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geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Volcanology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Glaciers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Drainage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IUGS_geological_heritage_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IUGS_geological_heritage_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 IUGS geological heritage site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IUGS_geological_heritage_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Human history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chagga_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chagga_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chagga states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chagga_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 European exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_and_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_and_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fauna and flora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fauna and flora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vegetation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climatic_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climatic_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Climatic zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climatic_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Tourism industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tourism industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climbing_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Climbing records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In literature and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Academic articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mount Kilimanjaro</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" > 165 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandjaro" title="Kilimandjaro – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kilimandjaro" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%8A%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%88%AE" title="ኪሊማንጃሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪሊማንጃሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جبل كليمنجارو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل كليمنجارو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%27" title="মাউণ্ট কিলিমাঞ্জাৰ' – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাউণ্ট কিলিমাঞ্জাৰ'" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kilimanjaro" title="Monte Kilimanjaro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monte Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilim%C3%A3j%C3%A1ro" title="Kilimãjáro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kilimãjáro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Килиманджаро (мегӀер) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Килиманджаро (мегӀер)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimancaro" title="Kilimancaro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kilimancaro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="کلیمانجارو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلیمانجارو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunung Kilimanjaro – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gunung Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="কিলিমাঞ্জারো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিলিমাঞ্জারো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Soa%E2%81%BF" title="Kilimanjaro Soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kilimanjaro Soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кіліманджара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіліманджара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кіліманджара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіліманджара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Kilimanjaro" title="Bukid Kilimanjaro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bukid Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="རི་བོ་ཆི་ལི་མ་ཀྲ་ལུའོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རི་བོ་ཆི་ལི་མ་ཀྲ་ལུའོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_(bukid)" title="Kilimanjaro (bukid) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kilimanjaro (bukid)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BE%C3%A1ro" title="Kilimandžáro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kilimandžáro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri_la_Kilimanjaro" title="Phiri la Kilimanjaro – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Phiri la Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilimangiaru" title="Chilimangiaru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chilimangiaru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%AF_%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A6" title="ކިލިމަންޖާރޯ ފަރުބަދަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކިލިމަންޖާރޯ ފަރުބަދަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κιλιμάντζαρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιλιμάντζαρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliman%C4%9Daro" title="Kilimanĝaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kilimanĝaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="کلیمانجارو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیمانجارو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mount Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandjaro" title="Kilimandjaro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kilimandjaro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimajaro" title="Mount Kilimajaro – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mount Kilimajaro" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%B3_Kilimanjaro" title="Osó Kilimanjaro – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Osó Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_S%C3%A2n" title="Kilimanjaro Sân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kilimanjaro Sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%8C%EC%9E%90%EB%A1%9C%EC%82%B0" title="킬리만자로산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬리만자로산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen_Kilimanjaro" title="Dutsen Kilimanjaro – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dutsen Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8" title="Կիլիմանջարո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլիմանջարո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="किलिमंजारो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किलिमंजारो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BAaro" title="Kilimandźaro – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kilimandźaro" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BEaro" title="Kilimandžaro – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kilimandžaro" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%27idu_Kilimanjaro" title="Hu'idu Kilimanjaro – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Hu'idu Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantay_Kilimanjaro" title="Bantay Kilimanjaro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bantay Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunung Kilimanjaro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMount_Kilimanjaro" title="IMount Kilimanjaro – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMount Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimangiaro" title="Kilimangiaro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kilimangiaro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%95" title="קילימנג'רו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קילימנג'רו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunung Kilimanjaro – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaroo_p%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Kilimanjaroo pʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kilimanjaroo pʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕಿಲಿಮಂಜಾರೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿಲಿಮಂಜಾರೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="კილიმანჯარო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილიმანჯარო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusozi_wa_Kilimanjaro" title="Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_(volkeno)" title="Kilimanjaro (volkeno) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilimanjaro (volkeno)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_(mefta)" title="Kilimanjaro (mefta) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kilimanjaro (mefta)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AA_Kil%C3%AEmanjaro" title="Çiyayê Kilîmanjaro – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiyayê Kilîmanjaro" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманжаро – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Килиманжаро" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mount Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandiarus" title="Kilimandiarus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kilimandiarus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BE%C4%81ro" title="Kilimandžāro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kilimandžāro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BEaras" title="Kilimandžaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilimandžaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandzs%C3%A1r%C3%B3" title="Kilimandzsáró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kilimandzsáró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманџаро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Килиманџаро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandjaro" title="Kilimandjaro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kilimandjaro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="കിളിമഞ്ചാരോ കൊടുമുടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിളിമഞ്ചാരോ കൊടുമുടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_te_maunga" title="Kilimanjaro te maunga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kilimanjaro te maunga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="माउंट किलीमांजारो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माउंट किलीमांजारो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="კილიმანჯარო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კილიმანჯარო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جبل كليمنجارو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل كليمنجارو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunung Kilimanjaro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunuang Kilimanjaro – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманжаро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Килиманжаро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကီလီမန်ဂျာရိုတောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကီလီမန်ဂျာရိုတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_(berg)" title="Kilimanjaro (berg) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kilimanjaro (berg)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="किलिमन्जारो हिमाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="किलिमन्जारो हिमाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="च्वका किलिम्यान्जेरो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="च्वका किलिम्यान्जेरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD" title="キリマンジャロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリマンジャロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaaroo" title="Kilimanjaaroo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kilimanjaaroo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕਿਲੀਮੰਜਾਰੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਲੀਮੰਜਾਰੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="کلیمنجارو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلیمنجارو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandjaro" title="Kilimandjaro – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kilimandjaro" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimangiaro" title="Kilimangiaro – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kilimangiaro" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BCaro" title="Kilimandżaro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kilimandżaro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilimanjaro" title="Quilimanjaro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimancaro" title="Kilimancaro – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kilimancaro" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimandscharo" title="Kilimandscharo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Kilimandscharo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Кіліманджаро – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кіліманджаро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманджаро – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Килиманджаро" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mount Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanxharo" title="Kilimanxharo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kilimanxharo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimangiaru" title="Kilimangiaru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kilimangiaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF" title="කිලිමන්ජාරෝ කන්ද – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කිලිමන්ජාරෝ කන්ද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ڪليمنجارو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪليمنجارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BE%C3%A1ro" title="Kilimandžáro – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kilimandžáro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BEaro" title="Kilimandžaro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kilimandžaro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BCaro" title="Kilimandżaro – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kilimandżaro" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaaro" title="Kilimanjaaro – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kilimanjaaro" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86" title="چیای کیلیمانجارۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیای کیلیمانجارۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Килиманџаро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Килиманџаро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BEaro" title="Kilimandžaro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kilimandžaro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளிமஞ்சாரோ மலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliman%C7%A7aru" title="Kilimanǧaru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kilimanǧaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimancaro" title="Kilimancaro – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kilimancaro" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaru" title="Kilimanjaru – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kilimanjaru" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="เขาคิลิมันจาโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขาคิลิมันจาโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kilimanjaro Dağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilimanjaro Dağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Кіліманджаро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіліманджаро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="کلیمنجارو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیمنجارو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%BA%D9%89" title="كىلىمانجارو تېغى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىلىمانجارو تېغى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimand%C5%BEaro" title="Kilimandžaro – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kilimandžaro" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Kilimanjaro" title="Núi Kilimanjaro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Kilimanjaro" title="Bukid Kilimanjaro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Kilimanjaro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9E%E5%8A%9B%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97%E5%B1%B1" title="乞力马扎罗山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乞力马扎罗山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90" title="קילימאנדזשארא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קילימאנדזשארא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%8A%9B%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%8E%E7%BE%85%E5%B1%B1" title="吉力馬扎羅山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吉力馬扎羅山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koy%C3%AA_Kilimanjaroyi" title="Koyê Kilimanjaroyi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koyê Kilimanjaroyi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97l%C4%97mand%C5%BEars" title="Kėlėmandžars – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėlėmandžars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9E%E5%8A%9B%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97%E5%B1%B1" title="乞力马扎罗山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乞力马扎罗山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilim%C9%99n%C4%8D%C9%99ro" title="Kilimənčəro – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kilimənčəro" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7296#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kilimanjaro" and "Mawenzi" redirect here. For the administrative ward, see <a href="/wiki/Mawenzi_(Moshi_Urban_ward)" title="Mawenzi (Moshi Urban ward)">Mawenzi (Moshi Urban ward)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kilimanjaro (disambiguation)">Kilimanjaro (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Kilimanjaro</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg/272px-Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg/408px-Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg/544px-Kilimanjaro_from_Amboseli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="2036" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Kilimanjaro from <a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli National Park</a>, Kenya</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,895 m (19,341 ft) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296?uselang=en#P2044" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a><a href="#cite_note-XPATS_International-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,895 m (19,341 ft) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296?uselang=en#P2660" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> Ranked 4th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,510 km (3,420 mi) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296?uselang=en#P2659" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Kilimanjaro&params=03_04_33_S_37_21_12_E_type:mountain_region:TZ-09_scale:100000">03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / 3.07583°S 37.35333°E / -3.07583; 37.35333</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Tanzania"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/272px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/408px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/544px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3143" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.101%;left:66.81%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mount Kilimanjaro</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kilimanjaro's location in Tanzania</div>Show map of Tanzania</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Africa"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.301%;left:76.386%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mount Kilimanjaro</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)</div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Earth"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/272px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/408px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/544px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.709%;left:60.376%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Mount Kilimanjaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mount Kilimanjaro</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mount Kilimanjaro (Earth)</div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Parent range</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rift_mountains" title="Eastern Rift mountains">Eastern Rift mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topo map(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski<a href="#cite_note-map-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 million years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1889 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Meyer_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Meyer (geologist)">Hans Meyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Purtscheller" title="Ludwig Purtscheller">Ludwig Purtscheller</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mount Kilimanjaro (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkɪlɪmənˈdʒɑːroʊ/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Dormant" title="Volcano">dormant volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/African_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="African mountains">highest mountain in Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth" title="List of highest mountains on Earth">highest free-standing mountain above sea level in the world</a>: 5,895 m (19,341 ft) above sea level and 4,900 m (16,100 ft) above its plateau base. It is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_by_elevation" title="List of volcanoes by elevation">highest volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">fourth most topographically prominent</a> peak on Earth. Kilimanjaro's southern and eastern slopes served as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Chagga_states" title="Chagga states">Chagga Kingdoms</a> until their abolition in 1963 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a>. The origin and meaning of the name Kilimanjaro is unknown, but may mean "mountain of greatness" or "unclimbable". Although described in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> sources, Germany missionary <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rebmann" title="Johannes Rebmann">Johannes Rebmann</a> is credited as the first European to report the mountain's existence, in 1848. After several European attempts, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Meyer_(geographer)" title="Hans Meyer (geographer)">Hans Meyer</a> reached Kilimanjaro's highest summit in 1889. The mountain was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_National_Park" title="Kilimanjaro National Park">Kilimanjaro National Park</a> in 1973. As one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a>, Kilimanjaro is a major hiking and climbing destination. There are <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro_climbing_routes" title="Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes">seven established routes</a> to Uhuru Peak, the mountain's highest point. Although not as technically challenging as similar mountains, the prominence of Kilimanjaro poses a serious risk of <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>. One of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rift_mountains" title="Eastern Rift mountains">several mountains</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, Kilimanjaro was formed from volcanic activity over 2 million years ago. Its slopes host <a href="/wiki/Montane_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forests">montane forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forests">cloud forests</a>. Multiple species are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to Mount Kilimanjaro, including the <a href="/wiki/Giant_groundsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant groundsel">giant groundsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Dendrosenecio_kilimanjari" title="Dendrosenecio kilimanjari">Dendrosenecio kilimanjari</a>. The mountain possesses a large <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> and the largest glaciers in Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Credner_Glacier" title="Credner Glacier">Credner Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furtw%C3%A4ngler_Glacier" title="Furtwängler Glacier">Furtwängler Glacier</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rebmann_Glacier" title="Rebmann Glacier">Rebmann Glacier</a>. This ice cap is rapidly shrinking, with over 80% lost in the 20th century. The cap is projected to disappear entirely by the mid-21st century. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The origin and meaning of the name Kilimanjaro is disputed. Although the <a href="/wiki/Chagga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagga people">Chagga people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro region">Kilimanjaro region</a> have no name for the mountain, they call its two peaks Kipoo and Kimawenze. The peaks' names—usually rendered Kibo and Mawenzi—mean "spotted" in reference to Kibo's snow and "broken top" due to Mawenzi's jagged peak. "Kilimanjaro" may originate from the Chagga calling the mountain unclimbable—kilemanjaare or kilemajyaro—and explorers misinterpreting this as its name. This <a href="/wiki/Chaga_languages" title="Chaga languages">Kichagga language</a> etymology relies on kileme, "that which defeats", or kilelema, "that which has become difficult or impossible". The -jaro could be derived from njaare, a bird, or jyaro, a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a> Early Western etymologies used a compound <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> origin, with kilima translated as "mountain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a> In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahilis</a> used the name Kilimanjaro and that it meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans", with a translation of njaro as greatness or jaro as "caravans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrapfRavenstein1860255-5">[5]</a> In 1885, Scottish explorer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> reported "white mountain" as an alternative, with njaro denoting whiteness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1887-6">[6]</a> This Swahili etymological approach is criticized as kilima is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> of mlima (mountain) and actually means "hill". However, mlima may have been misreported as kilima via conflation with the two peaks' names, Kipoo and Kimawenze.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a> Krapf mentions an 1849 visit with a <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Wakamba</a> chief that called the mountain Kima jajeu, meaning "mountain of whiteness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrapfRavenstein1860544-7">[7]</a> Another explanation is that jyaro may refer to a god or a deity that guarded the mountain from tresspassers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson196565-4">[4]</a> In the 1880s, the mountain became part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> and was called Kilima-Ndscharo in German.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Meyer_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Meyer (geologist)">Hans Meyer</a> reached the highest summit on Kibo, which he named Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze for <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in 1964, the summit was renamed Uhuru Peak: "Freedom Peak" in Swahili.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Kilimanjaro's main peaks are Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right), as named by the Chagga. They respectively mean "spotted" and "broken top".‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg/1000px-The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg/1500px-The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg/2000px-The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kibo_and_Mawenzi_Cones_of_Mt._Kilimanjaro.jpg" title="File:The Kibo and Mawenzi Cones of Mt. Kilimanjaro.jpg"> </a></div>Kilimanjaro's main peaks are Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right), as named by the <a href="/wiki/Chagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagga">Chagga</a>. They respectively mean "spotted" and "broken top".</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_geography">Geology and geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and geography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_3D_-_version_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kilimanjaro_3D_-_version_1.gif/288px-Kilimanjaro_3D_-_version_1.gif" decoding="async" width="288" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Kilimanjaro_3D_-_version_1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="214" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg/288px-Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg/432px-Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg/576px-Kilimanjaro_Mawenzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="487" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The two highest volcanic cones: Kibo (top) and Mawenzi (bottom)</div></div></div></div> Kilimanjaro is a large dormant <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest; Mawenzi at 5,149 m (16,893 ft);<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and Shira, the lowest at 4,005 m (13,140 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-13">[13]</a> Mawenzi and Shira are <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Extinct" title="Volcano">extinct</a>, while Kibo is <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Dormant" title="Volcano">dormant</a> and could erupt again.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. The <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_National_Parks_Authority" title="Tanzania National Parks Authority">Tanzania National Parks Authority</a>, a Tanzanian government agency,<a href="#cite_note-XPATS_International-1">[1]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-15">[15]</a> lists the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m (19,341 ft), based on a <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">British survey</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Digital-16">[16]</a> The height has since been measured as 5,892 m (19,331 ft) in 1999, 5,902 m (19,364 ft) in 2008, and 5,899 m (19,354 ft) in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Digital-16">[16]</a> A map of the Kibo cone on Mount Kilimanjaro was published by the British government's <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Overseas_Surveys" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Overseas Surveys">Directorate of Overseas Surveys</a> (DOS) in 1964 based on aerial photography conducted in 1962 as the "Subset of Kilimanjaro, East Africa (Tanganyika) Series Y742, Sheet 56/2, D.O.S. 422 1964, Edition 1, Scale 1:50,000".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Tourist mapping was first published by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping at a scale of 1:100,000, with 100 ft (30 m) contour intervals, as DOS 522.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart2012-18">[18]</a> West Col Productions produced a map with tourist information in 1990, at a scale of 1:75,000, with 100 m (330 ft) contour intervals; it included inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and with 50 m (160 ft) contour intervals.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart2012-18">[18]</a> In recent years, numerous other maps have become available, of various qualities.<a href="#cite_note-map-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanology">Volcanology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volcanology">edit</a>]</div> The volcanic interior of Kilimanjaro is poorly known because there has not been any significant erosion to expose the <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> strata that comprise the volcano's structure.<a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a> Eruptive activity at the Shira center commenced about 2.5 million years ago, with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago, just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> Shira is topped by a broad <a href="/wiki/High_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="High plain">high plain</a> at 3,800 m (12,500 ft), which may be a filled <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion. Before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 and 5,200 m (16,100 and 17,100 ft) high. It is mostly composed of basaltic lavas, with some <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastics</a>. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">ring fractures</a>, but there was no large-scale <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive activity</a>. Two cones formed subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolitic</a> one at the northwest end of the ridge and the <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">doleritic</a> Platzkegel in the caldera center.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnBarryDawson-21">[21]</a> Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> They are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 m (14,400 ft) elevation.<a href="#cite_note-AnAscentOfKilimanjaro-22">[22]</a>: 3  The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> Mawenzi forms a horseshoe-shaped ridge with <a href="/wiki/Rock_pinnacle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock pinnacle">pinnacles</a> and ridges opening to the northeast, with a tower-like shape resulting from deep erosion and a <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_swarm" title="Dike swarm">dike swarm</a>. Several large <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirques</a> cut into the ring and the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge. Also notable are the East and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiary peak">subsidiary peak</a>, Neumann Tower, 4,425 m (14,518 ft).<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnBarryDawson-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg/220px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg/330px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg/440px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Dec_2009_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of Kilimanjaro in December 2009.</figcaption></figure> Kibo is the largest cone on the mountain and is more than 24 km (15 mi) wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude. The last activity here, dated to 150,000–200,000 years ago, created the current Kibo summit crater. Kibo still has gas-emitting <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a> in its crater.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnBarryDawson-21">[21]</a> Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> rising 180 to 200 m (590 to 660 ft) on the south side. These escarpments define a 2.5 km-wide (1.6-mile) caldera<a href="#cite_note-Glaciers_of_Middle_East-23">[23]</a> caused by the collapse of the summit. Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater, which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch, upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time (out of 65 attempts during his lifetime).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Ash Pit, 350 m (1,150 ft) deep, lies within the Reusch Crater.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> About 100,000 years ago, part of Kibo's crater rim collapsed, creating the area known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Breach" title="Western Breach">Western Breach</a> and the Great Barranco.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> An almost continuous layer of lava buries most older geological features, except exposed <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco. The former exposes intrusions of <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a> Kibo has five main lava formations:<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">tephriphonolites</a> of the Lava Tower group, on a <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dyke</a> cropping out at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), dated to 482,000 years ago.</li> <li>Tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas "characterized by rhomb mega-phenocrysts of sodic feldspars" of the Rhomb Porphyry group, dated to 460,000–360,000 years ago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">Aphyric</a> phonolite lavas, "commonly underlain by basal obsidian horizons", of the Lent group, dated to 359,000–337,000 years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyritic</a> tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas of the Caldera Rim group, dated to 274,000–170,000 years ago</li> <li>Phonolite lava flows with <a href="/wiki/Aegirine" title="Aegirine">aegirine</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>, of the Inner Crater group, which represents the last volcanic activity on Kibo</li></ul> Kibo has more than 250 <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">parasitic cones</a> on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a> and erupted <a href="/wiki/Picrobasalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrobasalt">picrobasalts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">trachybasalts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankaramite" title="Ankaramite">ankaramites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">basanites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NonnottePhilippe-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-JohnBarryDawson-21">[21]</a> They reach as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chala" title="Lake Chala">Lake Chala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taita-Taveta_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Taita-Taveta County">Taveta</a> in the southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest. Most of these cones are well preserved, except the Saddle Plateau cones which were heavily affected by glacial action. Despite their mostly small size, lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain. The Saddle Plateau cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava, while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows. All Saddle Plateau cones predate the last glaciation.<a href="#cite_note-Preliminary-19">[19]</a> According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>, Lake Chala on Kibo's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption.<a href="#cite_note-ShearsonHyland-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg/220px-Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg/330px-Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg/440px-Kilimanjaro_dymamics2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Kilimanjaro's glaciers retreat in 1912–2018.</figcaption></figure> Kibo's <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">diminishing</a> ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a>. The cap is divergent and at the edges splits into individual glaciers. The central portion of the ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater.<a href="#cite_note-AnAscentOfKilimanjaro-22">[22]</a>: 5  The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a> Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period, namely First (500,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>), Second (greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP), Third (150,000 to 120,000 BP), Fourth (also known as "Main") (20,000 to 17,000 BP), and Little (16,000 to 14,000 BP). The Third may have been the most extensive, and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 km2 (150 sq mi) down to an elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) covered Kilimanjaro during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch (the Main glacial episode), extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi.<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glaciers_of_Middle_East-23">[23]</a> Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">stadial</a>, the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct around 11,500 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice cores</a> taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a basal age of about 11,700 years,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">Higher precipitation rates at the beginning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a> The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-unabated-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher(big_glacier).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg/220px-Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg/330px-Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg/440px-Kibo-gro%C3%9Fer_Gletscher%28big_glacier%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Vertical margin wall of the <a href="/wiki/Rebmann_Glacier" title="Rebmann Glacier">Rebmann Glacier</a> in 2005 with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)" title="Mount Meru (Tanzania)">Mount Meru</a>, which is 70 km (43 mi) away, in the background.</figcaption></figure> In the late 1880s, the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap about 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) in extent with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes, and except for the inner cone, the entire caldera was buried. Glacier ice also flowed through the Western Breach.<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glaciers_of_Middle_East-23">[23]</a> The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953, in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them "drastically out of equilibrium", and more slowly thereafter. Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over the past century.<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-13">[13]</a> In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers, the glaciers on Kilimanjaro's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch, with each cycle lasting a few hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>: 1088  It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. No clear warming trend at the elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005. Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing, solar radiation causes melting on vertical faces. Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers. They manifest stratifications, <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>, and other ice features.<a href="#cite_note-SinghSingh2011-35">[35]</a> "There is no pathway for the plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation."<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-13">[13]</a> The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records, including two from the southern icefield. Based on this data, this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg/220px-Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg/330px-Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg/440px-Kilimanjaro_sunrise_at_GillmanPoint%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>A vertical glacier margin wall as seen from Gilman's Point on the crater rim at sunrise in 1998</figcaption></figure> Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared between October 1912 and June 2011, with coverage decreasing from 11.40 km2 (4.40 sq mi) to 1.76 km2 (0.68 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Retreat-37">[37]</a>: 423  Between 1912 and 1953, there was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss of ice coverage.<a href="#cite_note-unabated-33">[33]</a> The average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent, while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-unabated-33">[33]</a> Of the ice cover still present in 2000, almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Retreat-37">[37]</a>: 425  Ice climber Will Gadd noticed differences between his 2014 and 2020 climbs.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage,<a href="#cite_note-unabated-33">[33]</a> and do not have active accumulation zones; retreat occurs on all glacier surfaces. Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a> While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appear to be unique within its almost twelve-millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacier retreat</a> in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-unabated-33">[33]</a> In 2013, it was estimated that, at the current <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">rate of global warming</a>, most of the ice on Kilimanjaro will disappear by 2040, and "it is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060".<a href="#cite_note-Retreat-37">[37]</a>: 430  The Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwangler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, was the fourth to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A complete disappearance of the ice would be of only "negligible importance" to the water budget of the area around the mountain. The forests of Kilimanjaro, far below the ice fields, "are [the] essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drainage">Drainage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drainage">edit</a>]</div> Kilimanjaro is drained by a network of rivers and streams, especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Below that altitude, increased evaporation and human water usage reduce the water flows. The <a href="/wiki/Lumi_River_(East_Africa)" title="Lumi River (East Africa)">Lumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pangani_River" title="Pangani River">Pangani</a> rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IUGS_geological_heritage_site">IUGS geological heritage site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IUGS geological heritage site">edit</a>]</div> In respect of it being 'the highest <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> of the East African Rift that maintains a glacier on its summit', the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS) included 'The Pleistocene Kilimanjaro volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organization defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chagga_states">Chagga states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chagga states">edit</a>]</div> Kilimanjaro is attested to in numerous stories by the people who live in East Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Chagga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagga people">Chagga</a>, who traditionally lived on the southern and eastern slopes of the mountain in sovereign <a href="/wiki/Chagga_states" title="Chagga states">Chagga states</a>, tell how a man named Tone once provoked a god, Ruwa, to bring famine upon the land. The people became angry at Tone, forcing him to flee. Nobody wanted to protect him but a solitary dweller who had stones that turned miraculously into cattle. The dweller bid that Tone never open the stable of the cattle. When Tone did not heed the warning and the cattle escaped, Tone followed them, but the fleeing cattle threw up hills to run on, including Mawenzi and Kibo. Tone finally collapsed on Kibo, ending the pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-legend-43">[43]</a> Another Chagga legend tells of ivory-filled graves of elephants on the mountain, and of a cow named Rayli that produces miraculous fat from her tail glands. If a man tries to steal such a gland but is too slow in his moves, Rayli will blast a powerful snort and blow the thief down onto the plain.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_records">Early records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early records">edit</a>]</div> The mountain may have been known to non-Africans since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. Sailors' reports recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mention a "moon mountain" and a spring lake of the Nile, which may indicate Kilimanjaro, although available historical information does not allow differentiation among others in East Africa like <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori Mountains</a>, and Kilimanjaro. Before Ptolemy, <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> referred to "Egypt nurtured by the snows" and to a spring between two mountains, respectively. One of these mentions two tall mountains in the coastal regions with a valley with traces of fire between them. <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso" title="Martín Fernández de Enciso">Martín Fernández de Enciso</a>, a Spanish traveler to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> who obtained information about the interior from native caravans, said in his <a href="/wiki/Suma_de_Geographia" title="Suma de Geographia">Summa de Geografía</a> (1519) that west of Mombasa "stands the Ethiopian Mount Olympus, which is exceedingly high, and beyond it are the Mountains of the Moon, in which are the sources of the Nile".<a href="#cite_note-ShearsonHyland-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 1–5 <a href="#cite_note-Burns2006-46">[46]</a>: 114  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg/260px-Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg/390px-Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg/520px-Der-Kilimandscharo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>A German illustration of Kilimanjaro in 1911</figcaption></figure> The German missionaries <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rebmann" title="Johannes Rebmann">Johannes Rebmann</a> of Mombasa and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Krapf</a> were the first Europeans known to have attempted to reach the mountain. According to English geographer <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> and English explorer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a>, Rebmann in 1848 was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Hans Meyer has claimed that Rebmann first arrived in Africa in 1846 and quotes Rebmann's diary entry of 11 May 1848 as saying, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This morning, at 10 o'clock, we obtained a clearer view of the mountains of Jagga, the summit of one of which was covered by what looked like a beautiful white cloud. When I inquired as to the dazzling whiteness, the guide merely called it 'cold' and at once I knew it could be neither more nor less than snow.... Immediately I understood how to interpret the marvelous tales Dr. Krapf and I had heard at the coast, of a vast mountain of gold and silver in the far interior, the approach to which was guarded by evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 6 </blockquote> In August 1861, the Prussian officer Baron <a href="/wiki/Karl_Klaus_von_der_Decken" title="Karl Klaus von der Decken">Karl Klaus von der Decken</a> accompanied by English geologist Richard Thornton<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> attempted to climb Kibo but "got no farther than 2,500 m (8,200 ft) owing to the inclemency of the weather".<a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In December 1862, von der Decken tried a second time together with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kersten" title="Otto Kersten">Otto Kersten</a>, reaching a height of 4,300 m (14,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Verdcourt-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-175_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>From the UK <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a></figcaption></figure> In August 1871, missionary Charles New became the "first European to reach the equatorial snows" on Kilimanjaro at an elevation of slightly more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 11  In June 1887, the Hungarian Count <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Teleki_(explorer)" title="Sámuel Teleki (explorer)">Sámuel Teleki</a> and the Austrian Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_H%C3%B6hnel" title="Ludwig von Höhnel">Ludwig von Höhnel</a> made an attempt to climb the mountain. Approaching from the saddle between Mawenzi and Kibo, Höhnel stopped at 4,950 m (16,240 ft), but Teleki continued until he reached the snow at 5,300 m (17,400 ft).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Later in 1887, the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the lower edge of the ice cap on Kibo, where he was forced to turn back because he lacked the equipment needed to progress across the ice.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 81  The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Baumann" title="Oscar Baumann">Oscar Baumann</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a>, but the mission was aborted after the pair were held hostage and ransomed during the <a href="/wiki/Abushiri_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abushiri Revolt">Abushiri Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  In the autumn of 1888, the American naturalist Abbott and the German explorer <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ehrenfried_Ehlers" title="Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers">Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers</a> approached the summit from the northwest. While Abbott turned back earlier, Ehlers at first claimed to have reached the summit rim, but after severe criticism of the claim, withdrew it.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 17–19  In 1889, Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the Austrian mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Purtscheller" title="Ludwig Purtscheller">Ludwig Purtscheller</a> for a third attempt.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  This attempt was based on the establishment of several campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on 3 October but turned back exhausted from hacking footsteps in the icy slope.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  Three days later, they reached the highest summit, on the southern rim of the crater.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 82  After descending to the saddle between Kibo and Mawenzi, Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi but could only reach the top of Klute Peak, a subsidiary peak, before retreating due to illness.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 84  On 18 October, they reascended Kibo to enter and study the crater, cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 84  In total, Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 4,600 m (15,000 ft) during their expedition.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 84  They were accompanied in their high camps by Mwini Amani of <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>, who cooked and supplied the sites with water and firewood.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-45">[45]</a>: 135–186  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: #C3F4D1; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "We will light a candle on top of Mount Kilimanjaro which will shine beyond our borders, giving hope where there is despair, love where there is hate, and dignity where before there was only humiliation." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a>, first president of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernbaum2006308-54">[54]</a></cite> </div> The first ascent of the highest summit of Mawenzi was made on 29 July 1912, by the German climbers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Hans_Oehler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Hans Oehler (page does not exist)">Eduard Hans Oehler</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Klute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Klute (page does not exist)">Fritz Klute</a>, who named it Hans Meyer Peak. Oehler and Klute went on to make the third-ever ascent of Kibo, via the <a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Glacier_(Tanzania)" title="Drygalski Glacier (Tanzania)">Drygalski Glacier</a>, and descended via the Western Breach.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-53">[53]</a>: 85  The mountain lent its name to the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilimanjaro" title="Battle of Kilimanjaro">Battle of Kilimanjaro</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1989, the organizing committee of the 100-year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter-guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller.<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition was thought to match a living inhabitant of <a href="/wiki/Marangu" title="Marangu">Marangu</a>, Yohani Kinyala Lauwo.<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> Lauwo did not know his own age,<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> nor remember Meyer or Purtscheller. He did recall joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain, and that he did not wear shoes during the climb.<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain three times before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> The committee concluded that he had been a member of Meyer's team and therefore must have been born around 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Lauwo-55">[55]</a> Lauwo died on 10 May 1996, 107 years after the first ascent. It is sometimes suggested that he was a co-first-ascendant of Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/220px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/330px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/440px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Elephants at the <a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli National Park</a> against Mount Kilimanjaro.</figcaption></figure> Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain. <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">Elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Cape buffaloes</a> are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers. <a href="/wiki/Bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck">Bushbucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik-diks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">duikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">warthogs</a> have also been reported. <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">Zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopards" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopards">leopards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a> have been observed sporadically on the Shira plateau.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Specific species associated with the mountain include the <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_shrew" title="Kilimanjaro shrew">Kilimanjaro shrew</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the chameleon <a href="/wiki/Kinyongia_tavetana" title="Kinyongia tavetana">Kinyongia tavetana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vegetation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG/220px-Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG/330px-Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG/440px-Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The cloud forest on the Marangu route on the south eastern slope</figcaption></figure> Natural forests cover about 1,000 km2 (250,000 acres) on Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-PlantEcology-60">[60]</a> In the foothill area, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, beans, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a> and, on the western side, wheat are cultivated. There are remnants of the former <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> vegetation with <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combretum" title="Combretum">Combretum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terminalia_(plant)" title="Terminalia (plant)">Terminalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grewia" title="Grewia">Grewia</a>. Between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,800 m (5,900 ft), coffee appears as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Chaga_people" title="Chaga people">Chagga</a> home gardens" <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>. Native vegetation at this altitude range (<a href="/wiki/Strombosia" title="Strombosia">Strombosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtonia_(plant)" title="Newtonia (plant)">Newtonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Entandrophragma</a>) is limited to inaccessible valleys and gorges<a href="#cite_note-MaundiCrater-61">[61]</a> and is different from vegetation at higher altitudes. On the southern slope, <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forests</a> first contain <a href="/wiki/Ocotea_usambarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocotea usambarensis">Ocotea usambarensis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>; farther up in <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_latifolius" title="Podocarpus latifolius">Podocarpus latifolius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagenia_abyssinica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenia abyssinica">Hagenia abyssinica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erica_excelsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Erica excelsa">Erica excelsa</a> grow, as well as fog-dependent mosses. On the drier northern slopes <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croton_(plant)" title="Croton (plant)">Croton</a>-<a href="/wiki/Calodendrum" title="Calodendrum">Calodendrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassipourea" title="Cassipourea">Cassipourea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a> form forests in order of increasing altitude. Between 3,100 m (10,200 ft) and 3,900 m (12,800 ft) lie <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">Erica</a> bush and heathlands, followed by <a href="/wiki/Helichrysum" title="Helichrysum">Helichrysum</a>, until 4,500 m (14,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-PlantEcology2-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neophyte_(botany)" title="Neophyte (botany)">Neophytes</a> have been observed, including <a href="/wiki/Poa_annua" title="Poa annua">Poa annua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PlantEcology2-62">[62]</a> The lower northern and western slopes are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> savanna, while most of the wooded grassland of the lower southern and eastern slopes have been destroyed for cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimshawCordeiroFoley1995106-64">[64]</a> Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 m (9,120 ft) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time. Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 m (4,900 ft) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago because of the drier and colder conditions.<a href="#cite_note-MaundiCrater-61">[61]</a> The Tussock Grassland is an area on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro that contains many unique species of vegetation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Water_holding_cabbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water holding cabbage">water holding cabbage</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png/248px-Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png/372px-Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png/496px-Kilimanjaro_glacier_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="758" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_(4464006765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A trail runs across the curving side of a dry alpine desert of Mount Kilimanjaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg/248px-Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg/372px-Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg/496px-Lascar_The_long_trail_through_the_alpine_desert_%284464006765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Moorland on the Shira summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/248px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/372px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/496px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mount Kilimanjaro's slopes include arctic (top), dry alpine desert (middle), and <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> (bottom) climactic zones.</div></div></div></div> The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> and the high altitude <a href="/wiki/Anti-trades" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trades">anti-trades</a>, and by the isolated position of the mountain. Kilimanjaro has <a href="/wiki/Mountain_breeze_and_valley_breeze" title="Mountain breeze and valley breeze">daily upslope and nightly downslope winds</a>, a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly.<a href="#cite_note-AnAscentOfKilimanjaro-22">[22]</a>: 3–4  Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November. The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones.<a href="#cite_note-PlantEcology-60">[60]</a> The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 mm (31 to 35 in) annually, rising to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) altitude and peaking "partly over" 3,000 mm (120 in) in the forest belt at 2,000 to 2,300 m (6,600 to 7,500 ft). In the alpine zone, annual precipitation decreases to 200 mm (7.9 in).<a href="#cite_note-PlantEcology2-62">[62]</a>: 18  The average temperature in the summit area is approximately −7 °C (19 °F). Nighttime surface temperatures on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ice_Field_(Mount_Kilimanjaro)" title="Northern Ice Field (Mount Kilimanjaro)">Northern Ice Field</a> (NIF) fall on average to −9 °C (16 °F), with an average daytime high of −4 °C (25 °F). During nights of extreme <a href="/wiki/Radiative_cooling" title="Radiative cooling">radiational cooling</a>, the NIF can cool to as low as −15 to −27 °C (5 to −17 °F).<a href="#cite_note-SinghSingh2011-35">[35]</a>: 674  Snowfall can occur at any time of year but is mostly associated with northern Tanzania's two rainy seasons.<a href="#cite_note-SinghSingh2011-35">[35]</a>: 673  Precipitation in the summit area occurs principally as snow and <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a> of 250 to 500 mm (9.8 to 19.7 in) per year and ablates within days or years.<a href="#cite_note-TraceElements-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climatic_zones">Climatic zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climatic zones">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bushland / Lower Slope:, 800 to 1,800 m (2,600 to 5,900 ft)</li> <li>Rainforest: 1,800 to 2,800 m (5,900 to 9,200 ft)</li> <li>Heather / Moorland: 2,800 to 4,000 m (9,200 to 13,100 ft)</li> <li>Alpine Desert: 4,000 to 5,000 m (13,000 to 16,000 ft)</li> <li>Arctic: 5,000 to 5,895 m (16,404 to 19,341 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Information_about_Mt_Kilimanjaro-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_industry">Tourism industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro_climbing_routes" title="Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes">Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg/290px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg/435px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg/580px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_-_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_porters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain porters">Mountain porters</a> on Kilimanjaro</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_National_Park" title="Kilimanjaro National Park">Kilimanjaro National Park</a> generated US$51 million in revenue in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-MusaHigham2015-66">[66]</a>: 285  the second-most of any Tanzanian national park.<a href="#cite_note-Christie-67">[67]</a>: 258  The Tanzania National Parks Authority reported that the park recorded 57,456 tourists during the 2011–12 budget year, of whom 16,425 hiked the mountain; the park's General Management Plan specifies an annual capacity of 28,470.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The mountain hikers generated irregular and seasonal jobs for about 11,000 guides, porters, and cooks in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-69">[69]</a> Concerns have been raised about the poor working conditions and inadequate wages of these workers.<a href="#cite_note-MusaHigham2015-66">[66]</a>: 287–291 <a href="#cite_note-Christie-67">[67]</a>: 259 <a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-69">[69]</a> Due to Kilimanjaro National Park's popularity as a destination, the Tanzanian government has invested in road infrastructure to improve accessibility. In Tanzania, <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_International_Airport" title="Kilimanjaro International Airport">Kilimanjaro International Airport</a> also serves as an important transportation hub.<a href="#cite_note-Reno-70">[70]</a> There are seven official trekking routes by which to ascend and descend Kilimanjaro: Lemosho, Lemosho Western-Breach, Machame, Marangu, Mweka, Rongai, Shira, and Umbwe.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Machame route can be completed in six or seven days,<a href="#cite_note-Machame-72">[72]</a> Lemosho in six to eight, and the Northern Circuit routes in seven or more days.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Lemosho Route can also be continued via the Western-Breach, submitting via the western side of the mountain. The Western Breach is more secluded and avoids the 6-hour midnight ascent to the summit (like other routes). The Rongai is the easiest of the camping routes.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Marangu is also relatively easy, if frequently busy; accommodation is in shared huts.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Lemosho Western-Breach Route commences on the western side of Kilimanjaro at Lemosho and continues to the summit via the Western-Breach Route.<a href="#cite_note-Information_about_Mt_Kilimanjaro-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kilimanjaro as seen from the tourist hub of Moshi in the Kilimanjaro Region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg/1000px-Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg/1500px-Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg/2000px-Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="882" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Moshi_panorama_edit1.jpg" title="File:Moshi panorama edit1.jpg"> </a></div>Kilimanjaro as seen from the tourist hub of <a href="/wiki/Moshi,_Tanzania" title="Moshi, Tanzania">Moshi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climbing_records">Climbing records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climbing records">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg/330px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg/495px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg/660px-Mount_Kilimanjaro_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Climbing routes</figcaption></figure> The oldest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Lorimor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Lorimor (page does not exist)">Anne Lorimor</a>, aged 89 years and 37 days, who reached Uhuru Peak at 3:14 p.m. local time on 18 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The oldest man to summit is American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Dishelhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Dishelhorst (page does not exist)">Fred Dishelhorst</a>, who reached the top on 19 July 2017 at the age of 88 years old.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The second oldest man to summit the mountain is the American Robert Wheeler, who was 85 years and 201 days when he summited on 2 October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a> Maxwell J. Ojerholm of Massachusetts, USA, reached Uhuru Peak, the true summit, unassisted, at the age of ten years, on July 4, 2009, taking the difficult Machame Route. Colin M. Barker of Missouri, USA, later completed the same route at the age of ten years on December 22, 2020. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Margaroli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Margaroli (page does not exist)">Theodore Margaroli</a> from London, age 10, reached the summit unassisted by the Western Breach, the hardest but most scenic route, in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Despite an age-limit of 10 years for a climbing permit, Keats Boyd from Los Angeles reached the summit on 21 January 2008 at the age of 7.<a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a> This record was equaled by Montannah Kenney from Texas in March 2018 and again in July 2018 by Coaltan Tanner from New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The fastest ascent and the fastest round trip have been recorded by the Swiss-Ecuadorian mountain guide <a href="/wiki/Karl_Egloff" title="Karl Egloff">Karl Egloff</a>. On 13 August 2014, after guiding a party to the summit the previous days, he ran from Umbwe Gate to the top in 4 hours and 56 minutes and returned to the Mweka Gate at 1,630 m (5,350 ft) in a total time of 6 hours, 42 minutes and 24 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-fkt-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Previous records, using the same route, were held by Spanish mountain runner <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADlian_Jornet_Burgada" title="Kílian Jornet Burgada">Kílian Jornet</a> (ascent in 5:23:50, round trip 7:14 on 29 September 2010) and by Tanzanian guide Simon Mtuy (an unsupported round trip in 9:21 on 22 February 2006).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The female round trip record is held by Fernanda Maciel from Brazil in a time of 10 hours and 6 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-fkt-85">[85]</a> Her ascent time of 7:08 was broken on 23 February 2018 by the Danish ultramarathon runner Kristina Schou Madsen with a time of 6:52:54 from Mweka Gate.<a href="#cite_note-fkt-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Several climbs by disabled people have drawn attention. Wheelchair user Bernard Goosen from South Africa scaled Kilimanjaro in six days in 2007. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Maynard" title="Kyle Maynard">Kyle Maynard</a> who has no forearms or lower legs, crawled unassisted to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-records-80">[80]</a> In 2020, a team featuring two double above-knee amputees, <a href="/wiki/Hari_Budha_Magar" title="Hari Budha Magar">Hari Budha Magar</a> and Justin Oliver Davis, summited Kilimanjaro. It took them six days to cover the 56 km (35 mi) distance to the summit.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> Though the climb is not technically as challenging as the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, the high elevation, low temperature, and occasional high winds can make Kilimanjaro a difficult trek. Acclimatization is required, and even experienced and physically fit trekkers may suffer some degree of <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Acclimatization-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A study of people attempting to reach the summit of Kilimanjaro in July and August 2005 found that 61.3 percent succeeded and 77 percent experienced acute mountain sickness (AMS).<a href="#cite_note-DaviesKalson2009-93">[93]</a> A retrospective study of 917 persons who attempted to reach the summit via the Lemosho or Machame routes found that 70.4 percent experienced AMS, defined in this study to be headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of appetite.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Kilimanjaro's summit is well above the altitude at which life-threatening <a href="/wiki/High_altitude_pulmonary_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude pulmonary edema">high altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE) or <a href="/wiki/High_altitude_cerebral_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude cerebral edema">high altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE), the most severe forms of AMS, can occur.<a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-95">[95]</a> These health risks are increased substantially by excessively fast climbing schedules motivated by high daily national park fees, busy holiday travel schedules, and the lack of permanent shelter on most routes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The six-day Machame route, which involves one day of "climbing high" to Lava Tower (4,630 m (15,190 ft) and "sleeping low" at Barranco Camp (3,976 m (13,044 ft)), may delay the onset of AMS but does not ultimately prevent its occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Falls on steep portions of the mountain and rock slides have killed trekkers. For this reason, the route via the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Glacier" title="Arrow Glacier">Arrow Glacier</a> was closed for several years, reopening in December 2007. Now again it officially closed as of January 20, 2024. Due to strong El Niño, the Western Breach has washed down the mountain. This huge runoff has carved new ravines on the slopes and seems to be dislodging the sediment that cements the rock together, disrupting the rock stability.  At the route's base, rain water has opened new drainages and there is an active, flowing river through the Arrow Glacier Camp were there has been no water at all for decades.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The improper disposal of human waste on the mountain environment has created a health hazard, necessitating the boiling of all water.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, 25 people died from January 1996 to October 2003 while climbing the mountain. Seventeen were female and eight were male, ranging in age from 29 to 74. Fourteen died from advanced high altitude illness, including one with <a href="/wiki/HACE" class="mw-redirect" title="HACE">HACE</a>, five with <a href="/wiki/HAPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HAPE">HAPE</a>, and six with both HACE and HAPE. The remaining eleven deaths resulted from "trauma (3), <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> (2), cardio-pulmonary failure of other underlying cause (1), and acute <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> (1). The overall mortality rate was 13.6 per 100,000 climbers."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_film">In literature and film</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In literature and film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: #B5E9EA; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered mountain 19,710 feet high, and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai 'Ngaje Ngai', the House of God. Close to the western summit there is a dried and frozen carcas of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at that altitude. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s "riddle" preceding his 1936 short story <a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens196085-103">[103]</a></cite> </div> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bissell" title="Tom Bissell">Tom Bissell</a> noted that Kilimanjaro is "perhaps the world’s most literary mountain".<a href="#cite_note-bissell-104">[104]</a> The mountain is prominently featured in <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s 1936 short story <a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a>, which was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(1952_film)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)">1952 film</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Eggers" title="Dave Eggers">Dave Eggers</a> wrote about his ascent in the short story Up the Mountain Coming Down Slowly.<a href="#cite_note-bissell-104">[104]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> climbed the mountain in a rubber rhinoceros suit to raise money for <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">African rhino</a> conservation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-bissell-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Kilimanjaro was featured in <a href="/wiki/Toto_(band)" title="Toto (band)">Toto</a>'s 1982 song "<a href="/wiki/Africa_(Toto_song)" title="Africa (Toto song)">Africa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> An IMAX film documenting an ascent—Kilimanjaro: To The Roof Of Africa—was released in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balletto_Glacier" title="Balletto Glacier">Balletto Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barranco_Glacier" title="Barranco Glacier">Barranco Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credner_Glacier" title="Credner Glacier">Credner Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtw%C3%A4ngler_Glacier" title="Furtwängler Glacier">Furtwängler Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Penck_Glacier" title="Great Penck Glacier">Great Penck Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Tanzania" title="List of volcanoes in Tanzania">List of volcanoes in Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Penck_Glacier" title="Little Penck Glacier">Little Penck Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebmann_Glacier" title="Rebmann Glacier">Rebmann Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-XPATS_International-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XPATS_International_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-XPATS_International_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharaf2022" class="citation web cs1">Sharaf, Yasir (26 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=New+K+Ar+age+determinations+of+Kilimanjaro+volcano+in+the+North+Tanzanian+diverging+rift%2C+East+Africa&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18476938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2007.12.042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JVGR..173...99N&rft.aulast=Nonnotte&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Guillou%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Le+Gall%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Benoit%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Cotten%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Scaillet%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Finsu-00304458%2Ffile%2FNonnotte_et_al.J.Volc.Geoth.Res-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-15"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403">"Kilimanjaro National Park"</a>. World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419001216/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Kilimanjaro+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digital-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Digital_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digital_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascal_Sirguey,_Nicolas_J._Cullen_and_Jorge_Filipe_Dos_Santos" class="citation web cs1">Pascal Sirguey, Nicolas J. 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Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Digital+Orthometric+Elevation+Model+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.pub=CEUR+Workshop+Proceedings&rft.au=Pascal+Sirguey%2C+Nicolas+J.+Cullen+and+Jorge+Filipe+Dos+Santos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceur-ws.org%2FVol-1142%2Fpaper12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascal_SRIGUEYNicolas_J._CULLEN2014" class="citation conference cs1">Pascal SRIGUEY & Nicolas J. CULLEN (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2014/papers/ts08b/TS08B_sirguey_cullen_6959.pdf">"A Century of Photogrammetry on Kilimanjaro"</a> (PDF). Engaging the Challenges – Enhancing the Relevance. FIG Congress 2014. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721085511/http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2014/papers/ts08b/TS08B_sirguey_cullen_6959.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+Photogrammetry+on+Kilimanjaro&rft.btitle=Engaging+the+Challenges+%E2%80%93+Enhancing+the+Relevance&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Pascal+SRIGUEY&rft.au=Nicolas+J.+CULLEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig.net%2Fresources%2Fproceedings%2Ffig_proceedings%2Ffig2014%2Fpapers%2Fts08b%2FTS08B_sirguey_cullen_6959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2012-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2012_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2012_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Stewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Alex Stewart (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28N6F2wBSM8C&pg=PA33">Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, practicalities and trekking routes to the 'Roof of Africa'</a>. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-622-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-622-1"><bdi>978-1-84965-622-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223185114/https://books.google.com/books?id=28N6F2wBSM8C&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. 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Geological Magazine. 93 (3): 218–228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956GeoM...93..218W">1956GeoM...93..218W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756800066590">10.1017/S0016756800066590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128393681">128393681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Notes+on+the+Geology+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=218-228&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128393681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0016756800066590&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956GeoM...93..218W&rft.aulast=Wilcockson&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tranquilkilimanjaro.com/kilimanjaro-geology/">"Kilimanjaro Geology"</a>. 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Geological Society of London. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-267-0"><bdi>978-1-86239-267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223200626/https://books.google.com/books?id=Om2oMjXK3R4C&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. 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Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. pp. 1220–1225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-44-452747-8%2F00351-3">10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00351-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52747-9"><bdi>978-0-444-52747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ICE+CORE+RECORDS+%26%23124%3B+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.pages=1220-1225&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-44-452747-8%2F00351-3&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52747-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=L.G.&rft.au=Davis%2C+M.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retreat-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Retreat_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Retreat_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Retreat_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenSirgueyMölgKaser2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen, N. J.; Sirguey, P.; Mölg, T.; Kaser, G.; Winkler, M.; Fitzsimons, S. J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ftc-7-419-2013">"A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded"</a>. The Cryosphere. 7 (2): 419–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TCry....7..419C">2013TCry....7..419C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ftc-7-419-2013">10.5194/tc-7-419-2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1994-0424">1994-0424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cryosphere&rft.atitle=A+century+of+ice+retreat+on+Kilimanjaro%3A+the+mapping+reloaded&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=419-431&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1994-0424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Ftc-7-419-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013TCry....7..419C&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft.au=Sirguey%2C+P.&rft.au=M%C3%B6lg%2C+T.&rft.au=Kaser%2C+G.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+M.&rft.au=Fitzsimons%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Ftc-7-419-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeinab2020" class="citation web cs1">Zeinab, Noura Abou (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/15/sport/will-gadd-ice-climber-climate-change-spt-intl/index.html">"'Big pieces' of Kilimanjaro 'missing' due to climate crisis, says ice climber Will Gadd"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005154229/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/15/sport/will-gadd-ice-climber-climate-change-spt-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27Big+pieces%27+of+Kilimanjaro+%27missing%27+due+to+climate+crisis%2C+says+ice+climber+Will+Gadd&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.aulast=Zeinab&rft.aufirst=Noura+Abou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F15%2Fsport%2Fwill-gadd-ice-climber-climate-change-spt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNkonge2022" class="citation web cs1">Nkonge, Peninah (15 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunriseafricasafaris.com/hiking-adventures-east-africa/">"'Hiking Adventures In East Africa's Tallest Mountains"</a>. Sunrise Africa Tours and Safaris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625133055/https://sunriseafricasafaris.com/hiking-adventures-east-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunrise+Africa+Tours+and+Safaris&rft.atitle=%27Hiking+Adventures+In+East+Africa%27s+Tallest+Mountains&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=Nkonge&rft.aufirst=Peninah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunriseafricasafaris.com%2Fhiking-adventures-east-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_KaserThomas_MölgNicolas_J._CullenDouglas_R._Hardy" class="citation journal cs1">Georg Kaser; Thomas Mölg; Nicolas J. Cullen; Douglas R. Hardy; Michael Winkler; Rainer Prinz & Lindsey Nicholson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lindseynicholson.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Moelg-et-al.-2013.pdf">"East African glacier loss and climate change: Corrections to the UNEP article Africa without ice and snow"</a> (PDF). 6: 1–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015173745/http://lindseynicholson.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Moelg-et-al.-2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=East+African+glacier+loss+and+climate+change%3A+Corrections+to+the+UNEP+article+Africa+without+ice+and+snow&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1-6&rft.au=Georg+Kaser&rft.au=Thomas+M%C3%B6lg&rft.au=Nicolas+J.+Cullen&rft.au=Douglas+R.+Hardy&rft.au=Michael+Winkler&rft.au=Rainer+Prinz&rft.au=Lindsey+Nicholson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flindseynicholson.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F07%2FMoelg-et-al.-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Dubois_Newmark1991" class="citation book cs1">William Dubois Newmark (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Is9h1vm90AC&pg=PA22">The Conservation of Mount Kilimanjaro</a>. IUCN. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0070-0"><bdi>978-2-8317-0070-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223215317/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Is9h1vm90AC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. 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Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUGS+International+Commission+on+Geoheritage&rft.atitle=The+First+100+IUGS+Geological+Heritage+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiugs-geoheritage.org%2Fvideos-pdfs%2Fiugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-legend-43"><a href="#cite_ref-legend_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105074204/https://secretcompass.com/history-of-kilimanjaro/">"THE GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE AND MYTHOLOGY OF AFRICA'S HIGHEST PEAK"</a>. www.secretcompass.com. 2 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretcompass.com/history-of-kilimanjaro/">the original</a> on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.secretcompass.com&rft.atitle=THE+GEOGRAPHY+PEOPLE+AND+MYTHOLOGY+OF+AFRICA%27S+HIGHEST+PEAK&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretcompass.com%2Fhistory-of-kilimanjaro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Dundas2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles Dundas (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4S2gRvx5X6sC&pg=PA36">Kilimanjaro and Its People: A History of Wachagga, their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some</a>. Routledge. pp. 84–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24940-2"><bdi>978-1-136-24940-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211839/https://books.google.com/books?id=4S2gRvx5X6sC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. 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Nature. 44 (1129): 149–150. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1891Natur..44..149.">1891Natur..44..149.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F044149b0">10.1038/044149b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044009699778">2027/hvd.32044009699778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45006599">45006599</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223234701/https://books.google.com/books?id=CsMhAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Across+East+African+glaciers%3A+an+account+of+the+first+ascent+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1129&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044009699778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45006599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F044149b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1891Natur..44..149.&rft.au=Hans+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCsMhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2006-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns2006_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron_M._Burns2006" class="citation book cs1">Cameron M. 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Johnston, in The Twentieth Century, published by Nineteenth Century and After, printed by Spottswoode, Ballantine & Co. Ltd., London, June 1916, volume 79, page 879"</a>. 1916. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919101108/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jdaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA879">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Kilimanjaro%22%2C+authored+by+Sir.+H.+H.+Johnston%2C+in+The+Twentieth+Century%2C+published+by+Nineteenth+Century+and+After%2C+printed+by+Spottswoode%2C+Ballantine+%26+Co.+Ltd.%2C+London%2C+June+1916%2C+volume+79%2C+page+879&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jdaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/August-2011/Mr-Thornton-I-presume">"Mr Thornton, I presume?: Everyone has heard of Livingstone, but the name of Richard Thornton, Livingstone's geologist, has been completely forgotten. Richard Boak tells his sad story"</a>. www.geolsoc.org.uk. August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224113947/https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/August-2011/Mr-Thornton-I-presume">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geolsoc.org.uk&rft.atitle=Mr+Thornton%2C+I+presume%3F%3A+Everyone+has+heard+of+Livingstone%2C+but+the+name+of+Richard+Thornton%2C+Livingstone%27s+geologist%2C+has+been+completely+forgotten.+Richard+Boak+tells+his+sad+story.&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2FGeoscientist%2FArchive%2FAugust-2011%2FMr-Thornton-I-presume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2012" class="citation book cs1">Dundas, Charles (2012) [1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4S2gRvx5X6sC&pg=PA20">Kilimanjaro and its People: A History of the Wachagga, Their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some Account of the Highest Mountain in Africa</a>. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24940-2"><bdi>978-1-136-24940-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223175440/https://books.google.com/books?id=4S2gRvx5X6sC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kilimanjaro+and+its+People%3A+A+History+of+the+Wachagga%2C+Their+Laws%2C+Customs+and+Legends%2C+Together+with+Some+Account+of+the+Highest+Mountain+in+Africa&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-24940-2&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4S2gRvx5X6sC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verdcourt-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Verdcourt_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conchsoc.org/collectors_east_africa/von-der-Decken-CC.php">"Baron Carl Claus von der Decken – 1833–1865 – Collectors in East Africa – 31"</a>. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716230316/http://www.conchsoc.org/collectors_east_africa/von-der-Decken-CC.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baron+Carl+Claus+von+der+Decken+%E2%80%93+1833%E2%80%931865+%E2%80%93+Collectors+in+East+Africa+%E2%80%93+31.&rft.pub=Conchological+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conchsoc.org%2Fcollectors_east_africa%2Fvon-der-Decken-CC.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig_Ritter_von_Höhnel1894" class="citation book cs1">Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoverylakesr00hhgoog">Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie: A Narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's Exploring & Hunting Expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888</a>. Longmans, Green. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoverylakesr00hhgoog/page/n217">195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+Lakes+Rudolf+and+Stefanie%3A+A+Narrative+of+Count+Samuel+Teleki%27s+Exploring+%26+Hunting+Expedition+in+Eastern+Equatorial+Africa+in+1887+%26+1888&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Ludwig+Ritter+von+H%C3%B6hnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoverylakesr00hhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_53-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Stewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Alex Stewart (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVR23e_Nm8C&pg=PA81">Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, Practicalities and Trekking Routes to the 'Roof of Africa'</a>. Cicerone Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84965-071-7"><bdi>978-1-84965-071-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224000528/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVR23e_Nm8C&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. 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Tanzanian Affairs. 1 January 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717060450/http://www.tzaffairs.org/1990/01/meyer-and-purtscheller-were-not-alone/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meyer+And+Purtscheller+Were+Not+Alone&rft.pub=Tanzanian+Affairs&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tzaffairs.org%2F1990%2F01%2Fmeyer-and-purtscheller-were-not-alone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125114807/http://www.anotherland.com/africa/hg-0004.htm">"The Old Man of Mt. Kilimanjaro"</a>. The Honeyguide: Summer 2000. Another Land. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anotherland.com/africa/hg-0004.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Honeyguide%3A+Summer+2000&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man+of+Mt.+Kilimanjaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anotherland.com%2Fafrica%2Fhg-0004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron_M._Burns2006" class="citation book cs1">Cameron M. Burns (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroeasta0000burn">Kilimanjaro & East Africa: A Climbing and Trekking Guide</a>. 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Plant Ecology. 184 (1): 27–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PlEco.184...27H">2006PlEco.184...27H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11258-005-9049-4">10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21864541">21864541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Ecology&rft.atitle=Continuum+or+zonation%3F+Altitudinal+gradients+in+the+forest+vegetation+of+Mt.+Kilimanjaro&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-42&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21864541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11258-005-9049-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PlEco.184...27H&rft.aulast=Hemp&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaundiCrater-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaundiCrater_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaundiCrater_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchülerHempZechBehling2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schüler, Lisa; Hemp, Andreas; Zech, Wolfgang; Behling, Hermann (2012). 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Retrieved 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odi.org&rft.atitle=%22Making+success+work+for+the+poor%3A+Package+tourism+in+Northern+Tanzania%22%2C+Overseas+Development+Institute%2C+authored+by+Jonathan+Mitchell%2C+Jodie+Keane%2C+and+Jenny+Laidlaw%2C+9+January+2008%2C+accessed+31+July+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org%2Fsites%2Fodi.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Fodi-assets%2Fpublications-opinion-files%2F4203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reno-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Reno_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhucha2015" class="citation web cs1">Ihucha, Adam (28 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Kilimanjaro-airport-upgrade-to-double-its-capacity-/-/2560/2975796/-/tq738cz/-/index.html">"Kilimanjaro airport upgrade to double its capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_EastAfrican" title="The EastAfrican">The EastAfrican</a>. Nairobi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417200220/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Kilimanjaro-airport-upgrade-to-double-its-capacity-/-/2560/2975796/-/tq738cz/-/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+EastAfrican&rft.atitle=Kilimanjaro+airport+upgrade+to+double+its+capacity&rft.date=2015-11-28&rft.aulast=Ihucha&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastafrican.co.ke%2Fbusiness%2FKilimanjaro-airport-upgrade-to-double-its-capacity-%2F-%2F2560%2F2975796%2F-%2Ftq738cz%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountkilimanjaroguide.com/kilimanjaro-routes.html">"Mt. Kilimanjaro Routes: The Advantages and Disadvantage of All Mount Kilimanjaro Climbing Routes"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ultimatekilimanjaro.com&rft.atitle=Anne+Lorimor+breaks+record+twice+on+Mount+Kilimanjaro&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatekilimanjaro.com%2Fblog%2F89-year-old-conquers-kilimanjaro-for-the-second-time-becoming-the-oldest-person-to-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peakplanet.com/peak-planet-guides-oldest-person-climb-kilimanjaro/">"Oldest man climbs Kilimanjaro"</a>. peakplanet.com. 23 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005155319/https://peakplanet.com/peak-planet-guides-oldest-person-climb-kilimanjaro/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. 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Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. 20 (4): 311–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032-020.004.0311">10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20030437">20030437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13322264">13322264</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062905/http://www.nickkalson.com/Papers/Kili_WEM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005155751/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/19/archives/the-screen-in-review-snow-of-kiliminjaro-based-on-hemingways-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2024. 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BBC. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625134025/https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2005/08/24/adams_rhino_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024. 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Retrieved 25 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMAX&rft.atitle=Kilimanjaro%3A+To+The+Roof+Of+Africa&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imax.com%2Fmovie%2Fkilimanjaro-roof-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_articles">Academic articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Academic articles">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1965" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, J. A. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html">"The Meaning of Kilimanjaro"</a>. Department of Language and Linguistics. Dar Es Salaam: University College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006111206/http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntz.info%2Fgen%2Fb00769.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1960" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, Robert O. (March 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922805">"Hemingway's Riddle of Kilimanjaro: Idea and Image"</a>. American Literature. 32 (1): 84–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922805">2922805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Hemingway%27s+Riddle+of+Kilimanjaro%3A+Idea+and+Image&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-87&rft.date=1960-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2922805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2922805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernbaum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bernbaum, Edwin (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4540647">"Sacred Mountains: Themes and Teachings"</a>. Mountain Research and Development. 26 (4). International Mountain Society: 304–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1659%2F0276-4741%282006%2926%5B304%3ASMTAT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[304:SMTAT]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4540647">4540647</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815132948/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4540647">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Sacred+Mountains%3A+Themes+and+Teachings&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=304-309&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1659%2F0276-4741%282006%2926%5B304%3ASMTAT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4540647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bernbaum&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4540647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshawCordeiroFoley1995" class="citation journal cs1">Grimshaw, J. M.; Cordeiro, N.J.; Foley, C.A.H (July 1995). "The Mammals of Kilimanjaro". Journal of East African Natural History. 84 (2): 105–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2982%2F0012-8317%281995%2984%5B105%3ATMOK%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.2982/0012-8317(1995)84[105:TMOK]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+African+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+Mammals+of+Kilimanjaro&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-139&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2982%2F0012-8317%281995%2984%5B105%3ATMOK%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Cordeiro%2C+N.J.&rft.au=Foley%2C+C.A.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesKalsonStokesEarl2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Andrew J.; Kalson, Nicholas S.; Stokes, Suzy; Earl, Mark D.; Whitehead, Adam G.; Frost, Hannah; Tyrell-Marsh, Ian; Naylor, Jon (2009). "Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro (5895 m)". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 20 (4): 311–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032-020.004.0311">10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+Summiting+Success+and+Acute+Mountain+Sickness+on+Mt+Kilimanjaro+%285895+m%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-317&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F1080-6032-020.004.0311&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Kalson%2C+Nicholas+S.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Suzy&rft.au=Earl%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+Adam+G.&rft.au=Frost%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Tyrell-Marsh%2C+Ian&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrapfRavenstein1860" class="citation book cs1">Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ravenstein, Ernest George (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z78NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA255">Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours, During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa: Together with Journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape Delgado</a>. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216033256/https://books.google.com/books?id=z78NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels%2C+Researches%2C+and+Missionary+Labours%2C+During+an+Eighteen+Years%27+Residence+in+Eastern+Africa%3A+Together+with+Journeys+to+Jagga%2C+Usambara%2C+Ukambani%2C+Shoa%2C+Abessinia+and+Khartum%2C+and+a+Coasting+Voyage+from+Nombaz+to+Cape+Delgado&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Company%2C+Paternoster+Row&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Krapf&rft.aufirst=Johann+Ludwig&rft.au=Ravenstein%2C+Ernest+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz78NAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1887" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Joseph (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA116">Through Masai land: a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes of eastern equatorial Africa, authored by Johann Ludwig Krapf and Ernest George Ravenstein, Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, 1887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223170259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Masai+land%3A+a+journey+of+exploration+among+the+snowclad+volcanic+mountains+and+strange+tribes+of+eastern+equatorial+Africa%2C+authored+by+Johann+Ludwig+Krapf+and+Ernest+George+Ravenstein%2C+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle%2C+%26+Rivington%2C+London%2C+1887&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PETAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kilimanjaro&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mount Kilimanjaro at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kilimanjaro" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kilimanjaro">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" class="extiw" title="voy:Mount Kilimanjaro">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296" class="extiw" title="d:Q7296">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222150">"Kilimanjaro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Kilimanjaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D222150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kilimanjaro" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3054">NASA Earth Explorer page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/glacial-recession.htm">Glacial Recession on Kilimanjaro (pictures of southern icefields)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215100701/http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/glacial-recession.htm">Archived</a> 15 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilicam.com">Mount Kilimanjaro live webcam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107022451/http://www.ewpnet.com/kilimanjaro/flora/index.htm">Kilimanjaro flora picture gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/search/collection/agsafrica/searchterm/Kilimanjaro%20%28mountain%29/field/all/mode/exact/conn/and/cosuppress/">Aerial photographs of Mount Kilimanjaro, 1937–38</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Summits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Summits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Summits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 m or 29,029 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a> (6,962 m or 22,841 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a> (6,198 m or 20,335 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> (5,893 m or 19,334 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed" title="Greater Caucasus">Conventional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> (5,642 m or 18,510 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> (4,810 m or 15,781 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinson_Massif" title="Vinson Massif">Vinson Massif</a> (4,892 m or 16,050 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a> (4,884 m or 16,024 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Oceania" title="United Nations geoscheme for Oceania">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilhelm" title="Mount Wilhelm">Mount Wilhelm</a> (4,509 m or 14,793 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a> (2,228 m or 7,310 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanic_Seven_Summits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Template:Volcanic Seven Summits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Template talk:Volcanic Seven Summits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanic Seven Summits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanic_Seven_Summits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Volcanic Seven Summits">Volcanic Seven Summits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> (6,893 m / 22,615 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> (5,895 m / 19,341 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> (5,642 m / 18,510 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> (5,636 m / 18,491 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a> (5,610 m / 18,406 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Giluwe" title="Mount Giluwe">Mount Giluwe</a> (4,367 m / 14,327 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sidley" title="Mount Sidley">Mount Sidley</a> (4,285 m / 14,058 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Third_Summits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Third_Summits" title="Template:Seven Third Summits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Third_Summits" title="Template talk:Seven Third Summits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Third_Summits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Third Summits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Third_Summits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Third_Summits" title="Seven Third Summits">Seven Third Summits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a> (8,586 m or 28,169 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pissis" title="Monte Pissis">Monte Pissis</a> (6,795 m or 22,293 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> (5,636 m or 18,491 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Shkhara</a> (5,193 m or 17,037 ft)</li> <li> or <a href="/wiki/Dom_(mountain)" title="Dom (mountain)">Dom</a> (4,545 m or 14,911 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mawenzi</a> (5,149 m or 16,893 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shinn" title="Mount Shinn">Mount Shinn</a> (4,661 m or 15,292 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Trikora" title="Puncak Trikora">Puncak Trikora</a> (4,750 m or 15,584 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Twynam" title="Mount Twynam">Mount Twynam</a> (2,195 m or 7,201 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7296#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12216301m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge379508&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvtjz04dk2szm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543573205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222150">Global Volcanism Program</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038408">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_points_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_points_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tahat" title="Mount Tahat">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Moco" title="Mount Moco">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sokbaro" title="Mont Sokbaro">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monalanong_Hill" title="Monalanong Hill">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tenakourou" title="Mount Tenakourou">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heha" title="Mount Heha">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_do_Fogo" title="Pico do Fogo">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ngaoui" title="Mont Ngaoui">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karthala" title="Mount Karthala">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Nabemba" title="Mont Nabemba">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousa_Ali" title="Mousa Ali">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabal_Sha%27ib_El_Banat" title="Gabal Sha'ib El Banat">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Basil%C3%A9" title="Pico Basilé">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emba_Soira" title="Emba Soira">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlembe" title="Emlembe">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Dashen" title="Ras Dashen">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Bengou%C3%A9" title="Mont Bengoué">Gabon</a></li> <li>Gambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabana_Ntlenyana" title="Thabana Ntlenyana">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wuteve" title="Mount Wuteve">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikku_Bitti" title="Bikku Bitti">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maromokotro" title="Maromokotro">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Massif" title="Mulanje Massif">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hombori" title="Mount Hombori">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediet_ej_Jill" title="Kediet ej Jill">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton_de_la_Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire" title="Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubkal" title="Toubkal">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Binga" title="Monte Binga">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandberg_Mountain" title="Brandberg Mountain">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Idoukal-n-Tagh%C3%A8s" title="Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karisimbi" title="Mount Karisimbi">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="Pico de São Tomé">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felo_Barkere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felo Barkere (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_Seychellois" title="Morne Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bintumani" title="Mount Bintumani">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafadi" title="Mafadi">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyeti" title="Kinyeti">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Atilakoutse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Atilakoutse (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_ech_Chambi" title="Jebel ech Chambi">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafinga_Central" title="Mafinga Central">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhzoukhane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhzoukhane (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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