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<span>Toggle Traditional engraving techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_engraving_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements_of_music_engraving_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_music_engraving_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Elements of music engraving style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_music_engraving_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movable_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movable_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Movable type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movable_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plate_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Plate engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_copying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_copying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Hand copying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_copying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_music_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_music_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Computer music engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_music_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music engraving</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notensatz" title="Notensatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Notensatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodigraafika" title="Noodigraafika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noodigraafika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabado_musical" title="Grabado musical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grabado musical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notkompostado" title="Notkompostado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Notkompostado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="حکاکی موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکاکی موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BD%E8%AD%9C%E6%B5%84%E6%9B%B8" title="楽譜浄書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楽譜浄書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravura_musical" title="Gravura musical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravura musical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Нотопечатание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нотопечатание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Нотодрук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нотодрук" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of drawing music notation at high quality for reproduction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music-ms1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Music-ms1s.jpg/330px-Music-ms1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Music-ms1s.jpg/495px-Music-ms1s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Music-ms1s.jpg/660px-Music-ms1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Sample of hand-copied music manuscript, in ink, of a piece composed for piano<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Music-ms1s.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Music-ms1s.mid"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Music-ms1s.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Music-ms1s.mid/Music-ms1s.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Music-ms1s.mid/Music-ms1s.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Music engraving</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> of drawing <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> at high quality for the purpose of mechanical reproduction. The term <i>music copying</i> is almost equivalent—though <i>music engraving</i> implies a higher degree of skill and quality, usually for publication. The name of the process originates in plate <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, a widely used technique dating from the late sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>engraving</i> is now used to refer to any high-quality method of drawing music notation, particularly on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> ("computer engraving" or "computer setting") or by hand ("hand engraving"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_engraving_techniques">Traditional engraving techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional engraving techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_of_music_engraving_style">Elements of music engraving style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements of music engraving style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical music engraving began in the middle of the fifteenth century. As <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> increased in complexity, so too did the technology required to produce accurate <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical scores</a>. Unlike literary printing, which mainly contains printed words, music engraving communicates several different types of information simultaneously. To be clear to musicians, it is imperative that engraving techniques allow absolute precision. Notes of <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamic markings</a>, and other notation line up with vertical accuracy. If text is included, each syllable matches vertically with its assigned melody. Horizontally, subdivisions of beats are marked not only by their flags and <a href="/wiki/Beam_(music)" title="Beam (music)">beams</a>, but also by the relative space between them on the page.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logistics of creating such precise copies posed several problems for early music engravers, and have resulted in the development of several music engraving technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movable_type">Movable type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movable type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to book printing, music printing began in the fifteenth century with the use of <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>. The central problem posed to early music engravers using moveable type was the proper integration of notes, staves, and text. Often, staff lines were hand drawn prior to printing, or added to the printed music afterward. <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a>, one of the most innovative music printers working at the turn of the sixteenth century, used a triple impression technique that printed staves, text, and notes in three separate steps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plate_engraving">Plate engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plate engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/220px--Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="692" data-mwtitle="Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_(with_sound).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_(with_sound).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm/Music_Engraving_on_Metal_Plates_%28with_sound%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Music engraving on metal plates, demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/G._Henle_Verlag" title="G. Henle Verlag">G. Henle Verlag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">plate engraving</a> had been used since the early fifteenth century for creating visual art and maps, it was not applied to music until 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this method, a mirror image of a complete page of music was engraved onto a metal plate. Ink was then applied to the grooves, and the music print was transferred onto paper. Metal plates could be stored and reused, which made this method an attractive option for music engravers. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> was the initial metal of choice for early plates, but by the eighteenth century <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a> became the standard material due to its malleability and lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, plates were engraved freely by hand. Eventually, music engravers developed a number of tools to aid in their process, including: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Rastrum" title="Rastrum">rastrum</a> to draw staff lines</li> <li>Scorers for staves and <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bar lines</a>, the use of which inspired the term <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical score</a></li> <li>Flat gravers for <a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">ledger lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">crescendos and diminuendos</a></li> <li>Elliptical gravers for <a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punches</a> for <a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">noteheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">clefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</a>, and letters<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Plate engraving was the methodology of choice for music printing until the late nineteenth century, at which point its decline was hastened by the development of photographic technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the technique has survived to the present day, and is still occasionally used by select publishers such as <a href="/wiki/G._Henle_Verlag" title="G. Henle Verlag">G. Henle Verlag</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_copying">Hand copying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hand copying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, a musician was required to draw their own <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a> lines (staves) onto blank paper. Eventually, staff paper was manufactured pre-printed with staves as a labor-saving technique. The musician could then write music directly onto the lines in pencil or ink. </p><p>In the twentieth century, music staff paper was sometimes printed on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">onionskin</a>—a durable, semi-transparent material that made it easier for the musician to correct mistakes and revise the work, and also made it possible to reproduce the manuscript through the <a href="/wiki/Ozalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozalid">ozalid process</a>. Also at this time, a <a href="/wiki/Music_copyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music copyist">music copyist</a> was often employed to hand-copy individual parts (for each performer) from a composer's full score. Neatness, speed, and accuracy were desirable traits of a skilled copyist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></b>: Similar to metal plate engraving, the music was etched onto limestone and then burned onto the surface with acid to preserve the stone plates for future use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stencils</b>, <b>stamps</b>, and <b>dry transfers</b>, including the Notaset, a system inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Letraset" title="Letraset">Letraset</a> used in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brushing ink through stencils was a high-quality technique used by <a href="/wiki/Amersham" title="Amersham">Amersham</a>-based company Halstan & Co.</li> <li><b>Music <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a></b>: Originally developed in the late nineteenth century, this technology did not become popular until the mid-1900s. The machines required the use of pre-printed <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_paper" title="Manuscript paper">manuscript paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique produced low-quality results and was never widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_music_engraving">Computer music engraving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer music engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></div> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> since the 1980s, traditional music engraving has been in decline, as it can now be accomplished by computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> designed for this purpose. There are various such programs, known as <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriters</a>, designed for writing, editing, printing and playing back music, though only a few produce results of a quality comparable to high-quality traditional engraving. One such program was <a href="/wiki/SCORE_(software)" title="SCORE (software)">SCORE</a> for MS-DOS. Scorewriters have many advanced features, such as the ability to extract individual parts from an orchestral/band score, to transcribe music played on a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> keyboard, and conversely to play back notation via MIDI. </p><p>Beginning in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(scorewriter)" title="Sibelius (scorewriter)">Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozart_the_music_processor" title="Mozart the music processor">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/MusicEase" title="MusicEase">MusicEase</a>, <a href="/wiki/MuseScore" title="MuseScore">MuseScore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finale_(scorewriter)" title="Finale (scorewriter)">Finale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorico" title="Dorico">Dorico</a> first let musicians enter complex music notation on a computer screen, displaying it just as it will look when eventually printed. Such software stores the music in files of proprietary or standardized formats, usually not directly readable by humans. </p><p>Other software, such as GNU <a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">LilyPond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip%27s_Music_Writer" title="Philip's Music Writer">Philip's Music Writer</a>, reads input from ordinary text files whose contents resemble a computer <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> programming language that describes bare musical content with little or no layout specification. The software translates the usually handwritten description into fully engraved graphical pages to view or send for printing, taking care of appearance decisions from high level layout down to glyph drawing. The music entry process is iterative and is similar to the edit-compile-execute cycle used to debug computer programs. </p><p>Beside ready-made <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> there are also some <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">programming libraries</a> for music engraving, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vexflow.com/">Vexflow</a> (<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">Javascript</a> library), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verovio.org/">Verovio</a> (C++, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">Javascript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guidolib.sourceforge.net/">Guido Engine</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> library), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manufaktura-controls.com/">Manufaktura Controls</a> (<a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> libraries). The main purpose of these libraries is to reduce time required for development of software with score rendering capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing1968" class="citation book cs1">King, A. Hyatt (1968). <i>Four Hundred Years of Music Printing</i>. London: Trustees of the British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Hundred+Years+of+Music+Printing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=A.+Hyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1980" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Richard J. (1980). <i>Early American Music Engraving and Printing</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+American+Music+Engraving+and+Printing&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderisi1981" class="citation book cs1">Calderisi, Maria (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicpublishingi0000cald"><i>Music Publishing in the Canadas, 1800-1867</i></a></span>. Ottawa: National Library of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780660504544" title="Special:BookSources/9780660504544"><bdi>9780660504544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Publishing+in+the+Canadas%2C+1800-1867&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Canada&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780660504544&rft.aulast=Calderisi&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicpublishingi0000cald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230063138/http://www.henle.com/en/the-publishing-house/music-engraving/index.html">"Music Engraving"</a>. <i>G. Henle Publishers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henle.com/en/the-publishing-house/music-engraving/index.html">the original</a> on December 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G.+Henle+Publishers&rft.atitle=Music+Engraving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.henle.com%2Fen%2Fthe-publishing-house%2Fmusic-engraving%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110043057/http://www.musicprintinghistory.org/lithography/about-lithography.html">"About Lithography"</a>. <i>Music Printing History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicprintinghistory.org/lithography/about-lithography.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Printing+History&rft.atitle=About+Lithography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicprintinghistory.org%2Flithography%2Fabout-lithography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110043058/http://www.musicprintinghistory.org/stencils/transfers.html">"Transfers"</a>. <i>Music Printing History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicprintinghistory.org/stencils/transfers.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Printing+History&rft.atitle=Transfers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicprintinghistory.org%2Fstencils%2Ftransfers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicprintinghistory.org/about-music-typewriters">"Music Typewriters"</a>. <i>Music Printing History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Printing+History&rft.atitle=Music+Typewriters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicprintinghistory.org%2Fabout-music-typewriters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+engraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=PA143">"Machine Types Simplified Music."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, August 1948, p. 143.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_engraving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elaine Gould. <i>Behind Bars: The Definitive Guide to Music Notation</i> Faber Music Ltd, London.</li> <li>Ted Ross. <i>Teach Yourself the Art of Music Engraving & Processing</i> Hansen Books, Florida.</li> <li>Clinton Roemer. <i>The Art of Music Copying: The Preparation of Music for Performance.</i> Roerick Music Co., Sherman Oaks, California.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_notation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical notation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_notation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">8<sup>va</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">15<sup>ma</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation_(music)" title="Abbreviation (music)">Abbreviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">Da capo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_segno" title="Dal segno">Dal segno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">Key signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">Ledger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_letter" title="Rehearsal letter">Rehearsal letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">Repeat sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Musical notes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">Accidental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_(music)" title="Natural (music)">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_note" title="Cue note">Cue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">Dotted note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(music)" title="Beam (music)">beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">Notehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(music)" title="Stem (music)">stem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacet" title="Tacet">Tacet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_notation" title="Letter notation">Letter notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">Scientific pitch notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">Marcato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordent" title="Mordent">Mordent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slur_(music)" title="Slur (music)">Slur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">Staccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuto" title="Tenuto">Tenuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">Tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_chart" title="Chord chart">Chord chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_diagram_(music)" title="Chord diagram (music)">Chord diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_music" title="Eye music">Eye music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">Lead sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Number_System" title="Nashville Number System">Nashville Number System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_musical_notation" title="Numbered musical notation">Numbered musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klavarskribo" title="Klavarskribo">Klavarskribo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsons_code" title="Parsons code">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_music_notation" title="Simplified music notation">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_musical_notation" title="Chinese musical notation">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">Ekphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan_notation" title="Gamelan notation">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunkunshi" title="Kunkunshi">Kunkunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">Neume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi_musical_notation" title="Shakuhachi musical notation">Shakuhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant#Notation" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">Mensural notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Perfect pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">Sight-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">Transcription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">List of musical symbols</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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