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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== 1939–1945 == {{Unreferenced|section|date=February 2023}} Many small currents to the left of the mass communist parties collapsed at the beginning of [[World War II]] and the left communists were initially silent too. Despite having foreseen the war more clearly than some other factions, when it began they were overwhelmed. Many were persecuted by either German Nazism or Italian fascism. Leading militants of the communist left such as Mitchell, who was Jewish, were to die in the [[Buchenwald]] concentration camp. Meanwhile, the final [[council communist]] groups in Germany had disappeared in the maelstrom and the International Communist Group (GIK) in the Netherlands was moribund. The former [[Centrist Marxism|centrist]] group led by [[Henk Sneevliet]] (the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party, RSAP]]) transformed itself into the [[Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front]]. In April 1942, its leadership was arrested by the [[Gestapo]] and killed. The remaining activists then split into two camps as some turned to Trotskyism forming the Committee of Revolutionary Marxists (CRM) while the majority formed the CommunistenBond-Spartacus. The latter group turned to [[council communism]] and was joined by most members of the GIK. In 1941, the Italian fraction was reorganised in France and along with the new French Nucleus of the Communist Left came into conflict with the ideas which the fraction had propagated from 1936, namely of the social disappearance of the [[proletariat]] and localised wars and so on. These ideas continued to be defended by Vercesi in Brussels. Gradually, the left fractions adopted positions drawn from German left communism. They abandoned the conception that the Russian state remained in some way proletarian and also dropped Vercesi's conception of localised wars in favour of ideas on [[imperialism]] inspired by [[Rosa Luxemburg]]. Vercesi's participation in a [[Red Cross]] committee was also fiercely contested. The strike at FIAT in October 1942 had a huge impact on the Italian fraction, which was deepened by the fall of Mussolini's regime in July 1943. The Italian fraction now saw a pre-revolutionary situation opening in Italy and prepared to participate in the coming revolution. In 1943 the [[Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)|Internationalist Communist Party]] was founded by [[Onorato Damen]] and [[Luciano Stefanini]], amongst others. By 1945 the party had 5,000 members all over Italy with some supporters in France, Belgium and the US.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2009-07-01/the-italian-communist-left-a-brief-internationalist-history |title=The Italian Communist Left - A Brief Internationalist History |magazine=Revolutionary Perspectives |publisher=[[Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)|Communist Workers' Organisation]] |date=2009 }}</ref> It published a ''Manifesto of the Communist Left to the European Proletariat'', which called upon workers to put class war before national war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2016-03-01/the-1944-manifesto-of-the-internationalist-communist-left |title=The 1944 Manifesto of the Internationalist Communist Left |magazine=Revolutionary Perspectives |publisher=[[Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)|Communist Workers' Organisation]] |date=2016 }}</ref> In France, revived by Marco in Marseilles, the Italian fraction now worked closely with the new French fraction, which was formally founded in Paris in December 1944. However, in May 1945 the Italian fraction, many of whose members had already returned to Italy, voted to dissolve itself so that its militants could integrate themselves as individuals into the [[Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)|Internationalist Communist Party]]. The conference at which this decision was made also refused to recognise the French fraction and expelled Marco from their group. This led to a split in the French fraction and the formation of the {{visible anchor|GCF|text=Gauche Communiste de France}} (GCF) by the French fraction led by Marco. The history of the GCF belongs to the post-war period. Meanwhile, the former members of the French fraction who sympathised with Vercesi and the Internationalist Communist Party formed a new French fraction which published the journal {{lang|fr|L'Etincelle}} and was joined at the end of 1945 by the old minority of the fraction who had joined {{lang|fr|L'Union Communiste}} in the 1930s. One other development during the war years merits mention at this point. A small grouping of German and Austrian militants came close to left communist positions in these years. Best known as the Revolutionary Communist Organisation, these young militants were exiles from [[Nazism]] living in France at the start of World War II and were members of the Trotskyist movement but they had opposed the formation of the [[Fourth International]] in 1938 on the grounds that it was premature. They were refused full delegates' credentials and only admitted to the founding conference of the Youth International on the following day. They then joined [[Hugo Oehler]]'s International Contact Commission for the Fourth (Communist) International and in 1939 were publishing {{lang|de|Der Marxist}} in [[Antwerp]]. With the beginning of the war, they took the name Revolutionary Communists of Germany (RKD) and came to define Russia as state capitalist in agreement with Ante Ciliga's book ''The Russian Enigma''. At this point, they adopted a revolutionary defeatist position on the war and condemned Trotskyism for its critical defence of Russia (which was seen by Trotskyists as a [[degenerated workers' state]]). After the fall of France, they renewed contact with militants in the Trotskyist milieu in Southern France and recruited some of them into the {{lang|fr|Communistes Revolutionnaires}} (CR) in 1942. This group became known as {{lang|fr|Fraternisation Proletarienne}} in 1943 and then {{lang|fr|L'Organisation Communiste Revolutionnaire}} in 1944. The CR and RKD were autonomous and clandestine, but worked closely together with shared politics. As the war ran its course, they evolved in a councilist direction while also identifying more and more with Luxemburg's work. They also worked with the French Fraction of the Communist Left and seem to have disintegrated at the end of the war. This disintegration was sped no doubt by the capture of leading militant Karl Fischer, who was sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp where he was to participate in writing the ''Declaration of the Internationalist Communists of Buchenwald'' when the camp was liberated. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=5&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gjvwm","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.056","walltime":"0.077","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 54.645 1 -total"," 99.86% 54.570 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.75% 22.270 2 Template:Replace"," 39.72% 21.705 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.85% 19.589 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.47% 8.455 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.50% 7.923 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.59% 1.414 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.10% 1.145 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.84% 1.008 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043298,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gjvwm","timestamp":"20241124133644","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>