Decoding top quarks with precision

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var _paq = _paq || [];(function(){var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/" : "http://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "22"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);if (!window.matomo_search_results_active) {_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);}_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <meta name="keywords" content="physics, CERN, Large Hadron Collider, LHC, high-energy physics, particles, science" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://home.web.cern.ch/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="CERN" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://home.web.cern.ch/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Decoding top quarks with precision" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The ATLAS detector (Image: CERN) In collisions between protons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of top quarks – the heaviest known elementary particles – are frequently produced along with other heavy quarks, including bottom and charm quarks. These collision events can provide physicists with valuable insights into quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory that describes the strong force. Precisely determining the production rates (or “cross-sections”) of these processes also enables researchers to more effectively distinguish them from rarer phenomena. In two recent studies, the ATLAS collaboration analysed proton–proton collision data from LHC Run 2 (2015–2018) to measure how often top-quark pairs are produced alongside bottom quarks or charm quarks and to explore the detailed dynamics of these processes. The first ATLAS study focused on how often top-quark pairs are created along with “jets” of particles produced by bottom quarks (b-jets). To identify (or “tag”) these b-jets with high accuracy, researchers used tools called flavour-tagging algorithms, which look for specific patterns, such as how far through the ATLAS detector particles traverse before they decay. By analysing events with opposite-charge electron–muon pairs and at least three or four b-jets, ATLAS physicists made the most precise measurements to date of the total cross-sections of this top-quark-pair process in these event categories. These measurements surpass the accuracy of current theoretical predictions, especially in events with higher numbers of b-jets. The results were compared to multiple theoretical predictions to assess the accuracy of the modelling of this process. The researchers also examined motional (or “kinematic”) properties, such as the momenta of the b-jets and the total jet energy, to test how well simulations of top-quark-pair production match the data. Their findings point to areas where theoretical models need improvement to better capture the complexities of additional b-jet production. The second ATLAS study, presented recently at the 17th International Workshop on Top Quark Physics, broke new ground by providing the first dedicated ATLAS measurement of how often top-quark pairs are produced along with jets originating from charm quarks (c-jets). ATLAS physicists analysed events with one or two leptons (electrons and muons), using a custom flavour-tagging algorithm developed specifically for this study to distinguish c-jets from b-jets and other jets. This algorithm was essential because c-jets are even more challenging to identify than b-jets, as they have shorter lifetimes and produce less distinct signatures in the ATLAS detector. The study found that most theoretical models provided reasonable agreement with the data, though they generally underpredicted the production rates of c-jets. These results, which for the first time separately determined the cross-sections for single and multiple charm-quark production in top-quark-pair events, highlight the need for refined simulations of these processes to improve future measurements. Taken together, these studies deepen the understanding of the top quark’s relationship with bottom and charm quarks within the framework of QCD. In addition, they pave the way for new explorations of rarer processes involving top quarks – such as the simultaneous production of four top quarks – that could push the boundaries of known physics. Read more on the ATLAS website." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/images//file?size=medium" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The ATLAS detector (Image: CERN) In collisions between protons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pairs of top quarks – the heaviest known elementary particles – are frequently produced along with other heavy quarks, including bottom and charm quarks. These collision events can provide physicists with valuable insights into quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory that describes the strong force. Precisely determining the production rates (or “cross-sections”) of these processes also enables researchers to more effectively distinguish them from rarer phenomena. In two recent studies, the ATLAS collaboration analysed proton–proton collision data from LHC Run 2 (2015–2018) to measure how often top-quark pairs are produced alongside bottom quarks or charm quarks and to explore the detailed dynamics of these processes. The first ATLAS study focused on how often top-quark pairs are created along with “jets” of particles produced by bottom quarks (b-jets). To identify (or “tag”) these b-jets with high accuracy, researchers used tools called flavour-tagging algorithms, which look for specific patterns, such as how far through the ATLAS detector particles traverse before they decay. By analysing events with opposite-charge electron–muon pairs and at least three or four b-jets, ATLAS physicists made the most precise measurements to date of the total cross-sections of this top-quark-pair process in these event categories. These measurements surpass the accuracy of current theoretical predictions, especially in events with higher numbers of b-jets. The results were compared to multiple theoretical predictions to assess the accuracy of the modelling of this process. The researchers also examined motional (or “kinematic”) properties, such as the momenta of the b-jets and the total jet energy, to test how well simulations of top-quark-pair production match the data. Their findings point to areas where theoretical models need improvement to better capture the complexities of additional b-jet production. The second ATLAS study, presented recently at the 17th International Workshop on Top Quark Physics, broke new ground by providing the first dedicated ATLAS measurement of how often top-quark pairs are produced along with jets originating from charm quarks (c-jets). ATLAS physicists analysed events with one or two leptons (electrons and muons), using a custom flavour-tagging algorithm developed specifically for this study to distinguish c-jets from b-jets and other jets. This algorithm was essential because c-jets are even more challenging to identify than b-jets, as they have shorter lifetimes and produce less distinct signatures in the ATLAS detector. The study found that most theoretical models provided reasonable agreement with the data, though they generally underpredicted the production rates of c-jets. These results, which for the first time separately determined the cross-sections for single and multiple charm-quark production in top-quark-pair events, highlight the need for refined simulations of these processes to improve future measurements. Taken together, these studies deepen the understanding of the top quark’s relationship with bottom and charm quarks within the framework of QCD. In addition, they pave the way for new explorations of rarer processes involving top quarks – such as the simultaneous production of four top quarks – that could push the boundaries of known physics. Read more on the ATLAS website." /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@cern" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Decoding top quarks with precision" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cds.cern.ch/images//file?size=medium" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/themes/custom/cernpublic/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://home.web.cern.ch/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://home.web.cern.ch/fr/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" /> <title>Decoding top quarks with precision | CERN</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/cern-loading/css/cern_loading.css?smqvgl" /> <link 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Search</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Search" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> en <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/191144" class="en is-active"><a href="/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/191144">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/191144" class="fr"><a href="/fr/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision" class="language-link" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/191144">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-news_page"> <div class="has-right-column wrapper-center col-md-9 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="row mt-2"> <div class="col-md-12 news-node-full-content-first-breadcrumbs"> <a href="/news"> News </a> <a href="/news?type=36 "> News </a> <a href="/news?type=36 &topic=1113 "> Topic: Physics </a> </div> <div class="col-md-12"> <hr class="news-page-hr-separator"/> </div> </div> <div class="row news-node-center-content clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 news-node-full-content-left"> <div class="news-node-full-content-view-language mt-1 mb-1"> <p>Voir en</p> <a href="/fr/news/news/physics/decoding-top-quarks-precision">français</a> </div> <h1 class="news-node-full-content-title mt-0"> Decoding top quarks with precision </h1> <p class="news-node-full-content-strap"> The ATLAS experiment at the LHC reveals how pairs of top quarks are produced along with other heavy quarks </p> <div class="news-node-full-content-created-date-author"> <p class="news-node-full-content-created_date"> <time datetime="2024-10-16T08:05:22Z">16 October, 2024</time> </p> <p class="news-node-full-content-pipe ml-1 mr-1"> | </p> <p class="news-node-full-content-author"> By <a href="/authors/atlas-collaboration" hreflang="en">ATLAS collaboration</a> </p> </div> <div class="news-node-full-content-image mt-2"> </div> <div class="news-node-full-content-body clearfix full-html-markup full-text-animation"> <figure class="cds-image" id="CERN-PHOTO-202201-006-10"><a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-202201-006-10" title="View on CDS"><img alt="ATLAS,LS2" src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-PHOTO-202201-006-10/file?size=large"></a><figcaption>The ATLAS detector (Image: CERN)</figcaption></figure> <p>In collisions between protons at the Large Hadron Collider (<a href="/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">LHC</a>), pairs of top quarks – the heaviest known elementary particles – are frequently produced along with other heavy quarks, including bottom and charm quarks. These collision events can provide physicists with valuable insights into quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory that describes the strong force. Precisely determining the production rates (or “cross-sections”) of these processes also enables researchers to more effectively distinguish them from rarer phenomena.</p> <p>In two recent studies, the<a href="/science/experiments/atlas"> </a><a href="/science/experiments/atlas">ATLAS</a> collaboration analysed proton–proton collision data from LHC Run 2 (2015–2018) to measure how often top-quark pairs are produced alongside bottom quarks or charm quarks and to explore the detailed dynamics of these processes.</p> <p>The <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.13473">first ATLAS study</a> focused on how often top-quark pairs are created along with “jets” of particles produced by bottom quarks (b-jets). To identify (or “tag”) these b-jets with high accuracy, researchers used tools called flavour-tagging algorithms, which look for specific patterns, such as how far through the ATLAS detector particles traverse before they decay.</p> <p>By analysing events with opposite-charge electron–muon pairs and at least three or four b-jets, ATLAS physicists made the most precise measurements to date of the total cross-sections of this top-quark-pair process in these event categories. These measurements surpass the accuracy of current theoretical predictions, especially in events with higher numbers of b-jets. The results were compared to multiple theoretical predictions to assess the accuracy of the modelling of this process.</p> <p>The researchers also examined motional (or “kinematic”) properties, such as the momenta of the b-jets and the total jet energy, to test how well simulations of top-quark-pair production match the data. Their findings point to areas where theoretical models need improvement to better capture the complexities of additional b-jet production.</p> <p>The <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.11305">second ATLAS study</a>, presented recently at the <a href="https://indico.cern.ch/event/1368706/contributions/6012508">17th International Workshop on Top Quark Physics</a>, broke new ground by providing the first dedicated ATLAS measurement of how often top-quark pairs are produced along with jets originating from charm quarks (c-jets). ATLAS physicists analysed events with one or two leptons (electrons and muons), using a custom flavour-tagging algorithm developed specifically for this study to distinguish c-jets from b-jets and other jets. This algorithm was essential because c-jets are even more challenging to identify than b-jets, as they have shorter lifetimes and produce less distinct signatures in the ATLAS detector.</p> <p>The study found that most theoretical models provided reasonable agreement with the data, though they generally underpredicted the production rates of c-jets. These results, which for the first time separately determined the cross-sections for single and multiple charm-quark production in top-quark-pair events, highlight the need for refined simulations of these processes to improve future measurements.</p> <p>Taken together, these studies deepen the understanding of the top quark’s relationship with bottom and charm quarks within the framework of QCD. In addition, they pave the way for new explorations of rarer processes involving top quarks – such as the simultaneous production of<a href="/news/news/physics/atlas-and-cms-observe-simultaneous-production-four-top-quarks"> </a><a href="/news/news/physics/atlas-and-cms-observe-simultaneous-production-four-top-quarks">four top quarks</a> – that could push the boundaries of known physics.</p> <p><em>Read more on the<a href="https://atlas.cern/Updates/Briefing/decoding-top-quarks"> </a><a href="https://atlas.cern/Updates/Briefing/decoding-top-quarks">ATLAS website</a>.</em></p> </div> <div class="news-node-full-content-tags "> <a href="/tags/atlas" hreflang="en">ATLAS</a><a href="/tags/top-quark" hreflang="en">top quark</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar-right col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-right"> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blocknews-microviews-block-12 clearfix" 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