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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval era and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scottish Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_from_the_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_from_the_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline from the 17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_from_the_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Clearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Clearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Impact of the Clearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Clearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-scale_Catholic_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-scale_Catholic_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Large-scale Catholic immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large-scale_Catholic_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Sectarian tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_change_and_communal_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_change_and_communal_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Social change and communal divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_change_and_communal_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_letters_in_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_letters_in_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Catholic letters in Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_letters_in_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Catholic_Martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Catholic_Martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Scottish Catholic Martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Catholic_Martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pilgrimage shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Periodicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche_in_Schottland" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche in Schottland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche in Schottland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_en_%C3%89cosse" title="Église catholique en Écosse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église catholique en Écosse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="스코틀랜드의 로마 가톨릭교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드의 로마 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_di_Skotlandia" title="Gereja Katolik di Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katolik di Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_di_Scotland" title="Gereja Katolik di Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Katolik di Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="スコットランドのカトリック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランドのカトリック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kirke_i_Skottland" title="Den katolske kirke i Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den katolske kirke i Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_katolicki_w_Szkocji" title="Kościół katolicki w Szkocji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół katolicki w Szkocji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica_na_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Igreja Católica na Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Católica na Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Католицизм в Шотландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католицизм в Шотландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolinen_kirkko_Skotlannissa" title="Katolinen kirkko Skotlannissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katolinen kirkko Skotlannissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1051653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Andrew's Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg/25px-Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg/38px-Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg/50px-Saint_Andrew%27s_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><br />Catholic Church in Scotland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg/220px-Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg/330px-Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg/440px-Martirio_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_por_Juan_Correa_de_Vivar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Correa_de_Vivar" title="Juan Correa de Vivar">Juan Correa de Vivar</a> (1540–1545)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bible</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland" title="Bishops' Conference of Scotland">BCOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Pope</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland" title="Bishops' Conference of Scotland">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gilbert" title="Hugh Gilbert">Hugh Gilbert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Great_Britain" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain">Apostolic Nuncio</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maury_Buend%C3%ADa" title="Miguel Maury Buendía">Miguel Maury Buendía</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ninian">Saint Ninian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Mungo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Columba">Saint Columba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 200s: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity in Roman Britain</a><br />c. 400s: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Medieval Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">841,053 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcos.org.uk/">bcos.org.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:Catholic Church by country">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_(no_legend).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Distribution of Catholics around the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/250px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/375px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/500px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa" title="Catholic Church in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Angola" title="Catholic Church in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Benin" title="Catholic Church in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Catholic Church in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burundi" title="Catholic Church in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cameroon" title="Catholic Church in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cape_Verde" title="Catholic Church in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chad" title="Catholic Church in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Comoros" title="Catholic Church in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Djibouti" title="Catholic Church in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Egypt" title="Catholic Church in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eswatini" title="Catholic Church in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ethiopia" title="Catholic Church in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Gabon" title="Catholic Church in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Gambia" title="Catholic Church in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ghana" title="Catholic Church in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Catholic Church in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Catholic Church in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kenya" title="Catholic Church in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lesotho" title="Catholic Church in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liberia" title="Catholic Church in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Libya" title="Catholic Church in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Madagascar" title="Catholic Church in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malawi" title="Catholic Church in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mali" title="Catholic Church in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritius" title="Catholic Church in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Morocco" title="Catholic Church in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mozambique" title="Catholic Church in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Namibia" title="Catholic Church in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Niger" title="Catholic Church in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria" title="Catholic Church in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Rwanda" title="Catholic Church in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Catholic Church in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Senegal" title="Catholic Church in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Seychelles" title="Catholic Church in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Catholic Church in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia" title="Catholic Church in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somaliland" title="Catholic Church in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Catholic Church in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tanzania" title="Catholic Church in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Togo" title="Catholic Church in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tunisia" title="Catholic Church in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uganda" title="Catholic Church in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zambia" title="Catholic Church in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zimbabwe" title="Catholic Church in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Afghanistan" title="Catholic Church in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bangladesh" title="Catholic Church in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bhutan" title="Catholic Church in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brunei" title="Catholic Church in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cambodia" title="Catholic Church in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hong_Kong" title="Catholic Church in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kazakhstan" title="Catholic Church in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Korea" title="Catholic Church in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Catholic Church in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Laos" title="Catholic Church in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Macau" title="Catholic Church in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Catholic Church in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Maldives" title="Catholic Church in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mongolia" title="Catholic Church in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Myanmar" title="Catholic Church in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nepal" title="Catholic Church in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Pakistan" title="Catholic Church in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Singapore" title="Catholic Church in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Catholic Church in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tajikistan" title="Catholic Church in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Thailand" title="Catholic Church in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkmenistan" title="Catholic Church in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Catholic Church in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Catholic Church in the Middle East">Middle East</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Armenia" title="Catholic Church in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Azerbaijan" title="Catholic Church in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bahrain" title="Catholic Church in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cyprus" title="Catholic Church in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Abkhazia" title="Catholic Church in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iran" title="Catholic Church in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iraq" title="Catholic Church in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jordan" title="Catholic Church in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kuwait" title="Catholic Church in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lebanon" title="Catholic Church in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Palestine" title="Catholic Church in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Oman" title="Catholic Church in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Qatar" title="Catholic Church in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey" title="Catholic Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Catholic Church in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Yemen" title="Catholic Church in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Catholic Church in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Andorra" title="Catholic Church in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Austria" title="Catholic Church in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Denmark" title="Catholic Church in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Estonia" title="Catholic Church in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Finland" title="Catholic Church in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kosovo" title="Catholic Church in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latvia" title="Catholic Church in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liechtenstein" title="Catholic Church in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lithuania" title="Catholic Church in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Moldova" title="Catholic Church in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Monaco" title="Catholic Church in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Montenegro" title="Catholic Church in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Macedonia" title="Catholic Church in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Norway" title="Catholic Church in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_San_Marino" title="Catholic Church in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Serbia" title="Catholic Church in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Slovakia" title="Catholic Church in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Slovenia" title="Catholic Church in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sweden" title="Catholic Church in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ukraine" title="Catholic Church in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_America" title="Catholic Church in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Catholic Church in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Bahamas" title="Catholic Church in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Barbados" title="Catholic Church in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belize" title="Catholic Church in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Costa_Rica" title="Catholic Church in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cuba" title="Catholic Church in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Dominica" title="Catholic Church in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_El_Salvador" title="Catholic Church in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Grenada" title="Catholic Church in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guatemala" title="Catholic Church in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Haiti" title="Catholic Church in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Honduras" title="Catholic Church in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jamaica" title="Catholic Church in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nicaragua" title="Catholic Church in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama" title="Catholic Church in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Catholic Church in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Catholic Church in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Catholic Church in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Fiji" title="Catholic Church in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kiribati" title="Catholic Church in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nauru" title="Catholic Church in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Palau" title="Catholic Church in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Samoa" title="Catholic Church in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Catholic Church in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tonga" title="Catholic Church in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vanuatu" title="Catholic Church in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latin_America" title="Catholic Church in Latin America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Argentina" title="Catholic Church in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bolivia" title="Catholic Church in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chile" title="Catholic Church in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Colombia" title="Catholic Church in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ecuador" title="Catholic Church in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guyana" title="Catholic Church in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Paraguay" title="Catholic Church in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Peru" title="Catholic Church in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Suriname" title="Catholic Church in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uruguay" title="Catholic Church in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Venezuela" title="Catholic Church in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Template:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Template talk:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/300px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/400px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_seventeenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the seventeenth century">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the eighteenth century">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_nineteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_universi" title="Cum universi">Cum universi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland#Religious_settlement" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Controversy" title="Marrow Controversy">Marrow Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Patronage_(Scotland)_Act_1711" title="Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711">Patronage Act 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">First Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Second Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Great Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Scotland_Movement" title="Tell Scotland Movement">Tell Scotland Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_revival_in_Scotland" title="Evangelical revival in Scotland">Evangelical revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Scotland" title="Freedom of religion in Scotland">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_missions" title="Scottish Protestant missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland" title="Church music in Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_popular_religion_in_Scotland" title="History of popular religion in Scotland">Popular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Scotland" title="List of saints of Scotland">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">Sectarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Extant <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Associated Presbyterian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didasko" title="Didasko">Didasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent <br />Evangelical Churches</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church#Scotland" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">Old and New Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Burgher" title="Anti-Burgher">Anti-Burgher movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Presbytery" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Presbytery">Associate Presbytery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(Berean)" title="John Barclay (Berean)">Bereans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanites" title="Buchanites">Buchanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameronian" title="Cameronian">Cameronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagers" title="Engagers">Engagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Party" title="Kirk Party">Kirk Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Union_(Scotland)" title="Evangelical Union (Scotland)">Evangelical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">Glasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Secession_Church" title="Original Secession Church">Original Secession Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Relief Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Secession_Church" title="United Secession Church">United Secession Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Christian ecumenism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Community" title="Iona Community">Iona Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bible_Society" title="Scottish Bible Society">Scottish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Churches_Parliamentary_Office" title="Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office">Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Non-Christian faiths</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Jewish_Communities" title="Scottish Council of Jewish Communities">council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Pagan_Federation" title="Scottish Pagan Federation">Paganism (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg/200px-St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg/300px-St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg/400px-St_Mary%27s_Metropolitan_Cathedral_Edinburgh_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Catholic Church in Scotland</b> overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bishops%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Bishops' Conference">Scottish Bishops' Conference</a>, is part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> headed by the Pope. Christianity first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and was strengthened by the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> through both the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>. After being firmly established in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> for nearly a millennium and contributing enormously to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a> and culture, the Catholic Church was outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Scottish Reformation Parliament</a> in 1560. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> uprisings in the interim failed to reestablish Catholicism or to legalise it's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even today, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560" title="Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560">Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560</a>, while no longer enforced, still remains on the books. </p><p>Throughout the nearly three centuries of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a> between 1560 and 1829,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many students for the priesthood, went abroad to study, others remained in Scotland and, in what is now termed <a href="/wiki/Underground_education" title="Underground education">underground education</a>, attended illegal seminaries. An early seminary upon Eilean Bàn in <a href="/wiki/Loch_Morar" title="Loch Morar">Loch Morar</a> was moved during the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a> and reopened as <a href="/wiki/Scalan_seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalan seminary">Scalan seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glenlivet" title="Glenlivet">Glenlivet</a>. After multiple <a href="/wiki/Church_arson" title="Church arson">arson</a> attacks by government troops, Scalan was rebuilt in the 1760s by Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Geddes_(bishop)" title="John Geddes (bishop)">John Geddes</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District</a>, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, and a well-known figure in the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>. </p><p>The successful campaign that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> in 1829 helped Catholics regain both freedom of religion and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. In 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Scottish_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy">Catholic hierarchy was formally restored</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Church was slowly rebuilding its presence in the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus_MacDonald_(bishop)" title="Angus MacDonald (bishop)">the bishop</a> and priests of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles">Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles</a>, inspired by the Irish <a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a>, became the ringleaders of a <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> resistance campaign by their parishioners to the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rackrenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackrenting">rackrenting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, and other acts widely seen as abuses of power by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Scottish">Anglo-Scottish</a> landlords and their estate <a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">factors</a>. </p><p>Many Scottish Roman Catholics in the heavily populated Lowlands are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Scottish_people" title="Irish Scottish people">Irish immigrants</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>-speaking migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> who both moved into Scotland's cities and industrial towns during the 19th century, especially during the Highland Clearances, the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">similar famine in Ireland</a>. However, there are also significant numbers of Scottish Catholics of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Scots" title="Italian Scots">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lithuanians in the United Kingdom">Lithuanian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ukrainians in the United Kingdom">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Polish</a> descent, with more recent immigrants again boosting the numbers. Owing to immigration (overwhelmingly white <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a>), it is estimated that, in 2009, there were about 850,000 Catholics in the country of 5.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> has been both Catholic and Protestant in modern times. A number of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>-speaking areas, including <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benbecula" title="Benbecula">Benbecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eriskay" title="Eriskay">Eriskay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moidart" title="Moidart">Moidart</a>, are mainly Catholic. For this reason, Catholicism has had a very heavy influence upon Post-Reformation <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a> and the recent <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Scottish Gaelic Renaissance</a>; particularly through <a href="/wiki/Iain_Lom" title="Iain Lom">Iain Lom</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ACleas_na_Ceapaich" title="Sìleas na Ceapaich">Sìleas na Ceapaich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" class="mw-redirect" title="Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacDonald_(poet)" title="Allan MacDonald (poet)">Allan MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ailean_a%27_Ridse_MacDh%C3%B2mhnaill" title="Ailean a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill">Ailean a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell" title="John Lorne Campbell">John Lorne Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fay_Shaw" title="Margaret Fay Shaw">Margaret Fay Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Iain_Dhonnchaidh" title="Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh">Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angus_Peter_Campbell" title="Angus Peter Campbell">Angus Peter Campbell</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, 16% of the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Scotland">population of Scotland</a> described themselves as being Catholic, compared with 32% affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1994 and 2002, Catholic attendance in Scotland declined 19% to just over 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2008, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland estimated that 184,283 attended Mass regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2025, it was announced that Mass attendance, while not yet back to pre-<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">COVID-19 pandemic</a> numbers, had risen dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">History of Christianity in Scotland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/170px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/255px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/340px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>An illuminated page from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>, which may have been produced at <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>, around 800</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity may have been introduced to what is now Scotland by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Legions">Roman Legions</a> stationed in the far north of the province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the 383 withdrawal of the Roman garrisons by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>, it is well documented in sources about <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Saint Mungo</a>, St <a href="/wiki/Ninian" title="Ninian">Ninian</a>, and in locally composed works of early <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a>, like <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin" title="Book of Aneirin">Book of Aneirin</a></i>, that Christianity survived among the Proto-Welsh-speaking kingdoms in Scotland, which are still referred to in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Modern Welsh</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> (lit. "the Old North"). Like it's faithful, however, Christianity was slowly driven westward with <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, Anglo-Saxons, and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of modern Scotland, who were traditionally tribal peoples, were mainly evangelized and converted between the fifth and seventh centuries by Irish missionaries such as Sts <a href="/wiki/St_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="St Columba">Columba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baith%C3%A9ne_mac_Br%C3%A9naind" title="Baithéne mac Brénaind">Baithéne</a>, the founders and first two abbots of <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donn%C3%A1n_of_Eigg" title="Donnán of Eigg">St Donnán</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eigg" title="Eigg">Eigg</a>, and St <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Ruba" title="Máel Ruba">Máel Ruba</a>, a monk from <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Abbey" title="Bangor Abbey">Bangor Abbey</a> who became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Applecross" title="Applecross">Applecross</a> Abbey in <a href="/wiki/Wester_Ross" title="Wester Ross">Wester Ross</a>. These missionaries tended to found <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> institutions, which expanded to include schools, libraries, and collegiate churches whose priests both evangelized and served large areas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Celtic Church</a>, to which Catholics, Protestants, <a href="/wiki/Miaphysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">Miaphysite</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, have all claimed in historical debates to be the only legitimate heirs. In the Celtic Church, attitudes towards <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> were more relaxed, a differing form of monastic <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> was used, the use of <a href="/wiki/Prayer_beads" title="Prayer beads">prayer beads</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster_cord" title="Pater Noster cord">Pater Noster cord</a> as a means of "prayer without ceasing" preceded the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> by <a href="/wiki/St_Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="St Dominic">St Dominic</a>, and the lunar method was used for <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">calculating the date of Easter</a>. During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor" title="Frank O'Connor">Frank O'Connor</a> explained that the reason why, on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a> were often more significant than bishops is because a Church governed by an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a>, "in a tribal society was a contradiction in terms. No tribe, however small or weak, would accept the authority of a bishop from another tribe; but with a monastic organisation, each tribe could have its own monastery, and the larger ones could have as many as they wished."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, despite a shared belief in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin">Blessed Virgin</a>, and shared use of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>, as is documented by <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Stowe_Missal" title="Stowe Missal">Stowe Missal</a>, there were often significant differences between the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a> and the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Evans1985_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1985-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evidence of a distinctive form of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic chant</a> in Latin, which is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican chant</a>, also survives in liturgical music manuscripts dating from the period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Culdees" title="Culdees">Culdees</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">eremitical</a> order from <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, also spread to Scotland, where their presence continued at least into the 11th-century. In his life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Saint Margaret of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turgot_of_Durham" title="Turgot of Durham">Turgot of Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of St Andrews">Bishop of St Andrews</a>, wrote of the Culdees, "At that time in the Kingdom of the Scots there were many living, shut up in cells in places set apart, by a life of great strictness, in the flesh but not according to the flesh, communing, indeed, with angels upon earth."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Erenagh" title="Erenagh">erenagh</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> of hereditary lay administration of <a href="/wiki/Termon" title="Termon">Church lands</a> by family branches deliberately appointed from within the <a href="/wiki/Derbhfine" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbhfine">derbhfine</a> of local <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Irish clan chiefs</a> led to notorious abuses; like monasteries warring against each other and the infamous Irish "royal-abbot" of Cork and <a href="/wiki/Clonfert_Cathedral" title="Clonfert Cathedral">Clonfert Abbeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedelmid_mac_Crimthainn" title="Fedelmid mac Crimthainn">Fedelmid mac Crimthainn</a>, who personally led armies into battle against other <a href="/wiki/Irish_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish clan">Irish clans</a> and abbeys and routinely <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_arson" title="Church arson">burned</a> other monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the close ties between the Church in both countries, the erenagh system also spread to <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Scotland">Gaelic Scotland</a>, with at least some similar results. For example, during the 11th-century reign of the Scottish High King <a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a>, which <a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tragedy of Macbeth">was later fictionalized</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, the High King's greatest domestic foe by far proved to be his own uncle, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n_of_Dunkeld" title="Crínán of Dunkeld">Crínán of Dunkeld</a>, the warrior-abbot of <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkeld Abbey">Dunkeld Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Atholl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormaer of Atholl">Mormaer of Atholl</a>, the legitimately married father of the late High King <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a>, the grandfather of King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a>, and progenitor of the Scottish Royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">House of Dunkeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> and expulsion from their monasteries and convents of "Romanists" like <a href="/wiki/Mo_Chua_of_Balla" title="Mo Chua of Balla">St Mo Chota</a>, who opposed how much the Celtic Church had been, "absorbed by the tribal system" and lost its independence from <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">control by local secular rulers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least some of these issues had been resolved on both sides of the Irish Sea by the mid-seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1985_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1985-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conversion, successful war for political independence from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and increasing <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> under <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">his heirs</a>, the Roman Rite <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Isles" title="Diocese of the Isles">Diocese of the Isles</a> under bishops appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> became the dominant religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Macquarrie2004pp67-8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macquarrie2004pp67-8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era_and_Renaissance">Medieval era and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval era and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG/220px-Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG/330px-Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG/440px-Malcolm_and_Margaret_at_Queensferry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="4181" /></a><figcaption>Malcolm III greeting St Margaret upon her arrival in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>; detail of a mural by <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> artist <a href="/wiki/William_Hole_(artist)" title="William Hole (artist)">William Hole</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Christianity in Medieval Scotland</a></div> <p>During the reign of King Malcolm III, the Scottish church underwent a series of reforms and transformations. Through the influence of his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a>-born wife, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="St Margaret of Scotland">St Margaret of Scotland</a>, a clearly defined hierarchy of diocesan bishops and parochial structure for local churches, in line with the queen's experiences in Continental Europe, was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Macquarrie2004pp109-117_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macquarrie2004pp109-117-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1286 extinction of the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">House of Dunkeld</a> and the subsequent invasion of Scotland by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward Longshanks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Political_purge" class="mw-redirect" title="Political purge">political purge</a> of Scottish clergy from the hierarchy, religious orders, and parishes, and their replacement by English clergy was one of the root causes of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Wars of Independence">Scottish Wars of Independence</a> and is part of why so many of the Scottish clergy defied the pro-English policy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a>, large numbers of new foundations, which introduced Continental European forms of reformed monasticism, began to predominate as the Scottish church re-established its independence from England and developed a clearer diocesan structure, becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome" but lacking leadership in the form of archbishops.<sup id="cite_ref-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp26-9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp26-9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, similar to in other European countries, the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Schism_of_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism of the West">Great Schism of the West</a> allowed the Scottish Crown, like <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Scottish clan chiefs</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Erenagh" title="Erenagh">erenagh</a> system during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Celtic Church</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">gain greater influence</a> over senior appointments to the hierarchy and two archbishoprics had accordingly been established by the end of the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald1991pp75-87_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp75-87-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the Late Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> orders of <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> grew, particularly in the expanding <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>, to meet the spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of religious devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the fourteenth century, and the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> emissary <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Krava%C5%99" title="Pavel Kravař">Pavel Kravař</a> to spread doctrines considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance in Scotland</a> also saw wider availability of books, including the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> and newer works of <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Literature in early modern Scotland">early modern Scottish literature</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Androw_Myllar" title="Androw Myllar">Androw Myllar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chepman" title="Walter Chepman">Walter Chepman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chepman_and_Myllar_Press" title="Chepman and Myllar Press">introduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg Revolution">Gutenberg Revolution</a> to Scotland in 1507. The <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> also helped spread the "<a href="/wiki/New_Learning" title="New Learning">New Learning</a>" known as <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, which was also embraced and spread by many Catholic clergy. This is not to say that everything was perfect, however. </p><p>The tradition of Crown-appointed "lay abbots" was reintroduced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>, with similar results to the time of the Celtic Church. King <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a> even appointed five of his illegitimate sons, with the assent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, to the wealthiest abbacies in the Kingdom. According to <a href="/wiki/George_Scott-Moncrieff" title="George Scott-Moncrieff">George Scott-Moncrieff</a>, "Such men were naturally opposed to administrative reform and as naturally enthusiastic for a revolution that would make them absolute possessors of property to which otherwise they would only claim the life-rent..." For this and similar reasons, many Scottish Catholic priests and monks who were also Renaissance humanists, such as Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Forman" title="Andrew Forman">Andrew Forman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Kennedy" title="Quintin Kennedy">Quintin Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ninian_Winzet" title="Ninian Winzet">Ninian Winzet</a>, "felt bitterly the failure of their fellow clergy to live the life they proclaimed", and called for an internal restoration of <a href="/wiki/Christian_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian morality">Christian morality</a>, that would later be dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Similar critiques and calls also appear in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> poetry of <a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">Makars</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henryson" title="Robert Henryson">Robert Henryson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Church in Scotland remained relatively strong and stable until the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> in the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald1991pp75-87_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp75-87-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_Reformation">Scottish Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scottish Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_PH_(Patrick_Hamilton)_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG/220px-St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG/330px-St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG/440px-St_Andrews_-_PH_%28Patrick_Hamilton%29_at_the_entrance_of_St_Salvator%27s_Chapel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption>Lutheran pastor Patrick Hamilton's initials, set into the paving stones at the site where he was burned at the stake.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scotland remained a Catholic country until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant theology</a> in books smuggled from abroad, beginning in the early 16th century. As often happens in cases of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> of any kind, efforts by the Hierarchy of the Church to enforce the traditional principle of Canon law that "<a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">error</a> has no rights" and treat Protestantism as a criminal offense triggered a widespread public backlash. Particularly due to the greater availability and affordability of paper and books, the trials and executions of Protestant martyrs were widely publicized by the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and helped spread Protestantism even further. In particular, after he was sentenced to death for his belief in <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> following an Ecclesiastical trial presided over by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/James_Beaton" title="James Beaton">James Beaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> at St. Andrews in 1528, it was said that the "reek [that is, smoke] of Master <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a> infected as many as it blew upon".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar cases had very similar results. </p><p>Despite also facing considerable popular opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> was effectively completed when the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Scottish Parliament broke with the papacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Established_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established Church">established</a> a <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> confession by law in 1560. At that point, the offering or attending of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Mass</a> was outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_monasteries" title="Suppression of monasteries">suppression of monasteries</a>, ban on <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a>, and, most particular, the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burnings</a> at <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">monastic libraries</a> that often accompanied them has recently been criticised, even by non-Catholic historians, as the destruction of Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural inheritance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although strictly illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560" title="Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560">Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560</a> and other similar legislation, Scotland did not become, "a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic state</a> on the model of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Geneva">Geneva</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an underground Catholic Church continued to survive and command the loyalty of at least half the population in Scotland. According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_Scott-Moncrieff" title="George Scott-Moncrieff">George Scott-Moncrieff</a>, "The collapse of the secular clergy, many of whom renounced their vows and <a href="/wiki/Married_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Married clergy">married</a>, while three bishops apostatised and the rest retired in confusion, left only a few who travelled through the country disguised as laymen trying to succour whom they could."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1565, for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> relates that for one hour and four hours on two separate days underground priest Sir James Tarbet was tied to the <a href="/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh" title="Mercat Cross, Edinburgh">Mercat Cross, Edinburgh</a> and pelted with eggs after being caught saying the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>, which had been criminalised five years previously.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI</a> and his heirs, however, had intended for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> ("The Kirk") to embrace the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_religious_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan religious settlement">Elizabethan religious settlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">High Church Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Royal Supremacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>. This led to long-term internal battles between Episcopalian and Presbyterian factions over control of the Kirk, the religious persecution of whichever faction had fallen from power, and the ultimate formation of a separate <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>. Persecution of Catholics, however, continued under both Episcopalian and Presbyterian governance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg/220px-Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="521" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg/330px-Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg/440px-Notre_Dame_du_Bon_Succes_-_Brussels_-_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption>Original 14th-century statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aberdeen" title="Our Lady of Aberdeen">Our Lady of Aberdeen</a> in Notre Dame de Finistere Church, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, which was hidden by the <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly">Marquess of Huntley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntly_Castle" title="Huntly Castle">Huntly Castle</a> and eventually smuggled to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> for protection from desecration following the Scottish Reformation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even so, the remaining domestic clergy played a relatively small role and the initiative was often left to lay leaders. Wherever <a href="/wiki/Noblesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse">noble families</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">lairds</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Scottish clan chiefs</a> illegally offered <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> Catholicism continued to thrive covertly, as under <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eigg" title="Eigg">Eigg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacNeil" title="Clan MacNeil">Clan MacNeil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Chisholm" title="Clan Chisholm">Chisholms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Clan Fraser of Lovat">Frasers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Strathglass" title="Strathglass">Strathglass</a>, or in the north-east under <a href="/wiki/Clan_Gordon" title="Clan Gordon">Clan Gordon</a>. In these areas Catholic sacraments were administered by disguised and outlawed priests, but with relative openness.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2007p232_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2007p232-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the nobility, who were often closely related, are believed to have been reluctant to pursue each other over matters of religious dissent. An English report in 1600 also alleged that a third of nobles and gentry were still Catholic in inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormald1991p133_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991p133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, in his efforts to enforce the King's <a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">religious settlement</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles" title="Bishop of the Isles">Bishop of the Isles</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(bishop_of_Clogher)" title="John Leslie (bishop of Clogher)">John Leslie</a> sometimes ran into opposition from the local <a href="/wiki/Noblesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse">Scottish nobility</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Flaith" title="Flaith">flath</a></i>). This was particularly true during the Bishop's efforts to shut down the strictly illegal and underground pastoral work in his Diocese by <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> missionaries dispatched from the similarly underground <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> during the 1620s and '30s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon 9 September 1630, Fr. Patrick Hegarty, OFM, was arrested upon <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> by a posse of <a href="/wiki/Priest_hunter" title="Priest hunter">priest hunters</a> commanded in person by Bishop Leslie, but before the Bishop could deliver Fr. Hegarty for trial, however, <i>Raghnall Mac Ailein 'ic Iain</i> (Ranald MacDonald of <a href="/wiki/Benbecula" title="Benbecula">Benbecula</a>), the uncle of the then <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Chief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Clanranald" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacDonald of Clanranald">Clan MacDonald of Clanranald</a> and great-great-grandfather to Scottish Gaelic <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" class="mw-redirect" title="Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a>, intervened and relieved the Bishop and his posse of their captive. The incident infuriated <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, who sent a furious letter about it to <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council of Scotland</a> on 10 December 1630 and was followed by unsuccessful efforts to summon the Highland nobleman to <a href="/wiki/Inverary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverary">Inverary</a> for criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most of Scotland, Catholicism became an underground faith in private households and secret parish communities, connected by ties of kinship. This reliance on the household meant that Scottish laywomen often became vitally important as the upholders and transmitters of the faith, such as in the case of Lady Fernihurst in the Borders. They transformed their households into centres of religious activity and created safe houses and secret chapels for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">priests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2007p232_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2007p232-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">reformed kirk</a> took over the existing structures and assets of the Church, <a href="/wiki/Accession_and_Coronation_Act_1567" title="Accession and Coronation Act 1567">the 1567 overthrow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marian_civil_war" title="Marian civil war">defeat of the armies</a> seeking her restoration during the 1570s, the Vatican reclassified Scotland as a missionary territory and therefore subject to the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith</a>. The leading <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominicans" title="Dominicans">Dominicans</a> and the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, initially took relatively little interest in Scotland as a target of missionary work and their effectiveness was at first severely damaged by Vatican <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and, especially by territorial rivalries against each other, secular priests, and other religious orders. The initiative was taken by a small group of Scots connected with the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Crichton" title="Clan Crichton">Crichton family</a>, who had supplied the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>. They joined the Jesuit order and returned to attempt conversions. Their focus at first was mainly on evangelising the nobility and courtiers, which led them into involvement in seeking to end the religious persecution of the Church through a series of complex <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> plots and political entanglements, which were covertly opposed from London by <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">Lord Burghley</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>. The majority of surviving Scottish laity, however, were long ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2007p232_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2007p232-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/170px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/255px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg/340px-Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The hanging of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cross" title="Glasgow Cross">Glasgow Cross</a>, 10 March 1615.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Noblesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Noblesse">Scottish nobility</a>, converted openly to the Catholic Church despite the risks involved. For example, <a href="/wiki/Banffshire" title="Banffshire">Banffshire</a> aristocrat <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> (1569–1615) went on to be ordained a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> in 1610. He was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a> Archbishop of St. Andrews, <a href="/wiki/John_Spottiswoode" title="John Spottiswoode">John Spottiswoode</a> and, in a deeply ironic parallel to the religious persecution of the Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> during the later events known as <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a>, Ogilvie was hanged for refusing to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> and declare that the King was Supreme Head of the Church at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cross" title="Glasgow Cross">Glasgow Cross</a> on 10 March 1615. A further reason, according to Thomas Wynne, was that Archbishop Spottiswoode, like many other adherents of <a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a> at the time, had allegedly been accused of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Papism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Papism">Crypto-Catholicism</a> by his enemies in both the Church of Scotland and at Court and chose to use Ogilvie's trial and execution to prove the falseness of the accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ogilvie, who was canonised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> on 17 October 1976, is often assumed to be the only Scottish Catholic martyr of the Reformation era.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the longevity of the Catholic Church's illegal status had a devastating impact on the numbers of the laity. Even so, a significantly large Catholic population, served by outlawed "heather priests",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued to exist. This was especially the case in the <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a>-speaking Northeast and the more remote <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Highlands" title="Northwest Highlands">Northwest Highlands</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prebble1961p50_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prebble1961p50-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_from_the_17th_century">Decline from the 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline from the 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scalan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Scalan.jpg/220px-Scalan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Scalan.jpg/330px-Scalan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Scalan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The college at <a href="/wiki/Scalan" title="Scalan">Scalan</a> in July 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Numbers probably reduced in the seventeenth century and organisation deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch2006p416-7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch2006p416-7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope appointed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Joseph Nicolson">Thomas Nicolson</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic">Vicar Apostolic</a> over the mission in 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch1992p365_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch1992p365-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was organised into districts and by 1703 there were thirty-three Catholic clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackieetal1991pp298-9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991pp298-9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1733 it was divided into two vicariates, one for the Highland and one for the Lowland, each under a bishop. In the Highland District, which had largely been looked after by <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a>-speaking missionary priests, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">minor seminary</a> was founded by Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_(vicar_apostolic)" title="James Gordon (vicar apostolic)">James Gordon</a> to train native-born priests at Eilean Bàn in <a href="/wiki/Loch_Morar" title="Loch Morar">Loch Morar</a>. It was moved in 1716 to <a href="/wiki/Scalan" title="Scalan">Scalan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glenlivet" title="Glenlivet">Glenlivet</a>, which became the primary centre of <a href="/wiki/Underground_education" title="Underground education">underground education</a> for Catholic priests in the area. It was illegal, and it was <a href="/wiki/Church_arson" title="Church arson">burned to the ground</a> on several occasions by soldiers sent from beyond the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond Scalan there were six attempts to found a seminary in the Highlands between 1732 and 1838, all suffering both financially and due to Catholicism's illegal status.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch1992p365_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch1992p365-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clergy entered the country secretly and although services were illegal they were maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackieetal1991pp298-9_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991pp298-9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a later report by Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Geddes_(bishop)" title="John Geddes (bishop)">John Geddes</a>, as outlawed clergymen of an illegal and underground church denomination, it is understandable why Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDonald_(vicar_apostolic_of_the_Highland_District)" title="Hugh MacDonald (vicar apostolic of the Highland District)">Hugh MacDonald</a>, the Vicar General of the Highlands between 1731 and 1773, and the priests of his district would have felt very hopeful about <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, due the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>'s promises of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> to everyone who worshipped outside the <a href="/wiki/Established_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established Church">Established Churches</a> of the realm. It is equally understandable why the Scottish Catholic laity, who, "were discouraged and much exposed to oppression", would similarly, "wish for an event that was likely to release them, and put them again into the possession of the privileges of free-born citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though many Presbyterians and Episcopalians also fought as Jacobites, aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> further increased the persecution faced by Catholics in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch2006p416-7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch2006p416-7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repression was particularly intense during (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Bliadhna nan Creach</i> lit. "<a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Lochaber_and_Shiramore" title="Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore">the year of the pillaging</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that followed the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Army_(1745)" title="Jacobite Army (1745)">Jacobite Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Geddes_(bishop)" title="John Geddes (bishop)">John Geddes</a>, "Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>, orders were issued for the <a href="/wiki/Church_arson" title="Church arson">demolishing</a> all the Catholic chapels and for <a href="/wiki/Priest_hunter" title="Priest hunter">apprehending</a> the priests."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Watts confirms that this policy was followed by government troops and that, "In doing so, they appear to have been acting on official orders."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Heather priest" Fr <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_(priest)" title="Alexander Cameron (priest)">Alexander Cameron</a>'s biographer Thomas Wynne alleges that these official orders actually <i>preceded</i> Culloden, "A proclamation was on 6th December 1745, putting into operation certain laws which were more or less obsolete - the Act of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits,_etc._Act_1584" title="Jesuits, etc. Act 1584">cap. 27</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popish_Recusants_Act_1605" title="Popish Recusants Act 1605">cap. 3</a>, against Jesuits and Catholic priests. A reward of £100 was offered every such person, after conviction, within <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, and within ten miles of these places."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hanoverian atrocities that followed were motivated by what <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> historian Thomas Lowry has termed "the European tradition … that to victors belong the spoils - the losers could expect <a href="/wiki/Pillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillage">pillage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">plunder</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that enemy civilians are "grist for the mills of more hardheaded conquerors such as <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also according to Bishop John Geddes, "Early in the spring of 1746, some ships of war came to the coast of the isle of <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a> and landed some men, who threatened they would lay desolate the whole island if the priest was not delivered up to them. Father <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_(Scottish_bishop)" title="James Grant (Scottish bishop)">James Grant</a>, who was missionary then, and afterward Bishop, being informed of the threats in a safe retreat in which he was in a little island, surrendered himself, and was carried prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Mingarry_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingarry Castle">Mingarry Castle</a> on the Western coast (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ardnamurchan" title="Ardnamurchan">Ardnamurchan</a>) where he was detained for some weeks."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After long and cruel imprisonment with other Catholic priests at <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> Gaol and in a <a href="/wiki/Prison_hulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison hulk">prison hulk</a> anchored in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, Grant was deported to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and warned never to return to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Like the other priests deported with him, Fr. Grant returned to Scotland almost immediately. His fellow prisoner, Father <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_(priest)" title="Alexander Cameron (priest)">Alexander Cameron</a>, an outlawed "heather priest" to <a href="/wiki/Clan_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Clan Fraser of Lovat">Clan Fraser of Lovat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_Chisholm" title="Clan Chisholm">Clan Chisholm</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplain</a>, and the younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Donald Cameron of Lochiel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Chief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Cameron" title="Clan Cameron">Clan Cameron</a>, was less fortunate. Fr. Cameron died aboard the prison hulk due to the hardship of his imprisonment on 19 October 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St_Columba" title="Knights of St Columba">Knights of St. Columba</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> launched a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonize</a> Fr. Cameron, "with the hope that he will become a great saint for Scotland and that our nation will merit from his intercession."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They erected a small petition book at their altar of St. Joseph in the University Catholic Chapel, Turnbull Hall. It is one of the necessary prerequisites for Canonisation in the Catholic Church that there is a <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult of devotion</a> to the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Daniel Szechi, however, the government's post-Culloden backlash focused upon the Catholic clergy and laity of the Highland District, while leaving the much larger and better organized Lowland District reasonably unscathed.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marcus Tanner, "As the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Reformed Church</a> faltered in the urban and increasingly industrialised Lowlands, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> made its great breakthrough among the Gaelic Highlanders, virtually snapping cultural bonds that had linked them to Ireland since the lordship of <a href="/wiki/Dalriada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalriada">Dalriada</a>. The Highlands, outside tiny Catholic enclaves like in <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a>, took on the contours they have since preserved - a region marked by a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">sabbatarianism</a> and a puritanical distaste for instrumental music and dancing, which have only recently regained popular acceptance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner200434_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner200434-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pioneering <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Celticist">Celticist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Campbell" title="John Francis Campbell">John Francis Campbell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Iain Òg Ìle</i>) and his many assistant collectors had very different reasons for criticising what they saw as the unnecessary excesses of the Calvinisation of the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a>. At the beginning of his groundbreaking collection <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Tales_of_the_West_Highlands" title="Popular Tales of the West Highlands">Popular Tales of the West Highlands</a></i>, Campbell and his helpers complained at length that, due to the fear of displeasing the local ministers, elders, and parish school-masters, it had become almost impossible to collect <a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish mythology</a> or folklore from the <a href="/wiki/Seanchaidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seanchaidh">seanchaidhs</a> in Gaelic-speaking regions that had recently converted to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> from Catholicism or the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exact numbers of communicants are uncertain, given the illegal status of Catholicism. In 1755 it was estimated that there were some 16,500 communicants, mainly in the north and west.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackieetal1991pp298-9_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991pp298-9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1764, "the total Catholic population in Scotland would have been about 33,000 or 2.6% of the total population. Of these 23,000 were in the Highlands."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another estimate for 1764 is of 13,166 Catholics in the Highlands, perhaps a quarter of whom had emigrated by 1790,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch,_Michael_1992_p._367_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch,_Michael_1992_p._367-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another source estimates Catholics as perhaps 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch,_Michael_1992_p._367_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch,_Michael_1992_p._367-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though he acknowledges the vitally important role determination to keep the landowning gentry from appointing and removing <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scotland minister">Church of Scotland ministers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a> played in causing the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a>, Marcus Tanner also writes, "the Disruption and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843-1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)">Free Church</a> have come in for harsh criticism especially from the political left in recent years. Apart from inflicting a peculiarly censorious and dour version of Christianity on the population, they are charged with imbuing them with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_fundamentalism" title="Reformed fundamentalism">ultra-Calvinist</a> pessimism and political passivity, and with encouraging them to dwell on trivial points of doctrine while their communities were being <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">laid waste by the landlords</a>. There is something in the charge. Few Highland ministers emulated the Catholic clergy of Ireland, who commandeered the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal movement</a> in the 1830s and 1840s and the <a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">land campaigns</a> several decades on. The Catholic clergy in agitated Irish counties like <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">Tipperary</a> led the agrarian militants from the front, which cannot be said for most Disruption clergy or their successors. Evangelical Presbyterianism counseled submission and acceptance of misfortune. But it was a faith chosen quite voluntarily by the people and if it failed to make them rebels against injustice, it certainly lent them dignity."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_Clearances">Impact of the Clearances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact of the Clearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ninian%27s_Chapel,_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg/220px-St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg/330px-St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg/440px-St_Ninian%27s_Chapel%2C_Tynet_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Church,_Tynet" title="St Ninian's Church, Tynet">St. Ninian's Church</a> from 1755 is a Catholic clandestine church located at the <a href="/wiki/Enzie_railway_station" title="Enzie railway station">Enzie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While most of the landlords responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> did not target people for ethnic or religious reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholicism</a> among some of them.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, large numbers of Catholics emigrated from the Western Highlands in the period 1770 to 1810 and there is evidence that anti Catholic sentiment (along with famine, poverty, and <a href="/wiki/Rackrenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackrenting">rackrenting</a>) was a contributory factor in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an April 1787 letter from <a href="/wiki/Moidart" title="Moidart">Moidart</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for Propaganda</a> in Rome, Fr. Austin MacDonald wrote, "On account of the emigration of the people of <a href="/wiki/Knoydart" title="Knoydart">Knoydart</a> to Canada, along with their priest; it fell to me in the autumn to attend to those who were left behind, and during the winter to the people of Moydart (sic) as well. Although not less than 600 Catholics went to America, still I administered the Sacraments to over 500 souls who remained. The overpopulation of these districts, together with the oppression of the landlords, are the principal causes of the departure of so many, not only among the Catholics, but also among the Protestants."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>-speaking pioneer settlement was established for Scottish Catholics through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplain</a> and future Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macdonell_(bishop_of_Kingston)" title="Alexander Macdonell (bishop of Kingston)">Alexander Macdonnell</a>. The settlement's inhabitants consisted of members of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Fencible_Corps#Glengarry_Fencibles_(1794)" title="Highland Fencible Corps">Glengarry Fencibles</a>, a disbanded Catholic unit of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Fencible_Corps" title="Highland Fencible Corps">Highland Fencible Corps</a>, and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Bishop MacDonnell, there were many other "heather priests", such as <a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_(bishop_of_Arichat)" title="William Fraser (bishop of Arichat)">William Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus_Bernard_MacEachern" title="Angus Bernard MacEachern">Angus Bernard MacEachern</a>, and Ranald Rankin, the composer of the famous Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0ladh_Chr%C3%ACosda" title="Tàladh Chrìosda">Tàladh Chrìosda</a></i>, who similarly followed their evicted and voluntary émigré parishioners into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a> during the Clearances. </p><p>In 1879, a visitor from Scotland enthusiastically declared that the <a href="/wiki/Invergarry" title="Invergarry">Glengarry</a> dialect of Scottish Gaelic was better preserved, "with the most perfect accent, and with scarcely any, if any, admixture of English", in <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry County</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall, Ontario</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For very similar reasons, Odo Blundell commented ruefully in 1909 that the language, customs, and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of once densely populated and overwhelmingly Catholic <a href="/wiki/Strathglass" title="Strathglass">Strathglass</a> were better preserved in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> than in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After receiving his post following the 1878 Restoration of the Hierarchy and during the last decade of the Clearances, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Angus_MacDonald_(bishop)" title="Angus MacDonald (bishop)">Angus MacDonald</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles">Diocese of Argyll and the Isles</a> led by example during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Land_League" title="Highland Land League">Highland Land League</a> agitation. The Bishop and his priests became leading and formidable activists for <a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">tenant</a>'s rights, reasonable rents, <a href="/wiki/Security_of_tenure" title="Security of tenure">security of tenure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Free elections">free elections</a>, and against the <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political bossism</a>, excessive rents, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a> that were keeping a majority of the Catholic and Protestant population of the Highlands and Islands critically impoverished.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Roger Hutchinson, the hostility of Bishop MacDonald and his priests to the absolute power granted to the landlords under <a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a> at the time, which Hutchinson inaccurately labels as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a>, was fueled by a deep sense of outrage over the decimation of the Catholic population of the Scottish Gaeldom by the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>. A further influence was the knowledge that the roots of the Clearances lay in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Liberalism">Classical Liberalism</a> preached in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> and in that ideology's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">hostility</a> to, "bigotry and superstition"; which were, in 18th- and 19th-century Scotland, routinely used as shorthand for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roger Hutchinson further writes that Bishop MacDonald's choice to assign Gaelic-speaking priests from the Scottish mainland to parishes in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> was accordingly no accident. About that time, when the Bishop and his priests were the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strikes</a>, and other acts of resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Scottish">Anglo-Scottish</a> landlords, Fr. Michael MacDonald has since commented, "I think that one of the things that may have influenced the boldness of the priests at that time was simply that they had no relations on the islands who could have been got at by the estate <a href="/wiki/Factor_(Scotland)" title="Factor (Scotland)">Factor</a> or others."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large-scale_Catholic_immigration">Large-scale Catholic immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Large-scale Catholic immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Scottish_people" title="Irish Scottish people">Irish immigration</a> substantially increased the number of Catholics in the country, especially in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and its vicinity, and other industrial communities in the Lowlands of Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in many rural communities, where Irish migrants worked as <a href="/wiki/Navvy" title="Navvy">navvies</a> and farm labourers (see <a href="/wiki/Potato_Labour_Scandal_1971" title="Potato Labour Scandal 1971">Potato Labour Scandal 1971</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, clergymen from the <a href="/wiki/Recusant" class="mw-redirect" title="Recusant">recusant</a> districts of North-East Scotland played an important part in providing support.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a>, which in 1820 only had two or three Catholic families, the population was increased by Irish and Highland migration until the first parish church, dedicated to St Patrick, was built in 1830. According to local historian I.M.M. MacPhail, "Before 1830, a few Catholics used to meet in the ruins of the old pre-Reformation parish church of <a href="/wiki/Cardross" title="Cardross">Cardross</a> in the Levengrove policies and later, just before their church was built, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">the Rev.</a> John Gordon of <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> held <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">services</a> in an old store in College Street. In 1837, it was estimated that there were 284 Catholics in Dumbarton".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same community saw regular outbreaks of violence in the pubs on the paydays of local Irish navvies and the first of many serious <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">anti-Irish</a> riots that negatively affected Dumbarton's reputation after Protestant <a href="/wiki/Shipwright" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwright">shipwrights</a> listened to a sermon by visiting <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">anti-Catholic</a> preacher and <a href="/wiki/Polemicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemicist">polemicist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sayers_Orr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sayers Orr (page does not exist)">John Sayers Orr</a> in October 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very similar riot had previously been incited by Orr, whom Tim Pat Coogan has compared to the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, in Greenock on <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">12 July</a> 1851. When Orr was thrown into prison, his followers <i>also</i> rioted.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were also made to convert Irish migrants to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> by recruiting missionaries like Rev. Patrick MacMenemy, a native speaker of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Glens_of_Antrim" title="Glens of Antrim">Glens of Antrim</a>, but whose ministerial reputation collapsed following allegations of womanizing in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Scottish_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy">Catholic hierarchy was re-established</a> in 1878 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> and six new dioceses were created: five of them were organised into a single province with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> as metropolitan; the Diocese of Glasgow remained separate and directly subject to the Apostolic See. </p><p>As the Catholic presence in the Lowlands increased and revived, however, there were regular cases of conflict between Highland migrants and Irish immigrants over both cultural differences and control of Catholic parishes, schools, and neighbourhoods. Irish Catholics often complained to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, particularly after the restoration of the Scottish Hierarchy in the 1878, that Irish priests were only used to organize parishes and schools and then immediately replaced by the bishops with <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a>-speaking pastors from <a href="/wiki/Banffshire" title="Banffshire">Banffshire</a> and other recusant districts in the Northeast of Scotland. Even though this was intended to assimilate Highland and Irish Catholics into Lowland <a href="/wiki/Scottish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish culture">Scottish culture</a> as quickly as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Hierarchy's success in this policy ultimately proved mixed. The urban centers of the Lowlands continue to have branches of <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a> and remain centers of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Irish language outside Ireland</a>. Also, since the recent <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Scottish Gaelic Renaissance</a> and increasing spread of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">language immersion schools</a>, for new and emerging dialects like <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Gaelic" title="Glasgow Gaelic">Glasgow Gaelic</a>. Furthermore, in 1928 the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian movement">Marian movement</a> recently organized for voluntary service by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Duff" title="Frank Duff">Frank Duff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, established its first foreign <a href="/wiki/Praesidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praesidium">praesidium</a> (branch) in Scotland. </p><p>Later Italian, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, and Lithuanian immigrants further reinforced the numbers. The post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> arrival of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ukrainians in the United Kingdom">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons">displaced persons</a> resulted in the first Scottish parish of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> being founded in 1965: <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Ukrainian_Catholic_Church" title="St Andrew's Ukrainian Catholic Church">St Andrew's Ukrainian Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectarian_tensions">Sectarian tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sectarian tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass immigration to Scotland saw the emergence of sectarian tensions. Although the interwar Catholic community in Scotland was overwhelmingly working-class and endangered by poverty and economic crises, it was able to cope with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relative immunity was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1918">Education (Scotland) Act 1918</a>, which made Catholic schools fully state-funded. Michael John Rosie argues that in addition to state-funded education, it was the nature of Scottish Catholicism that "made it less vulnerable to economic dislocation": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arguably, the Catholic Church was the best-equipped denomination in tackling the adverse effects of economic depression, and does not seem to have suffered serious losses arising from recessionary periods. The Catholic faith is often seen as being invigorated by the combined effects of poverty and discrimination; priests tended to be drawn from the working classes and to relate well to economic hardship amongst their parishioners. Though Catholics moved increasingly during this period into skilled and white-collar jobs, the Catholic community retained a homogeneity which prevented a major social divide emerging between a practising Catholic bourgeoisie and a lapsed proletariat.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael John Rosie, <i>Religion and Sectarianism in Modern Scotland</i>, (2001), pp. 142</cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall,_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/300px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/450px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg/600px-Orange_Parade_in_Larkhall%2C_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Orangemen parading in <a href="/wiki/Larkhall" title="Larkhall">Larkhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">12 of July</a> 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>This relative economic stability allowed the Catholic community to enter the political and social life of Scotland, sparking outrage among anti-Catholic and unionist circles, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orange_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Christians" title="Sectarian violence among Christians">Sectarian violence</a> in Scotland reached its peak in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Religious_procession" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious procession">religious processions</a> were frequently attacked by anti-Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange</a> mobs. The Orange Order also frequently and deliberately staged <a href="/wiki/Orange_walk" title="Orange walk">provocative marches</a> through Catholic neighbourhoods. </p><p>The escalating violence and skirmishes, particularly between pro- and anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_razor_gangs" title="Glasgow razor gangs">Glasgow razor gangs</a>, had a profound effect on Scotland as a whole; Rosie remarked that "the level and scale of the violence exhibited between 1931 and 1935 of a much more serious and concerted nature than of any period since the reintroduction of Orange parades in the 1870s".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectarian violence was so severe that it caused higher policing costs, and local councils were tempted to ban all "religious and pseudo-religious processions" outright. While eventually no such ban took place, tightening restrictions were introduced in order to minimise anti-Catholic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> produced a (since repudiated) report, entitled <i>The Menace of the Irish Race to our Scottish Nationality</i>, accusing the largely immigrant Catholic population of subverting Presbyterian values and of spreading drunkenness, crime, and financial imprudence. Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_White_(minister)" title="John White (minister)">John White</a>, a senior member of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a> at the time, called for a "racially pure" Scotland, declaring "Today there is a movement throughout the world towards the rejection of non-native constituents and the crystallization of national life from native elements."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such officially hostile attitudes started to wane considerably from the 1930s and 1940s onwards, especially as the leadership of the Church of Scotland learned of what was happening in <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>-conscious <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and of what the <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">dangers of creating</a> a "racially pure" <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> looked like in actual practice; particularly, after <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> who were of even partially Slavic, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman in Germany (page does not exist)">Roma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/German_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jew">Jewish</a> ancestry or who were adherents of the traditionalist Protestant <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> ceased being considered considered "true" members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era's level of sectarian violence was not to be seen again until the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_pub_bombings" title="Glasgow pub bombings">Glasgow pub bombings</a>, a spillover from <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> against pubs frequented by Catholics on 17 February 1979. The Glasgow-based UVF active service unit responsible for the bombings were arrested, convicted and incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts now believe that only the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> leadership's veto on bombing operations in Scotland, which were considered counterproductive to many other useful covert operations there, prevented the Troubles from continuing to spill over and further escalating.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_change_and_communal_divisions">Social change and communal divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social change and communal divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland expressly repudiated the sections of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession</a> directly attacking the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, both the Church of Scotland and the Catholic Church were founding members of the ecumenical bodies <a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Churches Together in Britain and Ireland">Churches Together in Britain and Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a>; relations between denominational leaders are now very cordial. Unlike the relationship between the hierarchies of the different churches, however, some communal tensions remain. </p><p>The association between football and displays of sectarian behaviour by some fans has been a source of embarrassment and concern to the management of certain clubs. The bitter rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Celtic_F.C." title="Celtic F.C.">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangers_F.C." title="Rangers F.C.">Rangers</a> in Glasgow, known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Firm" title="Old Firm">Old Firm</a>, is known worldwide for its sectarian dimension. Celtic was founded by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> immigrants and Rangers has traditionally been supported by <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionists</a> and Protestants. Sectarian tensions can still be very real, though perhaps diminished compared with past decades. Perhaps the greatest psychological breakthrough was when Rangers signed <a href="/wiki/Mo_Johnston" title="Mo Johnston">Mo Johnston</a> (a Catholic) in 1989. Celtic, on the other hand, have never had a policy of not signing players due to their religion, and some of the club's greatest figures have been Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg/170px-Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg/255px-Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg/340px-Our_Lady_of_the_Isles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The 1958 statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Isles" title="Our Lady of the Isles">Our Lady of the Isles</a></i>, upon <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1980s the UK government passed several acts that had provisions concerning sectarian violence. These included the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a>, which introduced offences relating to the incitement of racial hatred, and the <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Disorder_Act_1998" title="Crime and Disorder Act 1998">Crime and Disorder Act 1998</a>, which introduced offences of pursuing a racially aggravated course of conduct that amounts to harassment of a person. The 1998 Act also required courts to take into account where offences are racially motivated, when determining sentence. In the twenty-first century the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> legislated against sectarianism. This included provision for religiously aggravated offences in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_(Scotland)_Act_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Justice_and_Licensing_(Scotland)_Act_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010</a> strengthened statutory aggravations for both racially and religiously motivated <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes">hate crimes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Offensive_Behaviour_at_Football_and_Threatening_Communications_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012">Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012</a>, criminalised behaviour which is threatening, hateful, or otherwise offensive at a regulated football match including offensive singing or chanting. It also criminalised the communication of threats of serious violence and threats intended to incite religious hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>57% of the Catholic community belong to the manual <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilfillan_cit9_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilfillan_cit9-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though structural disadvantage had largely eroded by the 1980s, Scottish Catholics are more likely to experience poverty and deprivation than their Protestant counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-mcbride_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcbride-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more Catholics can now be found in what were called the professions, with some occupying posts in the judiciary or in national politics. In 1999, the Rt Hon <a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a> MP became the first Catholic to hold the office of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a>. His succession by the Rt Hon <a href="/wiki/Helen_Liddell" title="Helen Liddell">Helen Liddell</a> MP in 2001 attracted considerably more media comment that she was the first woman to hold the post than that she was the second Catholic. Also notable was the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Louise_Richardson" title="Louise Richardson">Louise Richardson</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a> as its principal and vice-chancellor. St Andrews is the third oldest university in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. Richardson, a Catholic, was born in Ireland and is a naturalised United States citizen. She is the first woman to hold that office and first Catholic to hold it since the Scottish Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church recognises the separate identities of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. The church in Scotland is governed by its own hierarchy and bishops' conference, not under the control of English bishops. In more recent years, for example, there have been times when it was especially the Scottish bishops who took the floor in the United Kingdom to argue for Catholic social and moral teaching. The presidents of the bishops' conferences of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland meet formally to discuss "mutual concerns", though they are separate national entities. "Closer cooperation between the presidents can only help the Church's work", a spokesman noted.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish Catholics strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour Party</a> in the past, and Labour politicians openly courted Catholic voters and accused their opponents such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> of opposing the existence of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a>. Scottish Catholics increasingly started identifying with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, and switched to the SNP as their preferred party.<sup id="cite_ref-mcbride_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcbride-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish Catholics also emerged as a staunchly pro-independence group – according to a 2020 poll, 70% of Scottish Catholics supported <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcbride_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcbride-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Scottish sociologist Michael Rosie noted that "Catholics were actually the religious sub-group most likely to support an independent Scotland in 1999. This remains true in 2012."<sup id="cite_ref-gilfillan_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilfillan-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish Catholics are also more likely to be in favour of Scottish independence and to support SNP than non-religious voters.<sup id="cite_ref-gilfillan_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilfillan-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/182px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/273px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/364px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Map of Catholic dioceses in Scotland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland" title="Bishops' Conference of Scotland">Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a></div> <p>There are four entities that encompass Scotland, England, and Wales. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Military_Ordinariate_for_Great-Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Ordinariate for Great-Britain">Bishopric of the Forces</a> serves all members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> throughout the world, including those stationed on bases in Scotland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a> is a jurisdiction equivalent to a diocese for former Anglicans received into <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Catholic Church. It has faculty to celebrate a distinct variant of the Roman Rite based on both the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a>, but with a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan English">Elizabethan English</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, being used as their <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Holy_Family_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Catholic Diocese of the Holy Family of London">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London</a> serves members of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, a <i>sui juris</i> ritual church of Byzantine Rite that is part of the larger Catholic Church.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain</a> serves members of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are two Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdioceses</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> in Scotland; total membership is 841,000:<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diocese </th> <th>Province </th> <th class="unsortable">Approximate Territory </th> <th class="unsortable">Cathedral </th> <th>Creation </th> <th>Membership </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">01</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aberdeen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen">Diocese of Aberdeen</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gilbert" title="Hugh Gilbert">Bishop Hugh Gilbert</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><span style="display:none">05</span><b>Saint Andrews and Edinburgh</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a> (except southern <a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a> and the islands), <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">The Orkney Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">The Shetland Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Aberdeen" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen">Cathedral Church of St Mary of the Assumption</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span style="display:none">02</span>1878 </td> <td>51,000 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">02</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles">Diocese of Argyll and the Isles</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Brian_McGee_(bishop)" title="Brian McGee (bishop)">Bishop Brian McGee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">The Hebrides Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Columba%27s_Cathedral" title="St Columba's Cathedral">Cathedral Church of St Columba</a> </td> <td>10,000 <small>(2022)</small><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">03</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dunkeld" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld">Diocese of Dunkeld</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McKenzie_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew McKenzie (priest)">Bishop-Elect Andrew McKenzie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Forfarshire</a>, Perthshire and northern <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Dundee" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee">Cathedral Church of St Andrew</a> </td> <td>63,260 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">04</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Galloway" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway">Diocese of Galloway</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dougan" title="Francis Dougan">Bishop Francis Dougan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayr_Cathedral" title="Ayr Cathedral">Cathedral Church of St Margaret</a> </td> <td>41,350 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">05</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow">Archdiocese of Glasgow</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Nolan_(bishop)" title="William Nolan (bishop)">Archbishop William Nolan</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span style="display:none">01</span><b>Glasgow</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunbartonshire" title="Dunbartonshire">Dunbartonshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Glasgow" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow">Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St Andrew</a> </td> <td>218,170 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">06</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Motherwell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell">Diocese of Motherwell</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Toal" title="Joseph Toal">Bishop Joseph Toal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Motherwell_Cathedral" title="Motherwell Cathedral">Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Good Aid</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">07</span>1947<br />(from Archdiocese of Glasgow and Diocese of Galloway) </td> <td>163,000 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">07</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Paisley" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Paisley">Diocese of Paisley</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Keenan_(bishop)" title="John Keenan (bishop)">Bishop John Keenan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)" title="Renfrewshire (historic)">Renfrewshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Mirin%27s_Cathedral" title="St Mirin's Cathedral">Cathedral Church of Saint Mirin</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">08</span>1947<br />(from Archdiocese of Glasgow) </td> <td>87,940 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">08</span><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archdiocese of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Leo_Cushley" title="Leo Cushley">Archbishop Leo Cushley</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">04</span><b>Saint Andrews and Edinburgh</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">Saint Andrews</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinross-shire" title="Kinross-shire">Kinross-shire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>, Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Roman Catholic)">Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">01</span>1878 </td> <td>123,500 <small>(2022)</small><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">23</span><b><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Holy_Family_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London">Eparchy of the Holy Family of London</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nowakowski" title="Kenneth Nowakowski">Bishop Kenneth Nowakowski</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">23</span><b>Kiev–Galicia</b> </td> <td>Great Britain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Family_in_Exile" title="Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile">Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">19</span>1968<br />(elevated to Eparchy 2013) </td> <td>13,000 <small>(2021)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">24</span><b><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_the_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of the Forces">Bishopric of the Forces</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mason_(bishop)" title="Paul Mason (bishop)">Bishop Paul Mason</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="display:none">24</span><b>Holy See</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HM_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Forces">HM Forces</a> both in Britain and abroad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Michael_and_St_George,_Aldershot" title="Cathedral of St Michael and St George, Aldershot">Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">23</span>1986 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">25</span><b><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Waller_(bishop)" title="David Waller (bishop)">Bishop David Waller</a> </td> <td>Former <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Anglican</a> clergy, religious and laity resident in England, Wales and Scotland. </td> <td>Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory </td> <td><span style="display:none">25</span>2011 </td> <td>1,950 <small>(2021)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">25</span><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Srampickal" title="Joseph Srampickal">Bishop Joseph Srampickal</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">25</span><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Ernakulam%E2%80%93Angamaly" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly">Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly</a></b> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> in England, Wales and Scotland. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Cathedral_of_St_Alphonsa,_Preston" title="Syro-Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa, Preston">Syro-Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa, Preston</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">25</span>2016 </td> <td>41,000 <small>(2021)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Bishopric of the Forces and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham are directly subject to the Holy See. The Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain was subject to their own metropolitans, major archbishops, and major archiepiscopal synods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Catholicism_in_Scotland_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="11367" data-file-height="16864" /></a><figcaption>Percentage claiming to be Catholic in the 2011 UK Census in Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1982 and 2010, the proportion of Scottish Catholics dropped 18%, baptisms dropped 39%, and Catholic church marriages dropped 63%. The number of priests also dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001 UK Census</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 UK Census</a>, the proportion of Catholics remained steady while that of other Christians denominations, notably the Church of Scotland dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Catholics were a minority in each of Scotland's 32 council areas but in a few parts of the country their numbers were close to those of the official Church of Scotland. The most Catholic part of the country is composed of the western Central Belt council areas near Glasgow. In <a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a>, 38.3% of persons responding to the 2001 UK Census reported themselves to be Catholic compared to 40.9% as adherents of the Church of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a> also already had a large Catholic minority at 36.8% compared to 40.0% in the Church of Scotland. Following in order were <a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a> (35.8%), <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a> (31.7%), <a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a> (24.6%), <a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire" title="East Dunbartonshire">East Dunbartonshire</a> (23.6%), <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a> (23.6%) and <a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a> (21.7%). </p><p>In 2011, Catholics outnumbered adherents of the Church of Scotland in several council areas, including North Lanarkshire, Inverclyde, West Dunbartonshire, and the most populous one: Glasgow City.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the two censuses, numbers in Glasgow with no religion rose significantly while those noting their affiliation to the Church of Scotland dropped significantly so that the latter fell below those that identified with an affiliation to the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a smaller geographic scale, one finds that the two most Catholic parts of Scotland are: (1) the southernmost islands of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, especially Barra and South Uist, populated by Gaelic-speaking Scots of long-standing; and (2) the eastern suburbs of Glasgow, especially around <a href="/wiki/Coatbridge" title="Coatbridge">Coatbridge</a>, populated mostly by the descendants of Irish Catholic immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2011 UK Census, Catholics comprise 16% of the overall population, making it the second-largest church after the Church of Scotland (32%).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along ethnic or racial lines, Scottish Catholicism was in the past, and has remained at present, predominantly White or light-skinned in membership, as have always been other branches of Christianity in Scotland. Among respondents in the 2011 UK Census who identified as Catholic, 81% are White Scots, 17% are Other White (mostly other British or Irish), 1% is either Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British, and an additional 1% is either mixed-race or from multiple ethnicities; African; Caribbean or black; or from other ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years the Catholic Church in Scotland has experienced negative publicity in the mainstream media due to statements made by bishops in defence of traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian morality">Christian morality</a> and in criticism of secular and liberal ideology. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Devine" title="Joseph Devine">Joseph Devine</a>, Bishop of Motherwell, came under fire after alleging that the "gay lobby" were mounting "a giant conspiracy" to completely destroy <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism was also levelled at perceived intransigence on joint faith schools and threats to withdraw acquiescence unless guarantees of separate genders having different staff rooms, toilets, gyms, visitor, and pupil entrances were not met.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a Catholic church spokesman branded sex education as "pornography" and now disgraced Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Keith_O%27Brien" title="Keith O'Brien">Keith O'Brien</a> claimed plans to teach sex education in pre-schools amounted to "state-sponsored sexual abuse of minors."<sup id="cite_ref-news.scotsman.com_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.scotsman.com-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has also been even worse publicity related to the sexual abuse of minors. In 2016, a headteacher and teacher of the St Ninian's Orphanage, Falkland, Fife were sentenced for abuse at the orphanage from 1979 to 1983 when it was run by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Congregation of Christian Brothers</a>. Fr John Farrell the last headteacher there was sentenced to five years imprisonment. Paul Kelly, a teacher, was sentenced to ten years. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made regarding the orphanage, which had been closed down in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, it emerged that the <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General (Christianity)">Superior General</a> of the Christian Brothers, approved the placement of Farrell at St Ninian's despite previous reports of interfering with boys at a South African boarding school where it was recommended by the African <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial</a> that Farrell should never be placed in a boarding school in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roughly half of Catholic parishes in the West of Scotland were closed or merged because of a priest shortage and over half have closed in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2013, Scotland's most senior cleric, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, resigned after <a href="/wiki/Keith_O%27Brien#Accusations_and_admission" title="Keith O'Brien">allegations of sexual misconduct were made against him and partially admitted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, allegations were made that several other cases of alleged sexual misconduct took place involving other priests.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto,_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg/220px-Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg/330px-Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg/440px-Our_Lady_of_the_Highlands_Grotto%2C_Stratherrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_897517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marian_grotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian grotto">Marian grotto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Highlands on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Parish_Church,_Stratherrick" title="Immaculate Conception Parish Church, Stratherrick">Immaculate Conception Church</a> at Stratherrick, near <a href="/wiki/Whitebridge,_Scotland" title="Whitebridge, Scotland">Whitebridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverness-shire" title="Inverness-shire">Inverness-shire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> shrine to 'Our Lady of the Highlands', within the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Parish_Church,_Stratherrick" title="Immaculate Conception Parish Church, Stratherrick">Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Church</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Whitebridge,_Scotland" title="Whitebridge, Scotland">Whitebridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">An Drochaid Bhàn</i>) and to <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a>, a new outdoor <a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass stone</a> was consecrated by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gilbert" title="Hugh Gilbert">Hugh Gilbert</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aberdeen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen">Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen</a> in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2021 article published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lamp_(magazine)" title="The Lamp (magazine)">The Lamp</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> student and <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> Jamie McGowan credited "The Outlander Effect", rooted in the enormous popularity of <a href="/wiki/Diana_Gabaldon" title="Diana Gabaldon">Diana Gabaldon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(book_series)" title="Outlander (book series)">series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance novels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)" title="Outlander (TV series)">television adaptation</a> of them, with making <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, not only socially acceptable, but even into a fashionable element of Scottish <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is ironic, as the television series' historically inaccurate and allegedly negative depiction of 18th-century Catholic "heather priests" and Protestant ministers had previously drawn accusations of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">anti-Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to their efforts to promote Fr. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_(priest)" title="Alexander Cameron (priest)">Alexander Cameron</a> for Canonization, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St_Columba" title="Knights of St Columba">Knights of St Columba</a>'s Council No. 1 has also been involved in spreading the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St_Vincent_de_Paul_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="St Vincent de Paul Society">St Vincent de Paul Society</a> to fellow Millennial students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has launched the annual Brecbannoch Pilgrimage; bearing the relics of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew">St Andrew</a>, St Columba, and St <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Scotland</a>, which are on loan from <a href="/wiki/Carfin_Grotto" title="Carfin Grotto">Carfin Grotto</a>, on foot inside a <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Brecbannoch of St Columba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2024 Police Scotland data revealed that 33% of all anti-religious hate crimes in Scotland are directed towards Catholics, with Catholics making up just 13% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Scottish Bishops accused the SNP of "open and vicious hostility" towards Christians within their own ranks, like <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Cameron" title="Lisa Cameron">Lisa Cameron</a>, who dissent from the Party leadership's desired platform on legalized abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Scottish Catholic Bishops joined with the Church of Scotland and the Scottish Association of Mosques to express concern about the SNP's recent attacks against the religious beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Kate_Forbes" title="Kate Forbes">Kate Forbes</a>, the Party's MSP for <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badenoch" title="Badenoch">Badenoch</a>. Forbes, who is a <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> member, was receiving significant attacks for expressing her belief in <a href="/wiki/Christian_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian morality">Christian morality</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>, and other issues. A spokesman for the Scottish bishops said that the attacks against Forbes risked, "permanently damaging the ability of religious believers to enter politics", and further illustrate, "the decline of tolerance for religious views."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> (includes Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic Church in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic schools in the United Kingdom">Catholic schools in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Outer_Hebrides#Catholicism_in_the_Western_Isles" title="Religion in the Outer Hebrides">Catholicism in the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_Kingdom#Scotland" title="List of Catholic churches in the United Kingdom">List of Catholic churches in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Scotland" title="List of monastic houses in Scotland">List of monastic houses in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_popes,_patriarchs,_primates,_archbishops,_and_bishops" title="Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops">Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_letters_in_Scotland">Catholic letters in Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholic letters in Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Breviary" title="Aberdeen Breviary">Aberdeen Breviary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Innes_Review" title="Innes Review">Innes Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Catholic_Observer" title="Scottish Catholic Observer">Scottish Catholic Observer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Geddes_Burns" title="The Geddes Burns">The Geddes Burns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World,_the_Flesh,_and_Father_Smith" title="The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith">The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith</a></i>, a 1944 novel by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Marshall_(writer)" title="Bruce Marshall (writer)">Bruce Marshall</a> about the life of a Scottish Catholic priest assigned to parish in an urban slum</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gododdin" title="Y Gododdin">Y Gododdin</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_Catholic_Martyrs">Scottish Catholic Martyrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scottish Catholic Martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Black_(martyr)" title="John Black (martyr)">John Black (martyr)</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Blathmac" title="Blathmac">Blathmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_(priest)" title="Alexander Cameron (priest)">Alexander Cameron (priest)</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Donn%C3%A1n_of_Eigg" title="Donnán of Eigg">Donnán of Eigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas_(martyr)" title="George Douglas (martyr)">George Douglas (martyr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(martyr)" title="William Gibson (martyr)">William Gibson (martyr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ingram_(martyr)" title="John Ingram (martyr)">John Ingram (martyr)</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Ruba" title="Máel Ruba">Máel Ruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Iona" title="Martyrs of Iona">Martyrs of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Ogilvie" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Ogilvie">Saint John Ogilvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Primrose" title="Patrick Primrose">Patrick Primrose</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_shrines">Pilgrimage shrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carfin_Grotto" title="Carfin Grotto">Carfin Grotto</a></li> <li>Clachan Comar, <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cannich" title="Glen Cannich">Glen Cannich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cross" title="Glasgow Cross">Glasgow Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Parish_Church,_Stratherrick" title="Immaculate Conception Parish Church, Stratherrick">Immaculate Conception Parish Church, Stratherrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_Maree" title="Isle Maree">Isle Maree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/2011-census-key-results-from-releases-2a-to-2d/">"2011 Census: Key Results from Releases 2A to 2D"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Key+Results+from+Releases+2A+to+2D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2F2011-census-key-results-from-releases-2a-to-2d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William Forbes Leith (1909), <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume II From Commonwealth to Emancipation</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longman,_Green,_and_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longman, Green, and Co. (page does not exist)">Longman, Green, and Co.</a> 39 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London. p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William Forbes Leith (1909), <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume I The Reign of King Charles I</i>, Longman, Green, and Co. 39 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London. pp. 361-381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William Forbes Leith (1909), <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume II From Commonwealth to Emancipation</i>, Longman, Green, and Co. 39 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London. pp. 393-406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.com/">Archdiocese of Edinburgh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806052033/http://archdiocese-edinburgh.com/">Archived</a> 6 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.archdiocese-edinburgh.com. Retrieved 21 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/scotland/strathclyde/">"Immigration and Emigration – Scotland – Strathclyde – Lithuanians in Lanarkshire"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Emigration+%E2%80%93+Scotland+%E2%80%93+Strathclyde+%E2%80%93+Lithuanians+in+Lanarkshire&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fimmig_emig%2Fscotland%2Fstrathclyde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Collier "Scotland's confident Catholics" <i>Tablet</i> 10 January 2009, pg. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13124726.Census_reveals_huge_rise_in_number_of_non_religious_Scots/">"Census reveals huge rise in number of non-religious Scots (From Herald Scotland)"</a>. Heraldscotland.com. 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+reveals+huge+rise+in+number+of+non-religious+Scots+%28From+Herald+Scotland%29&rft.pub=Heraldscotland.com&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F13124726.Census_reveals_huge_rise_in_number_of_non_religious_Scots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTad_Turski2011" class="citation web cs1">Tad Turski (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129023845/http://www.dioceseofaberdeen.org/index.php/diocese/statistics">"Statistics"</a>. Dioceseofaberdeen.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioceseofaberdeen.org/index.php/diocese/statistics">the original</a> on 29 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft.pub=Dioceseofaberdeen.org&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.au=Tad+Turski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioceseofaberdeen.org%2Findex.php%2Fdiocese%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/11297461">"How many Catholics are there in Britain?"</a>. BBC News. 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+many+Catholics+are+there+in+Britain%3F&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11297461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/big-increase-in-mass-attendance-recorded-in-britain/#:~:text=Data%20shows%20that%2095%2C029%20people,attended%20Sunday%20Mass%20in%202019.">Big increase in Mass attendance recorded in Britain</a>, by Bess Twiston Davies, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i>, 28 January 2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Cunliffe, <i>The Ancient Celts</i> (Oxford, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025422-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025422-6">0-14-025422-6</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Davies, <i>Celtic Spirituality</i> (Paulist Press, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3894-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3894-8">0-8091-3894-8</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. 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Corning, <i>The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church</i> (Macmillan, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-7299-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-7299-0">1-4039-7299-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. O Croinin, ed., <i>Prehistoric and Early Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland</i>, vol I (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nick Aitchison (1999), <i>Macbeth: Man and Myth</i>, Sutton Publishing. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Carmel McCaffrey and Leo Eaton (2002), <i>In Search of Ancient Ireland</i>, New Amsterdam. pp. 175-176,179-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John Matthews & Bob Stewart (1993), <i>Celtic Warrior Chiefs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Firebird_Books" title="Firebird Books">Firebird Books</a>. pp. 143-187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Beresford_Ellis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Beresford Ellis (page does not exist)">Peter Beresford Ellis</a> (1993), <i>Macbeth: High King of Scotland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes & Noble Books">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. pp. 16, 17, 61, 63, 64, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nick Aitchison (1999), <i>Macbeth: Man and Myth</i>, Sutton Publishing. pp. 25-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank O'Connor (1968), <i>A Short History of Irish Literature: A Backward Look</i>, page 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Corning, <i>The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church</i> (Macmillan, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-7299-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-7299-0">1-4039-7299-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macquarrie2004pp67-8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macquarrie2004pp67-8_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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Wormald, <i>Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0276-3">0-7486-0276-3</a>, pp. 76–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/George_Scott-Moncrieff" title="George Scott-Moncrieff">George Scott-Moncrieff</a> (1960), <i>The Mirror and the Cross: Scotland and the Catholic Faith</i>, <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_Oates" title="Burns & Oates">Burns & Oates</a>, London. p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1900" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Alexander Ferrier (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scottishreformat00mitc/page/n67">"Patrick Hamilton"</a>. 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Page 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt, Trent Pomplun, eds, <i>The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism</i> (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1444337327" title="Special:BookSources/1444337327">1444337327</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scalan.co.uk/scalan_ground_floor_plan.htm">"Scalan Ground Floor Plan"</a>. <i>www.scalan.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scalan.co.uk&rft.atitle=Scalan+Ground+Floor+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scalan.co.uk%2Fscalan_ground_floor_plan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prebble1961p50-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prebble1961p50_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Prebble, <i>Culloden</i> (Pimlico: London, 1961), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch2006p416-7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch2006p416-7_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch2006p416-7_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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Delgado, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, September 8, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sconews.co.uk/feature/59835/meet-the-students-flying-the-flag-for-faith-at-glasgow-university/">Meet the students flying the flag for Faith at Glasgow University</a>, by Joanna Magoufakis, <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Catholic_Observer" title="Scottish Catholic Observer">Scottish Catholic Observer</a></i>, 1 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/cna/1-500-year-old-legacy-of-st-columba-includes-this-new-scottish-catholic-pilgrimage">1,500-Year-Old Legacy of St. Columba Includes This New Scottish Catholic Pilgrimage</a>, by Kevin J. Jones, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Observer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Catholic Observer (page does not exist)">National Catholic Observer</a></i>, June 21, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron2024" class="citation web cs1">Byron, Daniel (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scottishcatholicguardian.co.uk/2024/04/18/scotland-wide-data-shows-toll-of-anti-catholic-abuse/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'SNP aren't taking it seriously' Scotland wide data shows toll of anti-Catholic abuse"</a>. <i>Scottish Catholic Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Catholic+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27SNP+aren%27t+taking+it+seriously%27+Scotland+wide+data+shows+toll+of+anti-Catholic+abuse&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscottishcatholicguardian.co.uk%2F2024%2F04%2F18%2Fscotland-wide-data-shows-toll-of-anti-catholic-abuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spuc.org.uk/Article/384544/Catholic-Church-calls-out-SNPs-vicious-hostility-towards-pro-life-Christians">Catholic Church cAlls out SNP's "Vicious Hostility" towards Pro-Life Christians</a>, 16 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/16718/scottish-catholic-church-defends-snp-s-kate-forbes-">Scottish Catholic Church defends SNP's Kate Forbes</a>, by Madoc Cairns, 28 February 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona</a> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Columba" title="Life of Columba">Life of St Columba</a></i>, translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_(historian)" title="Richard Sharpe (historian)">Richard Sharpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anson" title="Peter Anson">Peter Anson</a> (1970), <i>Underground Catholicism in Scotland</i>, Self-Published.</li> <li>Odo Blundell (1909), <i>The Catholic Highlands of Scotland. Volume I: The Central Highlands</i>, Sands & Co., 21 Hanover Street, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, 15 King Street, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li>Odo Blundell (1917), <i>The Catholic Highlands of Scotland. Volume II: The Western Highlands and Islands</i>, Sands & Co., 37 George Street, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, 15 King Street, <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Collins (1960), <i>Martyr in Scotland: The Life and Times of James Ogilvie</i>, Burns & Oates, London.</li> <li>William Forbes-Leith (1889), <i>Narratives of Scottish Catholics under Mary Stuart and James VI: Now First Printed from the Original Manuscripts in the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Collections</i>, Thomas Baker, <a href="/wiki/Soho_Square" title="Soho Square">Soho Square</a>, London.</li> <li>William Forbes Leith (1909), <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume I The Reign of King Charles I</i>, Longman, Green, and Co. 39 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London.</li> <li>William Forbes Leith (1909), <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries. Volume II From Commonwealth to Emancipation</i>, Longman, Green, and Co. 39 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Row" title="Paternoster Row">Paternoster Row</a>, London.</li> <li>Kelsey Jackson-Williams (2020), <i>The First Scottish Enlightenment: Rebels, Priests, and History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li>Edited by Joseph Johnson (2024), <i>St. John Ogilvie Prayer Book</i>, Cruachan Hill Press.</li> <li>Charles MacDonald (2011), <i>Moidart: Among the Clanranalds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Birlinn Limited">Birlinn Limited</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scott-Moncrieff" title="George Scott-Moncrieff">George Scott-Moncrieff</a> (1960), <i>The Mirror and the Cross: Scotland and the Catholic Faith</i>, <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_Oates" title="Burns & Oates">Burns & Oates</a>, London.</li> <li>Ronald Walls (1960), <i>The One True Kirk</i>, Burns & Oates, London.</li> <li>John Watts (2004), <i>Hugh MacDonald: Highlander, Jacobite, Bishop</i>, John Donald Press.</li> <li>Thomas Wynne (2011), <i>The Forgotten Cameron of the '45: The Life and Times of Alexander Cameron S.J</i>, Print Smith, <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_Scotland" title="Fort William, Scotland">Fort William, Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals">Periodicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The Sources of the Gaelic Hymnal, 1893", by <a href="/wiki/John_Lorne_Campbell" title="John Lorne Campbell">John Lorne Campbell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innes_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Innes Review">The Innes Review</a></i>, December 1956 Vol. VII, No. 2, pp. 101-111.</li> <li>"Defending the True Faith: Kirk, State, and Catholic Missioners in Scotland, 1653-1755", by Daniel Szechi, Ph.D., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Historical_Review" title="The Catholic Historical Review">The Catholic Historical Review</a></i>, July 1996, Volume 82, No. 3. pp. 397-411.</li> <li>"The Scottish Catholic Enlightenment", by Mark Goldie, Volume XXX, No. 1, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a></i>, pp. 20-62.</li> <li>"A Highland Mission: <a href="/wiki/Strathglass" title="Strathglass">Strathglass</a>, 1671-1777", by Very Rev. Alexander Canon Mac William, Volume XXIV, <i><a href="/wiki/Innes_Review" title="Innes Review">Innes Review</a></i>, pp. 75-102.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Scotland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpsconfscot.com/">Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708090711/http://www.bpsconfscot.com/CatholicScotland/tabid/57/Default.aspx">Facts about Catholics in Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13613a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia's article on Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sconews.co.uk/">Scottish Catholic Observer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=catholic&search_fields=6&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E">National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE</a> (selection of archive films relating to Catholicism in Scotland)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Template:Catholic Church in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Catholic Church in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_Scotland511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland" title="Bishops' Conference of Scotland">Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Scotland" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Scotland">Dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Province of St Andrews and Edinburgh:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aberdeen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen">Diocese of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles">Diocese of Argyll & the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dunkeld" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld">Diocese of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Galloway" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway">Diocese of Galloway</a></li> <li>Province of Glasgow:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow">Archdiocese of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Motherwell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Motherwell">Diocese of Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Paisley" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Paisley">Diocese of Paisley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dioceses of Scotland"><img alt="Dioceses of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/140px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/210px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png/280px-Scottish_Catholic_Dioceses.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leo_Cushley" title="Leo Cushley">Leo Cushley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen" title="Bishop of Aberdeen">Bishop of Aberdeen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gilbert" title="Hugh Gilbert">Hugh Gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_bishop_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic bishop of Argyll and the Isles">Bishop of Argyll and the Isles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brian_McGee_(bishop)" title="Brian McGee (bishop)">Brian McGee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunkeld" title="Bishop of Dunkeld">Bishop of Dunkeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Robson" title="Stephen Robson">Stephen Robson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Galloway" title="Bishop of Galloway">Bishop of Galloway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Dougan" title="Francis Dougan">Francis Dougan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Glasgow" title="Archbishop of Glasgow">Archbishop of Glasgow</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Nolan_(bishop)" title="William Nolan (bishop)">William Nolan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Motherwell" title="Bishop of Motherwell">Bishop of Motherwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Toal" title="Joseph Toal">Joseph Toal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Paisley" title="Bishop of Paisley">Bishop of Paisley</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Keenan_(bishop)" title="John Keenan (bishop)">John Keenan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Ordinariate_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Ordinariate of Great Britain">Military Ordinariate of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Holy_Family_of_London" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_Scotland_in_the_High_and_Later_Middle_Ages" title="Dioceses of Scotland in the High and Later Middle Ages">Former<br />dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Aberdeen" title="Diocese of Aberdeen">Diocese of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Argyll" title="Diocese of Argyll">Diocese of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Brechin" title="Diocese of Brechin">Diocese of Brechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Caithness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Caithness">Diocese of Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dunblane" title="Diocese of Dunblane">Diocese of Dunblane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dunkeld" title="Diocese of Dunkeld">Diocese of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Galloway" title="Diocese of Galloway">Diocese of Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Glasgow" title="Archdiocese of Glasgow">Archdiocese of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Isles" title="Diocese of the Isles">Diocese of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Moray" title="Diocese of Moray">Diocese of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Orkney">Diocese of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ross_(Scotland)" title="Diocese of Ross (Scotland)">Diocese of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdiocese of St Andrews">Archdiocese of St Andrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Catholic)" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Catholic)">St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Aberdeen" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen">St Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayr_Cathedral" title="Ayr Cathedral">Ayr Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Dundee" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee">St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Columba%27s_Cathedral" title="St Columba's Cathedral">St Columba's Cathedral, Oban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Glasgow" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow">St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherwell_Cathedral" title="Motherwell Cathedral">Motherwell Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mirin%27s_Cathedral" title="St Mirin's Cathedral">St Mirin's Cathedral, Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_Kingdom#Scotland" title="List of Catholic churches in the United Kingdom">List of Catholic churches in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic schools in the United Kingdom">List of Catholic schools in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_seminaries#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic seminaries">List of Catholic seminaries in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Scotland" title="List of saints of Scotland">List of saints of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfin_Grotto" title="Carfin Grotto">Carfin Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluscarden_Abbey" title="Pluscarden Abbey">Pluscarden Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Monastery,_Kinnoull" title="St Mary's Monastery, Kinnoull">St Mary's Monastery, Kinnoull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Catharine%27s_Convent,_Edinburgh" title="St Catharine's Convent, Edinburgh">St Catharine's Convent, Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Sisters_of_Mercy_Convent_in_Elgin" title="Greyfriars Sisters of Mercy Convent in Elgin">Greyfriars Convent, Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Maria_Abbey,_Nunraw" title="Sancta Maria Abbey, Nunraw">Sancta Maria Abbey, Nunraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_Europe423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Template:Catholic Church in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Catholic Church in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_Europe423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Catholic Church in Europe">Catholic Church in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Andorra" title="Catholic Church in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Armenia" title="Catholic Church in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Austria" title="Catholic Church in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Azerbaijan" title="Catholic Church in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cyprus" title="Catholic Church in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Denmark" title="Catholic Church in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Estonia" title="Catholic Church in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Finland" title="Catholic Church in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kazakhstan" title="Catholic Church in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latvia" title="Catholic Church in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liechtenstein" title="Catholic Church in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lithuania" title="Catholic Church in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Moldova" title="Catholic Church in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Monaco" title="Catholic Church in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Montenegro" title="Catholic Church in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Macedonia" title="Catholic Church in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Norway" title="Catholic Church in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_San_Marino" title="Catholic Church in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Serbia" title="Catholic Church in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Slovakia" title="Catholic Church in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Slovenia" title="Catholic Church in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sweden" title="Catholic Church in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey" title="Catholic Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ukraine" title="Catholic Church in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Abkhazia" title="Catholic Church in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kosovo" title="Catholic Church in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Catholic Church in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Gibraltar" title="Catholic Church in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guernsey" title="Catholic Church in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Catholic Church in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jersey" title="Catholic Church in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_seminaries_in_Scotland382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_seminaries_in_Scotland" title="Template:Catholic seminaries in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_seminaries_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Catholic seminaries in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_seminaries_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic seminaries in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_seminaries_in_Scotland382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_seminaries#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic seminaries">Catholic seminaries in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vicariate_Apostolic_of_the_Highland_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate Apostolic of the Highland District">Vicariate Apostolic of the Highland District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eilean Ban (1714–1716 and 1732–1738)</li> <li>Guidal (1738–1746)</li> <li>Glenfinnan (1768–1770)</li> <li>Buorblach (1770–1774 and 1776–1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore_Seminary#History" title="Lismore Seminary">Samalaman College</a> (1783–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore_Seminary" title="Lismore Seminary">Lismore Seminary</a> (1803–1829)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vicariate_Apostolic_of_the_Lowland_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate Apostolic of the Lowland District">Vicariate Apostolic of the Lowland District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalan" title="Scalan">Scalan College</a> (1717–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquahorthies_College" title="Aquahorthies College">Aquahorthies College</a> (1799–1829)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">National junior seminary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blairs_College" title="Blairs College">St Mary's College, Blairs</a> (1829–1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow">Archdiocese of Glasgow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partickhill" title="Partickhill">St Peter's College, Partickhill</a> (1874–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearsden_Academy" title="Bearsden Academy">St Peter's College, Bearsden</a> (1892–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Seminary,_Cardross" title="St Peter's Seminary, Cardross">St Peter's Seminary, Cardross</a> (1946–1980)</li> <li>St Peter's College, Newlands (1980–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotus_College" title="Scotus College">Chesters College</a> (1984–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Drygrange" title="St Andrew's College, Drygrange">St Andrew's College, Drygrange</a> (1953–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langbank" title="Langbank">St Vincent's College, Langbank</a> (1961–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillis_Centre" title="Gillis Centre">Gillis College</a> (1986–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">National seminary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotus_College" title="Scotus College">Scotus College</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_articles448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Scotland420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Scotland420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland"><span style="color:black;">Religion in Scotland</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_seventeenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the seventeenth century">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the eighteenth century">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_nineteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_universi" title="Cum universi">Cum universi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland#Religious_settlement" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Controversy" title="Marrow Controversy">Marrow Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Patronage_(Scotland)_Act_1711" title="Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711">Patronage Act 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">First Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Second Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Great Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Scotland_Movement" title="Tell Scotland Movement">Tell Scotland Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_revival_in_Scotland" title="Evangelical revival in Scotland">Evangelical revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Scotland" title="Freedom of religion in Scotland">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_missions" title="Scottish Protestant missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland" title="Church music in Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_popular_religion_in_Scotland" title="History of popular religion in Scotland">Popular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Scotland" title="List of saints of Scotland">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">Sectarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Associated Presbyterian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didasko" title="Didasko">Didasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church#Scotland" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">Old and New Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Burgher" title="Anti-Burgher">Anti-Burgher movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Presbytery" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Presbytery">Associate Presbytery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(Berean)" title="John Barclay (Berean)">Bereans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanites" title="Buchanites">Buchanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameronian" title="Cameronian">Cameronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagers" title="Engagers">Engagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Party" title="Kirk Party">Kirk Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Union_(Scotland)" title="Evangelical Union (Scotland)">Evangelical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">Glasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Secession_Church" title="Original Secession Church">Original Secession Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Relief Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Secession_Church" title="United Secession Church">United Secession Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian <br />ecumenism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Community" title="Iona Community">Iona Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bible_Society" title="Scottish Bible Society">Scottish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Churches_Parliamentary_Office" title="Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office">Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office</a></li></ul> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55bb9fd656-d7l49","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.728","walltime":"2.182","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21760,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":375420,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":53864,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":343005,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1668.208 1 -total"," 33.07% 551.736 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.85% 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