVU">RealVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">SatLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Pacific" title="Sky Pacific">Sky Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!" title="SKY PerfecTV!">SKY PerfecTV!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_(New_Zealand)" title="Sky (New Zealand)">Sky (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Net" title="Sky Net">Sky Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Vision" title="Sky Vision">Sky Vision</a> (Ivory Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarSat" title="StarSat">StarSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Direct" title="Sun Direct">Sun Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Play" title="Tata Play">Tata Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelOne_Zimbabwe" title="TelOne Zimbabwe">TelOne Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvision_(Indonesia)" title="Transvision (Indonesia)">Transvision</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowow" title="Wowow">Wowow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_(company)" title="Yes (company)">Yes</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP_(satellite_television)" title="ZAP (satellite television)">ZAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_TV" title="B TV">B TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li>Cellcom TV (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(company)" title="Du (company)">DU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetch_TV" title="Fetch TV">Fetch TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genie_TV" title="Genie TV">Genie TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Uplus" title="LG Uplus">LG Uplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Telecom#My.T" title="Mauritius Telecom">My.T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_TV_(Hong_Kong)" title="Now TV (Hong Kong)">Now TV</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omantel" title="Omantel">Omantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">La TV d'Orange</a> (Réunion, Mayotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">Saudi Telecom Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtel_TV" title="Singtel TV">Singtel TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skytel_(Mongolia)" title="Skytel (Mongolia)">SKY Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_On_Demand" title="Sky On Demand">Sky On Demand</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarHub_TV" title="StarHub TV">StarHub TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Telecom">Uganda Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converge_Vision" title="Converge Vision">Vision (Philippines)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_TV_Plus" title="ABS-CBN TV Plus">ABS-CBN TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Baron" title="Ernie Baron">Baron Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(Australia)" title="Freeview (Australia)">Freeview (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(New_Zealand)" title="Freeview (New Zealand)">Freeview (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMA_Affordabox" title="GMA Affordabox">GMA Affordabox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">MYTV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulit_TV" title="Sulit TV">Sulit TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct /<br />inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNXcess" title="ABNXcess">ABNXcess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aora" title="Aora">Aora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraSat" title="AstraSat">AstraSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austar" title="Austar">Austar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cable_Television" title="Hong Kong Cable Television">Cable TV (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTH_(company)" title="CTH (company)">CTH</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_Cable" title="Destiny Cable">Destiny Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHD" title="DishHD">DishHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Satellite_TV" title="Dream Satellite TV">Dream Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV_(Philippines)" title="Easy TV (Philippines)">Easy TV (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(Australian_television)" title="Galaxy (Australian television)">Galaxy (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Cable" title="Global Cable">Global Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKBN_bbTV" title="HKBN bbTV">HKBN bbTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiTV" title="HiTV">HiTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Cable" title="Home Cable">Home Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo_(TV)" title="Igloo (TV)">Igloo (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_TV_(India)" title="Independent TV (India)">Independent TV (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalak_TV" title="Kamalak TV">Kamalak TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristal-Astro" title="Kristal-Astro">Kristal-Astro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwes%C3%A9_Sports" title="Kwesé Sports">Kwesé TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_TV_(Malaysia)" title="Mega TV (Malaysia)">Mega TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivision_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Multivision (Sri Lanka)">Multivision (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeTV" title="OrangeTV">OrangeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Communications_Company" title="Orbit Communications Company">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SelecTV_(Australian_television)" title="SelecTV (Australian television)">SelecTV (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_Arabia" title="Showtime Arabia">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Direct" title="Sky Direct">Sky Direct</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sky_TV" title="Thai Sky TV">Thai Sky TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB_Network_Vision" title="TVB Network Vision">TVB Network Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Television" title="U Television">U Television</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone New Zealand">Vodafone TV (New Zealand)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Central_and_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CATV Central and South America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Canada" title="Template talk:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogeco" title="Cogeco">Cogeco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastlink_(company)" title="Eastlink (company)">Eastlink</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Cable" title="Rogers Cable">Rogers Cable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otron" title="Vidéotron">Vidéotron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Communications" title="Access Communications">Access</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision_(Canada)" title="Cablevision (Canada)">Cablevision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or" title="Val-d'Or">Val-d'Or, QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityWest" title="CityWest">CityWest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert, BC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_Entertainment" title="Novus Entertainment">Novus Cable</a> (select areas of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Cable" title="Source Cable">Source</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, ON</a>)</li> <li>Westman (<a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon, MB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <b>See also :</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_cable_and_DBS_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada">Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibe_(Bell_Aliant)" title="Fibe (Bell Aliant)">Fibe (Aliant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Fibe_TV" title="Bell Fibe TV">Fibe TV (ON/QC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS TV (MB)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel MaxTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TekSavvy" title="TekSavvy">TekSavvy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus TV">Telus Optik TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbaytel" title="Tbaytel">Tbaytel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Canadian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Canadian TV provider)">TotalTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMedia" title="VMedia">VMedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wireless" title="Craig Wireless">Craig Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> <p><small><sup>1</sup>More than 400,000 television service subscribers.</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Europe" title="Template talk:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiway" title="Caiway">Caiway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(company)" title="Delta (company)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Oyj" title="DNA Oyj">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elta-Kabel" title="Elta-Kabel">Elta-Kabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER-Telecom" title="ER-Telecom">ER-Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskaltel" title="Euskaltel">Euskaltel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPKO" title="IPKO">IPKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabelnoord" title="Kabelnoord">Kabelnoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhtelecom" title="Kazakhtelecom">Kazakhtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujtesa" title="Kujtesa">Kujtesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26H_Company" title="M&H Company">M&H Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_Telekom" title="Magenta Telekom">Magenta Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Magyar Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(telecommunications_company)" title="Melita (telecommunications company)">Melita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss.Net" title="Miss.Net">Miss.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Telecom_TV" title="Monaco Telecom TV">Monaco Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxoo" title="Naxoo">Naxoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCologne" title="NetCologne">NetCologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowo" title="Nowo">Nowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Belgium" title="Orange Belgium">Orange Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Luxembourg">Orange Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(telecommunications)" title="Play (telecommunications)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Telecom" title="Post Telecom">Post Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacom" title="Primacom">Primacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(cable_operator)" title="R (cable operator)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Broadband" title="Serbia Broadband">SBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_AS" title="STV AS">STV AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisscom" title="Swisscom">Swisscom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(telecom)" title="Tango (telecom)">Tango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecable" title="Telecable">Telecable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele_Columbus" title="Tele Columbus">Tele Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekabel" title="Telekabel">Telekabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemach_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Telemach (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Telemach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenet_(provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (provider)">Telenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_(company)" title="Tet (company)">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toya_(company)" title="Toya (company)">Toya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Türksat Kablo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Switzerland" title="UPC Switzerland">UPC Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Ireland" title="Virgin Media Ireland">Virgin Media Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Czech_Republic" title="Vodafone Czech Republic">Vodafone Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Deutschland" title="Vodafone Deutschland">Vodafone Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vodafone España">Vodafone España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Hungary" title="Vodafone Hungary">Vodafone Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Romania" title="Vodafone Romania">Vodafone Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VodafoneZiggo" title="VodafoneZiggo">VodafoneZiggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOO" title="VOO">VOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WightFibre" title="WightFibre">WightFibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouSee" title="YouSee">YouSee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis Télévisions (page does not exist)">Bis Télévisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+ Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmote_TV" title="Cosmote TV">Cosmote TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Smart" title="D-Smart">D-Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitAlb" title="DigitAlb">DigitAlb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiturk" title="Digiturk">Digiturk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fransat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fransat (page does not exist)">Fransat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD%2B" title="HD+">HD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXtv" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXtv">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Telekom" title="Slovak Telekom">Magio TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Slovensko" title="Orange Slovensko">Orange Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polsat_Box" title="Polsat Box">Polsat Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorsat" title="Saorsat">Saorsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Ireland" title="Sky Ireland">Sky Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Sky Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Telekom Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv%C3%B9sat" title="Tivùsat">tivùsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Serbian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Serbian TV provider)">Total TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolor_TV" title="Tricolor TV">Tricolor TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_Ukraine" title="Viasat Ukraine">Viasat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria" title="A1 Telekom Austria">A1 Telekom Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altibox" title="Altibox">Altibox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIS_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIS (ISP)">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_Telecom" title="Andorra Telecom">Andorra Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeline_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeline (telecommunications)">Beeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom" title="Bouygues Telecom">Bouygues Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytavision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytavision">Cytavision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">eir Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_(ISP)" title="Free (ISP)">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HT_Eronet" title="HT Eronet">HT Eronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INES_(TV_service)" title="INES (TV service)">iNES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Magenta TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Telekom" title="Hrvatski Telekom">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moja_TV" title="Moja TV">Moja TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldtelecom" title="Moldtelecom">Moldtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odido" title="Odido">Odido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Orange España">Orange España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeTel" title="PrimeTel">PrimeTel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximus_TV" title="Proximus TV">Proximus TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(company)" title="Scarlet (company)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADminn" title="Síminn">Síminn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Telecom" title="Smart Telecom">Smart Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise TV">Sunrise TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_TV_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Super TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Super TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="T-2 (ISP)">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Digital-tv" title="Telia Digital-tv">Telia Digital-tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_LT" title="Teo LT">Teo LT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMvision" title="TIMvision">TIMvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivibu">Tivibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkcell" title="Turkcell">Turkcell TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Greece" title="Vodafone Greece">Vodafone Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Ireland" title="Vodafone Ireland">Vodafone Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Italy" title="Vodafone Italy">Vodafone Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKTC_Telsim" title="KKTC Telsim">Vodafone North Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Portugal" title="Vodafone Portugal">Vodafone Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Turkey" title="Vodafone Turkey">Vodafone Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XS4ALL" title="XS4ALL">XS4ALL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_TV_Access" title="Boxer TV Access">BoxerTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digea" title="Digea">Digea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitenne" title="Digitenne">Digitenne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NL)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVOtv" class="mw-redirect" title="EVOtv">EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(HR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(UK)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">GO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(MT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlusTV" class="mw-redirect" title="PlusTV">PlusTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FI)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Portugal" title="Digital terrestrial television in Portugal">PTDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiksTV" title="RiksTV">RiksTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NO)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorview" title="Saorview">Saorview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(IE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Spain" title="Television in Spain">TDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ES)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">TNT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/@Home_Network#@Home_Benelux" title="@Home Network">@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta" title="Akta">Akta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Home_TV" title="Alice Home TV">Alice Home TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Digital" title="Alpha Digital">Alpha Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athina_Sat" title="Athina Sat">Athina Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizoo" title="Blizoo">blizoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Extrasatelit" title="Boom Extrasatelit">Boom Extrasatelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragatel" title="Bragatel">Bragatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Spanish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Spanish TV provider)">Canal+ Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digital" title="Canal Digital">Canal Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casema" title="Casema">Casema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenterTelecom" title="CenterTelecom">CenterTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com_Hem" title="Com Hem">Com Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_(pay_television)" title="CTV (pay television)">CTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV" title="Easy TV">Easy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_AS" title="Get AS">Get</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostrada_TV" title="Infostrada TV">Infostrada TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitel" title="Invitel">Invitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyne" title="Joyne">Joyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-TV" title="Kosmos-TV">Kosmos-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabel_BW" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabel BW">Kabel BW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madritel" title="Madritel">Madritel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Premium" title="Mediaset Premium">Mediaset Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(Poland)" title="N (Poland)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel" title="Neuf Cegetel">Neuf Cegetel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Telecom" title="North-West Telecom">North-West Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numericable" title="Numericable">Numericable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONO_(Spain)" title="ONO (Spain)">ONO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Telecoms" title="On Telecoms">On Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiero_Television" title="Quiero Television">Quiero Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radijus_Vektor" title="Radijus Vektor">Radijus Vektor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Telecom" title="Southern Telecom">Southern Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_TV" title="Stream TV">Stream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Starman" title="AS Starman">Starman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDC_Holding_A/S" title="TDC Holding A/S">TDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele2Vision" title="Tele2Vision">Tele2Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telfort" title="Telfort">Telfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVTEL" title="TVTEL">TVTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_di_FASTWEB" class="mw-redirect" title="TV di FASTWEB">TV di FASTWEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitymedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitymedia">Unitymedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_France" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC France">UPC France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC Hungary">UPC Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Poland" title="UPC Poland">UPC Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Romania" title="UPC Romania">UPC Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralsvyazinform" title="Uralsvyazinform">Uralsvyazinform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)" title="Viasat (Nordic television service)">Viasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VolgaTelecom" title="VolgaTelecom">VolgaTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Vision" title="Wind Vision">Wind Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template talk:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Ibero/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a>/<a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regional" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Canal+ Caraïbes">Canal+ Caraïbes</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTV" title="CANTV">CANTV</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_M%C3%A9xico" title="Dish México">Dish</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entel_(Chile)" title="Entel (Chile)">Entel</a> (Chile)</li> <li>Green Dot (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_(Venezuelan_broadcaster)" title="Inter (Venezuelan broadcaster)">Inter Satélital</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nossa_TV" title="Nossa TV">Nossa TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">SKY Brasil</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_M%C3%A9xico" title="Sky México">Sky México</a> (Mexico & Central America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a> (Brazil & Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Columbus/FLOW</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_Telecom" title="Izzi Telecom">Izzi Telecom</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacable" title="Megacable">Megacable</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina & Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Personal" title="Telecom Personal">Personal Flow</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalplay" title="Totalplay">Totalplay</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>TV-Cable (Ecuador)</li> <li>Une (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTR_(telecom_company)" title="VTR (telecom company)">VTR</a> (Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bmobile" title="Bmobile">bmobile</a> (Trinidad and Tobago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro tv+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel (Caribbean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Flow</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina and Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">Sky+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>Zapping (Brazil and Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GVT_TV" title="GVT TV">GVT TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>Sky Argentina</li> <li>Sky Chile</li> <li>Sky Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NET_(telecommunications)" title="NET (telecommunications)">NET</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Fiber/IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay_TV_providers_in_MAAO_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay TV providers in MAAO region">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_USA" title="Template talk:CATV USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_(multi-channel_video_programming_distributors)_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (<a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States" title="Multichannel television in the United States">multi-channel video programming distributors</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_(TV/Internet)" title="Optimum (TV/Internet)">Optimum (TV/Internet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suddenlink_Communications" title="Suddenlink Communications">Suddenlink Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Communications" title="Grande Communications">Grande Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCN_Corporation" title="RCN Corporation">RCN Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Broadband" title="Wave Broadband">Wave Broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Alascom" title="AT&T Alascom">AT&T Alascom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Comcast Xfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberty Puerto Rico">Liberty Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li>Troy Cablevision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorystar" title="Glorystar">Glorystar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell Fioptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_FiberOptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier FiberOptic">Frontier FiberOptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prism_TV" title="Prism TV">Prism TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Datastream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_State_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="North State Communications">North State Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_(ISP)" title="Sonic (ISP)">Sonic.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Telecom" title="Whidbey Telecom">Whidbey Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream Kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States#Virtual_MVPD,_TV_Everywhere,_and_over-the-top_media_services" title="Multichannel television in the United States">Virtual<br />MVPD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frndly_TV" title="Frndly TV">Frndly TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu#Hulu_+_Live_TV_service" title="Hulu">Hulu + Live TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_TV_Stream" title="Spectrum TV Stream">Spectrum TV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity_Flex" title="Xfinity Flex">Xfinity Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-<br />the-top<br />VOD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Crime_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Crime Central">Crime Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime Movie Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenPix" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenPix">ScreenPix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_TV" title="Acorn TV">Acorn TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFC_Films" title="IFC Films">IFC Films Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudder_(streaming_service)" title="Shudder (streaming service)">Shudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_TV" title="Sundance TV">Sundance Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allblk" title="Allblk">Allblk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WE TV">WE TV+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Studios" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV#Brown_Sugar" title="Bounce TV">Brown Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BroadwayHD" title="BroadwayHD">BroadwayHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineverse" title="Cineverse">Cineverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONtv" title="CONtv">CONtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docurama" title="Docurama">Docurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dove_Channel_(streaming_service)" title="Dove Channel (streaming service)">Dove Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandor" title="Fandor">Fandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screambox" class="mw-redirect" title="Screambox">Screambox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CW_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="CW Seed">CW Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekkoo" title="Dekkoo">Dekkoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOGTV" title="DOGTV">DOGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropout_(media_company)" title="Dropout (media company)">Dropout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Now" title="Eros Now">Eros Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmRise" title="FilmRise">FilmRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark%2B" title="Hallmark+">Hallmark+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_TV" title="Here TV">Here TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_Lorber" title="Kino Lorber">Kino Lorber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHz_Networks#MHz_Choice" title="MHz Networks">MHz Choice</a></li> <li>Kino Film Collection</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocowa" title="Kocowa">Kocowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)" title="Mubi (streaming service)">MUBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL%2B" title="NFL+">NFL+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_Television_Network" title="Racetrack Television Network">Racetrack Television Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revry" title="Revry">Revry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_TV_Plus" title="Samsung TV Plus">Samsung TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantaya" title="Pantaya">Pantaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)#Digital_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision NOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivo">Tivo Stream 4k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Look_Media" title="First Look Media">Topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_(streaming_service)" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)" title="Boomerang (TV network)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemax" title="Cinemax">Cinemax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus" title="WOW Presents Plus">WOW Presents Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YuppTV" title="YuppTV">YuppTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Municipal_Power" title="Alameda Municipal Power">Alameda Power and Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne/Continental Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele-Communications_Inc." title="Tele-Communications Inc.">Tele-Communications Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Broadband">Baja Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Cable" title="US Cable">US Cable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresnan_Communications" title="Bresnan Communications">Bresnan Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Broadband" title="Champion Broadband">Champion Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobridge_Communications" title="Cobridge Communications">Cobridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Home_Entertainment" title="Community Home Entertainment">Community Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairPoint_Communications" title="FairPoint Communications">FairPoint Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceba_Total_Communications" title="Graceba Total Communications">Graceba Total Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight Communications">Insight Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Intercable" title="Jones Intercable">Jones Intercable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Videocable" title="King Videocable">King Videocable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knology" class="mw-redirect" title="Knology">Knology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cable" title="Marcus Cable">Marcus Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company#Cable_operations" title="News-Press & Gazette Company">NPG Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragon_Cable" title="Paragon Cable">Paragon Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Communications" title="Rapid Communications">Rapid Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelePrompTer_Corporation" title="TelePrompTer Corporation">TelePrompTer/Group W Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA-Columbia_Cablevision" title="UA-Columbia Cablevision">UA-Columbia Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer_Communications" title="Windjammer Communications">Windjammer Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStar_(satellite_broadcasting_service)" title="AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service)">AlphaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orby_TV" title="Orby TV">Orby TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="United States Satellite Broadcasting">United States Satellite Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voom_HD_Networks" title="Voom HD Networks">Voom HD Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_U-verse" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T U-verse">AT&T U-verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">CenturyLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Angel" title="Sky Angel">Sky Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Digital_Cable" title="Virtual Digital Cable">Virtual Digital Cable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USDTV" title="USDTV">USDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieBeam" title="MovieBeam">MovieBeam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual MVPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDHomeRun#HDHomeRum_Premium_TV" title="HDHomeRun">HD HomeRun Premium TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalBTV" title="LocalBTV">LocalBTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locast" title="Locast">Locast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US#TVision" title="T-Mobile US">TVision Live TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidgo" title="Vidgo">Vidgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Over-the-top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DramaFever" title="DramaFever">DramaFever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)#FX+" title="FX (TV channel)">FX+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic#Trademark_reuse_for_Apple_TV_service_(2019-)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">NickHits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnagFilms" title="SnagFilms">SnagFilms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_TV" title="Template talk:North American TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Additional_resources_on_North_American_television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Additional resources on North American television</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_stations_in_North_America" title="Template:Television stations in North America">List of local television stations in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_DTV" title="Template:North American DTV">DTV transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV">North American TV 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