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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Close paraphrasing</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Project page</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" 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id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">explanatory essay</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Wikipedia:Copyright violations</a> policy and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a> guideline</b>. <br><div style="font-size:90%;"> This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a> as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PARAPHRASE"></span><span id="WP:CLOP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PARAPHRASE&redirect=no">WP:PARAPHRASE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CLOP&redirect=no">WP:CLOP</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explanatory essay</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Summarize in your own words instead of closely paraphrasing. Closely paraphrased material that infringes on the copyright of its source material should be rewritten or deleted to avoid infringement, and to ensure that it complies with Wikipedia policy. Public domain sources and CC BY-SA-compatible sources may be closely paraphrased, and limited close paraphrasing of copyrighted sources may also be permitted as fair use. Attribution is always required.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">For information on copy and pasting text, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources" title="Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources">Wikipedia:Copying text from other 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232484023">.mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#f5faff;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title{background:#cee0f2;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;margin-bottom:6px}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#cee0f2;padding:0.1em 0.7em 0.15em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content,.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding-top:0.15em}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia copyright</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Policy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Reusing Wikipedia content</a></li> <li>License text (<div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Non-free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">Copying within Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Public domain content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Non-US copyrights">Non-US copyrights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Advice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">Frequently asked questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Donating_copyrighted_materials" title="Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials">Donating copyrighted material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources" title="Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources">Copying text from other sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission" title="Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission">Requesting copyright permission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Close paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_copyright_violations_101" title="Wikipedia:Text copyright violations 101">Guidance for text copyright problems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Copyright problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Files for discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributor_copyright_investigations" title="Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations">Contributor copyright investigations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Resources</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">General help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_assistance" title="Wikipedia:Copyright assistance">Copyright assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Media copyright questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:File copyright tags">File copyright tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Declaration_of_consent_for_all_enquiries" title="Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries">Declaration of consent</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Template talk:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia copyright"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Close paraphrasing</b>, or <b>patchwriting</b>, is the superficial modification of material from another source. Editors should generally <em>summarize source material in their own words</em>, adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INCITE">inline citations</a> as required by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">sourcing policy</a>. </p><p>Limited close paraphrasing is appropriate within reason, as is quoting, so long as the material does not violate copyrights and is cited and (for biased statements of opinion) clearly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">attributed in the text</a> – for example, by adding "John Smith wrote ...", together with a footnote containing the citation at the end of the clause, sentence or paragraph. Limited close paraphrasing is also appropriate if there are only a limited number of ways to say the same thing. </p><p>Close paraphrasing without in-text attribution may constitute <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, and when extensive (with or without in-text attribution) may also violate Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">copyright policy</a>, which forbids Wikipedia contributors from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copy-paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Copy-paste">copying</a> an excessive amount of material directly from other sources. Although in legal terms it's not possible to have close paraphrasing of a work without copyright protection, Wikipedia's own rules require <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> material to be cited. Public domain material may have in-text attribution where appropriate. If the source material bears a free copyright license that is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMPLIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMPLIC">compatible with Wikipedia's licenses</a>, copying or closely paraphrasing it is not a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violation">copyright violation</a> so long as the source is attributed as part of the citation or at the end of the article. </p><p>The best way to prevent close paraphrasing is to understand clearly when it is a problem, how to avoid it, and how to address it when it appears. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Concepts"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Concepts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Copyright_law"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Copyright law</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Creative_expression"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Creative expression</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Translation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Translation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Selection_and_arrangement"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Selection and arrangement</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Moral_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Moral rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Substantial_similarity"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Substantial similarity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Wikipedia's_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Wikipedia's guidelines</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">When is close paraphrasing permitted?</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Public_domain_or_compatibly-licensed_content"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public domain or compatibly-licensed content</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Quotation_of_non-free_text"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation of non-free text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">When there are a limited number of ways to say the same thing</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Example"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#How_to_write_acceptable_content"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">How to write acceptable content</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Existing_close_paraphrasing"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Existing close paraphrasing</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Detecting"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Detecting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Addressing"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Addressing</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Example approaches to discussing with other editors</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Extensive_problems"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Extensive problems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Limited_problems"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Limited problems</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Relevant_policies_and_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Relevant policies and guidelines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Concepts" data-mw-thread-id="h-Concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Concepts"></span>Concepts<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Concepts"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photocopy_wrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Photocopy_wrong.jpg/220px-Photocopy_wrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Photocopy_wrong.jpg/220px-Photocopy_wrong.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Photocopy_wrong.jpg/330px-Photocopy_wrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Photocopy_wrong.jpg/440px-Photocopy_wrong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Copying isn't the <em>only</em> way to violate copyright or plagiarize. Close paraphrasing can be a problem too.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are legal, ethical, and organizational standard considerations regarding the use of close paraphrasing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_law" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_law-Concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_law-Concepts"></span>Copyright law<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_law-Concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Copyright law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Wikipedia's primary concern is with the legal constraints imposed by copyright law. Close paraphrasing of the creative expression in a non-free copyrighted source is likely to be an infringement of the copyright of the source. In many countries close paraphrasing may be also seen as mutilation or distortion of an author's work, infringing on their moral rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_expression" data-mw-thread-id="h-Creative_expression-Concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Creative_expression-Concepts"></span>Creative expression<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Creative_expression-Concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creative expression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FACTSONLY"></span><span id="WP:NOCREATIVE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FACTSONLY&redirect=no">WP:FACTSONLY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOCREATIVE&redirect=no">WP:NOCREATIVE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Facts and ideas cannot be protected by copyright, but creative expression is protected. The test of creativity is minimal. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>'s 1897 <i>More Beasts: (for Worse Children)</i> illustrates creative expression in his description of a <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Llama is a woolly sort of fleecy hairy goat, with an indolent expression and an undulating throat; like an unsuccessful literary man.</p></blockquote><p> If this somewhat dubious source was used for the article on <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a> and was still protected by copyright, it would be acceptable to say that the llama is an animal with a shaggy coat, and perhaps that it has a long neck. These are facts. But use of the phrases "indolent expression" and "undulating throat" might violate copyright. The original choice of words is part of Belloc's creative expression. Going further, the simile "like an unsuccessful literary man" is also creative, and is also protected. A clumsy paraphrase like "resembling a failed writer" might violate copyright even though the words are entirely different. More than the facts have been copied. </p><p>It is of course also necessary that other requirements for copyright violation also exist, such as being a "substantial" taking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Translation-Creative_expression"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Translation-Creative_expression"></span>Translation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Translation-Creative_expression"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TRANSVIO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TRANSVIO&redirect=no">WP:TRANSVIO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Translation from a foreign language is a form of paraphrase, since all the words or phrases have been replaced with equivalent English-language words or phrases. This may or may not be acceptable, depending on whether any creative expression – anything other than simple statements of fact – has been taken from the foreign-language source. For example, consider two translations from the Turkish language: </p> <ol><li>"Istanbul is a large city"</li> <li>"The sun looms through the haze like a red omen"</li></ol> <p>The first is a simple statement of fact and should be acceptable. The second carries over the figurative expressions "looms through" and "like a red omen", so presumably is not acceptable despite using completely different words from the original. But even if you only carry across statements of fact, the more you translate and the more closely you translate, the more likely you are to create a copyright problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selection_and_arrangement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Selection_and_arrangement-Creative_expression"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Selection_and_arrangement-Creative_expression"></span>Selection and arrangement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Selection_and_arrangement-Creative_expression"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selection and arrangement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Although facts are not subject to copyright, a selection or arrangement of facts may be considered creative and therefore protected. For example, an alphabetical list of states in the US giving their name, size and population cannot be copyrighted. However, a shorter list of states giving the name, size and population as before, but ranked as the "top most livable states" would be subject to copyright. The selection and ranking is considered creative.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_rights" data-mw-thread-id="h-Moral_rights-Concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Moral_rights-Concepts"></span>Moral rights<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Moral_rights-Concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moral rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moral_rights" title="Wikipedia:Moral rights">Wikipedia:Moral rights</a></div> <p>Wikipedia does not have an official policy regarding moral rights of authors. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>" of an author are independent of copyright ownership. They include the author's right to control first publication of a work; the author's right to be attributed or to remain anonymous; the author's right for the work to be published without distortion or mutilation. As with copyright, moral rights apply to creative expression but not to mere facts. Respecting moral rights can help ensure that Wikipedia content can be reused as widely as possible. </p><p>In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability policy</a>, Wikipedia editors should not use unpublished work (note: unpublished work in public collections may be suitable). With published work, biased statements of opinion should be attributed in the text either to the author or the publication or both. It is sometimes relevant for an article to include a short quotation such as a significant statement made by the subject of the article or a notable comment about the subject. In these cases a verbatim quotation should be given rather than a paraphrase. Quotations should be used sparingly, typically only if the information within cannot be conveyed otherwise. They should be clearly identified and formatted as defined in <a href="/wiki/MOS:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:QUOTE">MOS:QUOTE</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantial_similarity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Substantial_similarity-Concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Substantial_similarity-Concepts"></span>Substantial similarity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Substantial_similarity-Concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Substantial similarity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">Substantial similarity</a></div> <p>The US Copyright Office states that, "Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... The Copyright Office cannot register claims to exclusive rights in brief combinations of words ... To be protected by copyright, a work must contain a certain minimum amount of authorship ... Names, titles, and other short phrases do not meet these requirements."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if a source creatively combines, selects or arranges names, titles, short phrases or expressions, following it too closely may infringe on its copyright. </p><p>Paraphrasing rises to the level of copyright infringement when there is <a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">substantial similarity</a> between an article and a copyrighted source. This may exist when the creative expression in an important passage of the source has been closely paraphrased, even if it is a small portion of the source, or when paraphrasing is looser but covers a larger part of the source or covers "the heart" (the most essential content). A close paraphrase of one sentence from a book may be of <a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">low concern</a>, while a close paraphrase of one paragraph of a two-paragraph article might be considered a serious violation. Editors must therefore take particular care when writing an article, or a section of an article, that has much the same scope as a single source. The editor must be especially careful in these cases to extract the facts alone and present the facts in plain language, without carrying forward anything that could be considered "creative expression". </p><p>Under US copyright law, however, substantial similarity does not always indicate infringement. It does not indicate infringement, for instance, where the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> permits the use of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia deliberately adopts a narrower limitation and exception from copyright than fair use. Our policy and guideline are set out at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Wikipedia:Non-free content</a>. </p><p>Substantial similarity is also immaterial when strong evidence exists that the content was created independently.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An author may think they are being original when they write "Charles de Gaulle was a towering statesman", not realizing that many other authors have independently come up with these identical words. What looks like copying or close paraphrasing may thus be accidental. These similarities are more likely to exist where content is less creative and more formulaic. Independent creation is less likely when there is evidence that the source was consulted or close following is extensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia's_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia's_guidelines-Concepts"><span id="Wikipedia.27s_guidelines"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia's_guidelines-Concepts"></span>Wikipedia's guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia's_guidelines-Concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wikipedia's guidelines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Even when content is verifiably <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PD">public domain</a> or released under a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMPLIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMPLIC">compatible free license</a>, close paraphrasing may be at odds with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia's guideline related to plagiarism</a>. While in this context, too, close paraphrasing of a single sentence is not as much of a concern, if a contributor closely paraphrases public domain or freely licensed content, they should explicitly acknowledge that content is closely paraphrased. (See <a href="#When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?">below</a>.) </p><p>Another potential problem arises when a contributor copies or closely paraphrases a biased source either purposefully or without understanding the bias. This can make the article appear to directly espouse the bias of the source, which violates our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SUBSTANTIATE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SUBSTANTIATE">neutral point of view policy</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"><span id="When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span>When is close paraphrasing permitted?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: When is close paraphrasing permitted?" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><span class="anchor" id="Allowable_instances"></span><span class="anchor" id="When_is_close_paraphrase_permitted?"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright § Can I add something to Wikipedia that I got from somewhere else?</a></div> <p>There are a few specific situations when close paraphrasing is permitted. If information is gathered from the public domain or is free use content, close paraphrasing may be acceptable. In some instances it is helpful to capture the words as written, in which case the guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">Quotations</a> apply. Lastly, there may be some instances where it's difficult to paraphrase because of the nature of the content; in such cases, there are a couple of tips below about how to limit the degree of close paraphrasing to avoid issues. </p><p>When using a close paraphrase legitimately, citing a source is in most cases required and highly recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_domain_or_compatibly-licensed_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-Public_domain_or_compatibly-licensed_content-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Public_domain_or_compatibly-licensed_content-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span>Public domain or compatibly-licensed content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Public_domain_or_compatibly-licensed_content-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public domain or compatibly-licensed content" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In some limited cases, close paraphrasing may be an acceptable way of writing an article. For example, many Wikipedia articles are (or were) based on text from the 1911 <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica">Wikipedia:1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>). If the source is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_work_by_the_U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright status of work by the U.S. government">work of the U.S. government</a>, or is available under a license compatible with the CC BY-SA license (a partial table of license compatibility can be found at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Can_I_add_something_to_Wikipedia_that_I_got_from_somewhere_else?" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">the Copyright FAQ</a>), then the source may be closely paraphrased if the source is appropriately attributed. Attribution in such instances may include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">in-text attribution</a> that makes clear whose words or ideas are being used (e.g. "John Smith wrote that ...") or may include more general attribution that indicates the material originates from a free source, either as part of an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IC">inline citation</a> or as a general notice in the article's "References" section (for further information on how to attribute free sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Copying_material_from_free_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism § Copying material from free sources</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotation_of_non-free_text" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotation_of_non-free_text-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotation_of_non-free_text-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span>Quotation of non-free text<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotation_of_non-free_text-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quotation of non-free text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Limited quotation from non-free copyrighted sources is allowed, as discussed in Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFC">non-free content policy and guideline</a>. Quotations must always have inline citations (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">WP:When to cite</a>), and quotations of biased statements of opinion should have <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">in-text attribution</a>. With direct quotation, editors should clearly distinguish the quoted material from the original text of the article following the <a href="/wiki/MOS:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:QUOTE">guidelines for quotations</a>. Extensive use of quotation from non-free sources is generally not acceptable. Even if content is attributed, it can still create copyright problems if the taking is too <a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">substantial</a>. To avoid this risk, Wikipedia keeps this—like other non-free content—minimal. </p><p>Quotation from non-free sources may be appropriate when the exact words in the source are relevant to the article, not just the facts or ideas given by the source. Examples may include statements made by a person discussed in the article; brief excerpts from a poem, song, or book described in the article; or significant opinions about the subject of the article. Quotation should not, however, be treated as an alternative to extracting facts and presenting them in plain language. Thus: </p> <ul><li>Right: Churchill said, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat."<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup></li> <li>Right: <i>The New York Times</i> reviewer found the film "pretentious and boring".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[2]</sup></li> <li>Wrong: According to <i>Bulgarian Butterflies</i>, "the patient observer may be fortunate enough to glimpse this rare moth flitting along the mossy banks of a woodland stream."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[3]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span>When there are a limited number of ways to say the same thing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_there_are_a_limited_number_of_ways_to_say_the_same_thing-When_is_close_paraphrasing_permitted?"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: When there are a limited number of ways to say the same thing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:LIMITED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LIMITED&redirect=no">WP:LIMITED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Close paraphrasing is also permitted when there are only a limited number of ways to say the same thing. This may be the case when there is no reasonable way to avoid using technical terms, and may also be the case with simple statements of fact. </p><p>Names or titles of people, organizations, books, films and so on may be given in full: the US Copyright Office states that, "Copyright law does not protect names, titles, or short phrases or expressions... ." </p><p>Short catchphrases, slogans or mottos may also be reproduced where relevant to the discussion. </p><p>It is acceptable to use a technical term such as "The War of the Spanish Succession" or "Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)" when the term is almost always used by sources that discuss the subject, and when such sources rarely use any other term. In this case, the technical term is considered to be "merged" with the idea expressed. </p><p>There is no reasonable alternative way of expressing the idea, and since ideas are not subject to copyright the term is also not protected. However, if different sources use different terms for the concept, it may be best for the article to use a different term from the source or to include the term in a sourced quote. </p><p>An example of closely paraphrased simple statements of fact is given by a biography that relies on two sources for the basic outline. The sources and the article start with: </p> <ul><li>Source1: John Smith was born in Hartford, Connecticut on February 2nd 1949... He attended State University, obtaining an M.D. in 1973.</li> <li>Source2: John Smith was born on 2 February 1949 in Hartford... He graduated with a medical degree from State University in 1973.</li> <li>Article: John Smith was born on 2 February 1949 in Hartford, Connecticut... He studied medicine at State University, and earned an MD in 1973.</li></ul> <p>In this example, the wording of the article is very close to that of both sources. However, the article merely presents standard facts for a topic like this in standard sequence. The article does not copy any creative words or phrases, similes or metaphors, and makes an effort at paraphrasing in the second sentence. Just two short sentences are close to the sources. For these reasons the close paraphrasing should be acceptable. Note, however, that closely paraphrasing extensively from a non-free source may be a copyright problem, even if it is difficult to find different means of expression. The more extensively we rely on this exception, the more likely we are to run afoul of compilation protection. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Example" data-mw-thread-id="h-Example"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Example"></span>Example<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Example"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Example" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In this example, Wikipedia's article text is an attempt at paraphrasing the source. However, almost all of the original word choice, word order and sentence structure is retained. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Close paraphrase<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>"A statement from the receiver, David Carson of Deloitte, confirmed that 480 of the 670 employees have been made redundant <span style="color:#999;">... At least 100 Waterford Crystal employees are refusing to leave the visitors' gallery at the factory tonight and are staging an unofficial sit-in.</span> The employees say they will not be leaving until they meet with Mr. Carson. There were some scuffles at one point and a main door to the visitors' centre was damaged <span style="color:#999;">...</span> Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly, who is one of those currently occupying the visitors' gallery<span style="color:#999;">, said the receiver had told staff he would not close the company while there were interested investors.</span>" </td> <td>"A statement issued by the receiver, Deloitte's David Carson, confirmed that, of the 670 employees, 480 of them would be laid off. <span style="color:#999;">The workers responded angrily to this unexpected decision and at least 100 of them began an unofficial sit-in in the visitors' gallery at the factory that night.</span> They insisted they would refuse to leave until they had met with Carson. <span style="color:#999;">Following the revelations,</span> there was a minor scuffle during which the main door to the visitors' centre was damaged<span style="color:#999;">. </span>Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly was amongst those who occupied the visitors' gallery." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Analysis: </p> <ul><li>"A statement issued by the receiver, Deloitte's David Carson, confirmed that, of the 670 employees, 480 of them would be laid off" vs. "A statement from the receiver, David Carson of Deloitte, confirmed that 480 of the 670 employees have been made redundant". <ul><li>The structure of Wikipedia's statement is essentially the same as the original. Changing a single word and slightly reordering one phrase is not enough to constitute a paraphrase.</li></ul></li> <li>"They insisted they would refuse to leave until they had met with Carson" vs. "The employees say they will not be leaving until they meet with Mr. Carson". <ul><li>The structure of this sentence is the same as the original with too much similarity within the structure of the paragraph.</li></ul></li> <li>"there was a minor scuffle during which the main door to the visitors' centre was damaged" vs. "There were some scuffles at one point and a main door to the visitors' centre was damaged". <ul><li>The structure and language of the two sentences are the same.</li></ul></li> <li>"Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly was amongst those who occupied the visitors' gallery" vs. "Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly, who is one of those currently occupying the visitors' gallery". <ul><li>This slight rewording does not change the fact that the underlying structure and language are the same. Minor changes, such as "was amongst those" --> "is one of those" and "occupied" --> "currently occupying", are not enough to constitute an original rewriting of the passage.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>See <a href="#Avoiding">below</a> for an example of an unusable paraphrase repaired to become acceptable. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="How_to_write_acceptable_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_write_acceptable_content"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_write_acceptable_content"></span>How to write acceptable content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_write_acceptable_content"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: How to write acceptable content" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><span class="anchor" id="Avoiding"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:FIXCLOSEPARA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FIXCLOSEPARA&redirect=no">WP:FIXCLOSEPARA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>To properly paraphrase content, you review information from reliable sources, extract the salient points, and use your own words, style and sentence structure to draft text for an article.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSU_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSU-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Take notes </p> <dl><dd>One of the key factors in the creation of inadvertent close paraphrasing is starting with text taken directly from the source. The word choice and style can easily resurface since it is foremost in our minds. An approach to ensure that information is fully understood and formed into unique thoughts is to isolate the essential information by taking notes. <ul><li>Start off by taking notes of essential information only, excluding the use of phrases.</li> <li>Record the source for the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a>.</li> <li>Collect information from multiple sources. This will have several benefits: it promotes a tone with a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a> and produces a well-rounded understanding of the topic. It also makes it less likely that your end result will follow too closely on any one source.</li> <li>Gather short <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">quotations</a> when they powerfully illustrate a point for your article. Overuse can result in a disjointed article and may breach copyright. (Extensive quotations are forbidden by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFC">policy</a>.)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Write a draft </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Gather related items from the multiple sources and explain it to yourself: The point is to rephrase or summarize a body of information in your own words and sentence structure.</li> <li>Add inline citations in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sourcing</a> guideline.</li> <li>Allow time between note-taking and drafting to clear your mind of the original diction and better paraphrase the content.</li> <li>Don't paraphrase information in the same order it was presented from the source.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Review </p> <dl><dd>After material has been written, return to the source to double check for content and properly paraphrased language. <ul><li>Information has been gathered from several sources and distilled in your words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">Quotations</a> are used appropriately and infrequently.</li> <li>Words or ideas do not follow the same pattern and order as the source material.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><a href="#Example">The example above on this page</a> illustrates a common way in which people closely paraphrase content; this one demonstrates how to properly synthesize and paraphrase information. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Example: close paraphrasing repaired</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <p>Consider the following example of a close paraphrase (unacceptable version) and ways to correct it to make an acceptable version: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="130">Example </th> <th scope="col" width="600">Wording </th> <th scope="col" width="230">Comments </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Source</td> <td>Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938 contains more than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery and 500 black-and-white photographs of former slaves. These narratives were collected in the 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. This online collection is a joint presentation of the Manuscript and Prints and Photographs Divisions of the Library of Congress and includes more than 200 photographs from the Prints and Photographs Division that are now made available to the public for the first time. Born in Slavery was made possible by a major gift from the Citigroup Foundation. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html">Born in Slavery, Library of Congress</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Unacceptable version</td> <td>A collection of more than 2,300 accounts of slavery taken directly from former slaves and 500 black-and-white photographs make up the Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938. In the 1930s these narratives were compiled in the 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). They were aggregated and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. The collection is a united effort of the Manuscript and Prints and Photographs Divisions of the Library of Congress. Citigroup Foundation made the Born in Slavery possible by a major gift.</td> <td>The structure of this version is essentially the same as the original. Changing a few words and slightly reordering phrases is not enough to constitute a paraphrase. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Correcting issues – step 1) Bring in other source(s).</td> <td>The Slave Narrative Collection provides a unique and virtually unsurpassed collective portrait of a historical population. Indeed, historian David Brion Davis has argued that the voluminous number of documented slave testimonies available in the United States "is indisputably unique among former slaveholding nations." In addition to the substantial number of life histories it contains, the most compelling feature of the collection is the composition of the sample of people who made up its informants. Although not a representative sample of the slave population, they were a remarkably diverse and inclusive cross-section of former slaves. Those whose voices are included in the collection ranged in age from one to fifty at the time of emancipation in 1865, which meant that more than two-thirds were over eighty when they were interviewed. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snintro01.html">A Collective Portrait</a></td> <td>Bringing in other sources helps to ensure that there's a good understanding of the topic and a neutral point of view. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Correcting issues – step 2) Read source information, preferably taking notes to extract essential points, and write a summary in your own words, thereby producing an acceptable version.</td> <td>In the 1930s a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project, called Federal Writers' Project, was conducted to capture the history record of people born into slavery. At the time of the project 2/3rds of the more than 2,300 men and women interviewed were over the age of eighty, having been one to fifty years of age when they obtained their freedom in 1865. Over 500 black and white photographs were taken of interview subjects. The Library of Congress Manuscript and Print and Photograph Divisions assembled a seventeen-volume collection from the set, called "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938." David Brion Davis, a historian, claimed that the large collection "is indisputably unique among former slaveholding nations."</td> <td>This version brings together information from two sources, without maintaining the previous sentence structure or style. </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_perfect_article" title="Wikipedia:The perfect article">Wikipedia:The perfect article</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Existing_close_paraphrasing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Existing_close_paraphrasing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span>Existing close paraphrasing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Existing close paraphrasing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detecting" data-mw-thread-id="h-Detecting-Existing_close_paraphrasing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Detecting-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span>Detecting<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Detecting-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Detecting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Unlike straightforward copyright violations, close paraphrasing is notoriously difficult to detect; frequently the contributor will add wiki syntax and write in the style of a Wikipedia article (as indeed they should). Here are some ways you might detect it: </p> <ul><li>Look for disjointed and sudden changes in the tone, vocabulary, and style of content introduced by the same contributor. For example, "The cat is a small predatory carnivorous species of crepuscular mammal. Housecats like to kill mice and bats."</li> <li>Look for redundant content; this may be a sign that two or more sources were closely paraphrased. For example, "The cat is a small predatory carnivorous species of crepuscular mammal. Like many pets, domestic cats are carnivorous."</li> <li>Look for content that resembles content included in a quotation.</li> <li>Examine the talk pages of major contributors and other pages where they have written in their own words, and determine if their article contributions substantially differ in tone, structure, and vocabulary from these discussions.</li> <li>Take short phrases from the article and put them in a search engine. Take a look at the results and see if they closely resemble the article.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Addressing-Existing_close_paraphrasing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Addressing-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span>Addressing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Addressing-Existing_close_paraphrasing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Addressing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Your approach may vary depending upon the severity of the concern. Here are a couple of ways to manage close-paraphrase concerns. </p> <dl><dt>Flag the problem</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Insert a dispute template and/or engage in a copyright-infringement discussion: Your approach here may depend upon the extensiveness of the issues you discover. </p> <ul><li>You can use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_paraphrasing" title="Template:Close paraphrasing">Close paraphrasing</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template, which can be customized to identify the source and to indicate if the source is public domain, to mark it for cleanup (and usually one would also open a talk page discussion about the matter):</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright-problem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/37px-Copyright-problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 37px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/37px-Copyright-problem.svg.png" data-width="37" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/55px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/74px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">close paraphrasing</a> of one or more non-free copyrighted sources</b>. Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner. See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia talk:Close paraphrasing">talk page</a> for details.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>However, if you believe that the close paraphrasing in question is so close that it infringes copyright, instead follow the instructions at <a href="/wiki/Template:Copyvio" title="Template:Copyvio">Template:Copyvio</a>, which may require removing the paraphrasing content until it can be repaired. Unless close paraphrasing is immediately obvious, it is good practice to cite specific passages alongside the corresponding passage from the source on the talk page to highlight their similarity; this will provide objective evidence of close paraphrasing.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notice to the contributor</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>It is <em>important</em> to discuss your concerns with the contributor. Many people who paraphrase too closely are not intentionally infringing, but just don't know how to properly paraphrase. It might help to point them to this essay or to the references and resources listed here, which include some pointers for proper paraphrasing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors-Addressing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors-Addressing"></span>Example approaches to discussing with other editors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors-Addressing"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Example approaches to discussing with other editors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Note: All text in these examples is dedicated by its authors to the public domain</i> </p><p>The following example messages can be copied and pasted directly from this page, although you will need to fill in your own example close paraphrases as well as supplying the article's title and the source URL. The messages strive to avoid accusations while at the same time pointing to clear instructions on how to fix errors of this sort. The spaces for examples from the editor's inappropriate text are provided because even experienced or good faith editors may not recognize where the issues lie without them. If there is a passage of several consecutive sentences which is a continuous close paraphrase, this may alone be a sufficient demonstration. Otherwise, showing the pattern in several separated sentences is typically better than offering one, brief example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Extensive_problems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Extensive_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Extensive_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"></span>Extensive problems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Extensive_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"></span></h6><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Extensive problems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following example was engineered for cases when the paraphrasing is close enough to require blanking of the article and listing at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a>. It would not be appropriate for situations where the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_paraphrasing" title="Template:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template is used, since rewriting can be done on the spot rather than in a temporary page. You may use this example verbatim, if you wish, but may and should modify it if it is not completely appropriate to the circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Hi. I'm afraid the <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">ArticleName</span><span class="p">]]</span> article you wrote may be a problem under our copyright policies, since the text seems very closely paraphrased from [source]. While facts are not copyrightable, creative elements of presentation – including both structure and language – are. For an example of close paraphrasing, consider the following: <span class="hll"><span class="k">:</span>example from source </span>The article says: <span class="hll"><span class="k">:</span>example from article </span>There are other passages that similarly follow quite closely. As a website that is widely read and reused, Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously to protect the interests of the holders of copyright as well as those of the Wikimedia Foundation and our reusers. Wikipedia's <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Copyrights</span><span class="p">|</span>copyright policies<span class="p">]]</span> require that the content we take from non-free sources, aside from brief and clearly marked quotations, be rewritten from scratch. The article has been replaced with a notice of these copyright concerns that includes directions for resolving them. If the material can be verified to be <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Compatible license</span><span class="p">|</span>compatibly licensed<span class="p">]]</span> or <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Public domain</span><span class="p">|</span>public domain<span class="p">]]</span> or if <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Copyright problems</span><span class="p">#</span><span class="nl">Copyright owners who submitted their own work to Wikipedia (or people editing on their behalf)</span><span class="p">|</span>permission is provided<span class="p">]]</span>, we can use the original text with proper attribution. If you can resolve it that way, please let me know if you need assistance with those directions. Otherwise, so that we can be sure it does not constitute a derivative work, this article should be rewritten; there is a link to a temporary space for that purpose in the instructions which now appear in place of the article. The essay <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Close paraphrasing</span><span class="p">]]</span> contains some suggestions for rewriting that may help avoid these issues. The article <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches</span><span class="p">]]</span>, while about plagiarism rather than copyright concerns, also contains some suggestions for reusing material from sources that may be helpful, beginning under "Avoiding plagiarism". Please let me know if you have questions about this. --<span class="k">~~~~</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Limited_problems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Limited_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Limited_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"></span>Limited problems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Limited_problems-Example_approaches_to_discussing_with_other_editors"></span></h6><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Limited problems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>This example was engineered for cases when the paraphrasing is not enough of a concern to require blanking and listing and the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_paraphrasing" title="Template:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template is used instead. You may use this example verbatim, if you wish, but may and should modify it if it is not completely appropriate to the circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Hi. I'm afraid the <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">ArticleName</span><span class="p">]]</span> article you contributed to has parts which are very <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">WP</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">close paraphrasing</span><span class="p">|</span>closely paraphrased<span class="p">]]</span> from [source]. This can be a problem under both our <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Copyrights</span><span class="p">|</span>copyright policy<span class="p">]]</span> and our <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Plagiarism</span><span class="p">|</span>guideline on plagiarism<span class="p">]]</span>. While facts are not copyrightable, creative elements of presentation – including both structure and language – are. For an example of close paraphrasing, consider the following: The source says: <span class="hll"><span class="k">:</span>example from source </span>The article says: <span class="hll"><span class="k">:</span>example from article </span>This is an example; there are other passages that similarly follow quite closely. As a website that is widely read and reused, Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously to protect the interests of the holders of copyright as well as those of the Wikimedia Foundation and our reusers. Wikipedia's <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Copyrights</span><span class="p">|</span>copyright policies<span class="p">]]</span> require that the content we take from non-free sources, aside from brief and clearly marked quotations, be rewritten from scratch. So that we can be sure it does not constitute a <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">derivative work</span><span class="p">]]</span>, this article should be revised to separate it further from its source. The essay <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Close paraphrasing</span><span class="p">]]</span> contains some suggestions for rewriting that may help avoid these issues. The article <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nn">Wikipedia</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches</span><span class="p">]]</span> also contains some suggestions for reusing material from sources that may be helpful, beginning under "Avoiding plagiarism". Please let me know if you have questions about this. --<span class="k">~~~~</span> </pre></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Relevant_policies_and_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relevant_policies_and_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relevant_policies_and_guidelines"></span>Relevant policies and guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relevant_policies_and_guidelines"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relevant policies and guidelines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A number of Wikipedia policies and guidelines are relevant to this essay. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a> – policy stating that, while articles should be written in your own words, they should substantially retain the meaning of the source material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a> – policy that describes general principles that apply to use of copyrighted work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Wikipedia:Copyright violations</a> – policy that describes copyright violations and how to address them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria</a> – policy that defines limitations on use of non-free content</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Wikipedia:Non-free content</a> – guideline that expands on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NFCC">WP:NFCC</a> and describes when non-free material may be used under the "fair use" principle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a> – guideline that describes the importance of attributing the sources used, even when they may be out of copyright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a> – guideline that describes how quotations should be faithfully reproduced, clearly identified as quotations</li></ul> <p>Several Wikipedia articles discuss related topics such as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">paraphrasing of copyrighted material</a>. These may be of interest to editors. However, they may have inaccuracies or omissions, and Wikipedia has a broader aim of providing material that may be used anywhere for any purpose, which imposes further restrictions that are defined in our policies and guidelines. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a> (guideline) – Guideline on Wikipedia's definition of and approach to handling plagiarism to avoid making the work of others look like your own.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches">"Let's get serious about plagiarism"</a>, <i>Wikipedia Signpost</i> (op-ed) – Thorough discussion of Wikipedia's position regarding plagiarism, including how to avoid it, good practices, and how to detect it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copy-paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Copy-paste">Wikipedia:Copy-paste</a> (information page) – Information about plagiarism and copyright concerns with copy-paste, which cannot be done except in the case of short quotations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing of copyrighted material</a> (article) – An overview of how close paraphrasing is treated under various jurisdictions' copyright laws.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a> (article) – Legal doctrine that limits the scope of copyright protection by differentiating an idea from the expression or manifestation of that idea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright#Derivative_works" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright">Wikipedia:FAQ/Copyright § Derivative works</a> (information page) – Discussion of derivative work: a copyright concern where something that is "based on and a close copy of" another work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights/Archive_12#Derivative_works" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Archive 12">Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Archive 12 § Derivative works</a> (talk page) – Discussion of paraphrase and abridgement, a copyright concern.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Copyrighted_material_and_fair_use" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">Wikipedia:Quotations § Copyrighted material and fair use</a> (essay) – Proper use of quotations in articles, with copyright and "fair use" considerations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">Substantial similarity</a> (article) – Substantial similarity is the standard developed and used by United States courts to determine whether a defendant has infringed the reproduction right of a copyright.</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A8nes_%C3%A0_faire" title="Scènes à faire">Scènes à faire</a></i></span></i> (article) – Sometimes there are only so many ways to say something.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_plot_summary" title="Wikipedia:How to write a plot summary">Wikipedia:How to write a plot summary</a> (essay) – Information about how to write a plot summary for a work of fiction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plot-only_description_of_fictional_works" title="Wikipedia:Plot-only description of fictional works">Wikipedia:Plot-only description of fictional works</a> (essay) – Among other things, discusses how to avoid copyright violations when writing about fictional works.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">Plagiarism detection</a> (article) – Includes a list of free and commercial plagiarism detection tools.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Uw-paraphrase" title="Template:Uw-paraphrase">Template:uw-paraphrase</a> (template) – User warning which can be left on the talk page of an editor who paraphrases copyrighted material too closely on Wikipedia.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications_v._Rural_Telephone_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service">Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service</a></i>, the United States Supreme Court noted that factual compilations of information may be protected with respect to "selection and arrangement, so long as they are made independently by the compiler and entail a minimal degree of creativity," as "[t]he compilation author typically chooses which facts to include, in what order to place them, and how to arrange the collected data so that they may be used effectively by readers"; the Court also indicated that "originality is not a stringent standard; it does not require that facts be presented in an innovative or surprising way" and that "[t]he vast majority of works make the grade quite easily, as they possess some creative spark, 'no matter how crude, humble or obvious' it might be."(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=499&invol=340">"Decision"</a>. <i>Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feist+Publications%2C+Inc.%2C+v.+Rural+Telephone+Service+Co.%2C+499+U.S.+340+%281991%29&rft.atitle=Decision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fscripts%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26vol%3D499%26invol%3D340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But also "thick protection is the norm, but when there are very few articulable, concrete similarities based on protected aspects of a work and a limited number of ways in which the underlying ideas could be expressed differently, or where the only protectable aspect of a work is the 'unique selection and arrangement' of otherwise unprotectable elements, a work is entitled only to 'thin' protection, where 'virtually identical copying' is required to support a finding of infringement." [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2447394-jerseyboys.html">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2447394-jerseyboys.html</a> Robert Jones, in the <i>Jerseyboys</i> case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/circs/circ34.pdf">"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Copyright Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Protection+Not+Available+for+Names%2C+Titles%2C+or+Short+Phrases&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Fcircs%2Fcirc34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_P._Keller_and_Jeffrey_P._Cunard2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce P. Keller and Jeffrey P. Cunard (2001). <i>Copyright Law: A Practitioner's Guide</i>. Practising Law Institute. p. §11–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-402-40050-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-402-40050-0"><bdi>1-402-40050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+Law%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=%C2%A711-41&rft.pub=Practising+Law+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-402-40050-0&rft.au=Bruce+P.+Keller+and+Jeffrey+P.+Cunard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keller and Cunard, §11–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An exception would be when closely paraphrasing a compatibly licensed source that is not permissible as a citation. For instance, one may closely paraphrase another Wikipedia article or use content from another compatibly licensed user-generated wiki, so long as the content meets core content policies. Attribution may be required, as explained at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Copying_material_from_free_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism § Copying material from free sources</a>, but citing it is a source might be against policy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0130/wedgwood.html">"Staff protest over Waterford Crystal closure"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staff+protest+over+Waterford+Crystal+closure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2009%2F0130%2Fwedgwood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia article <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008%E2%80%932012_Irish_financial_crisis&oldid=283141055">2008–2009 Irish financial crisis</a>, 2009-04-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdue_OWL_contributors2010" class="citation web cs1">Purdue OWL contributors (2010-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/">"Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words"</a>. The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paraphrase%3A+Write+it+in+Your+Own+Words&rft.pub=The+Writing+Lab+%26+The+OWL+at+Purdue+and+Purdue+University&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.au=Purdue+OWL+contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fowl.english.purdue.edu%2Fowl%2Fresource%2F619%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSU-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSU_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/includingsources/paraphrasing/without.cfm">"How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing"</a>. Colorado State University. 1993–2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Paraphrase+Without+Plagiarizing&rft.pub=Colorado+State+University&rft.date=1993%2F2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwriting.colostate.edu%2Fguides%2Fresearchsources%2Fincludingsources%2Fparaphrasing%2Fwithout.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AClose+paraphrasing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Close_Paraphrasing">WMF legal's comments on close paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/">Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words</a>, Purdue University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/includingsources/paraphrasing/without.cfm">How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing</a>, Colorado State University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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They have no official status and may represent widespread norms or minority viewpoints.">(?)</abbr></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Essays_on_building,_editing,_and_deleting_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays on building, editing, and deleting content</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_content" title="Wikipedia:Article content">Article content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_must_be_written" title="Wikipedia:Articles must be written">Articles must be written</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:All_five_pillars_are_equally_important" title="Wikipedia:All five pillars are equally important">All Five Pillars are equally important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vague_introductions" title="Wikipedia:Vague introductions">Avoid vague introductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Be a reliable source">Be a reliable source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civil_POV_pushing" title="Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing">Civil POV pushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Coherence_and_cohesion" title="Wikipedia:Coherence and cohesion">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Competence_is_required" title="Wikipedia:Competence is required">Competence is required</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Concession" title="Wikipedia:Concession">Concede lost arguments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dissent_is_not_disloyalty" title="Wikipedia:Dissent is not disloyalty">Dissent is not disloyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_lie" title="Wikipedia:Don't lie">Don't lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_search_for_objections" title="Wikipedia:Don't search for objections">Don't search for objections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_Wikipedia_is_like_visiting_a_foreign_country" title="Wikipedia:Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country">Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editors_will_sometimes_be_wrong" title="Wikipedia:Editors will sometimes be wrong">Editors will sometimes be wrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Eight_simple_rules_for_editing_our_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia">Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Explanationism" title="Wikipedia:Explanationism">Explanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:External criticism of Wikipedia">External criticism of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Here_to_build_an_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Here to build an encyclopedia">Here to build an encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leave_it_to_the_experienced" title="Wikipedia:Leave it to the experienced">Leave it to the experienced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Levels_of_competence" title="Wikipedia:Levels of competence">Levels of competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Levels of consensus">Levels of consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_ideas_are_bad" title="Wikipedia:Most ideas are bad">Most ideas are bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_does_or_does_not_need_that_article" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia does or does not need that article">Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutrality_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Neutrality of sources">Neutrality of sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Not_editing_because_of_Wikipedia_restriction" title="Wikipedia:Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction">Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_one_question" title="Wikipedia:The one question">The one question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversimplification" title="Wikipedia:Oversimplification">Oversimplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paradoxes" title="Wikipedia:Paradoxes">Paradoxes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:POV_and_OR_from_editors,_sources,_and_fields" title="Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields">POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Process_is_important" title="Wikipedia:Process is important">Process is important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Product,_process,_policy" title="Wikipedia:Product, process, policy">Product, process, policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reasonability_rule" title="Wikipedia:Reasonability rule">Reasonability rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:But_I%27m_an_Administrator!" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:But I'm an Administrator!">There is no seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_Simple_Rules_for_Editing_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia">Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tendentious_editing" title="Wikipedia:Tendentious editing">Tendentious editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_role_of_policies_in_collaborative_anarchy" title="Wikipedia:The role of policies in collaborative anarchy">The role of policies in collaborative anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">The rules are principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trifecta" title="Wikipedia:Trifecta">Trifecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:We_are_absolutely_here_to_right_great_wrongs" title="Wikipedia:We are absolutely here to right great wrongs">We are absolutely here to right great wrongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_brief" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief">Wikipedia in brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_an_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia">Wikipedia is an encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_community" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a community">Wikipedia is a community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_RationalWiki" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not RationalWiki">Wikipedia is not RationalWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Article_writing" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Article writing">Article construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:100,000_feature-quality_articles" title="Wikipedia:100,000 feature-quality articles">100K featured articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Abandoned_stubs" title="Wikipedia:Abandoned stubs">Abandoned stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Acronym_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Acronym overkill">Acronym overkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Adding_images_improves_the_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Adding images improves the encyclopedia">Adding images improves the encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_article_editing" title="Wikipedia:Advanced article editing">Advanced article editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Advanced_text_formatting" title="Help:Advanced text formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Akin%27s_Laws_of_Article_Writing" title="Wikipedia:Akin's Laws of Article Writing">Akin's Laws of Article Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternatives_to_the_%22Expand%22_template" title='Wikipedia:Alternatives to the "Expand" template'>Alternatives to the "Expand" template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Amnesia_test" title="Wikipedia:Amnesia test">Amnesia test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_navbox_on_every_page" title="Wikipedia:A navbox on every page">A navbox on every page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:An_unfinished_house_is_a_real_problem" title="Wikipedia:An unfinished house is a real problem">An unfinished house is a real problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_half-life" title="Wikipedia:Article half-life">Articles have a half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autosizing_images" title="Wikipedia:Autosizing images">Autosizing images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_mission_statements" title="Wikipedia:Avoid mission statements">Avoid mission statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_neutral_in_form" title="Wikipedia:Be neutral in form">Be neutral in form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Beef_up_that_first_revision" title="Wikipedia:Beef up that first revision">Beef up that first revision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blind_men_and_an_elephant" title="Wikipedia:Blind men and an elephant">Blind men and an elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD,_revert,_discuss_cycle" title="Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle">BOLD, revert, discuss cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Build_content_to_endure" title="Wikipedia:Build content to endure">Build content to endure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cherrypicking" title="Wikipedia:Cherrypicking">Cherrypicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chesterton%27s_fence" title="Wikipedia:Chesterton's fence">Chesterton's fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Children%27s,_adult_new_reader,_and_large-print_sources_questionable_on_reliability" title="Wikipedia:Children's, adult new reader, and large-print sources questionable on reliability">Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_underkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation underkill">Citation underkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common-style_fallacy" title="Wikipedia:Common-style fallacy">Common-style fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Concept_cloud" title="Wikipedia:Concept cloud">Concept cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Creating_controversial_content" title="Wikipedia:Creating controversial content">Creating controversial content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticisms_of_society_may_be_consistent_with_NPOV_and_reliability" title="Wikipedia:Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability">Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources" title="Wikipedia:Deprecated sources">Deprecated sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dictionaries_as_sources" title="Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources">Dictionaries as sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_demolish_the_house_while_it%27s_still_being_built" title="Wikipedia:Don't demolish the house while it's still being built">Don't demolish the house while it's still being built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_Parkinson%27s_Bicycle_Shed_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid Parkinson's Bicycle Shed Effect">Don't get hung up on minor details</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_hope_the_house_will_build_itself" title="Wikipedia:Don't hope the house will build itself">Don't hope the house will build itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_panic" title="Wikipedia:Don't panic">Don't panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_%22teach_the_controversy%22" title="Wikipedia:Don't "teach the controversy"">Don't "teach the controversy"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_on_mobile_devices" title="Wikipedia:Editing on mobile devices">Editing on mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editors_are_not_mindreaders" title="Wikipedia:Editors are not mindreaders">Editors are not mindreaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encourage_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Encourage the newcomers">Encourage the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Endorsements" title="Wikipedia:Endorsements">Endorsements (commercial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles_may_have_problems" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles may have problems">Featured articles may have problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Formatting_bilateral_relations_articles" title="Wikipedia:Formatting bilateral relations articles">Formatting bilateral relations articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Formatting_bilateral_relations_templates" title="Wikipedia:Formatting bilateral relations templates">Formatting bilateral relations templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fruit_of_the_poisonous_tree" title="Wikipedia:Fruit of the poisonous tree">Fruit of the poisonous tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Give_an_article_a_chance" title="Wikipedia:Give an article a chance">Give an article a chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_featured_article" title="Wikipedia:How to write a featured article">How to write a featured article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">Identifying and using independent sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(history)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (history)">History sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(law)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (law)">Law sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(natural_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (natural sciences)">Science sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_style_guides" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides">Style guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using tertiary sources">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_STRONGNAT_for_date_formats" title="Wikipedia:Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats">Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inaccuracy" title="Wikipedia:Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduction_to_structurism" title="Wikipedia:Introduction to structurism">Introduction to structurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_mine_a_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to mine a source">Mine a source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merge_Test" title="Wikipedia:Merge Test">Merge Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Minors_and_persons_judged_incompetent" title="Wikipedia:Minors and persons judged incompetent">Minors and persons judged incompetent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%22Murder_of%22_articles" title='Wikipedia:"Murder of" articles'>"Murder of" articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Not_every_story/event/disaster_needs_a_biography" title="Wikipedia:Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography">Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Not_everything_needs_a_navbox" title="Wikipedia:Not everything needs a navbox">Not everything needs a navbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Not_everything_needs_a_template" title="Wikipedia:Not everything needs a template">Not everything needs a template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nothing_is_in_stone" title="Wikipedia:Nothing is in stone">Nothing is in stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Obtain_peer_review_comments" title="Wikipedia:Obtain peer review comments">Obtain peer review comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Permastub" title="Wikipedia:Permastub">Permastub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Potential,_not_just_current_state" title="Wikipedia:Potential, not just current state">Potential, not just current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Presentism" title="Wikipedia:Presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principle_of_Some_Astonishment" title="Wikipedia:Principle of Some Astonishment">Principle of Some Astonishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_problem_with_elegant_variation" title="Wikipedia:The problem with elegant variation">The problem with elegant variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pro_and_con_lists" title="Wikipedia:Pro and con lists">Pro and con lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Printability" title="Wikipedia:Printability">Printability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pruning_article_revisions" title="Wikipedia:Pruning article revisions">Pruning article revisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:For_publicists_publicizing_a_client%27s_work" title="Wikipedia:For publicists publicizing a client's work">Publicists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Put_a_little_effort_into_it" title="Wikipedia:Put a little effort into it">Put a little effort into it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Restoring_part_of_a_reverted_edit" title="Wikipedia:Restoring part of a reverted edit">Restoring part of a reverted edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Robotic_editing" title="Wikipedia:Robotic editing">Robotic editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sham_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Sham consensus">Sham consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Source_your_plot_summaries" title="Wikipedia:Source your plot summaries">Source your plot summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Specialized-style_fallacy" title="Wikipedia:Specialized-style fallacy">Specialized-style fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub_Makers" title="Wikipedia:Stub Makers">Stub Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_run_an_edit-a-thon" title="Wikipedia:How to run an edit-a-thon">Run an edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Temporary_versions_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Temporary versions of articles">Temporary versions of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary-source_fallacy" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary-source fallacy">Tertiary-source fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_are_no_shortcuts_to_neutrality" title="Wikipedia:There are no shortcuts to neutrality">There are no shortcuts to neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_is_no_deadline" title="Wikipedia:There is no deadline">There is no deadline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_is_a_deadline" title="Wikipedia:There is a deadline">There is a deadline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_deadline_is_now" title="Wikipedia:The deadline is now">The deadline is now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Try_not_to_leave_it_a_stub" title="Wikipedia:Try not to leave it a stub">Try not to leave it a stub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Understanding_Wikipedia%27s_content_standards" title="Wikipedia:Understanding Wikipedia's content standards">Understanding Wikipedia's content standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Walled_garden" title="Wikipedia:Walled garden">Walled garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_an_article_should_not_include" title="Wikipedia:What an article should not include">What an article should not include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_work_in_progress" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress">Wikipedia is a work in progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source">Wikipedia is not a reliable source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_being_written_in_an_organized_fashion" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion">Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_world_will_not_end_tomorrow" title="Wikipedia:The world will not end tomorrow">The world will not end tomorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Write_the_article_first" title="Wikipedia:Write the article first">Write the article first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Writing better articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Article_writing" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Article writing">Writing article content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_thread_mode" title="Wikipedia:Avoid thread mode">Avoid thread mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyediting_reception_sections" title="Wikipedia:Copyediting reception sections">Copyediting reception sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Coup" title="Wikipedia:Coup">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_throw_more_litter_onto_the_pile" title="Wikipedia:Don't throw more litter onto the pile">Don't throw more litter onto the pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gender-neutral_language" title="Wikipedia:Gender-neutral language">Gender-neutral language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Myth_versus_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Myth versus fiction">Myth vs fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proseline" title="Wikipedia:Proseline">Proseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_our_own_words" title="Wikipedia:Use our own words">Use our own words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:We_shouldn%27t_be_able_to_figure_out_your_opinions" title="Wikipedia:We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions">We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Write_the_article_first" title="Wikipedia:Write the article first">Write the article first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_about_women" title="Wikipedia:Writing about women">Writing about women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Writing better articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Removal_or_deletion_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Removal or deletion of content">Removing or<br> deleting content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Adjectives_in_your_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Adjectives in your recommendations">Adjectives in your recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion_is_not_a_war_zone" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion is not a war zone">AfD is not a war zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_avoid_in_deletion_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions">Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_avoid_in_deletion_reviews" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews">Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_avoid_in_image_deletion_discussions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions">Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_make_in_deletion_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to make in deletion discussions">Arguments to make in deletion discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_repeated_arguments" title="Wikipedia:Avoid repeated arguments">Avoid repeated arguments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Before_commenting_in_a_deletion_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Before commenting in a deletion discussion">Before commenting in a deletion discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:But_there_must_be_sources!" title="Wikipedia:But there must be sources!">But there must be sources!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Confusing_arguments_mean_nothing" title="Wikipedia:Confusing arguments mean nothing">Confusing arguments mean nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">Content removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Counting_and_sorting_are_not_original_research" title="Wikipedia:Counting and sorting are not original research">Counting and sorting are not original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Delete_or_merge" title="Wikipedia:Delete or merge">Delete or merge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Delete_the_junk" title="Wikipedia:Delete the junk">Delete the junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_is_not_cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Deletion is not cleanup">Deletion is not cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Does_deletion_help%3F" title="Wikipedia:Does deletion help?">Does deletion help?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_attack_the_nominator" title="Wikipedia:Don't attack the nominator">Don't attack the nominator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_confuse_stub_status_with_non-notability" title="Wikipedia:Do not confuse stub status with non-notability">Don't confuse stub status with non-notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_overuse_shortcuts_to_policy_and_guidelines_to_win_your_argument" title="Wikipedia:Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument">Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emptying_categories_out_of_process" title="Wikipedia:Emptying categories out of process">Emptying categories out of process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Follow_the_leader" title="Wikipedia:Follow the leader">Follow the leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_the_presumption_of_notability_works" title="Wikipedia:How the presumption of notability works">How the presumption of notability works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_save_an_article_proposed_for_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to save an article proposed for deletion">How to save an article proposed for deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:I_just_don%27t_like_it" title="Wikipedia:I just don't like it">I just don't like it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_blatant_advertising" title="Wikipedia:Identifying blatant advertising">Identifying blatant advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_test_edits" title="Wikipedia:Identifying test edits">Identifying test edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Immunity" title="Wikipedia:Immunity">Immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keep_it_concise" title="Wikipedia:Keep it concise">Keep it concise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Liar_liar_pants_on_fire" title="Wikipedia:Liar liar pants on fire">Liar liar pants on fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nothing" title="Wikipedia:Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nothing_is_clear" title="Wikipedia:Nothing is clear">Nothing is clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overzealous_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Overzealous deletion">Overzealous deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Relisting_can_be_abusive" title="Wikipedia:Relisting can be abusive">Relisting can be abusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Relist_bias" title="Wikipedia:Relist bias">Relist bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Heymann_Standard" title="Wikipedia:The Heymann Standard">The Heymann Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unopposed_AFD_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Unopposed AFD discussion">Unopposed AFD discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_Whac-A-Mole" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not Whac-A-Mole">Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_was_the_page_I_created_deleted%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why was the page I created deleted?">Why was the page I created deleted?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_to_do_if_your_article_gets_tagged_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion">What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_in_doubt,_hide_it_in_the_woodwork" title="Wikipedia:When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork">When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_Encyclopedic_Use" title="Wikipedia:No Encyclopedic Use">No Encyclopedic Use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Essays_on_civility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Wikipedia's_code_of_conduct" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays on civility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Civility" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Civility">The basics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accepting_other_users" title="Wikipedia:Accepting other users">Accepting other users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Apology" title="Wikipedia:Apology">Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_complicated_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to complicated discussions">Contributing to complicated discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Divisiveness" title="Wikipedia:Divisiveness">Divisiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_retaliate" title="Wikipedia:Don't retaliate">Don't retaliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editors%27_pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Editors' pronouns">Editors' pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_at_your_own_pace" title="Wikipedia:Edit at your own pace">Edit at your own pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encourage_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Encourage the newcomers">Encouraging the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Enjoy_yourself" title="Wikipedia:Enjoy yourself">Enjoy yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Expect_no_thanks" title="Wikipedia:Expect no thanks">Expect no thanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:High-functioning_autism_and_Asperger%27s_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:High-functioning autism and Asperger's editors">High-functioning autism and Asperger's editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_be_civil" title="Wikipedia:How to be civil">How to be civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintaining_a_friendly_space" title="Wikipedia:Maintaining a friendly space">Maintaining a friendly space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Negotiation" title="Wikipedia:Negotiation">Negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editors_with_obsessive-compulsive_disorder" title="Wikipedia:Editors with obsessive-compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_say_please" title="Wikipedia:Please say please">Please say please</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Relationships_with_academic_editors" title="Wikipedia:Relationships with academic editors">Relationships with academic editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Thank_you" title="Wikipedia:Thank you">Thank you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Too_long;_didn%27t_read" title="Wikipedia:Too long; didn't read">Too long; didn't read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Truce" title="Wikipedia:Truce">Truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_perspectives" title="Wikipedia:Unblock perspectives">Unblock perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:We_are_all_Wikipedians_here" title="Wikipedia:We are all Wikipedians here">We are all Wikipedians here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_have_a_right_to_remain_silent" title="Wikipedia:You have a right to remain silent">You have a right to remain silent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_thank_you_never_hurts" title="Wikipedia:A thank you never hurts">A thank you never hurts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_weak_personal_attack_is_still_wrong" title="Wikipedia:A weak personal attack is still wrong">A weak personal attack is still wrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_hotheads" title="Wikipedia:Advice for hotheads">Advice for hotheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:An_uncivil_environment_is_a_poor_environment" title="Wikipedia:An uncivil environment is a poor environment">An uncivil environment is a poor environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_the_glue" title="Wikipedia:Be the glue">Be the glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Beware_of_the_tigers" title="Wikipedia:Beware of the tigers">Beware of the tigers!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility_warnings" title="Wikipedia:Civility warnings">Civility warnings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overzealous_deletion#Dislike_of_the_creator" title="Wikipedia:Overzealous deletion">Deletion as revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Failure" title="Wikipedia:Failure">Failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Forgive_and_forget" title="Wikipedia:Forgive and forget">Forgive and forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:It%27s_not_the_end_of_the_world" title="Wikipedia:It's not the end of the world">It's not the end of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nobody_cares" title="Wikipedia:Nobody cares">Nobody cares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_people_who_disagree_with_you_on_content_are_not_vandals" title="Wikipedia:Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals">Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Old-fashioned_Wikipedian_values" title="Wikipedia:Old-fashioned Wikipedian values">Old-fashioned Wikipedian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Profanity,_civility,_and_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Profanity, civility, and discussions">Profanity, civility, and discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revert_notification_opt-out" title="Wikipedia:Revert notification opt-out">Revert notification opt-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shadowless_Fists_of_Death!" title="Wikipedia:Shadowless Fists of Death!">Shadowless Fists of Death!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Staying_cool_when_the_editing_gets_hot" title="Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot">Staying cool when the editing gets hot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_grey_zone" title="Wikipedia:The grey zone">The grey zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Last_Word" title="Wikipedia:The Last Word">The last word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_is_no_Divine_Right_of_Editors" title="Wikipedia:There is no Divine Right of Editors">There is no Divine Right of Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Most_ideas_are_bad" title="Wikipedia:Most ideas are bad">Most ideas are bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nothing_is_clear" title="Wikipedia:Nothing is clear">Nothing is clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader" title="Wikipedia:Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Rules_of_Polite_Discourse" title="Wikipedia:The Rules of Polite Discourse">The rules of polite discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#There_is_no_common_sense" title='Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means'>There is no common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Two_wrongs_don%27t_make_a_right" title="Wikipedia:Two wrongs don't make a right">Two wrongs don't make a right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_clich%C3%A9s" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia clichés">Wikipedia clichés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_about_winning" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not about winning">Wikipedia is not about winning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_should_not_be_a_monopoly" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia should not be a monopoly">Wikipedia should not be a monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_for_the_opponent" title="Wikipedia:Writing for the opponent">Writing for the opponent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_the_assumption_of_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume the assumption of good faith">Assume the assumption of good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_no_clue" title="Wikipedia:Assume no clue">Assume no clue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_personal_remarks" title="Wikipedia:Avoid personal remarks">Avoid personal remarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_the_word_%22vandal%22" title='Wikipedia:Avoid the word "vandal"'>Avoid the word "vandal"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_excellent_to_one_another" title="Wikipedia:Be excellent to one another">Be excellent to one another</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_pragmatic" title="Wikipedia:Be pragmatic">Be pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Beyond_civility" title="Wikipedia:Beyond civility">Beyond civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Call_a_spade_a_spade" title="Wikipedia:Call a spade a spade">Call a spade a spade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Candor" title="Wikipedia:Candor">Candor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deny_recognition" title="Wikipedia:Deny recognition">Deny recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Desist" title="Wikipedia:Desist">Desist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Discussing_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Discussing cruft">Discussing cruft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drop_the_stick_and_back_slowly_away_from_the_horse_carcass" title="Wikipedia:Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass">Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encourage_full_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Encourage full discussions">Encourage full discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_over_it" title="Wikipedia:Get over it">Get over it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_lose" title="Wikipedia:How to lose">How to lose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Imagine_others_complexly" title="Wikipedia:Imagine others complexly">Imagine others complexly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Just_drop_it" title="Wikipedia:Just drop it">Just drop it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keep_it_concise" title="Wikipedia:Keep it concise">Keep it concise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keep_it_down_to_earth" title="Wikipedia:Keep it down to earth">Keep it down to earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mind_your_own_business" title="Wikipedia:Mind your own business">Mind your own business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOBY" title="Wikipedia:MOBY">Say "MOBY"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mutual_withdrawal" title="Wikipedia:Mutual withdrawal">Mutual withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Read_before_commenting" title="Wikipedia:Read before commenting">Read before commenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Settle_the_process_first" title="Wikipedia:Settle the process first">Settle the process first</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Don'ts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ALPHABETTISPAGHETTI" title="Wikipedia:ALPHABETTISPAGHETTI">ALPHABETTISPAGHETTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Because_I_can" title="Wikipedia:Because I can">Wikipedia:Because I can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civil_POV_pushing" title="Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing">Civil POV pushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cyberbullying" title="Wikipedia:Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_accuse_someone_of_a_personal_attack_for_accusing_of_a_personal_attack" title="Wikipedia:Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack">Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_a_fanatic" title="Wikipedia:Don't be a fanatic">Don't be a fanatic</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_a_jerk" class="extiw" title="meta:Don't be a jerk">Don't be a jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_an_ostrich" title="Wikipedia:Don't be an ostrich">Don't be an ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_ashamed" title="Wikipedia:Don't be ashamed">Don't be ashamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_a_WikiBigot" title="Wikipedia:Don't be a WikiBigot">Don't be a WikiBigot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_high-maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Don't be high-maintenance">Don't be high-maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_inconsiderate" title="Wikipedia:Don't be inconsiderate">Don't be inconsiderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_obnoxious" title="Wikipedia:Don't be obnoxious">Don't be obnoxious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_prejudiced" title="Wikipedia:Don't be prejudiced">Don't be prejudiced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_rude" title="Wikipedia:Don't be rude">Don't be rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_be_the_Fun_Police" title="Wikipedia:Don't be the Fun Police">Don't be the Fun Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_bludgeon_the_process" title="Wikipedia:Don't bludgeon the process">Don't bludgeon the process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_call_a_spade_a_spade" title="Wikipedia:Don't call a spade a spade">Don't call a spade a spade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_call_people_by_their_real_name" title="Wikipedia:Don't call people by their real name">Don't call people by their real name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_call_the_kettle_black" title="Wikipedia:Don't call the kettle black">Don't call the kettle black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cruftcruft#Don't_call_things_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Cruftcruft">Don't call things cruft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_come_down_like_a_ton_of_bricks" title="Wikipedia:Don't come down like a ton of bricks">Don't come down like a ton of bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_cry_COI" title="Wikipedia:Don't cry COI">Don't cry COI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_demand_that_editors_solve_the_problems_they_identify" title="Wikipedia:Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify">Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_drink_the_consensus_Kool-Aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Don't drink the consensus Kool-Aid">Don't drink the consensus Kool-Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_eat_the_troll%27s_food" title="Wikipedia:Don't eat the troll's food">Don't eat the troll's food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_fight_fire_with_fire" title="Wikipedia:Don't fight fire with fire">Don't fight fire with fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t-give-a-fuckism" title="Wikipedia:Don't-give-a-fuckism">Don't give a fuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_help_too_much" title="Wikipedia:Don't help too much">Don't help too much</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_ignore_community_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Don't ignore community consensus">Don't ignore community consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_knit_beside_the_guillotine" title="Wikipedia:Don't knit beside the guillotine">Don't knit beside the guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_make_a_smarmy_valediction_part_of_your_default_signature" title="Wikipedia:Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your default signature">Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_remind_others_of_past_misdeeds" title="Wikipedia:Don't remind others of past misdeeds">Don't remind others of past misdeeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_don%27t_shout" title="Wikipedia:Please don't shout">Don't shout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_spite_your_face" title="Wikipedia:Don't spite your face">Don't spite your face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_take_the_bait" title="Wikipedia:Don't take the bait">Don't take the bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_template_the_regulars" title="Wikipedia:Don't template the regulars">Don't template the regulars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_throw_your_toys_out_of_the_pram" title="Wikipedia:Don't throw your toys out of the pram">Don't throw your toys out of the pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_insult_the_vandals" title="Wikipedia:Do not insult the vandals">Do not insult the vandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Griefing" title="Wikipedia:Griefing">Griefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hate_is_disruptive" title="Wikipedia:Hate is disruptive">Hate is disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nationalist_editing" title="Wikipedia:Nationalist editing">Nationalist editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_angry_mastodons" title="Wikipedia:No angry mastodons">No angry mastodons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_angry_mastodons_just_madmen" title="Wikipedia:No angry mastodons just madmen">just madmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_Nazis" title="Wikipedia:No Nazis">No Nazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_racists" title="Wikipedia:No racists">No racists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_Confederates" title="Wikipedia:No Confederates">No Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_queerphobia" title="Wikipedia:No queerphobia">No queerphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No,_you_can%27t_have_a_pony" title="Wikipedia:No, you can't have a pony">No, you can't have a pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Passive_aggression" title="Wikipedia:Passive aggression">Passive aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:POV_railroad" title="Wikipedia:POV railroad">POV railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Superhatting" title="Wikipedia:Superhatting">Superhatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_are_no_oracles" title="Wikipedia:There are no oracles">There are no oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There%27s_no_need_to_guess_someone%27s_preferred_pronouns" title="Wikipedia:There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns">There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_can%27t_squeeze_blood_from_a_turnip" title="Wikipedia:You can't squeeze blood from a turnip">You can't squeeze blood from a turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UPPERCASE" title="Wikipedia:UPPERCASE">UPPERCASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WikiRelations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiBullying" title="Wikipedia:WikiBullying">WikiBullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiCrime">WikiCrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">WikiHarassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiHate" title="Wikipedia:WikiHate">WikiHate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikilawyering" title="Wikipedia:Wikilawyering">WikiLawyering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiLove" title="Wikipedia:WikiLove">WikiLove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiPeace" title="Wikipedia:WikiPeace">WikiPeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Essays_on_notability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Notability" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays on notability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_source_searching" title="Wikipedia:Advanced source searching">Advanced source searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:All_high_schools_can_be_notable" title="Wikipedia:All high schools can be notable">All high schools can be notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternative_outlets" title="Wikipedia:Alternative outlets">Alternative outlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arguments_to_avoid_in_deletion_discussions" title="Wikipedia:Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions">Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">Articles with a single source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_template_creep" title="Wikipedia:Avoid template creep">Avoid template creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_notability" title="Wikipedia:Bare notability">Bare notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Big_events_make_key_participants_notable" title="Wikipedia:Big events make key participants notable">Big events make key participants notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Businesses_with_a_single_location" title="Wikipedia:Businesses with a single location">Businesses with a single location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:But_it%27s_true!" title="Wikipedia:But it's true!">But it's true!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)" title="Wikipedia:Common sourcing mistakes (notability)">Common sourcing mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_clones" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia clones">Clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Coatrack_articles" title="Wikipedia:Coatrack articles">Coatrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Discriminate_vs_indiscriminate_information" title="Wikipedia:Discriminate vs indiscriminate information">Discriminate vs indiscriminate information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_cite_GNG" title="Wikipedia:Don't cite GNG">Don't cite GNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts_are_not_checked_for_notability_or_sanity" title="Wikipedia:Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity">Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Every_snowflake_is_unique" title="Wikipedia:Every snowflake is unique">Every snowflake is unique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Existence_%E2%89%A0_Notability" title="Wikipedia:Existence ≠ Notability">Existence ≠ Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Existence_does_not_prove_notability" title="Wikipedia:Existence does not prove notability">Existence does not prove notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extracting_the_meaning_of_significant_coverage" title="Wikipedia:Extracting the meaning of significant coverage">Extracting the meaning of significant coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Google_searches_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Google searches and numbers">Google searches and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_the_presumption_of_notability_works" title="Wikipedia:How the presumption of notability works">How the presumption of notability works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(high_schools)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (high schools)">High Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Historical_archive/Policy/Notability/Arguments" title="Wikipedia:Historical archive/Policy/Notability/Arguments">Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inclusion_is_not_an_indicator_of_notability" title="Wikipedia:Inclusion is not an indicator of notability">Inclusion is not an indicator of notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">Independent sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inherent_notability" title="Wikipedia:Inherent notability">Inherent notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Insignificant" title="Wikipedia:Insignificant">Insignificant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Masking_the_lack_of_notability" title="Wikipedia:Masking the lack of notability">Masking the lack of notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_stubs" title="Wikipedia:Make stubs">Make stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Minimum_coverage" title="Wikipedia:Minimum coverage">Minimum coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News_coverage_does_not_decrease_notability" title="Wikipedia:News coverage does not decrease notability">News coverage does not decrease notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_amount_of_editing_can_overcome_a_lack_of_notability" title="Wikipedia:No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability">No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_big_loss" title="Wikipedia:No big loss">No big loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_one_cares_about_your_garage_band" title="Wikipedia:No one cares about your garage band">No one cares about your garage band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_one_really_cares" title="Wikipedia:No one really cares">No one really cares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_cannot_be_purchased" title="Wikipedia:Notability cannot be purchased">Notability cannot be purchased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_comparison_test" title="Wikipedia:Notability comparison test">Notability comparison test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_is_not_a_level_playing_field" title="Wikipedia:Notability is not a level playing field">Notability is not a level playing field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_is_not_a_matter_of_opinion" title="Wikipedia:Notability is not a matter of opinion">Notability is not a matter of opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_is_not_relevance_or_reliability" title="Wikipedia:Notability is not relevance or reliability">Notability is not relevance or reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_means_impact" title="Wikipedia:Notability means impact">Notability means impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_points" title="Wikipedia:Notability points">Notability points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_sub-pages" title="Wikipedia:Notability sub-pages">Notability sub-pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notabilitymandering" title="Wikipedia:Notabilitymandering">Notabilitymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Not_every_single_thing_Donald_Trump_does_deserves_an_article" title="Wikipedia:Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article">Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Obscure_does_not_mean_not_notable" title="Wikipedia:Obscure does not mean not notable">Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:One_hundred_words" title="Wikipedia:One hundred words">One hundred words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:One_sentence_does_not_an_article_make" title="Wikipedia:One sentence does not an article make">One sentence does not an article make</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Other_stuff_exists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Other stuff exists">Other stuff exists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Overreliance_upon_Google" title="Wikipedia:Overreliance upon Google">Overreliance upon Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links/Perennial_websites" title="Wikipedia:External links/Perennial websites">Perennial websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Read_the_source" title="Wikipedia:Read the source">Read the source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reducing_consensus_to_an_algorithm" title="Wikipedia:Reducing consensus to an algorithm">Reducing consensus to an algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Run-of-the-mill" title="Wikipedia:Run-of-the-mill">Run-of-the-mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:On_Wikipedia,_solutions_are_mixtures_and_nothing_else" title="Wikipedia:On Wikipedia, solutions are mixtures and nothing else">Solutions are mixtures and nothing else</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sources_must_be_out-of-universe" title="Wikipedia:Sources must be out-of-universe">Sources must be out-of-universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subjective_importance" title="Wikipedia:Subjective importance">Subjective importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">Third-party sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trivial_mentions" title="Wikipedia:Trivial mentions">Trivial mentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Video_links" title="Wikipedia:Video links">Video links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vanispamcruftisement" title="Wikipedia:Vanispamcruftisement">Vanispamcruftisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_BLP1E_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What BLP1E is not">What BLP1E is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_and_is_not_routine_coverage" title="Wikipedia:What is and is not routine coverage">What is and is not routine coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_notability_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What notability is not">What notability is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_to_include" title="Wikipedia:What to include">What to include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_Crunchbase" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not Crunchbase">Wikipedia is not Crunchbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_here_to_tell_the_world_about_your_noble_cause" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause">Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_the_place_to_post_your_r%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé">Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Two_prongs_of_merit" title="Wikipedia:Two prongs of merit">Two prongs of merit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Humorous_essays" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Humorous_material" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Humorous essays</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Adminitis" title="Wikipedia:Adminitis">Adminitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ain%27t_no_rules_says_a_dog_can%27t_play_basketball" title="Wikipedia:Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball">Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Akin%27s_Laws_of_Article_Writing" title="Wikipedia:Akin's Laws of Article Writing">Akin's Laws of Article Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternatives_to_edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Alternatives to edit warring">Alternatives to edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ANI_flu" title="Wikipedia:ANI flu">ANI flu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Anti-Wikipedian" title="Wikipedia:Anti-Wikipedian">Anti-Wikipedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Anti-Wikipedianism" title="Wikipedia:Anti-Wikipedianism">Anti-Wikipedianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articlecountitis" title="Wikipedia:Articlecountitis">Articlecountitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Asshole_John_rule" title="Wikipedia:Asshole John rule">Asshole John rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_bad_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume bad faith">Assume bad faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume faith">Assume faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_wraith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good wraith">Assume good wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_stupidity" title="Wikipedia:Assume stupidity">Assume stupidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_that_everyone%27s_assuming_good_faith,_assuming_that_you_are_assuming_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith">Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_using_preview_button" title="Wikipedia:Avoid using preview button">Avoid using preview button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_using_wikilinks" title="Wikipedia:Avoid using wikilinks">Avoid using wikilinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Silly_Things" title="Wikipedia:Silly Things">Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Barnstaritis" title="Wikipedia:Barnstaritis">Barnstaritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Before_they_were_notable" title="Wikipedia:Before they were notable">Before they were notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD,_revert,_revert,_revert" title="Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, revert, revert">BOLD, revert, revert, revert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Boston_Tea_Party" title="Wikipedia:Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Butterfly_effect" title="Wikipedia:Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CaPiTaLiZaTiOn_MuCh%3F" title="Wikipedia:CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh?">CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Complete_bollocks" title="Wikipedia:Complete bollocks">Complete bollocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Counting_forks" title="Wikipedia:Counting forks">Counting forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Counting_juntas" title="Wikipedia:Counting juntas">Counting juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Crap" title="Wikipedia:Crap">Crap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_stuff_beans_up_your_nose" title="Wikipedia:Don't stuff beans up your nose">Don't stuff beans up your nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t-give-a-fuckism" title="Wikipedia:Don't-give-a-fuckism">Don't-give-a-fuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_abbreviate_%22Wikipedia%22_as_%22Wiki%22!" title="Wikipedia:Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"!">Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_delete_the_main_page" title="Wikipedia:Don't delete the main page">Don't delete the main page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editcountitis" title="Wikipedia:Editcountitis">Editcountitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edits_Per_Day" title="Wikipedia:Edits Per Day">Edits Per Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editsummarisis" title="Wikipedia:Editsummarisis">Editsummarisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_under_the_influence" title="Wikipedia:Editing under the influence">Editing under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Embrace_Stop_Signs" title="Wikipedia:Embrace Stop Signs">Embrace Stop Signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emerson_and_Wilde_on_consistency" title="Wikipedia:Emerson and Wilde on consistency">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fart" title="Wikipedia:Fart">Fart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_five_Fs_of_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:The five Fs of Wikipedia">Five Fs of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Seven_ages_of_editor" title="Wikipedia:Seven ages of editor">Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Go_ahead,_vandalize" title="Wikipedia:Go ahead, vandalize">Go ahead, vandalize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_many_Wikipedians_does_it_take_to_change_a_lightbulb%3F" title="Wikipedia:How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb?">How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_get_away_with_UPE" title="Wikipedia:How to get away with UPE">How to get away with UPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_put_up_a_straight_pole_by_pushing_it_at_an_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle">How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_vandalize_correctly" title="Wikipedia:How to vandalize correctly">How to vandalize correctly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_win_a_citation_war" title="Wikipedia:How to win a citation war">How to win a citation war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_essays" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all essays">Ignore all essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_every_single_rule" title="Wikipedia:Ignore every single rule">Ignore every single rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Is_that_even_an_essay%3F" title="Wikipedia:Is that even an essay?">Is that even an essay?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mess_with_the_templates" title="Wikipedia:Mess with the templates">Mess with the templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:My_local_pond" title="Wikipedia:My local pond">My local pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Newcomers_are_delicious,_so_go_ahead_and_bite_them" title="Wikipedia:Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them">Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Legal_vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Legal vandalism">Legal vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_jokes_about_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:List of jokes about Wikipedia">List of jokes about Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Let%27s_try_to_avoid_using_too_many_acronyms,_okay%3F" title="Wikipedia:Let's try to avoid using too many acronyms, okay?">LTTAUTMAOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_climbing_the_Reichstag_dressed_as_Spider-Man" title="Wikipedia:No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man">No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_episcopal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No episcopal threats">No episcopal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_one_cares_about_your_garage_band" title="Wikipedia:No one cares about your garage band">No one cares about your garage band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_one_really_cares" title="Wikipedia:No one really cares">No one really cares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No,_really" title="Wikipedia:No, really">No, really</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_sorcery_threats" title="Wikipedia:No sorcery threats">No sorcery threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_is_not_eternal" title="Wikipedia:Notability is not eternal">Notability is not eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oops_Defense" title="Wikipedia:Oops Defense">Oops Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Play_the_game" title="Wikipedia:Play the game">Play the game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_be_a_giant_dick,_so_we_can_ban_you" title="Wikipedia:Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you">Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_bite_the_newbies" title="Wikipedia:Please bite the newbies">Please bite the newbies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_murder_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not murder the newcomers">Please do not murder the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pledge_of_Tranquility" title="Wikipedia:Pledge of Tranquility">Pledge of Tranquility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:R-e-s-p-e-c-t" title="Wikipedia:R-e-s-p-e-c-t">R-e-s-p-e-c-t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_medication" title="Wikipedia:Requests for medication">Requests for medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requirements_for_adminship" title="Wikipedia:Requirements for adminship">Requirements for adminship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rouge_admin" title="Wikipedia:Rouge admin">Rouge admin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rouge_editor" title="Wikipedia:Rouge editor">Rouge editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sarcasm_is_really_helpful" title="Wikipedia:Sarcasm is really helpful">Sarcasm is really helpful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sausages_for_tasting" title="Wikipedia:Sausages for tasting">Sausages for tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Night_Before_Wikimas" title="Wikipedia:The Night Before Wikimas">The Night Before Wikimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_first_rule_of_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:The first rule of Wikipedia">The first rule of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Five_Pillars_of_Untruth" title="Wikipedia:The Five Pillars of Untruth">The Five Pillars of Untruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Things_that_should_not_be_surprising" title="Wikipedia:Things that should not be surprising">Things that should not be surprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiBible" title="Wikipedia:WikiBible">The WikiBible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Watchlistitis" title="Wikipedia:Watchlistitis">Watchlistitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_an_MMORPG" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is an MMORPG">Wikipedia is an MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not/Outtakes" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not/Outtakes">What Wikipedia is not/Outtakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_not_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why not create an account?">Why not create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Yes_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:Yes legal threats">Yes legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_don%27t_have_to_be_mad_to_work_here,_but" title="Wikipedia:You don't have to be mad to work here, but">You don't have to be mad to work here, but</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_should_not_write_meaningless_lists" title="Wikipedia:You should not write meaningless lists">You should not write meaningless lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="About_essays" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#About_essays" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">About essays</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_essays" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia essays">Essay guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_value_of_essays" title="Wikipedia:The value of essays">Value of essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_difference_between_policies,_guidelines_and_essays" title="Wikipedia:The difference between policies, guidelines and essays">Difference between policies, guidelines and essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_cite_essays_or_proposals_as_if_they_were_policy" title="Wikipedia:Don't cite essays or proposals as if they were policy">Don't cite essays as if they were policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_writing_redundant_essays" title="Wikipedia:Avoid writing redundant essays">Avoid writing redundant essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Finding an essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quote_your_own_essay" title="Wikipedia:Quote your own essay">Quote your own essay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">About policies and guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_contribute_to_Wikipedia_guidance" title="Wikipedia:How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance">How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policy_writing_is_hard" title="Wikipedia:Policy writing is hard">Policy writing is hard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&oldid=1257958782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&oldid=1257958782</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ivanvector" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731843326"> <span>Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 11:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Parafrasejat_similar" title="Viquipèdia:Parafrasejat similar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Parafrasejat similar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Let_omskrivning" title="Wikipedia:Let omskrivning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Let omskrivning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:பொழிப்புரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:பொழிப்புரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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