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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Groupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Groupings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_used_to_describe_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_used_to_describe_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Terminology used to describe holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_used_to_describe_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Work"_on_Sabbath_and_biblical_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Work"_on_Sabbath_and_biblical_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>"Work" on Sabbath and biblical holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Work"_on_Sabbath_and_biblical_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_day_of_biblical_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_day_of_biblical_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second day of biblical festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_day_of_biblical_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_(Talmudic)_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_(Talmudic)_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Holidays of biblical and rabbinic (Talmudic) origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_(Talmudic)_origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holidays of biblical and rabbinic (Talmudic) origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_(Talmudic)_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shabbat—The_Sabbath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabbat—The_Sabbath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shabbat—The Sabbath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabbat—The_Sabbath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rosh Chodesh—The New Month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah—The_Jewish_New_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosh_Hashanah—The_Jewish_New_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rosh Hashanah—The Jewish New Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah—The_Jewish_New_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selichot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selichot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Selichot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selichot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosh_Hashanah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Rosh Hashanah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosh_Hashanah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_New_Years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_New_Years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Four New Years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_New_Years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva—Ten_Days_of_Repentance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva—Ten_Days_of_Repentance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Aseret Yemei Teshuva—Ten Days of Repentance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva—Ten_Days_of_Repentance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tzom_Gedalia—Fast_of_Gedalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tzom_Gedalia—Fast_of_Gedalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tzom Gedalia—Fast of Gedalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tzom_Gedalia—Fast_of_Gedalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sukkot—Feast of Booths (or Tabernacles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanukkah—Festival_of_Lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanukkah—Festival_of_Lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hanukkah—Festival of Lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanukkah—Festival_of_Lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_of_Tevet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_of_Tevet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Tenth of Tevet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_of_Tevet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tu_Bishvat—New_Year_of_the_Trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tu_Bishvat—New_Year_of_the_Trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Tu Bishvat—New Year of the Trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tu_Bishvat—New_Year_of_the_Trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim—Festival_of_Lots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim—Festival_of_Lots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Purim—Festival of Lots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim—Festival_of_Lots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purim_Katan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_Katan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Purim Katan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_Katan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ta'anit_Esther–Fast_of_Esther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ta'anit_Esther–Fast_of_Esther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Ta'anit Esther–Fast of Esther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ta'anit_Esther–Fast_of_Esther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim_and_Shushan_Purim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_and_Shushan_Purim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.3</span> <span>Purim and Shushan Purim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_and_Shushan_Purim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesach—Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesach—Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Pesach—Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesach—Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Month_of_Nisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Month_of_Nisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.1</span> <span>Month of Nisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Month_of_Nisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eve_of_Passover_and_Fast_of_the_Firstborn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eve_of_Passover_and_Fast_of_the_Firstborn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.2</span> <span>Eve of Passover and Fast of the Firstborn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eve_of_Passover_and_Fast_of_the_Firstborn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.3</span> <span>Passover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesach_Sheni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesach_Sheni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.4</span> <span>Pesach Sheni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesach_Sheni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Sefirah—Counting of the Omer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lag_Ba'Omer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lag_Ba'Omer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13.1</span> <span>Lag Ba'Omer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lag_Ba'Omer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Shavuot—Feast of Weeks—Yom HaBikurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mourning_for_Jerusalem:_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz_and_Tisha_B'Av" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mourning_for_Jerusalem:_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz_and_Tisha_B'Av"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Mourning for Jerusalem: Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mourning_for_Jerusalem:_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz_and_Tisha_B'Av-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fast_of_the_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_of_the_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15.1</span> <span>Fast of the Seventeenth of Tammuz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast_of_the_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Three_Weeks_and_the_Nine_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Three_Weeks_and_the_Nine_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15.2</span> <span>The Three Weeks and the Nine Days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Three_Weeks_and_the_Nine_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tisha_B'Av—Ninth_of_Av" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tisha_B'Av—Ninth_of_Av"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15.3</span> <span>Tisha B'Av—Ninth of Av</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tisha_B'Av—Ninth_of_Av-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tu_B'Av" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tu_B'Av"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Tu B'Av</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tu_B'Av-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Other fasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli/Jewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli/Jewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Israeli/Jewish national holidays and days of remembrance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Israeli/Jewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Israeli/Jewish national holidays and days of remembrance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Israeli/Jewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yom_HaShoah—Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_HaShoah—Holocaust_Remembrance_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Yom HaShoah—Holocaust Remembrance Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_HaShoah—Holocaust_Remembrance_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Hazikaron—Memorial_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Hazikaron—Memorial_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Yom Hazikaron—Memorial Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Hazikaron—Memorial_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Yom Ha'atzmaut—Israel Independence Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Yerushalayim—Jerusalem_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Yerushalayim—Jerusalem_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Yom Yerushalayim—Jerusalem Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Yerushalayim—Jerusalem_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_HaAliyah—Aliyah_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_HaAliyah—Aliyah_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yom HaAliyah—Aliyah Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_HaAliyah—Aliyah_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_to_commemorate_the_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Arab_lands_and_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_to_commemorate_the_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Arab_lands_and_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Day to commemorate the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands and Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_to_commemorate_the_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Arab_lands_and_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Remembrance_Day_for_October_7_Disaster_and_the_Swords_of_Iron_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Remembrance_Day_for_October_7_Disaster_and_the_Swords_of_Iron_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>National Remembrance Day for October 7 Disaster and the Swords of Iron War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Remembrance_Day_for_October_7_Disaster_and_the_Swords_of_Iron_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Ethnic holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_Joodse_feeste_en_herdenkings" title="Lys van Joodse feeste en herdenkings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lys van Joodse feeste en herdenkings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_j%C3%BCdischer_Feste" title="Liste jüdischer Feste – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liste jüdischer Feste" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أعياد يهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعياد يهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ইহুদি পবিত্র দিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি পবিত্র দিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidische_Feiadog" title="Jidische Feiadog – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jidische Feiadog" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebracions_jueves" title="Celebracions jueves – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Celebracions jueves" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A9_sv%C3%A1tky" title="Židovské svátky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židovské svátky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8diske_helligdage" title="Jødiske helligdage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jødiske helligdage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_j%C3%BCdischer_Feste" title="Liste jüdischer Feste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste jüdischer Feste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festividades_jud%C3%ADas" title="Festividades judías – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Festividades judías" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaj_festotagoj" title="Judaj festotagoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judaj festotagoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اعیاد یهودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعیاد یهودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9l%C3%A9brations_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme" title="Célébrations dans le judaïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Célébrations dans le judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festas_xud%C3%ADas" title="Festas xudías – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Festas xudías" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%88%EA%B8%B0" title="유대교의 절기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대교의 절기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իսրայելի տոներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսրայելի տոներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovske_svetkovine" title="Židovske svetkovine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovske svetkovine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_raya_Yahudi" title="Hari raya Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari raya Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivit%C3%A0_ebraiche" title="Festività ebraiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Festività ebraiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="חגי ישראל ומועדיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חגי ישראל ומועדיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9inan_Yahudi" title="Préinan Yahudi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Préinan Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ებრაული დღესასწაულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაული დღესასწაულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriae_Iudaicae" title="Feriae Iudaicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Feriae Iudaicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3_%C3%BCnnepek_list%C3%A1ja" title="Zsidó ünnepek listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidó ünnepek listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Еврејски празници – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еврејски празници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_fankalazana_ao_amin%27_ny_jodaisma" title="Andro fankalazana ao amin' ny jodaisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andro fankalazana ao amin' ny jodaisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اعياد يهوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اعياد يهوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_joodse_feest-_en_gedenkdagen" title="Lijst van joodse feest- en gedenkdagen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van joodse feest- en gedenkdagen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%95%99%E3%81%AE%E7%A5%9D%E7%A5%AD%E6%97%A5" title="ユダヤ教の祝祭日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ教の祝祭日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8diske_h%C3%B8gtider" title="Jødiske høgtider – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødiske høgtider" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_%C5%BCydowskie" title="Święta żydowskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święta żydowskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festas_judaicas" title="Festas judaicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Festas judaicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_evreie%C8%99ti" title="Sărbători evreiești – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sărbători evreiești" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Праздники Израиля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Праздники Израиля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A9_sviatky" title="Židovské sviatky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židovské sviatky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judovski_prazniki" title="Judovski prazniki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judovski prazniki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovske_svetkovine" title="Židovske svetkovine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Židovske svetkovine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaiset_juhlap%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t" title="Juutalaiset juhlapäivät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaiset juhlapäivät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judisk_festkalender" title="Judisk festkalender – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judisk festkalender" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="เทศกาลของชาวยิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทศกาลของชาวยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_bayramlar%C4%B1" title="Yahudi bayramları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudi bayramları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Свята Ізраїлю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свята Ізраїлю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91" title="יום טוב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יום טוב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieste_van_joodse_fe%C3%AAsten" title="Lieste van joodse feêsten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Lieste van joodse feêsten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E8%8A%82%E6%97%A5" title="犹太节日 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太节日" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q94920#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> dates of Jewish holidays, see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShabbatcandlesC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ShabbatcandlesC.jpg/220px-ShabbatcandlesC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" 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style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Israel" title="Category:Israel">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue Star of David between two horizontal blue stripes on a white field." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/150px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/225px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/300px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">by year</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Israel">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Marriage</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Israel">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists Quarter of Safed</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Poetry</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel#Theater" title="Culture of Israel">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Israel" title="Dance in Israel">Dance</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Israel">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Israel">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Israel" title="Television in Israel">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Israel" title="List of newspapers in Israel">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_Israel" title="Category:Magazines published in Israel">Magazines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Israel">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Israel">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Israel">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Israel" title="Template:Culture of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Culture of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jewish holidays</b>, also known as <b>Jewish festivals</b> or <i><b>Yamim Tovim</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יָמִים טוֹבִים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yāmīm ṭōvīm</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Good Days', <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">or singular</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יוֹם טוֹב</span>‎</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>Yom Tov</b></i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">transliterated</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> [<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span></span>/</a></span></span>]),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are holidays observed by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include religious, cultural and national elements, derived from three sources: <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a></i> ("biblical commandments"), <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic mandates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">history of Judaism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Israel#Independence_and_first_years" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>. </p><p>Jewish holidays occur on the same dates every year in the Hebrew calendar, but the dates vary in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>. This is because the Hebrew calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> (based on the cycles of both the sun and moon), whereas the Gregorian is a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>. Each holiday can only occur on certain days of the week, four for most, but five for holidays in <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a> and six for <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Days_of_week_on_Hebrew_calendar" title="Days of week on Hebrew calendar">Days of week on Hebrew calendar</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Date ranges for Jewish holidays<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Holiday</th> <th>Date range </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></td> <td>5 Sep to 5 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></td> <td>14 Sep to 14 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> (first of seven days)</td> <td>19 Sep to 19 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></td> <td>26 Sep to 26 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></td> <td>27 Sep to 27 Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (first of eight days)</td> <td>28 Nov to 27 Dec </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu Bishvat</a></td> <td>15 Jan to 13 Feb </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></td> <td>24 Feb to 26 Mar </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Shushan Purim</a></td> <td>25 Feb to 27 Mar </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></td> <td>21 Mar to 20 Apr </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a> (first of seven/eight days)</td> <td>26 Mar to 25 Apr </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a></td> <td>8 Apr<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 7 May<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a></td> <td>15 Apr<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 15 May<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B'Omer</a></td> <td>28 Apr to 28 May </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim</a></td> <td>8 May to 7 Jun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></td> <td>15 May to 14 Jun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">Tzom Tammuz</a></td> <td>25 Jun to 25 Jul </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></td> <td>16 Jul to 15 Aug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></td> <td>22 Jul to 21 Aug </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_concepts">General concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groupings">Groupings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Groupings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain terms are used very commonly for groups of holidays. </p> <ul><li>The Hebrew-language term <i>Yom Tov</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום טוב</span>), sometimes referred to as "festival day", usually refers to the six biblically mandated festival dates on which all <a href="#work">activities prohibited on Shabbat</a> are prohibited, except for some related to food preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the first and seventh days of <a href="#Pesach—Passover">Passover</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Unleavened_Bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Unleavened Bread">Feast of Unleavened Bread</a> / the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Matzot" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzot">Matzot</a> – Exodus 23:15, Deuteronomy 16:16), [first day of] <a href="#Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim">Shavuot</a>, both days of <a href="#Rosh_Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, first day of <a href="#Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)">Sukkot</a>, and [first day of] <a href="#Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah">Shemini Atzeret</a>. By extension, outside the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, the second-day holidays known under the rubric <i><a href="#2days">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></i> (literally, "Second <i>Yom Tov</i> of the Diaspora")—including <a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a>—are also included in this grouping. Colloquially, <a href="#Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement">Yom Kippur</a>, a biblically mandated date on which even food preparation is prohibited, is often included in this grouping. The tradition of keeping two days of Yom Tov in the diaspora has existed since roughly 300 BCE.</li> <li>The English-language term <a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a> or High Holidays refers to <a href="#Rosh_Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="#Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement">Yom Kippur</a> collectively. Its Hebrew analogue, "Days of Awe" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ימים נוראים</span>), is more flexible: it can refer just to those holidays, or to the <a href="#Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva—Ten_Days_of_Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a>, or to the entire penitential period, starting as early as the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a>, and (more rarely) ending as late as <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a>.</li> <li>The term <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלוש רגלים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shalosh rəġalim</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חגים</span> <i>ḥaġim</i>) refers to <a href="#Pesach—Passover">Passover</a> (the Feast of Unleavened Bread / Feast of <a href="/wiki/Matzot" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzot">Matzot</a>), <a href="#Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim">Shavuot</a> and <a href="#Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)">Sukkot</a>. Within this grouping Sukkot normally includes <a href="#Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah">Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah</a>.</li> <li><i>Ma'agal Hashana</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מעגל השנה</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">maʿgal haš-šānā</i></span>; "year cycle"), a more general term, is often used – especially in educational settings <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – to refer to the overall study of the Jewish calendar, outlining the month by month events, with <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhagim</a>, and philosophical material, that occur over the course of the year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology_used_to_describe_holidays">Terminology used to describe holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology used to describe holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain terminology is used in referring to different categories of holidays, depending on their source and their nature: </p><p><i><a href="#Shabbat—The_Sabbath">Shabbat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבת</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> pron. from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <i>shabbos</i>), or Sabbath, is referred to by that name exclusively. Similarly, <i><a href="#Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month">Rosh Chodesh</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראש חודש</span>) is referred to by that name exclusively. </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="yomtov"></span><i>Yom tov</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום טוב</span>) (Ashkenazi pron. from Yid. <i>yontif</i>) (<i>lit.,</i> "good day"): See "<a href="#Groupings">Groupings</a>" above.</li> <li><i>Moed</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מועד</span>) ("festive season"), plural <i>moadim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מועדים</span>), refers to any of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a> of Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. When used in comparison to <i>Yom Tov,</i> it refers to <a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a>, the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot.</li> <li><i>Ḥag</i> or <i>chag</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חג</span>) ("festival"), plural <i>chagim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חגים</span>), can be used whenever <i>yom tov</i> or <i>moed</i> is. It is also used to describe <a href="#Hanukkah—Festival_of_Lights">Hanukkah</a> and <a href="#Purim—Festival_of_Lots">Purim</a>, as well as <i><a href="#Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a></i> (Israeli Independence Day) and <i><a href="#Yom_Yerushalayim—Jerusalem_Day">Yom Yerushalayim</a></i> (Jerusalem Day).</li> <li><i>Ta'anit</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תענית</span>), or, less commonly, <i>tzom</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צום</span>), refers to a <i>fast</i>. These terms are generally used to describe the rabbinic fasts, although <i>tzom</i> is used liturgically to refer to Yom Kippur as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Work"_on_Sabbath_and_biblical_holidays"><span id=".22Work.22_on_Sabbath_and_biblical_holidays"></span><span class="anchor" id="work"></span>"Work" on Sabbath and biblical holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Work" on Sabbath and biblical holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/39_Melakhot" title="39 Melakhot">39 Melakhot</a></div> <p>The most notable common feature of Shabbat and the biblical festivals is the requirement to refrain from the <a href="/wiki/39_Melakhot" title="39 Melakhot">39 Melakhot</a> on these days.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Melakha</i> is most commonly translated as "work"; perhaps a better translation is "creative-constructive work". Strictly speaking, melakha is defined in <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law) by 39 categories of labor that were used in constructing the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Jews wandered in the desert</a>. As understood traditionally and in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>: </p> <ul><li>On Shabbat and Yom Kippur all melakha is prohibited.</li> <li>On a holiday other than Yom Kippur which falls on a weekday, not Shabbat, most melakha is prohibited. Some <i>melacha</i> related to the preparation of food is permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On weekdays during <a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a>, melakha is not prohibited <i>per se.</i> However, melakha should be limited to that required either to enhance the enjoyment of the remainder of the festival or to avoid great financial loss, or several other categories.</li> <li>On other days, there are no restrictions on melakha.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In principle, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> understands the requirement to refrain from melakha in the same way as Orthodox Judaism. In practice, Conservative rabbis frequently rule on prohibitions around melakha differently from Orthodox authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, there are some Conservative/Masorti communities around the world where Shabbat and festival observance fairly closely resembles Orthodox observance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, many, if not most, lay members of Conservative congregations in North America do not consider themselves <a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Shabbat observant</a>, even by Conservative standards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, adherents of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> do not accept traditional halakha, and therefore restrictions on melakha, as binding at all.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews fitting any of these descriptions refrain from melakha in practice only as they see fit. </p><p>Shabbat and holiday work restrictions are always put aside in cases of <a href="/wiki/Pikuach_nefesh" title="Pikuach nefesh">pikuach nefesh</a>, which are actions to save a human life. At the most fundamental level, if there is any possibility whatsoever that action must be taken to save a life, Shabbat restrictions are set aside immediately, and without reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the danger to life is present but less immediate, there is some preference to minimize violation of Shabbat work restrictions where possible. The laws in this area are complex.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_day_of_biblical_festivals"><span class="anchor" id="2days"></span>Second day of biblical festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second day of biblical festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></div> <p>The Torah specifies a single date on the Jewish calendar for observance of holidays. Nevertheless, festivals of biblical origin other than Shabbat and Yom Kippur are observed for two days outside the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">land of Israel</a>, and Rosh Hashanah is observed for two days even inside the land of Israel. </p><p>Dates for holidays on the Jewish calendar are expressed in the Torah as "day x of month y". Accordingly, the beginning of <i>month y</i> needs to be determined before the proper date of the holiday on <i>day x</i> can be fixed. Months in the Jewish calendar are <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar</a>, and originally were thought to have been proclaimed by the blowing of a <i><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> received testimony of witnesses saying they saw the new crescent moon.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the Sanhedrin would inform Jewish communities away from its meeting place that it had proclaimed a new moon. The practice of observing a second festival day stemmed from delays in disseminating that information.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Rosh Hashanah.</i> Because of holiday restrictions on travel, messengers could not even leave the seat of the Sanhedrin until the holiday was over. Inherently, there was no possible way for anyone living away from the seat of the Sanhedrin to receive news of the proclamation of the new month until messengers arrived <i>after the fact</i>. Accordingly, the practice emerged that Rosh Hashanah was observed on both possible days, as calculated from the previous month's start, everywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Three Pilgrimage Festivals.</i> Sukkot and Passover fall on the 15th day of their respective months. This gave messengers two weeks to inform communities about the proclamation of the new month. Normally, they would reach most communities within the land of Israel within that time, but they might fail to reach communities farther away (such as those in Babylonia or overseas). Consequently, the practice developed that these holidays be observed for one day within Israel, but for two days (both possible days as calculated from the previous month's start) outside Israel. This practice is known as <i>yom tov sheni shel galuyot</i>, "second day of festivals in exile communities".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>For Shavuot, calculated as the fiftieth day from Passover, the above issue did not pertain directly, as the "correct" date for Passover would be known by then. Nevertheless, the Talmud applies the same rule to Shavuot, and to the <a href="/wiki/Passover#Seventh_day_of_Passover" title="Passover">Seventh Day of Passover</a> and Shemini Atzeret, for consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Yom Kippur is not observed for two days anywhere because of the difficulty of maintaining a fast over two days.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Shabbat is not observed based on a calendar date, but simply at intervals of seven days. Accordingly, there is never a doubt of the date of Shabbat, and it need never be observed for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> generally do not observe the second day of festivals,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some do observe two days of Rosh Hashanah.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_(Talmudic)_origin"><span id="Holidays_of_biblical_and_rabbinic_.28Talmudic.29_origin"></span>Holidays of biblical and rabbinic (Talmudic) origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holidays of biblical and rabbinic (Talmudic) origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Theories concerning possible non-Jewish sources for biblical holidays are beyond the scope of this article. Please see individual holiday articles, particularly <a href="/wiki/Shabbat#History" title="Shabbat">Shabbat (History)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabbat—The_Sabbath"><span id="Shabbat.E2.80.94The_Sabbath"></span>Shabbat—The Sabbath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shabbat—The Sabbath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabbat_Candles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/250px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/375px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/500px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiddush_cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiddush cup">kiddush cup</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></div> <p>Jewish law <i>(halacha)</i> accords <i>Shabbat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבת</span>) the status of a holiday, a day of rest celebrated on the seventh day of each week. Jewish law defines a day as ending at either sundown or nightfall, when the next day then begins. Thus, </p> <ul><li>Shabbat begins just before sundown Friday night. Its start is marked by the lighting of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a> and the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a> over a cup of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">wine</a>.</li> <li>Shabbat ends at nightfall Saturday night. Its conclusion is marked by the prayer known as <a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a>.</li></ul> <p>The fundamental rituals and observances of Shabbat include: </p> <ul><li>Reading of the <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li> <li>Abbreviation of the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> in the three regular daily services to eliminate requests for everyday needs</li> <li>Addition of a <a href="/wiki/Musaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaf">musaf</a> service to the daily prayer services</li> <li>Enjoyment of three meals, often elaborate or ritualized, through the course of the day</li> <li>Restraint from performing <i>melacha</i> (see <a href="#work">above</a>).</li></ul> <p>In many ways, <i>halakha</i> (Jewish law) sees <i>Shabbat</i> as the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar. </p> <ul><li>It is the first holiday mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible), and <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> was the first one to observe it (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> reading on <i>Shabbat</i> has more sections of <i>parshiot</i> (Torah readings) than on Yom Kippur or any other Jewish holiday.</li> <li>The prescribed penalty in the Torah for a transgression of <i>Shabbat</i> prohibitions is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Judaism" title="Capital punishment in Judaism">death by stoning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 31), while for other holidays the penalty is (relatively) less severe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Observance of Shabbat</a> is the benchmark used in <i>halacha</i> to determine whether an individual is a religiously observant, religiously reliable member of the community.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month"><span id="Rosh_Chodesh.E2.80.94The_New_Month"></span>Rosh Chodesh—The New Month</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rosh Chodesh—The New Month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></div> <p>Rosh Chodesh (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראש חודש</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">roš ḥoḏeš</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'head of the month') is a minor holiday or observance occurring on the first day of each month of the Jewish calendar, as well as the last day of the preceding month if it has thirty days. </p> <ul><li>Rosh Chodesh observance during at least a portion of the period of the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> could be fairly elaborate. See, for example, <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_20" title="1 Samuel 20">1 Samuel 20</a></li> <li>Over time there have been varying levels of observance of a custom that women are excused from certain types of work, as in <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megilla</a> 22b:4: "the days of the New Moon, when it is customary for women to refrain from work".</li> <li>Fasting is normally prohibited on Rosh Chodesh.</li></ul> <p>Beyond the preceding, current observance is limited to <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh#Traditional_observances" title="Rosh Chodesh">changes in liturgy</a>. </p> <dl><dd>In the month of <a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a>, this observance is superseded by the observance of <a href="#Rosh_Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, a major holiday.</dd></dl> <p><i>Related observances:</i> </p> <ul><li>The date of the forthcoming Rosh Chodesh is <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh#Announcement" title="Rosh Chodesh">announced</a> in synagogue on the preceding Sabbath.</li> <li>There are special prayers, the <a href="/wiki/Kiddush_levana" title="Kiddush levana">kiddush levana</a>, said upon observing the waxing moon for the first time each month.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosh_Hashanah—The_Jewish_New_Year"><span id="Rosh_Hashanah.E2.80.94The_Jewish_New_Year"></span>Rosh Hashanah—The Jewish New Year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rosh Hashanah—The Jewish New Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selichot">Selichot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selichot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The month of <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> that precedes Rosh Hashanah is considered to be a propitious time for <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, additional penitential prayers called <a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot</a> are added to the daily prayers, except on Shabbat. <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> add these prayers each weekday during Elul. <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> recite them from the last Sunday (or Saturday night) preceding Rosh Hashanah that allows at least four days of recitations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rosh_Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rosh Hashanah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg/200px-Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg/300px-Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg/400px-Symbols_of_Rosh_Hashana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="2539" /></a><figcaption>Rosh Hashana symbols: <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, kiddush wine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></div> <ul><li>Erev Rosh Hashanah (eve of the first day): 29 Elul</li> <li>Rosh Hashanah: 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral tradition</a>, Rosh Hashanah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראש השנה</span>) (lit., "Head of the Year") is the Day of Memorial or Remembrance (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום הזכרון</span>, <i>Yom HaZikaron</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the day of judgment (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום הדין</span>, <i>Yom HaDin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God appears in the role of King, remembering and judging each person individually according to his/her deeds, and making a decree for each person for the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The holiday is characterized by one specific <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>: blowing the <i><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinchasRH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Torah, this is the first day of the seventh month of the calendar year,<sup id="cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinchasRH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marks the beginning of a ten-day period leading up to Yom Kippur. According to one of two Talmudic opinions, the creation of the world was completed on Rosh Hashanah.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morning prayer services are lengthy on Rosh Hashanah, and focus on the themes described above: majesty and judgment, remembrance, the birth of the world, and the blowing of the <i>shofar</i>. Most communities recite the brief <i><a href="/wiki/Tashlikh" title="Tashlikh">Tashlikh</a></i> prayer, a symbolic casting off of the previous year's sins, during the afternoon of Rosh Hashanah. </p><p>The Bible specifies Rosh Hashanah as a one-day holiday,<sup id="cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinchasRH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is traditionally celebrated for two days, even within the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. (See <i><a href="#2days">Second day of biblical festivals</a>,</i> above.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_New_Years">Four New Years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Four New Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Torah itself does not use any term like "New Year" in reference to Rosh Hashanah. The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifies four different "New Year's Days" for different purposes: </p> <ul><li>1 Tishrei (conventional "Rosh Hashanah"): "new year" for calculating calendar years, <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">sabbatical-year <i>(shmita)</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Biblical)">jubilee</a> cycles, and the age of trees for purposes of Jewish law; and for separating grain <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>.</li> <li>15 <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a> (<a href="#Tu_Bishvat—New_Year_of_the_Trees">Tu Bishvat</a>): "new year" for trees–<i>i.e.,</i> their current agricultural cycle and related tithes.</li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>: "New Year" for counting months and major festivals and for calculating the years of the reign of a Jewish king <ul><li>In biblical times, the day following 29 Adar, Year 1 of the reign of ___, would be followed by 1 Nisan, Year 2 of the reign of ___.</li> <li>In modern times, although the Jewish calendar year number changes on Rosh Hashanah, the months are still numbered from Nisan.</li> <li>The three pilgrimage festivals are always reckoned as coming in the order Passover-Shavuot-Sukkot. This can have religious law consequences even in modern times.</li></ul></li> <li>1 Elul (<a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a>): "new year" for <a href="/wiki/Animal_tithe" title="Animal tithe">animal tithes</a>. However, the Halacha does not follow this opinion, but rather that the animal tithe goes by 1 Tishrei.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva—Ten_Days_of_Repentance"><span id="Aseret_Yemei_Teshuva.E2.80.94Ten_Days_of_Repentance"></span>Aseret Yemei Teshuva—Ten Days of Repentance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aseret Yemei Teshuva—Ten Days of Repentance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></div> <p>The first ten days of Tishrei (from the beginning of Rosh Hashana until the end of Yom Kippur) are known as the Ten Days of Repentance (עשרת ימי תשובה, <i>Aseret Yemei Teshuva</i>). During this time, in anticipation of Yom Kippur, it is "exceedingly appropriate"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Jews to practice <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repentance</a>, an examination of one's deeds and repentance for sins one has committed against other people and God. This repentance can take the form of additional supplications, confessing one's deeds before God, fasting, self-reflection, and an increase of involvement with, or donations to, <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a> "charity". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tzom_Gedalia—Fast_of_Gedalia"><span id="Tzom_Gedalia.E2.80.94Fast_of_Gedalia"></span>Tzom Gedalia—Fast of Gedalia<span class="anchor" id="Tzom_Gedalia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tzom Gedalia—Fast of Gedalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></div> <ul><li>Tzom Gedalia: 3 Tishrei</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צום גדליה</span>) is a minor Jewish fast day. It commemorates the assassination of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>, which ended any level of Jewish rule following the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>. According to the simple reading of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the assassination occurred on Rosh Hashanah (1 Tishrei), and if so, the fast is postponed to 3 Tishrei in respect for the holiday and it is further postponed to 4 Tishrei if 3 Tishrei is Shabbat. However, the Talmud states explicitly that it took place on 3 Tishrei.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As on all minor fast days, fasting from dawn to dusk is required, but other laws of mourning are not normally observed. A Torah reading is included in both the <a href="/wiki/Shaharit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaharit">Shaharit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minha" class="mw-redirect" title="Minha">Minha</a> prayers, and a <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">haftarah</a> is also included at <i>Mincha</i>. There are also some additions to the liturgy of both services.<sup id="cite_ref-Fast_Liturgy_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fast_Liturgy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur—Day_of_Atonement"><span id="Yom_Kippur.E2.80.94Day_of_Atonement"></span>Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg/220px-Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg/330px-Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Shofar-Sabbath-Horn-Yemenite-Jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A man in a <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a> blows the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Erev Yom Kippur: 9 Tishrei</li> <li>Yom Kippur: 10 Tishrei (begins at sunset)</li></ul> <p>Yom Kippur (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום כיפור</span>) is the holiest day of the year for Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its central theme is <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism" title="Atonement in Judaism">atonement</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reconciliation" class="extiw" title="wikt:reconciliation">reconciliation</a>. This is accomplished through prayer and complete fasting—including abstinence from all food and drink (including water)—by all healthy adults.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bathing, wearing of perfume or cologne, wearing of leather shoes, and sexual relations are some of the other prohibitions on Yom Kippur—all them designed to ensure one's attention is completely and absolutely focused on the quest for atonement with God. Yom Kippur is also unique among holidays as having <a href="#work">work-related restrictions</a> identical to those of Shabbat. The fast and other prohibitions commence on 10 Tishrei at sunset—sunset being the <i>beginning</i> of the day in Jewish tradition. </p><p>A traditional prayer in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></i> ("All Vows") is traditionally recited just before sunset. Although often regarded as the start of the Yom Kippur evening service—to such a degree that <i>Erev Yom Kippur</i> ("Yom Kippur Evening") is often called "Kol Nidre" (also spelled "Kol Nidrei")—it is technically a separate tradition. This is especially so because, being recited before sunset, it is actually recited on 9 Tishrei, which is the day <i>before</i> Yom Kippur; it is not recited on Yom Kippur itself (on 10 Tishrei, which begins <i>after</i> the sun sets). </p> <dl><dd>The words of Kol Nidre differ slightly between Ashkenazic and Sephardic traditions. In both, the supplicant prays to be released from all personal vows made to God during the year, so that any unfulfilled promises made to God will be annulled and, thus, forgiven. In Ashkenazi tradition, the reference is to the coming year; in Sephardic tradition, the reference is to the year just ended. Only vows between the supplicant and God are relevant. Vows made between the supplicant and other people remain perfectly valid, since they are unaffected by the prayer.</dd></dl> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></i> (four-cornered <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> shawl) is donned for evening and afternoon prayers–the only day of the year in which this is done. In traditional Ashkenazi communities, men wear the <i><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">kittel</a></i> throughout the day's prayers. The prayers on Yom Kippur evening are lengthier than on any other night of the year. Once services reconvene in the morning, the services (in all traditions) are the longest of the year. In some traditional synagogues prayers run continuously from morning until nightfall, or nearly so. Two highlights of the morning prayers in traditional synagogues are the recitation of <i><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a>,</i> the prayer of remembrance, and of liturgical poems <i>(<a href="/wiki/Piyyutim" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyyutim">piyyutim</a>)</i> describing the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur#Temple_service" title="Yom Kippur">temple service of Yom Kippur</a>. </p><p>Two other highlights happen late in the day. During the <i><a href="/wiki/Minchah" class="mw-redirect" title="Minchah">Minchah</a></i> prayer, the <i><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">haftarah</a></i> reading features the entire <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>. Finally, the day concludes with <i><a href="/wiki/Ne%27ilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ne'ilah">Ne'ilah</a>,</i> a special service recited only on the day of Yom Kippur. Ne'ilah deals with the closing of the holiday, and contains a fervent final plea to God for forgiveness just before the conclusion of the fast. Yom Kippur comes to an end with the blowing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></i>, which marks the conclusion of the fast. It is always observed as a one-day holiday, both inside and outside the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p><p>Yom Kippur is considered, along with 15th of Av, as the happiest days of the year (Talmud Bavli—Tractate Ta'anit).<sup id="cite_ref-Tubav_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubav-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukkot—Feast_of_Booths_(or_Tabernacles)"><span id="Sukkot.E2.80.94Feast_of_Booths_.28or_Tabernacles.29"></span>Sukkot—Feast of Booths (or Tabernacles)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sukkot—Feast of Booths (or Tabernacles)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/220px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/330px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG/440px-Sukkots_with_wall_from_wood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">sukkah</a> booth</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></div> <ul><li>Erev Sukkot: 14 Tishrei</li> <li>Sukkot: 15–21 Tishrei (22 outside Israel)</li> <li>The first day of Sukkot is (outside Israel, first <a href="#2days">two days</a> are) full<i> <a href="#yomtov">yom tov</a>, </i>while the remainder of Sukkot has the status of <a href="/wiki/Chol_Hamoed" class="mw-redirect" title="Chol Hamoed">Chol Hamoed</a>, "intermediate days".</li></ul> <p><i>Sukkot</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סוכות</span> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֻכּוֹת</span>, <i>sukkōt</i>) or <i>Succoth</i> is a seven-day <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">festival</a>, also known as the Feast of Booths, the Feast of Tabernacles, or just Tabernacles. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a> (<i>shalosh regalim</i>) mentioned in the Bible. Sukkot commemorates the years that the Jews spent in the desert on their way to the Promised Land, and celebrates the way in which God protected them under difficult desert conditions. The word <i>sukkot</i> is the plural of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word <i>sukkah</i>, meaning booth. Jews are commanded to "dwell" in booths during the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This generally means taking meals, but some sleep in the <i>sukkah</i> as well, particularly in Israel. There are specific <a href="/wiki/Sukkah#Structure" title="Sukkah">rules</a> for constructing a <i>sukkah</i>. </p><p>Along with dwelling in a <i>sukkah,</i> the principal ritual unique to this holiday is use of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Species">Four Species</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav"><i>lulav</i> (palm)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass"><i>hadass</i> (myrtle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)"><i>aravah</i> (willow)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog"><i>etrog</i> (citron)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On each day of the holiday other than Shabbat, these are waved in association with the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> in the synagogue, then walked in a procession around the synagogue called the <a href="/wiki/Sukkot#Hoshanot" title="Sukkot"><i>Hoshanot</i></a>. </p><p>The seventh day of the Sukkot is called <a href="/wiki/Hoshanah_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshanah Rabbah">Hoshanah Rabbah</a>, the "Great <i>Hoshanah"</i> (singular of <i>Hoshanot</i> and the source of the English word <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">hosanna</a>). The climax of the day's prayers includes seven processions of <i>Hoshanot</i> around the synagogue. This tradition mimics practices from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. Many aspects of the day's customs also resemble those of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Hoshanah Rabbah is traditionally taken to be the day of the "delivery" of the final judgment of Yom Kippur, and offers a <a href="/wiki/Hoshanah_Rabbah#Final_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshanah Rabbah">last opportunity for pleas of repentance</a> before the holiday season closes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shemini_Atzeret_and_Simchat_Torah">Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/200px-PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/300px-PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/400px-PikiWiki_Israel_4466_Religion_in_Israel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Dancing with the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Shemini Atzeret: 22 Tishrei (combined with Simchat Torah in Israel)</li> <li>Simchat Torah outside Israel: 23 Tishrei</li></ul> <p>The holiday of Shemini Atzeret (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמיני עצרת</span>) immediately follows the conclusion of the holiday of Sukkot. The Hebrew word <i>shemini</i> means "eighth", and refers to its position on "the eighth day" of Sukkot, actually a seven-day holiday. This name reflects the fact that while in many respects Shemini Atzeret is a separate holiday in its own right, in certain respects its celebration is <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret#Relationship_to_Sukkot" title="Shemini Atzeret">linked to that of Sukkot</a>. Outside Israel, meals are still taken in the Sukkah on this day. </p><p>The main notable custom of this holiday is the celebration of <i>Simchat Torah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמחת תורה</span>), meaning "rejoicing with the Torah". This name originally referred to a special "ceremony": the last <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">weekly Torah portion</a> is read from <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, completing the annual cycle, and is followed immediately by the reading of the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, beginning the new annual cycle. Services are especially joyous, and all attendees, young and old, are involved. </p><p>This ceremony so dominates the holiday that in Israel, where the holiday is one day long, the whole holiday is often referred to as <i>Simchat Torah</i>. Outside Israel, the holiday is two days long; the name <i>Shemini Atzeret</i> is used for the first day, while the second is normally called <i>Simchat Torah</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanukkah—Festival_of_Lights"><span id="Hanukkah.E2.80.94Festival_of_Lights"></span>Hanukkah—Festival of Lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hanukkah—Festival of Lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_8th_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_8th_Night.jpg/220px-The_8th_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_8th_Night.jpg/330px-The_8th_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_8th_Night.jpg/440px-The_8th_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">Hanukkiah</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Erev Hanukkah: 24 <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li>Hanukkah: 25 Kislev – 2 or 3 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li></ul> <p>The story of Hanukkah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חנוכה</span>) is preserved in the books of the <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">Second Maccabees</a>. These books are not part of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible), they are <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> books instead. The miracle of the one-day supply of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">(Shabbat 21b)</a>, written about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanukkah marks the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> forces that had tried to prevent the people of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> from practicing Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judah Maccabee</a> and his brothers destroyed overwhelming forces, and rededicated the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. The eight-day festival is marked by the kindling of lights—one on the first night, two on the second, and so on—using a special candle holder called a <i><a href="/wiki/Hanukkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanukkiah">Hanukkiah</a></i>, or a <i>Hanukkah menorah.</i> </p><p>Religiously, Hanukkah is a minor holiday. Except on Shabbat, restrictions on work do not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the kindling of lights, formal religious observance is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah#Special_additions_to_daily_prayers" title="Hanukkah">changes in liturgy</a>. Hanukkah celebration tends to be informal and based on custom rather than law. Three widely practiced customs include: </p> <ul><li>Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah#Hanukkah_foods" title="Hanukkah">foods prepared in oil</a>, such as potato pancakes or <i><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufganiyot">sufganiyot</a>,</i> commemorating the miracle of oil</li> <li>Playing the game of <a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">dreidel</a> (called a <i>sevivon</i> in Hebrew), symbolizing Jews' disguising of illegal Torah study sessions as gambling meetings during the period leading to the Maccabees' revolt<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Giving children money, especially coins, called <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a>. However, the custom of giving presents is of far more recent, North American, origin, and is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a> prevalent around North American <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_of_Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tenth of Tevet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></div> <ul><li>Asarah B'Tevet: 10 Tevet</li></ul> <p>The Tenth of Tevet (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עשרה בטבת</span>, <i>Asarah B'Tevet</i>) is a minor fast day, marking the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem as outlined in <a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a> 25:1 </p> <dl><dd>And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and encamped against it; and they built forts against it round about.</dd></dl> <p>This fast's commemoration also includes <a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet#History" title="Tenth of Tevet">other events</a> occurring on 8, 9 and 10 Tevet. </p><p>This fast is observed like other minor fasts (see <a href="#Tzom_Gedalia—Fast_of_Gedalia">Tzom Gedalia</a>, above). This is the only minor fast that can fall on a Friday under the current fixed <a href="/wiki/Jewish_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish calendar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tu_Bishvat—New_Year_of_the_Trees"><span id="Tu_Bishvat.E2.80.94New_Year_of_the_Trees"></span>Tu Bishvat—New Year of the Trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tu Bishvat—New Year of the Trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tu_Bishvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Bishvat">Tu Bishvat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DriedfruitS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/220px-DriedfruitS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/330px-DriedfruitS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/440px-DriedfruitS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Nuts and dried fruits, traditionally eaten on <a href="/wiki/Tu_Bishvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Bishvat">Tu Bishvat</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tu Bishvat: 15 <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li></ul> <p>Tu Bishvat (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט"ו בשבט</span>‎) (lit., "fifteenth of Shevat", as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט״ו</span>‎ is the number "15" in Hebrew letters), is the new year for trees. It is also known as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חג האילנות</span>‎ (<i>Ḥag ha-Ilanot,</i> Festival of Trees), or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ראש השנה לאילנות</span>‎ (<i>Rosh ha-Shanah la-Ilanot,</i> New Year for Trees). According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, it marks the day from which fruit <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> are counted each year. Starting on this date, the biblical prohibition on eating the first three years of fruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Orlah_prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlah prohibition">orlah</a></i>) and the requirement to bring the fourth year fruit <i>(neta revai)</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> were counted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Luria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchak Luria">Yitzchak Luria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and his disciples created a short seder, called <i>Hemdat ha‑Yamim,</i> reminiscent of the seder that Jews observe on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, that explores the holiday's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kabbalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> themes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Tu_Bishvat_seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Bishvat seder">Tu Bishvat seder</a> has witnessed a revival in recent years. More generally, Tu Bishvat is celebrated in modern times by eating various fruits and nuts associated with the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, trees are planted on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many children collect funds leading up to this day to plant trees in Israel. Trees are usually planted locally as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim—Festival_of_Lots"><span id="Purim.E2.80.94Festival_of_Lots"></span>Purim—Festival of Lots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Purim—Festival of Lots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></div> <ul><li>Fast of Esther: normally 13 <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a></li> <li>Purim: 14 Adar</li> <li>Shushan Purim: 15 Adar</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Leap_year#Hebrew_calendar" title="Leap year">leap years on the Hebrew calendar</a>, the above dates are observed in the Second Adar <i>(Adar Sheni)</i>. The 14th and 15th of First Adar <i>(Adar Rishon)</i> are known as <i>Purim Katan</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purim_Katan">Purim Katan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Purim Katan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Purim Katan</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פורים קטן</span>‎) (lit., "small Purim") is observed on the 14th and 15th of First Adar in leap years. These days are marked by a small increase in festivity, including a prohibition on fasting, and slight changes in the liturgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ta'anit_Esther–Fast_of_Esther"><span id="Ta.27anit_Esther.E2.80.93Fast_of_Esther"></span>Ta'anit Esther–Fast of Esther</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ta'anit Esther–Fast of Esther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megillat_Esther_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/250px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/375px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/500px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The opening chapter of a hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, with reader's pointer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/220px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/330px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/440px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mishloah_manot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishloah manot">Mishloah manot</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ta'anit Esther</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תענית אסתר</span>‎), or "Fast of Esther", is named in honor of the fast of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> and her court as Esther prepared to approach the king unbidden to invite him and <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> to a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commemorates that fast, as well as one alluded to later in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undertaken as the Jews prepared to battle their enemies. </p><p>This fast is observed like other minor fasts (see <a href="#Tzom_Gedalia">Tzom Gedalia</a>, above). While normally observed on 13 Adar, the eve of Purim, this fast is advanced to Thursday, 11 Adar, when 13 Adar falls on Shabbat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purim_and_Shushan_Purim">Purim and Shushan Purim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Purim and Shushan Purim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></div> <p>Purim (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פורים</span>‎) commemorates the events that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>. The principal celebrations or commemorations include:<sup id="cite_ref-E9_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E9-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The reading of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther"><i>Megillah</i></a></i>. Traditionally, this is read from a scroll twice during Purim–once in the evening and again in the morning. Ashkenazim have a custom of making disparaging noises at every mention of <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Judaism)">Haman</a>'s name during the reading.</li> <li>The giving of <a href="/wiki/Purim#Food_gifts_and_charity" title="Purim"><i>Mishloakh Manot</i></a>, gifts of food and drink to friends and neighbors.</li> <li>The giving of <a href="/wiki/Purim#Food_gifts_and_charity" title="Purim"><i>Matanot La'evyonim</i></a>, gifts to the poor and the needy.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking" title="Purim">Purim meal</a> (<i>Se'udat Purim</i> or <i>Purim Se'udah</i>). This meal is traditionally accompanied by consumption of alcohol, often heavy,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Jewish sages have warned about the need to adhere to all religious laws even in a drunken state.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several customs have evolved from these principal commemorations. One widespread custom to act out the story of Purim. The <a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a>, or Purim play, has its origins in this, although the <i>Purim spiel</i> is not limited to that subject.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing of costumes and masks is also very common. These may be an outgrowth of Purim plays, but there are several theories as to the origin of the custom, most related in some way to the "hidden" nature of the miracles of Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purim carnivals of various types have also become customary. In Israel there are festive parades, known as <i>Ad-D'lo-Yada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the town's main street. The largest and most renowned is in <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Jews celebrate Purim on 14 Adar, the day of celebration after the Jews defeated their enemies. Because Jews in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Shushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushan">Shushan</a> fought with their enemies an extra day, Purim is celebrated a day later there, on the day known as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שושן פורים</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Purim#Sushan_Purim" title="Purim">Shushan Purim</a>. This observance was expanded to "walled cities",<sup id="cite_ref-E9_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E9-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are defined as cities "walled since the time of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, there are no Jews living in Shushan (<a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush, Iran</a>), and Shushan Purim is observed fully only in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Cities like <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> also partially observe Shushan Purim. Elsewhere, Shushan Purim is marked only by a small increase in festivity, including a prohibition on fasting, and slight changes in the liturgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesach—Passover"><span id="Pesach.E2.80.94Passover"></span>Pesach—Passover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pesach—Passover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Erev Pesach and Fast of the Firstborn, ("Ta'anit Bechorot"): 14 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li>Pesach<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>): 15–21 Nisan (outside Israel 15–22 Nisan)</li> <li>The first day and last day of Passover (outside Israel, <a href="#2days">first two</a> and last two days) are full <i><a href="#yomtov">yom tov</a></i>, while the remainder of Passover has the status of <i><a href="/wiki/Chol_Hamoed" class="mw-redirect" title="Chol Hamoed">Chol Hamoed</a></i>, "intermediate days".</li> <li>Pesach Sheni (second Passover): 14 <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Month_of_Nisan">Month of Nisan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Month of Nisan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a rule, the month of Nisan is considered to be one of extra joy. Traditionally, throughout the entire month, <a href="/wiki/Tahanun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahanun">Tahanun</a> is omitted from the prayer service, many public mourning practices (such as delivering a <a href="/wiki/Hesped" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesped">eulogy</a> at a funeral) are eliminated, and voluntary <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Judaism" title="Fasting">fasting</a> is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, practices sometimes vary.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eve_of_Passover_and_Fast_of_the_Firstborn">Eve of Passover and Fast of the Firstborn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Eve of Passover and Fast of the Firstborn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seder_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seder_Plate.jpg/250px-Seder_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seder_Plate.jpg/375px-Seder_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seder_Plate.jpg/500px-Seder_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Traditional arrangement of symbolic foods on a <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover Seder Plate">Passover Seder Plate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedertable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/200px-Sedertable.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/300px-Sedertable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sedertable.jpg/400px-Sedertable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Table set for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">seder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The day before Passover (<i>Erev Pesach,</i> lit., "Passover eve") is significant for three reasons: </p> <ul><li>It is the day that all of the involved preparations for Passover, especially <a href="/wiki/Passover#Removing_all_leaven_(chametz)" title="Passover">elimination of leavened food, or <i>chametz</i></a>, must be completed. In particular, a formal search for remaining <i><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i> is done during the evening of Erev Pesach, and all remaining <i>chametz</i> is finally destroyed, disposed of or nullified during the morning of Erev Pesach.<sup id="cite_ref-Pesahim_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pesahim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is the day observed as the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a> (תענית בכורות). Jews who are firstborn<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fast, in remembrance of the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#plague10" title="Plagues of Egypt">tenth plague</a>, when God killed the Egyptian firstborn, while sparing the Jewish firstborn.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fast is overridden by a <i><a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">seudat mitzvah</a></i>, a meal celebrating the fulfillment of a commandment; accordingly, it is almost universal for firstborn Jews to attend such a meal on this day<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so as to obviate their need to fast.</li> <li>During the era of the Temple in Jerusalem, the <i><a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">Korban Pesach</a></i>, or sacrifice of the Paschal Lamb, was carried out the afternoon of 14 Nisan in anticipation of its consumption on Passover night.<sup id="cite_ref-Pesahim_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pesahim-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When Passover starts on Sunday, and the eve of Passover is therefore Shabbat, the above schedule is altered. See <a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a> for details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passover">Passover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Passover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a></div> <p>Passover (פּסח) <i>(Pesach</i>), also known liturgically as חג המצות <i>("Ḥag haMatzot"</i>, the "Festival of Unleavened Bread"), is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (<i>shalosh regalim</i>) mentioned in the Torah. Passover commemorates <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, the liberation of the Israelite slaves from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <i><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">chametz</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavened</a> food) is eaten, or even owned, during the week of Passover, in commemoration of the biblical narrative in which the Israelites left Egypt so quickly that their bread did not have enough time to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observant Jews go to great lengths to remove all <i>chametz</i> from their homes and offices in the run-up to Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the avoidance of <i>chametz</i>, the principal ritual unique to this holiday is the <a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">seder</a>. The <i>seder</i>, meaning "order", is an ordered ritual meal eaten on the first night of Passover, and outside Israel also on the <a href="#2days">second night</a>. This meal is known for its distinctive ritual foods—<a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzo</a> (unleavened bread), <a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">maror</a> (bitter herbs), and four cups of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">wine</a>—as well as its prayer text/handbook/study guide, the <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a>. Participation in a Passover seder is one of the most widely observed Jewish rituals, even among less affiliated or less observant Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passover lasts seven days in Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eight days outside Israel. The holiday of the last day of Passover (outside Israel, last <a href="#2days">two days</a>) commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Splitting of the Red Sea">Splitting of the Red Sea</a>; according to tradition this occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Passover#Seventh_day_of_Passover" title="Passover">seventh day of Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pesach_Sheni">Pesach Sheni</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pesach Sheni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></div> <p><i>Pesach Sheni</i> (פסח שני) ("Second Passover") is a day prescribed in the Torah<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to allow those who did not bring the Paschal Lamb offering <i>(Korban Pesach)</i> a second chance to do so. Eligibility was limited to those who were distant from Jerusalem on Passover, or those who were ritually impure and ineligible to participate in a sacrificial offering. Today, some have the custom to eat matzo on Pesach Sheni, and some make a small change to the liturgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer"><span id="Sefirah.E2.80.94Counting_of_the_Omer"></span>Sefirah—Counting of the Omer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sefirah—Counting of the Omer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></div> <ul><li><i>Sefirat HaOmer</i> (Counting of the Omer): 16 Nisan – 5 <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Karomer_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karomer-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Sefirah</i> (lit. "Counting"; more fully, <i>Sefirat HaOmer,</i> "Counting of the Omer") (ספירת העומר), is the 49-day period between the biblical pilgrimage festivals of Passover and Shavuot. The Torah states<sup id="cite_ref-Omersource_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omersource-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this period is to be counted, both in days and in weeks. The first day of this period<sup id="cite_ref-Karomer_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karomer-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the day of the first <a href="/wiki/Grain_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain offering">grain offering</a> of the new year's crop, an <a href="/wiki/Omer_(unit)" title="Omer (unit)">omer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. The day following the 49th day of the period is the festival of Shavuot; the Torah specifies a grain offering of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Omersource_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omersource-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symbolically, this period has come to represent the spiritual development of the Israelites from slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> society of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> to free, <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> people worthy of the <a href="/wiki/Revelation#Judaism" title="Revelation">revelation</a> of the Torah, traditionally said to have occurred on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot#Giving_of_the_Torah" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>. Spiritual development remains a key rabbinic teaching of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sefirah has long been observed as a period of semi-mourning. The customary explanation<sup id="cite_ref-sefira_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sefira-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cites a plague that killed 24,000 students of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> (BT <i><a href="/wiki/Yevamot" title="Yevamot">Yevamot</a></i> 62b).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In broad terms, the mourning practices observed include limiting actual celebrations (such as weddings), not listening to music, not wearing new clothing, and not shaving or taking a haircut.<sup id="cite_ref-sefira_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sefira-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wide variety of practice as to the specifics of this observance. See <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer#As_a_period_of_semi-mourning" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer (Semi-mourning)</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg/200px-Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg/300px-Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg/400px-Lag_BaOmer_bonfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lag_Ba%27Omer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lag Ba'Omer">Lag Ba'Omer</a> bonfire</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lag_Ba'Omer"><span id="Lag_Ba.27Omer"></span>Lag Ba'Omer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lag Ba'Omer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lag_Ba%27Omer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lag Ba'Omer">Lag Ba'Omer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hillula_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Hillula of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Hillula of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></div> <ul><li>Lag Ba'Omer: 18 <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li></ul> <p><i>Lag Ba'Omer</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַ״ג בָּעוֹמֶר</span></span>) is the 33rd day in the Omer count (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַ״ג</span></span> is the number 33 in Hebrew). By Ashkenazi practice, the semi-mourning observed during the period of Sefirah (see above) is lifted <i>on</i> Lag Ba'Omer, while Sefardi practice is to lift it <i>at the end of</i> Lag Ba'Omer.<sup id="cite_ref-sefira_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sefira-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor liturgical changes are made on Lag Ba'omer; because mourning practices are suspended, weddings are often conducted on this day. </p><p>Lag Ba'Omer is identified as the <i><a href="/wiki/Yom_Hillula" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Hillula">Yom Hillula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">yahrzeit</a>)</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a>, one of the leading <i><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></i> (teachers quoted in the Mishna) and ascribed author of the core text of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>. Customary celebrations include bonfires, <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnics</a>, and bow and arrow play by children.<sup id="cite_ref-peter_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boys sometimes receive their first haircuts on Lag Ba'Omer,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Hasidic rebbes hold <i><a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">tishes</a></i> in honor of the day. </p><p>In Israel, Lag Ba'Omer is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> against the Roman Empire. In Zionist thought, the plague that decimated Rabbi Akiva's 24,000 disciples is explained as a veiled reference to the revolt; the 33rd day representing the end of the plague is explained as the day of Bar Kokhba's victory. The traditional bonfires and bow-and-arrow play were thus reinterpreted as celebrations of military victory.<sup id="cite_ref-peter_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this vein, the order originally creating the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> was issued on Lag Ba'Omer 1948, 13 days after Israel declared independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shavuot—Feast_of_Weeks—Yom_HaBikurim"><span id="Shavuot.E2.80.94Feast_of_Weeks.E2.80.94Yom_HaBikurim"></span>Shavuot—Feast of Weeks—Yom HaBikurim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Shavuot—Feast of Weeks—Yom HaBikurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/250px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/375px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg/500px-Cheese_blintzes_with_blackberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Cheese <a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">blintzes</a>, a traditional food on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></div> <ul><li>Erev Shavuot: 5 <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>: 6 (and outside Israel: 7) Sivan</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבועות</span></span>), the Feast of Weeks, is one of the three pilgrimage festivals (<i>Shalosh regalim</i>) ordained in the Torah. Different from other biblical holidays, the date for Shavuot is not explicitly fixed in the Torah. Instead, it is observed on the day following the 49th and final day in the <a href="#Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer">counting of the Omer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omersource_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omersource-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the current era of the fixed <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Jewish calendar</a>, this puts the date of Shavuot as 6 Sivan. In Israel and in Reform Judaism, it is a one-day holiday; elsewhere, it is a two-day holiday extending through 7 Sivan.<sup id="cite_ref-Karomer_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karomer-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Rabbinic tradition, codified in the Talmud at <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat 87b</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were given on this day. In the era of the Temple, there were certain specific <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">offerings</a> mandated for Shavuot, and Shavuot was the first day for bringing of <a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(First-fruits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikkurim (First-fruits)">Bikkurim</a> to the Temple. Other than those, there are no explicit <i>mitzvot</i> unique to Shavuot given in the Torah (parallel to matzo on Passover or Sukkah on Sukkot). </p><p>Nevertheless, there are a number of widespread customs observed on Shavuot. During this holiday the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> portion containing the Ten Commandments is read in the synagogue, and the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> is read as well. It is traditional to eat dairy meals during Shavuot. In observant circles, <a href="/wiki/Shavuot#All-night_Torah_study" title="Shavuot">all night Torah study</a> is common on the first night of Shavuot, while in Reform Judaism, Shavuot is the customary date for <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism#Confirmation_ceremonies" title="Reform Judaism">Confirmation ceremonies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mourning_for_Jerusalem:_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz_and_Tisha_B'Av"><span id="Mourning_for_Jerusalem:_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz_and_Tisha_B.27Av"></span>Mourning for Jerusalem: Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mourning for Jerusalem: Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three-week period starting on 17 Tammuz and concluding after Tisha B'Av has traditionally been observed as a period of mourning for the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Temple">Holy Temple</a> there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fast_of_the_Seventeenth_of_Tammuz">Fast of the Seventeenth of Tammuz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fast of the Seventeenth of Tammuz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">Seventeenth of Tammuz</a></div> <ul><li>Shiva Asar B'Tammuz: 17 <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li></ul> <p>The Seventeenth of Tamuz (שבעה עשר בתמוז, <i>Shiva Asar B'Tamuz</i>) traditionally marks the first breach in the walls of the Jerusalem during the Roman conquest in 70 CE, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, this day has had negative connotations since Moses broke the first set of tablets on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mishnah cites five negative events that happened on 17 Tammuz.<sup id="cite_ref-taanit46_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taanit46-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This fast is observed like other minor fasts (see <a href="#Tzom_Gedalia">Tzom Gedalia</a>, above). When this fast falls out on Shabbat, its observance is postponed until Sunday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Three_Weeks_and_the_Nine_Days">The Three Weeks and the Nine Days</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Three Weeks and the Nine Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></div> <ul><li>The Three Weeks: 17 Tammuz – 9 <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li>The Nine Days: 1–9 Av</li> <li>The Week of Tisha B'Av (beginning at the conclusion of Shabbat preceding Tisha B'Av)</li></ul> <p>The period between the fasts of 17 Tammuz and 9 Av, known as the "Three Weeks" (Hebrew: בין המצרים, "between the straits"<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), features a steadily increasing level of mourning practices as Tisha B'Av approaches. Ashkenazi Jews refrain from conducting weddings and other joyful events throughout the period unless the date is established by Jewish law (as for a <a href="/wiki/Bris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bris">bris</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">pidyon haben</a>)</i>. They do not cut their hair during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-sa551_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa551-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting on the first of Av and throughout the nine days between the 1st and 9th days of Av, Ashkenazim traditionally refrain from eating <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and drinking <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, except on Shabbat or at a <i>Seudat Mitzvah</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a> meal, such as for a bris or <i><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">siyum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-sa551_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa551-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also refrain from bathing for pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-sa551_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa551-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sefardic practice varies some from this; the less severe restrictions usually begin on 1 Av, while the more severe restrictions apply during the week of Tisha B'Av itself.<sup id="cite_ref-sa551_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa551-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subject to the variations described above, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> continues to maintain the traditional prohibitions. In <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>'s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has issued several <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">responsa (legal rulings)</a> which hold that the prohibitions against weddings in this timeframe are deeply held traditions, but should not be construed as binding law. Thus, Conservative Jewish practice would allow weddings during this time, except on the 17th of Tammuz and 9th of Av themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis within <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> hold that halakha (Jewish law) is no longer binding and follow their individual consciences on such matters. Nevertheless, the rabbinical manual of the Reform movement encourages Reform rabbis not to conduct weddings on Tisha B'Av itself "out of historical consciousness and respect" for the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tisha_B'Av—Ninth_of_Av"><span id="Tisha_B.27Av.E2.80.94Ninth_of_Av"></span>Tisha B'Av—Ninth of Av</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Tisha B'Av—Ninth of Av"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eicha268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eicha268.jpg/220px-Eicha268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eicha268.jpg/330px-Eicha268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eicha268.jpg/440px-Eicha268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Worshipers seated on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> before the reading of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></div> <ul><li>Tisha B'Av : 9 Av</li></ul> <p><i>Tisha B'Av</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תשעה באב</span></span>) is a major fast day and day of mourning. A Midrashic tradition states that the spies' negative report concerning the Land of Israel was delivered on Tisha B'Av. Consequently, the day became auspicious for negative events in Jewish history. Most notably, both the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a>, originally built by King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> of Roman times were destroyed on Tisha B'Av.<sup id="cite_ref-taanit46_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taanit46-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other calamities throughout Jewish history are said to have taken place on Tisha B'Av, including King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>'s edict compelling the Jews to leave England (1290) and the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Jewish expulsion</a> from Spain in 1492. </p><p>Tisha B'Av is a major fast. It is a 25-hour fast, running from sundown to nightfall. As on Yom Kippur, not only are eating and drinking prohibited, but also bathing, anointing, marital relations and the wearing of leather shoes. Work is not prohibited, as on biblical holidays, but is discouraged. In the evening, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a> is read in the synagogue, while in the morning lengthy <i><a href="/wiki/Kinot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinot">kinot</a>,</i> poems of elegy, are recited. From evening until noon mourning rituals resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">shiva</a> are observed, including sitting on low stools or the floor; after noon those restrictions are somewhat lightened, in keeping with the tradition that Messiah will be born on Tisha B'Av.<sup id="cite_ref-KSA_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSA-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the fast ends at nightfall of 9–10 Av, the restrictions of the Three Weeks and Nine Days continue through noon on 10 Av because the Second Temple continued to burn through most of that day. When 9 Av falls on Shabbat, when fasting is prohibited, the fast is postponed until 10 Av. In that case, the restrictions of the Three Weeks and Nine Days end with the fast, except for the prohibition against eating meat and drinking wine, which extend until the morning of 10 Av.<sup id="cite_ref-KSA_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSA-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tu_B'Av"><span id="Tu_B.27Av"></span>Tu B'Av</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tu B'Av"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></div> <ul><li>Tu B'Av: 15 Av</li></ul> <p><i>Tu B'av</i> (ט״ו באב), lit. "15th of Av", is a day mentioned in the Talmud alongside Yom Kippur as "happiest of the year".<sup id="cite_ref-Tubav_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubav-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a day celebrating the bringing of wood used for the Temple Service, as well as a day when marriages were arranged. Today, it is marked by a small change in liturgy. In modern Israel, the day has become somewhat of an analog to <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fasts">Other fasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other fasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">Ta'anit</a></div> <p>Several other fast days of ancient or medieval origin continue to be observed to some degree in modern times. Such continued observance is usually by Orthodox Jews only, and is not universal today even among Orthodox Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Fasts for droughts and other public troubles. Much of the Talmudic tractate <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'anit (tractate)"><i>Ta'anit</i></a> is devoted to the proclamation and execution of public fasts. The most detailed description refers to fasts in times of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> in the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently these fasts included a <i><a href="/wiki/Ne%27ilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ne'ilah">Ne'ilah</a></i> (closing) prayer, a prayer now reserved for recitation on Yom Kippur only.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>While the specific fasts described in the Mishnah fell into disuse once Jews were exiled from the land of Israel, various Jewish communities have declared fasts over the years, using these as a model. Two examples include a fast among Polish Jews commemorating the massacre of Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising#Jews" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> and one among Russian Jews during anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogrom#19th_century" title="Pogrom">pogroms of the 1880s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weinfast_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weinfast-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> has urged fasting in times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Behav" title="Fast of Behav">Fast of Behav</a></i> (בה"ב). The fasts of <i>bet-hey-bet</i>—Monday-Thursday-Monday—were established as a vehicle for atonement from possible excesses during the extended holiday periods of Passover and Sukkot. They are proclaimed on the first Shabbat of the month of Iyar following Passover, and at some point in Marcheshvan following Sukkot. Based on the model of Mishnah <i>Ta'anit</i>, they are then observed on the Monday, Thursday and Monday following the Shabbat on which they are announced.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Katan" title="Yom Kippur Katan">Yom Kippur Katan</a></i> ("little Yom Kippur"). These fasts originated in the sixteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>. They are conceptually linked to the sin-offerings that were brought to the Temple in Jerusalem on each <a href="#Rosh_Chodesh—The_New_Month">Rosh Chodesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fasts are observed on the day before Rosh Chodesh in most months, and usually observed on the previous Thursday if Rosh Chodesh is on Shabbat or Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli/Jewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance"><span id="Israeli.2FJewish_national_holidays_and_days_of_remembrance"></span>Israeli/Jewish national holidays and days of remembrance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Israeli/Jewish national holidays and days of remembrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Public holidays in Israel</a></div> <p>As a general rule, the biblical Jewish holidays (Sabbath, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot and Purim) are observed as public holidays in Israel. Chanukah is a school holiday, but businesses remain open. On Tisha B'Av, restaurants and places of entertainment are closed. Other Jewish holidays listed above are observed in varying ways and to varying degrees. </p><p>Between the creation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948 and the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, generally in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>, established four national holidays or days of remembrance: </p> <ul><li><i>Yom HaShoah:</i> Holocaust Remembrance Day</li> <li><i>Yom Hazikaron:</i> Memorial Day</li> <li><i>Yom Ha'atzmaut:</i> Israel Independence Day</li> <li><i>Yom Yerushalayim:</i> Jerusalem Day</li></ul> <p>The status of these days as <i>religious</i> events is not uniform within the Jewish world. Non-Orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accept these days as <i>religious</i> as well as <i>national</i> in nature. </p><p>As a rule, these four days are not accepted as religious observances by most <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi Jews">Haredi Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hasidim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidim">Hasidim</a>. Some <i>ḥaredim</i> are opposed to the existence of the State of Israel altogether on religious grounds; others simply feel that there are not sufficient grounds under Jewish law to justify the establishment of new religious holidays. For details, see <a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism</a>. </p><p>Observance of these days in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish communities outside Israel</a> is typically more muted than their observance in Israel. Events held in government and public venues within Israel are often held in Jewish communal settings (synagogues and community centers) abroad. </p><p>More recently, the Knesset established two additional holidays: </p> <ul><li><i>Yom HaAliyah</i>: Aliyah Day</li> <li>A day to commemorate the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands and Iran</li></ul> <p>Finally, the Israeli government also recognizes several <a href="#Ethnic_holidays">ethnic Jewish observances</a> with holiday status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_HaShoah—Holocaust_Remembrance_Day"><span id="Yom_HaShoah.E2.80.94Holocaust_Remembrance_Day"></span>Yom HaShoah—Holocaust Remembrance Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Yom HaShoah—Holocaust Remembrance Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg/200px-Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg/300px-Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg/400px-Yom_Hashoah_candle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A lit Yom HaShoah Yellow Candle</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a>: (nominally) 27 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li></ul> <p><i>Yom HaShoah</i> (lit. "Holocaust Day") is a day of remembrance for victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. Its full name is <i>Yom Hazikaron LaShoah v'LiGevurah</i> (lit. "Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day") (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום הזכרון לשואה ולגבורה</span></span>), and reflects a desire to recognize martyrs who died in active <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_under_Nazi_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance under Nazi rule">resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> alongside those who died as passive victims. Its date, 27 Nisan, was chosen because it commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto uprising">Warsaw Ghetto uprising</a>, the best known of the armed Jewish uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places of public entertainment are closed throughout Israel in recognition of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-tdshoah_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdshoah-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah#Commemoration" title="Yom HaShoah">commemoration</a> of Yom HaShoah usually includes religious elements such as the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>, memorial prayers, and <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">kaddish</a>, and the lighting of <a href="/wiki/Memorial_candle" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial candle">memorial candles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah#In_Israel" title="Yom HaShoah">In Israel</a>, the most notable observances are the State memorial ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> and the sirens marking off a two-minute silence at 10:00 am. Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox Jews generally participate in such public observances along with secular Jews and Jews who adhere to more liberal religious movements. <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah#Abroad" title="Yom HaShoah">Outside Israel</a>, Jewish communities observe Yom HaShoah in addition to or instead of their countries' <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Holocaust Memorial Days</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tdshoah_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdshoah-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably the most notable commemoration is the <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a>, held at the site of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, attended by Jews from all parts of the world. </p><p>Outside Orthodoxy, a liturgy for Yom HaShoah is beginning to develop. The Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist prayer books all include <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah#Liturgy_for_Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">liturgical elements for Yom HaShoah</a>, to be added to the regular weekday prayers. Conservative Judaism has written a scroll, called <i>Megillat HaShoah,</i> intended to become a definitive liturgical reading for Yom HaShoah.<sup id="cite_ref-anchor1_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anchor1-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox world–even the segment that participates publicly in Yom HaShoah–has been reluctant to write a liturgy for the day, preferring to compose <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnot" title="Kinnot">Kinnot</a></i> (prayers of lamentation) for recitation on <a href="#Tisha_B'av">Tisha B'Av</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anchor1_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anchor1-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to ensure that public Yom HaShoah ceremonies in Israel do not violate Shabbat prohibitions, the date for Yom HaShoah varies<sup id="cite_ref-chutz_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chutz-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <ul><li>If 27 Nisan occurs on a Friday, the observance of Yom HaShoah is advanced to the previous day (Thursday, 26 Nisan).</li> <li>If 27 Nisan occurs on a Sunday, the observance of Yom HaShoah is delayed to the following day (Monday, 28 Nisan).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Hazikaron—Memorial_Day"><span id="Yom_Hazikaron.E2.80.94Memorial_Day"></span>Yom Hazikaron—Memorial Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Yom Hazikaron—Memorial Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPIM0313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HPIM0313.jpg/300px-HPIM0313.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HPIM0313.jpg/450px-HPIM0313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HPIM0313.jpg/600px-HPIM0313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">moment of silence</a> as the siren is sounded in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Yom Hazikaron 2007</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Hazikaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Hazikaron">Yom Hazikaron</a>: (nominally) 4 <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li></ul> <p><i>Yom Hazikaron</i> (lit. "Memorial Day") is a day of remembrance of the fallen of Israel's wars. During the first years of Israel's independence, this remembrance was observed on <a href="#Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day">Yom Ha'atzmaut (Independence Day)</a> itself. However, by 1951, the memorial observance was separated from the festive celebration of Independence Day and moved to its current date, the day before Yom Ha'atzmaut.<sup id="cite_ref-ken_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ken-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2000, the scope of the memorial has expanded to include civilians slain by acts of hostile <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. Its full name is now <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום הזכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל ולנפגעי פעולות האיבה</span></span> ("Day of Remembrance for the Fallen of the Battles of Israel and the Victims of Terror").<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places of public entertainment are closed throughout Israel in recognition of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many schools, businesses and other institutions conduct memorial services on this day, and it is customary to visit the graves of fallen soldiers and to recite memorial prayers there. The principal public observances are the evening opening ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> and the morning services of remembrance at military cemeteries throughout the country, each opened by the sounding of sirens. The public observances conclude with the service at the military cemetery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> that serves as the transition to Yom Ha'atzmaut. </p><p>Outside Israel, Yom HaZikaron observances are often folded into Yom Ha'atzmaut celebrations. Within Israel, Yom Hazikaron is always the day before Yom Ha'atzmaut, but that date moves to prevent violation of Sabbath prohibitions during the ceremonies of either day. See following section for details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Ha'atzmaut—Israel_Independence_Day"><span id="Yom_Ha.27atzmaut.E2.80.94Israel_Independence_Day"></span>Yom Ha'atzmaut—Israel Independence Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Yom Ha'atzmaut—Israel Independence Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peresohad1985hidon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peresohad1985hidon.jpg/220px-Peresohad1985hidon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peresohad1985hidon.jpg/330px-Peresohad1985hidon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Peresohad1985hidon.jpg/440px-Peresohad1985hidon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>The final round of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bible_Contest" title="International Bible Contest">International Bible Contest</a> (here in 1985) is held on Yom Ha'atzmaut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jerusalem_Day.jpg/220px-Jerusalem_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jerusalem_Day.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jerusalem_Day.jpg/440px-Jerusalem_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a> celebrations</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Ha%27atzmaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Ha'atzmaut">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a>: (nominally) 5 Iyar</li></ul> <p><i>Yom Ha'atzmaut</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום העצמאות</span></span>) is Israel's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a>. Observance of this day by Jews inside and outside Israel is widespread,<sup id="cite_ref-tdind_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdind-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and varies in tone from secular (military parades and barbecues) to religious (recitation of Hallel and new liturgies). </p><p>Although Israel's independence was declared on a Friday, the Chief Rabbinate has long been mindful of the possibility of Yom Ha'atzmaut (and Yom Hazikaron) observances leading to violation of Sabbath prohibitions. To prevent such violations, the dates of Yom Hazikaron and Yom Ha'atzmaut vary<sup id="cite_ref-chutz_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chutz-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <ul><li>If 4–5 Iyar occur on a Sunday-Monday, the observances are delayed to Monday-Tuesday, 5–6 Iyar.</li> <li>If 4–5 Iyar occur on a Tuesday-Wednesday, the observances are not moved.</li> <li>If 4–5 Iyar occur on a Thursday-Friday, the observances are advanced to Wednesday-Thursday, 3–4 Iyar.</li> <li>If 4–5 Iyar occur on a Friday-Shabbat, the observances are advanced to Wednesday-Thursday, 2–3 Iyar.</li></ul> <p>Nearly all non-<i>ḥaredi</i> Jewish religious communities have incorporated changes or enhancements to the liturgy in honor of Yom Ha'atzmaut and suspend the mourning practices of <a href="#Sefirah—Counting_of_the_Omer">the period of Sefirat Ha'Omer</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Yom_Ha%27atzmaut#Religious_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Ha'atzmaut">Yom Ha'atzmaut—Religious Customs</a> for details.) Within the Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox communities, these changes are not without controversy, and customs continue to evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-Haber_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haber-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ḥaredi</i> religious observance of Yom Ha'atzmaut varies widely. A few <i>ḥaredim</i> (especially <a href="/wiki/Sefardic_%E1%B8%A4aredim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefardic Ḥaredim">Sefardic Ḥaredim</a>) celebrate the day in a reasonably similar way to the way non-<i>ḥaredim</i> do.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <i>ḥaredim</i> simply treat the day indifferently; <i>i.e.,</i> as a regular day.<sup id="cite_ref-Haber_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haber-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And finally others (notably <a href="/wiki/Satmar_Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar Hasidism">Satmar Ḥasidim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a>) mourn on the day because of their opposition to the enterprise of the State of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Yerushalayim—Jerusalem_Day"><span id="Yom_Yerushalayim.E2.80.94Jerusalem_Day"></span>Yom Yerushalayim—Jerusalem Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Yom Yerushalayim—Jerusalem Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Yerushalayim" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Yerushalayim">Yom Yerushalayim</a>: 28 Iyar</li></ul> <p>Jerusalem Day (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום ירושלים</span></span>) marks the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Jerusalem">reunification of Jerusalem</a> under Israeli control during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. This marked the first time in 19 years that the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> was accessible to Jews, and the first time since the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> 1897 years earlier that the Temple Mount was under Jewish political control. </p><p>As with Yom Ha'atzmaut, celebrations of Yom Yerushalayim range from completely secular (including hikes to Jerusalem and a large parade through downtown Jerusalem) to religious (recitation of Hallel and new liturgies). Although Haredim do not participate in the liturgical changes, they are somewhat more likely to celebrate Yom Yerushalayim than the other modern Israeli holidays because of the importance of the liberation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Israel, observance of Yom Yerushalayim is widespread, especially in Orthodox circles. It has not gained as widespread acceptance as Yom Ha'atzmaut, especially among more politically liberal Jews, because of the continuing conflicts over the future of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yom Yerushalayim has not traditionally moved to avoid Shabbat desecration, although in 2012 the Chief Rabbinate began some efforts in that direction.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_HaAliyah—Aliyah_Day"><span id="Yom_HaAliyah.E2.80.94Aliyah_Day"></span>Yom HaAliyah—Aliyah Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Yom HaAliyah—Aliyah Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a>: 10 Nisan</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="3409" /></a><figcaption><i>Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant</i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aliyah Day (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יום העלייה</span></span>) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of Nisan.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day was established to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, immigration to the Jewish state, as a core value of the State of Israel, and honor the ongoing contributions of Olim (immigrants) to Israeli society.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigration to Israel is a recognized religious value of Judaism, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date chosen for Yom HaAliyah, 10 Nisan, has religious significance: it is the day on which Joshua and the Israelites crossed the Jordan River at <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a> into the Promised Land. It was thus the first documented "mass Aliyah".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative date observed in the school system, 7 <a href="/wiki/Heshvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshvan">Heshvan</a>, falls during the week of the Torah portion in which God instructs <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> to leave his home and his family and go up to the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the present time, observance of this day appears to be secular in nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_to_commemorate_the_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Arab_lands_and_Iran">Day to commemorate the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands and Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Day to commemorate the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands and Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a>: 30 November (on the Gregorian calendar)</li></ul> <p>The Knesset established this observance in 2014. The purpose of this observance is to recognize the collective trauma of <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> during the period around the establishment of the State of Israel. Many Mizrachi Jews felt that their own suffering was being ignored, both in comparison to the suffering of <a href="/wiki/European_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="European Jewry">European Jewry</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and in comparison to the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>. The Gregorian-calendar date chosen is the day after the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> was adopted, as that date marked the beginning of concentrated pressure and hostility against the community.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the present time, observance of this day appears to be secular in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Remembrance_Day_for_October_7_Disaster_and_the_Swords_of_Iron_War">National Remembrance Day for October 7 Disaster and the Swords of Iron War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: National Remembrance Day for October 7 Disaster and the Swords of Iron War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>24 Tishrei (25 Tishrei if 24 Tishrei coincides with Shabbat).</li></ul> <p>The Israeli government established this national remembrance day in March 2024. It is designed to be a national remembrance day for those who died in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas War">Israel-Hamas War</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_holidays">Ethnic holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ethnic holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seharane" title="Seharane">Seharane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></div> <p>The Israeli government officially recognizes three traditional holidays of ethnic Jewish communities in Israel. These days are also observed by their respective communities outside Israel. </p> <ul><li><i>Mimouna</i> began as a holiday among <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a>, while similar celebrations also exist among <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Jews">Turkish Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These festivals are observed on the <a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">day after Passover</a>, when the eating of ordinary food ("chametz") resumes. In Israel, the observance of Mimouna has spread widely in recent years; it has been estimated that up to two million Jews who live in Israel now participate in Mimouna celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>On the evening concluding Passover,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the celebration centers on visiting the homes of friends and neighbors, Jewish and non-Jewish. A variety of traditional foods are served, and symbols which represent good luck and prosperity are prominently displayed. The next day, barbecues and picnics are among the most widespread activities of the celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <i>Seharane</i> was celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Kurdish Jews</a> as a multi-day nature festival starting the day after Passover. Communities would leave their villages and camp out for several days, celebrating with eating and drinking, nature walks, singing and dancing.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Its observance was interrupted after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">relocation of this community to Israel in the 1950s</a>. In recent years it has been revived. But because of the already-widespread celebration of Mimouna in Israel, the celebration of the Seharane was moved to <i><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <i>Sigd</i> began among the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a>) community as a variation of the observance of Yom Kippur. Currently <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">that community</a> now observes it in addition to Yom Kippur; its date is 29 <a href="/wiki/Heshvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshvan">Heshvan</a>, 49 days after Yom Kippur. It shares some features of Yom Kippur, Shavuot, and other holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Sigd is modeled on a ceremony of fasting, study and prayer described in Nehemiah 8, when the Jews rededicated themselves to religious observance on return to Israel after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ethiopia, the community would gather on a mountaintop and pray for a return to Jerusalem. The modern Sigd is centered on a promenade overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. The day's observance ends with a celebratory <a href="/wiki/Break_fast" title="Break fast">break fast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad holidays">Chabad holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_greetings#Holidays" title="Jewish greetings">Jewish greetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_observances_set_by_the_Hebrew_calendar" title="List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar">List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gregorian_Jewish-related_and_Israeli_holidays" title="List of Gregorian Jewish-related and Israeli holidays">List of Gregorian Jewish-related and Israeli holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">Religious festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_Torah_readings" title="Yom Tov Torah readings">Yom Tov Torah readings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article focuses on practices of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#The_calendar" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans#Samaritanism" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> also observe the biblical festivals, but not in an identical fashion and not always at exactly the same time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This "negative" (refraining) requirement is paired with a positive requirement to honor and enjoy the Sabbath or festival day. For information on the positive requirements, see <a href="/wiki/Shabbat#Rituals" title="Shabbat">Shabbat: Rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat#Encouraged_activities" title="Shabbat">Shabbat: Encouraged activities</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrying items needed for the holiday in a public domain—more technically, <a href="/wiki/Melacha#Transferring_between_domains" class="mw-redirect" title="Melacha">transferring items between domains</a>—is considered to be a <i>melacha</i> related to food preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burials are also permitted on a yom tov, although not on Shabbat nor Yom Kippur. On the first day of yom tov, burial is prohibited unless the bulk of the associated <i>melacha</i> is done by non-Jews. On the second day of yom tov, including Rosh Hashanah, burial is permitted even if the bulk of the associated <i>melacha</i> is done by Jews. In modern times, it is extremely unusual for a yom tov burial to occur, except on the second day of Rosh Hashanah in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further details are beyond the scope of this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a practice for women to refrain from some types of labor on Rosh Chodesh; see <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh#Rosh_Chodesh_and_women" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh and women</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is especially, though not exclusively, true outside the US. For example, Masorti Judaism in Israel and the UK rejects North American Conservatism's position to permit <a href="/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat#Conservative" title="Driving on Shabbat">driving to synagogue on Shabbat</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism#Reform_Judaism's_Position_on_Jewish_Law" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism's Position on Jewish Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism#Jewish_law_and_tradition" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism (Jewish Law and Tradition)</a>, and references in those articles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Babylonian Talmud (see at <i><a href="/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)" title="Sotah (Talmud)">Sotah</a> 20–21</i>) describes one who fails to do so as a <i>chasid shoteh,</i> a foolishly pious individual.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar practices are still used in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islam</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#The_calendar" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> communities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <i>reasoning</i> did not directly apply in the actual meeting place of the Sanhedrin, but there are other reasons that the <i>practice</i> was applied there as well. See Rambam, <i>Mishnah Torah, Kiddush HaChodesh</i> 5:8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In practice, the Sanhedrin had the discretion to arrange the month proclamations so that Elul would almost never be extended to 30 days. See <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Hashanah (Talmud)">BT Rosh Hashanah</a> 19b, as well as commentators there. This greatly reduced the practical level of doubt as to which day would be the first day of Tishrei. The doubt still existed, so <i>Rosh Hashanah</i> and <i>Sukkot</i> were observed for two days. However, the low level of the doubt–combined with the difficulty of a 49-hour fast–led to the exemption of <i>Yom Kippur</i> from the requirement for a second day of observance. This complex issue is discussed more fully <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/daf-discuss@shemayisrael.co.il/msg02556.html">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are differing opinions as to the location of the International Date Line for purposes of Jewish law. Accordingly, some <i>halachic</i> authorities do have doubts as to which (secular) day of the week should be considered Shabbat in some Pacific islands. See <a href="/wiki/International_date_line_in_Judaism" title="International date line in Judaism">International date line in Judaism</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is, conventional (Rabbinic) Jews. <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> regard <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> as the holiest day of the year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasting begins at religious majority–age 13 for boys and age 12 for girls. Fasting is prohibited for a variety of medical reasons (<i>e.g.,</i> for nursing mothers, diabetics, people with anorexia nervosa, etc.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some customs around cessation of work do exist–particularly work by women during the period the candles are burning. See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/105100/jewish/Working-on-Chanukah.htm">Eliyahu Kitov, "Working on Chanukah"</a>, retrieved November 8, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The game of dreidel itself, though, is likely of much later origin. See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Hanukkah/At_Home/Dreidel.shtml">David Golinkin, "The Origin of the Dreidel" at myjewishlearning.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220113056/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Hanukkah/At_Home/Dreidel.shtml">Archived</a> December 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed November 8, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanukkah and Christmas fall out during the same period of the year, but are not related religiously.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The requirement to drink at the Purim Se'udah does not create license for dangerous or immoral behavior. See <a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking" title="Purim"><i>Se'udat Purim</i></a>, as well as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Rossman_and_Shlomo_Yaros2004" class="citation web cs1">Josh Rossman and Shlomo Yaros (March 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063005/http://koltorah.org/Volume%2013/24%20Tetzaveh%20and%20Purim.htm#Author4">"Baruch Haman, Arur Mordechai"</a>. <i>Kol Torah, Vol. 13 No. 24</i>. Torah Academy of Bergen County. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koltorah.org/Volume%2013/24%20Tetzaveh%20and%20Purim.htm#Author4">the original</a> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kol+Torah%2C+Vol.+13+No.+24&rft.atitle=Baruch+Haman%2C+Arur+Mordechai&rft.date=2004-03-06&rft.au=Josh+Rossman+and+Shlomo+Yaros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koltorah.org%2FVolume%252013%2F24%2520Tetzaveh%2520and%2520Purim.htm%23Author4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Spitzer" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey Spitzer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109090647/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Purim/At_Home/Meal/Drinking_on_Purim.shtml">"Drinking on Purim"</a>. <i>MyJewishLearning.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Purim/At_Home/Meal/Drinking_on_Purim.shtml">the original</a> on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyJewishLearning.com&rft.atitle=Drinking+on+Purim&rft.au=Jeffrey+Spitzer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fholidays%2FJewish_Holidays%2FPurim%2FAt_Home%2FMeal%2FDrinking_on_Purim.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One common suggestion is that the custom comes from Esther's hiding her family background when first brought to the palace.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3302.htm#10">Esther 2:10</a>). See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriela_Pelaia" class="citation web cs1">Ariela Pelaia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118220116/http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/Purim.htm">"Purim–Jewish Holiday of Purim"</a>. <i>about.com Judaism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/Purim.htm">the original</a> on November 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com+Judaism&rft.atitle=Purim%E2%80%93Jewish+Holiday+of+Purim&rft.au=Ariela+Pelaia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.about.com%2Fod%2Fholidays%2Fa%2FPurim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Yair_Hoffman2010" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Yair Hoffman (February 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vosizneias.com/50116/2010/02/25/new-york-purim-costumes-%E2%80%93-a-history-%E2%80%93-reasons-and-origins">"New York–Purim Costumes–A History–Reasons and Origins"</a>. <i>Vos iz Neias.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vos+iz+Neias.com&rft.atitle=New+York%E2%80%93Purim+Costumes%E2%80%93A+History%E2%80%93Reasons+and+Origins&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.au=Rabbi+Yair+Hoffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vosizneias.com%2F50116%2F2010%2F02%2F25%2Fnew-york-purim-costumes-%25E2%2580%2593-a-history-%25E2%2580%2593-reasons-and-origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span>, for another theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of the Torah itself uses the term <i>Pesach</i> to refer to the <i><a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">Korban Pesach</a></i>, the offering of the paschal lamb, as well as the day that the sacrifice is offered—14 Nisan. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#5">Leviticus 23:5</a>. The long pilgrimage festival of 15–21 Nisan is always called <i>Ḥag haMatzot,</i> or "Festival of Unleavened Bread"; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#6">Lev. 23:6</a>. This distinction is still made in Karaite Judaism and in Samaritanism. In conventional Rabbinic Judaism the term <i>Pesach</i> now commonly refers to the pilgrimage festival itself, although the text of the liturgy continues to use the name <i>Ḥag haMatzot</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exactly what this means is disputed. See <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn#Qualifications_for_fasting" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn (Qualifications for fasting)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Halachic authorities say that a meal associated with a <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a> is for sure a seudat mitzvah for these purposes, and they are debate whether a <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Siyum_Masechet" title="Seudat mitzvah"><i>siyum</i></a> is enough. Nevertheless, the common practice is to allow for a siyyum, a meal celebrating the conclusion of substantial study of Talmud, and this is what is usually done since there is great flexibility around scheduling such an event.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karomer-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karomer_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karomer_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karomer_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the source text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#11">Lev. 23:11</a>, normative Jewish practice identifies the start of the Omer period as the second day of Passover, or 16 Nisan. (See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/489"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Shulchan_Aruch/Orach_Chaim/489"><i>Shulchan Aruch OC 489</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shulchan+Aruch+OC+489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span>) Based on the same source text, Karaite practice identifies this as the first Sunday on or after 16 Nisan, and therefore places Shavuot on the eighth Sunday on or after 16 Nisan—both as reckoned on the Karaite calendar. (See <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#Sephirath_Ha‘Omer_and_Shavu‘oth" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism: Sephirath Ha‘Omer and Shavu‘oth</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neither the Torah nor the Talmud specifies Sefirah as a mourning period. However, there is evidence that this custom was in place by the era of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, which ended around 1040 CE. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2006" class="citation web cs1">Kahn, Rabbi Ari (February 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/o/33o/48970241.html">"Rebbe Akiva's 24,000 Students"</a>. <i>aish.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aish.com&rft.atitle=Rebbe+Akiva%27s+24%2C000+Students&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2Fo%2F33o%2F48970241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'anit (tractate)">Ta'anit</a></i> 4:5 states that the walls were breached on this date during the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> period as well, notwithstanding the text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1139.htm#2">Jeremiah 39:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.,</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_David_Golinkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rabbi David Golinkin, ed. (1998). <i>Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970</i>. Vol. III. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Halakhah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Committee+on+Jewish+Law+and+Standards+of+the+Conservative+Movement+1927%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Rabbinical+Assembly+and+The+Institute+of+Applied+Halakhah&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span>. Based on these responsa, many Conservative rabbis will only perform small weddings in the rabbi's study between 1–9 Av.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Private fasts are beyond the scope of this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Inter alia</i>: <ul><li>Non-orthodox: <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism" title="Union for Traditional Judaism">Union for Traditional Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a></li> <li>Religious Zionist: <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bnai_Akiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bnai Akiva">Bnai Akiva</a></li> <li>Modern Orthodox: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Union of Orthodox Congregations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The uprising began on 14 Nisan, Passover eve. There was sufficient opposition to the selection of that date for the memorial that its observance was moved to 27 Nisan, approximately halfway between the end of Passover and Yom Ha'Atzmaut, and still within the period of the uprising. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050356/http://history1900s.about.com/cs/holocaust/a/yomhashoah.htm">"Holocaust Remembrance Day"</a>. <i>about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/cs/holocaust/a/yomhashoah.htm">the original</a> on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Remembrance+Day&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory1900s.about.com%2Fcs%2Fholocaust%2Fa%2Fyomhashoah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In contrast, <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a> is observed on January 27, the day the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> camp was liberated in 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Along with the <i>ḥaredi</i> resistance to new days of commemoration, there is a reluctance to introduce unnecessary mourning during the month of Nisan (<a href="#Month_of_Nisan">see above</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chutz-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chutz_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chutz_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These changes are not uniformly observed by communities outside Israel, where the ceremonies are not official in nature. And, in fact, sometimes observances outside of Israel are moved to nearby non-working days (like Sundays) to encourage participation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As early as 1940, 4 Iyar had been established as a memorial day for victims of Arab attacks. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpress.org.il/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TAUHe&BaseHref=DAV/1940/05/06&EntityId=Ar00120&ViewMode=HTML"><bdi lang="he">לישוב</bdi></a> [Notice to the Yishuv]. <i><a href="/wiki/Davar" title="Davar">Davar</a></i> (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. May 6, 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Davar&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91&rft.date=1940-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpress.org.il%2FDefault%2FScripting%2FArticleWin.asp%3FFrom%3DArchive%26Skin%3DTAUHe%26BaseHref%3DDAV%2F1940%2F05%2F06%26EntityId%3DAr00120%26ViewMode%3DHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When this is Friday night in Israel, the celebration is deferred until after Shabbat.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yom+tov">"yom tov"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valid at least from 1999 to 2050. Outside this period the ranges for the holidays in the months from Kislev to Adar I might be slightly larger. After 2089 the early dates will be a day later, and after 2213 the last dates will be a day later.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly April 6 or 7, but not in 1999–2050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly 8 May, but not in 1999–2050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly 14 April, but not in 1999–2050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly 16 May, but not in 1999–2050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>, Moshe ben Maimon, vol. 1, Jerusalem, 1974, s.v. <i>Shevitat Yom-Tov</i> 1:1 (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arachim.org/ArticleDetail.asp?ArticleID=197">"מעגל השנה"</a>. <i>arachim.org</i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arachim.org&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arachim.org%2FArticleDetail.asp%3FArticleID%3D197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeshivacollege.co.za/girls-high-school/">Kodesh Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_College_of_South_Africa" title="Yeshiva College of South Africa">Yeshiva College of South Africa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinuch.org/item_detail/Maagal-Hashanah">Ma'agal Hashanah</a>, chinuch.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See text from the Yom Kippur <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> available at <a href="/wiki/Unetanneh_Tokef#He_Judges_Us" title="Unetanneh Tokef">Unetanneh Tokef (He Judges Us)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Beitza" title="Beitza">Beitza</a> 12a and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/495"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Shulchan_Aruch/Orach_Chaim/495"><i>Shulchan Aruch OC 495:1</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shulchan+Aruch+OC+495%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Beitza" title="Beitza">Beitza</a> 6a and <a href="/wiki/Igrot_Moshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Igrot Moshe">Igrot Moshe</a> OC III, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins" class="citation cs2">Nevins, Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/2011-2020/electrical-electronic-devices-shabbat.pdf"><i>The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Electrical+and+Electronic+Devices+on+Shabbat&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2Fhalakhah%2Fteshuvot%2F2011-2020%2Felectrical-electronic-devices-shabbat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span>, as an illustration both on general concepts and on specific rulings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is widely recognized as true. The best objective source is probably <i>Jewish Identity and Religious Commitment: The North American Study of Conservative Synagogues and Their Members, 1995–96,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Jack Wertheimer</a>, 1997, Ratner Center for the Study of Conservative Judaism. But reliable, updated figures are difficult to come by.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">YU</a> Torah <i>shiurim</i> on <i>Pikuach Nefesh:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/Pikuach%20Nefesh%20Part%20I.html">Part I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/Pikuach%20Nefesh%20Part%20II.html">Part II</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/Pikuach%20Nefesh%20Part%20III.html">Part III</a>, accessed July 11, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodenough1968" class="citation book cs1">Goodenough, E.R. (1968). <i>Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period</i> (Abridged ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 81–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5289-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Symbols+in+the+Greco-Roman+Period&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=81-115&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5289-5&rft.aulast=Goodenough&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, in general, <a href="/wiki/Rambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambam">Rambam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishnah Torah">Mishnah Torah</a>, Kiddush HaChodesh,</i> Chapters 3 and 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Rosh Hashanah/Chapter 1/3"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mishnah/Seder_Moed/Tractate_Rosh_Hashanah/Chapter_1/3"><i>Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:3</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah+Rosh+Hashanah+1%3A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambam, <i>Mishnah Torah, Kiddush HaChodesh</i> 5:9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambam, <i>Mishnah Torah, Kiddush HaChodesh</i> 3:12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccarnet.org/responsa/nyp-no-5759-7/">"The Second Festival Day and Reform Judaism (Responsum 5759.7)"</a>. <i>CCAR Responsa</i>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CCAR+Responsa&rft.atitle=The+Second+Festival+Day+and+Reform+Judaism+%28Responsum+5759.7%29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccarnet.org%2Fresponsa%2Fnyp-no-5759-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span>. See in particular footnotes 1 and 2 to the responsum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/rosh-hashanah-customs">"Rosh Hashanah: Customs"</a>. <i>ReformJudaism.org</i>. Union for Reform Judaism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=Rosh+Hashanah%3A+Customs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org%2Frosh-hashanah-customs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/4685/jewish/Elul.htm">"The Month of Elul: Stocktaking and Introspection"</a>. Chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Month+of+Elul%3A+Stocktaking+and+Introspection&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2FJewishNewYear%2Ftemplate_cdo%2Faid%2F4685%2Fjewish%2FElul.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (BT) <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a> 16a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> Rosh Hashanah 1:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">liturgical poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Unetanneh_Tokef" title="Unetanneh Tokef">Unetanneh Tokef</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></i> (holiday prayer book) for Rosh Hashanah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PinchasRH-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinchasRH_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0429.htm#1">Numbers 29:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See BT Rosh Hashanah 10b. The other opinion is that the creation was completed on 1 Nisan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mishnah/Seder_Moed/Tractate_Rosh_Hashanah/Chapter_1/1" class="extiw" title="s:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Rosh Hashanah/Chapter 1/1">Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambam Hilkhot Bekhorot 7:6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambam">Rambam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Laws of Repentance 2:6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1141.htm#1">Jeremiah 41:1</a>, <i>ff.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosh Hashanah 18b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fast_Liturgy-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fast_Liturgy_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Amidah#Fast_days" title="Amidah">Amidah (Fast Days)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avinu_Malkenu" class="mw-redirect" title="Avinu Malkenu">Avinu Malkenu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selichot#Selichot_of_Fast_Days" title="Selichot">Selichot of Fast Days</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tubav-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tubav_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tubav_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachum_Mohl" class="citation web cs1">Nachum Mohl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.co.il/136mag/tu_bav_yom_kippur/tu_bav_yom_kippur.htm">"The Fifteenth Av and Yom Kippur"</a>. <i>www.jewishmag.co.il</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishmag.co.il&rft.atitle=The+Fifteenth+Av+and+Yom+Kippur&rft.au=Nachum+Mohl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.co.il%2F136mag%2Ftu_bav_yom_kippur%2Ftu_bav_yom_kippur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#42">Leviticus 23:42</a> and other places</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#40">Leviticus 23:40</a> and other places</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shawna-dolansky/the-truth-about-hanukah_b_1165708.html">Shawna Dolansky, "The Truth(s) About Hanukkah”, <i>The Huffington Post,</i> December 23, 2011</a>, accessed most recently November 8, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tractate <a href="/wiki/Orlah_(Mishnayoth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlah (Mishnayoth)">Orlah</a> is dedicated to these topics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish religion">Jewish religion</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exegesis">Jewish exegesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, there are four types of <b>Jewish New Years</b>: the order of these presents a sort of <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence in Judaism">providential</a> chronology</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And in this month you are free; it is said: "This will be the beginning of the months for you"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrash Rabbah">Midrash Rabbah</a> 2,19–25</cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>: <i>freedom for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a></i>: "In the beginning all the beginnings began in <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>" (All the precepts or Mitzvot are in fact "a seal" of the Exodus from Egypt).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>: also called <i>Feast of the first fruits</i>, it is also the moment of the gift of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a> it teaches us that we should count our days and ultimately give "a full account" for each day of our life. Not a day is destined to be thwarted, God forbid, as implied by the verse "Count for yourselves ... seven full weeks" (<i><a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 23:15</i>). The Counting of the Omer also prepares us for Shavuot, the festival commemorating the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. The Torah is acquired by "counting each day", that is: living each day by filling it with <i>good deeds</i> that testify to our attempts to serve God. The Torah calls this process "counting the Omer": an <i>omer</i> is a "measure" which alludes to the idea that our days are numbered and we should "measure ourselves" with our abilities and responsibilities, furthermore the Counting of the Omer instills hope in all those who despair: "What good would my efforts be if I do not get nothing?" So, if we recognize that every day must be taken into account, we will not let a day pass without trying to do just the good (<a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>, <i>Likutey Halakhot VIII, 126b-127a et 130b</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Bishvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Bishvat">Tu Bishvat</a>: also known as <i>New Year of the trees</i>. The tree is considered as a <i>being in itself</i>: although it has roots, it is constituted in such a way as to produce fruits ... So too is the human being, by nature "independent", even though he is considered <i>... as a being alone [with his wife]</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a> in fact allow us to understand this correlation: even the <i>tree of the Sefirot</i> (the "Sefirotic system" represents an overall exhaustive totality) is just like the human being as a couple of male and female to give for family and the trees themselves are in fact allow living beings to benefit from their fruit. In the "Good Talmud-opposition" between <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillel" title="Hillel">Hillel</a> Tu Bishvat is on first or 15 of <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a>: we know that Hillel-<a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">Halakhah</a> is correct but we "see" the symbolic-system of Seder of Tu Bishvat like all 13 exegetical-modality to study the Torah, i.e. the beninning of Creation and first dogmas of first true archetypal-essence of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>: <b>1 Shevat – Moses repeats the Torah</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 1:3</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaShanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh HaShanah">Rosh HaShanah</a>: also called <i>New Year of kings</i>. Rosh HaShanah is also called <i>Yom HaZikaron</i> ("Remembrance Day"), because on this day the divine judgment in favor of the Jewish people is sealed again for life: the homiletical meaning of the "seal in the Book of Life" recalls the defined <a href="/wiki/Sefirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefirah">Sefirah</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27at" title="Da'at">Da'at</a></i> ("knowledge") (<i>Likutey Halakhot III, p.202a</i>).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, just as one example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinat2011" class="citation web cs1">Rinat, Zafrir (January 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israelis-go-green-for-tu-bishvat-1.338092">"Israelis Go Green For Tu Bishvat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israelis+Go+Green+For+Tu+Bishvat&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.aulast=Rinat&rft.aufirst=Zafrir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisraelis-go-green-for-tu-bishvat-1.338092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3304.htm#16">Esther 4:16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#2">Esther 9:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E9-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E9_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E9_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#1">Esther 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> 7b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Katz" class="citation web cs1">Lisa Katz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072754/http://judaism.about.com/od/purim/a/purim_play.htm">"Purim Shpiels"</a>. <i>about.com Judaism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/od/purim/a/purim_play.htm">the original</a> on January 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com+Judaism&rft.atitle=Purim+Shpiels&rft.au=Lisa+Katz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.about.com%2Fod%2Fpurim%2Fa%2Fpurim_play.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally, "until you don't know", a phrase from (Babylonian Talmud) Megillah 7b about drinking on Purim. See <a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking" title="Purim">Purim (Purim meal [se'udah] and festive drinking)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theicenter.org/resource/adloyadah-%E2%80%93-purim-parade-israel">"ADLOYADA-The Purim Parade in Israel"</a>. <i>theicenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theicenter.org&rft.atitle=ADLOYADA-The+Purim+Parade+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theicenter.org%2Fresource%2Fadloyadah-%25E2%2580%2593-purim-parade-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud: <i>Megillah</i> 2b, 3b, 10b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Mashechet <a href="/wiki/Soferim_(Talmud)" title="Soferim (Talmud)">Soferim</a></i> 21:3 and BT <a href="/wiki/Menachot" title="Menachot">Menachot</a> 65, discussed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafyomi.co.il/menachos/insites/mn-dt-065.htm">"Insights to the Daf—Menachos 65"</a>. <i>dafyomi.co.il</i>. Kollel Iyun Hadaf of Yerushalayim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dafyomi.co.il&rft.atitle=Insights+to+the+Daf%E2%80%94Menachos+65&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafyomi.co.il%2Fmenachos%2Finsites%2Fmn-dt-065.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span> which differ in their explanation for the custom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenger" class="citation web cs1">Wenger, Eliezer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/260800/jewish/The-Laws-Concerning-the-Thirty-Days-before-Passover.htm">"The Laws Concerning the Thirty Days before Passover"</a>. <i>chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Laws+Concerning+the+Thirty+Days+before+Passover&rft.aulast=Wenger&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F260800%2Fjewish%2FThe-Laws-Concerning-the-Thirty-Days-before-Passover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pesahim-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pesahim_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pesahim_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Talmud tractate <a href="/wiki/Pesa%E1%B8%A5im" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesaḥim">Pesaḥim</a> in both the Mishnah and Gemara, among many sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Masechet Soferim</i> 21:3 and <i>Shulḥan Aruch Oraḥ Ḥayyim</i> 470:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#14">Exodus 12:14</a> and following verses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2005" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (November 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqClWOhqso0C&q=%22collective+memory%22&pg=PA45"><i>The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828927" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828927"><bdi>9780802828927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+After+Babel%3A+Historical+Criticism+in+a+Postmodern+Age&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005-11-15&rft.isbn=9780802828927&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqClWOhqso0C%26q%3D%2522collective%2Bmemory%2522%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#39">Ex. 12:39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Chametz#Stringency" title="Chametz">Chametz (Stringency)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chametz#Removal_of_chametz" title="Chametz">Chametz (Removal of Chametz)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishdatabank.org/studies/details.cfm?StudyID=307"><i>National Jewish Population Survey 2000-1</i></a>, Berman Jewish DataBank, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Jewish+Population+Survey+2000-1&rft.pub=Berman+Jewish+DataBank&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishdatabank.org%2Fstudies%2Fdetails.cfm%3FStudyID%3D307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span>(survey from the United States).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#15">Ex. 12:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9875/showrashi/true">"Rashi on Exodus 14:5"</a>. <i>chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=Rashi+on+Exodus+14%3A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Fbible_cdo%2Faid%2F9875%2Fshowrashi%2Ftrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0409.htm#1">Numbers 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omersource-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omersource_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omersource_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omersource_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#9">Leviticus 23:9–17</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#9">Deuteronomy 16:9–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Ezra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402082855/http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/emor/019.htm">"Count Up"</a>. <i>www.tfdixie.com</i>. Torah from Dixie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/emor/019.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tfdixie.com&rft.atitle=Count+Up&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfdixie.com%2Fparshat%2Femor%2F019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sefira-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sefira_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sefira_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sefira_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/489"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Shulchan_Aruch/Orach_Chaim/489"><i>Shulchan Aruch OC 489</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shulchan+Aruch+OC+489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2010" class="citation web cs1">Travis, Rabbi Daniel Yaakov (April 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501164650/http://www.beyondbt.com/2012/05/09/mournings-end-understanding-sefira-and-lag-bomer/">"Mourning's End – Understanding Sefira and Lag B'Omer"</a>. Beyond BT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondbt.com/2012/05/09/mournings-end-understanding-sefira-and-lag-bomer">the original</a> on May 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mourning%27s+End+%E2%80%93+Understanding+Sefira+and+Lag+B%27Omer&rft.pub=Beyond+BT&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Daniel+Yaakov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondbt.com%2F2012%2F05%2F09%2Fmournings-end-understanding-sefira-and-lag-bomer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peter-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peter_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peter_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA283"><i>The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 283–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7"><bdi>3-16-148076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+against+Rome&rft.pages=283-286&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-16-148076-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoff" class="citation web cs1">Rossoff, Dovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/10mag/israel/israel.htm">"Meron on Lag B'Omer"</a>. The Jewish Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meron+on+Lag+B%27Omer&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Magazine&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F10mag%2Fisrael%2Fisrael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3540212,00.html">"Lag B'Omer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a></i>. May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Lag+B%27Omer&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3540212%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0232.htm#1">Exodus 32:1</a> <i>ff.,</i> counting forty days from <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taanit46-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taanit46_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taanit46_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h29.htm"><i>Ta'anit</i> 4:6</a> (reference in Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3201.htm#3">Lamentations 1:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa551-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sa551_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa551_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa551_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa551_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch/Orach_Chaim/551" class="extiw" title="s:Shulchan Aruch/Orach Chaim/551">Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 551</a></i> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shulchan+Aruch+Orach+Chaim+551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109090525/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ask_the_expert/at/Ask_the_Expert_wedding_timing.shtml">"Ask the Expert: Wedding Timing"</a>. <i>MyJewishLearning.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ask_the_expert/at/Ask_the_Expert_wedding_timing.shtml">the original</a> on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyJewishLearning.org&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Expert%3A+Wedding+Timing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fask_the_expert%2Fat%2FAsk_the_Expert_wedding_timing.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSA-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSA_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSA_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%A7%D7%9B%D7%93#.28.D7.99.D7.91.29">Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 124 (Hebrew Wikisource)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially Mishnah Ta'anit 1:4–2:6 and the Gemara on it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah Ta'anit 4:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6033-fasting-and-fast-days">"Fasting and Fast Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fasting+and+Fast+Days&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6033-fasting-and-fast-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weinfast-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weinfast_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWein" class="citation web cs1">Wein, Rabbi Berel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509081738/http://torah.org/features/holydays/daysoffasting.html">"Days of Fasting"</a>. <i>torah.org</i>. Project Genesis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/features/holydays/daysoffasting.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=torah.org&rft.atitle=Days+of+Fasting&rft.aulast=Wein&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Berel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torah.org%2Ffeatures%2Fholydays%2Fdaysoffasting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2010" class="citation news cs1">Mandel, Jonah (November 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Chief-rabbis-call-for-day-of-fasting-prayers-for-rain">"Chief rabbis call for day of fasting, prayers for rain"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Chief+rabbis+call+for+day+of+fasting%2C+prayers+for+rain&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewish-World%2FJewish-News%2FChief-rabbis-call-for-day-of-fasting-prayers-for-rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0428.htm#15">Numbers 28:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=74&letter=Y">"Yom Kippur Katan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yom+Kippur+Katan&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D74%26letter%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdshoah-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tdshoah_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdshoah_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/jewish/yom-hashoah">"Yom HaShoah"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Yom+HaShoah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fjewish%2Fyom-hashoah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anchor1-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anchor1_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anchor1_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Matthew (April 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=99553">"An anchor for national mourning"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=An+anchor+for+national+mourning&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FFeatures%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D99553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Sheldon (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109090614/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Hashoah/Observances/Holocaust_Scroll.shtml">"Holocaust Scroll"</a>. <i>The Jewish Forward</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Hashoah/Observances/Holocaust_Scroll.shtml">the original</a> on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Forward&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Scroll&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fholidays%2FJewish_Holidays%2FModern_Holidays%2FYom_Hashoah%2FObservances%2FHolocaust_Scroll.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ken-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ken_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/eng/memorial_day_eng.htm">Memorial Day for Israel's Fallen Soldiers</a>, Knesset official website. Retrieved April 25, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izkor.gov.il"><bdi lang="he">נזכור את כולם</bdi></a> [Remember them all]. <i>www.izkor.gov.il</i> (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of Defense<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.izkor.gov.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izkor.gov.il&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span> See, in particular, this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izkor.gov.il/Page.aspx?pid=60">sub-page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143633/http://www.izkor.gov.il/Page.aspx?pid=60">Archived</a> October 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512133523/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Hazikaron.shtml">"Yom Hazikaron: Israel's Memorial Day"</a>. <i>www.myjewishlearning.com</i>. My Jewish Learning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Hazikaron.shtml">the original</a> on May 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.myjewishlearning.com&rft.atitle=Yom+Hazikaron%3A+Israel%27s+Memorial+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fholidays%2FJewish_Holidays%2FModern_Holidays%2FYom_Hazikaron.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdind-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdind_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/jewish/yom-haatzmaut">"Yom HaAtzmaut"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Yom+HaAtzmaut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fjewish%2Fyom-haatzmaut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haber-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haber_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haber_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber" class="citation web cs1">Haber, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725124922/http://www.mevaseret.org/mmy/Shiurim/Rabbi%20Haber/Yom%20HaAtzmaut%20in%20Halacha%20and%20Hashkafa.htm">"Yom HaAtzmaut and Yom Yerushalayim in Halacha and Hashkafa"</a>. <i>www.mevaseret.org</i>. Yeshivat Shaarei Mevaseret Zion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mevaseret.org/mmy/Shiurim/Rabbi%20Haber/Yom%20HaAtzmaut%20in%20Halacha%20and%20Hashkafa.htm">the original</a> on July 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mevaseret.org&rft.atitle=Yom+HaAtzmaut+and+Yom+Yerushalayim+in+Halacha+and+Hashkafa&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mevaseret.org%2Fmmy%2FShiurim%2FRabbi%2520Haber%2FYom%2520HaAtzmaut%2520in%2520Halacha%2520and%2520Hashkafa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism#ZH" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism (Groups that support Zionism)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttman2007" class="citation cs2">Guttman, Moishe (March 14, 2007), "Zealots and Zionism", <i>Mishpacha</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mishpacha&rft.atitle=Zealots+and+Zionism&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft.aulast=Guttman&rft.aufirst=Moishe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mazornet.com/holidays/YomYerushalayim/celebrate.htm">"Yom Yerushalayim:The Celebration"</a>. <i>www.mazornet.com</i>. MazorGuide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mazornet.com&rft.atitle=Yom+Yerushalayim%3AThe+Celebration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mazornet.com%2Fholidays%2FYomYerushalayim%2Fcelebrate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812050748/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.shtml">"Yom Yerushalayim, Jerusalem Day"</a>. <i>MyJewishLearning.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.shtml">the original</a> on August 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyJewishLearning.com&rft.atitle=Yom+Yerushalayim%2C+Jerusalem+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fholidays%2FJewish_Holidays%2FModern_Holidays%2FYom_Yerushalayim.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matzav.com/yom-yerushalayim-and-lag-baomer-events-postponed-a-day-due-to-chillul-shabbos">"Yom Yerushalayim and Lag Ba'omer Events Postponed a Day Due to Chillul Shabbos"</a>. <i>Matzav.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jafi.org.il&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Sigd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jafi.org.il%2FJewishAgency%2FEnglish%2FJewish%2BEducation%2FCompelling%2BContent%2FJewish%2BTime%2FFestivals%2Band%2BMemorial%2BDays%2Fsigd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b08.htm#1">Nehemiah 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsai2012" class="citation news cs1">Afsai, Shai (December 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/The-Sigd-Festival-comes-home-to-Jerusalem">"The Sigd Festival comes home to Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+Sigd+Festival+comes+home+to+Jerusalem&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Afsai&rft.aufirst=Shai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FOp-Ed-Contributors%2FThe-Sigd-Festival-comes-home-to-Jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+holidays" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brofsky, David. <i>Hilkhot Moadim: Understanding the Laws of the Festivals</i>. Jerusalem: Koren Publishers, 2013.</li> <li>Greenberg, Irving. <i>The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays</i>. New York: Touchstone, 1988.</li> <li>Renberg, Dalia H. <i>The Complete Family Guide to Jewish Holidays</i>. New York: Adama, 1985.</li> <li>Strassfeld, Michael. <i>The Jewish Holidays: A Guide and Commentary</i>. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_holidays&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishholidaysonline.com">Jewish Holidays Online</a> List of all Jewish holidays for the current year (or any given year)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebcal.com/">Jewish holiday calendars & Hebrew date converter</a>. Hebcal home page. Interactive Jewish calendar with candle lighting times and Torah readings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebcal.com/holidays/">Jewish Holidays</a> Hebcal. Major and Minor holidays and fasts for 6 Jewish year</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishcolumbus.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/JEWISH-HOLIDAY-CALENDAR-2018-2022.pdf">Four-year calendar of major Jewish holidays; Summary Explanation of the Jewish Holidays</a>. JewishColumbus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/">Jewish Holidays. Upcoming Holidays</a>, links to others; at <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/jos/josfest.htm">JewishGen Jewish Festival Dates calculator of the dates of Jewish holidays</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407064324/http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Jewish-Holidays-A-Primer.html">Jewish Holidays: A Primer</a> Patheos</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli</a> holidays and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish<br />holidays and<br />observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage<br />Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli public<br />holidays</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Israeli ethnic</a><br />holidays</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li>Seharane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew months</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar and Adar Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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