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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Greengard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 52 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بول غرينغارد – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول غرينغارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پائول گرینگارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پائول گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পল গ্রিনগার্ড – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল গ্রিনগার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грынгард – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Грынгард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грийнгард – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Грийнгард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Πολ Γκρίνγκαρντ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολ Γκρίνγκαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پال گرینگارد – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پال گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴 그린가드 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 그린가드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פול גרינגרד – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול גרינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Greengard" title="Paulus Greengard – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Greengard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="პოლ გრინგარდი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლ გრინგარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بول جرينجارد – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول جرينجارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پال گرینگارد – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پال گرینگارد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ポール・グリーンガード – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・グリーンガード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پال گرینگارڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال گرینگارڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Грингард, Пол – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грингард, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грингард – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пол Грингард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Greengard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пол Грінгард – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Грінгард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پاول گرین گارڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول گرین گارڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Paul Greengard <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobelmedalj.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin 2000"><img alt="Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin 2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/20px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/30px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/40px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Paul_Greengard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Paul_Greengard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="275" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/11_december" title="11 december">11 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a><sup id="cite_ref-f7dcfc1d7986a960eaa15b5124b864d4592004b5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f7dcfc1d7986a960eaa15b5124b864d4592004b5-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6bc3d5d2ee830967b3dfe39674cc508eeb49b152_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6bc3d5d2ee830967b3dfe39674cc508eeb49b152-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-903edc0b03799ac497e0abdb9acc55f3513ab73e_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-903edc0b03799ac497e0abdb9acc55f3513ab73e-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/13_april" title="13 april">13 april</a> <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a><sup id="cite_ref-b2c2b1214ae9699bddbd4789c2a613963bfc9e0e_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2c2b1214ae9699bddbd4789c2a613963bfc9e0e-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e91de57cd804a01ac4bfda44c2ab862ad81b528c_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e91de57cd804a01ac4bfda44c2ab862ad81b528c-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9c0b3242ecf5ed03e38c139268e2fd9115827a09_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9c0b3242ecf5ed03e38c139268e2fd9115827a09-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (93 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, USA</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton College [inte skriven än]">Hamilton College</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309979?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Biokemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biokemist">Biokemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmakolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmakolog">farmakolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroforskare" title="Neuroforskare">neuroforskare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A4rare" title="Universitetslärare">universitetslärare</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Cambridge" title="Universitetet i Cambridge">Universitetet i Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Maka</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursula_von_Rydingsvard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursula von Rydingsvard [inte skriven än]">Ursula von Rydingsvard</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Föräldrar</th><td class="" style="">Pearl Meister Greengard</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dickson-priset_i_medicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dickson-priset i medicin [inte skriven än]">Dickson-priset i medicin</a><small> (1978)</small><br />Bristol-Myers Squibb Award för framstående prestation inom neurovetenskaplig forskning<small> (1989)</small><sup id="cite_ref-41ae676195eede326436aee17569284e0673d874_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41ae676195eede326436aee17569284e0673d874-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Bengt Winblad Lifetime Achievement Award in Alzheimer’s Disease Research<small> (1990)</small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAS_Award_in_the_Neurosciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAS Award in the Neurosciences [inte skriven än]">NAS Award in the Neurosciences</a><small> (1991)</small><sup id="cite_ref-cb7955c05b89668a67cefc3798c3137ad7959fc7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb7955c05b89668a67cefc3798c3137ad7959fc7-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Spencer_Lashley_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Spencer Lashley Award [inte skriven än]">Karl Spencer Lashley Award</a><small> (1993)</small><sup id="cite_ref-2be00716b6107934062f081055fca5e85e6310fc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2be00716b6107934062f081055fca5e85e6310fc-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_W._Gerard-priset_i_neurovetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph W. Gerard-priset i neurovetenskap [inte skriven än]">Ralph W. Gerard-priset i neurovetenskap</a><small> (1994)</small><sup id="cite_ref-57a6faf6b80e6c323f22042c240e9d51fcd39446_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57a6faf6b80e6c323f22042c240e9d51fcd39446-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</a><small> (2000)</small><sup id="cite_ref-0a74bda0d0c13ea8e30f27ecc98788187af0417f_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0a74bda0d0c13ea8e30f27ecc98788187af0417f-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Paul_Greengard" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Paul Greengard">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Greengard</b>, född <a href="/wiki/11_december" title="11 december">11 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> i <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, död <a href="/wiki/13_april" title="13 april">13 april</a> <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a> på <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> i New York,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> var en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Biolog" title="Biolog">biolog</a>. Han tilldelades år 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin</a>, för sina "<i>upptäckter rörande signalsubstanser i nervsystemet</i>". Han delade priset med landsmannen <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" title="Eric R. Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a> och svensken <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a>. </p><p>Signalerna från en nervcell till en annan överförs med hjälp av olika <a href="/wiki/Signalsubstans" title="Signalsubstans">signalsubstanser</a>. Signalöverföringen sker i speciella kontaktpunkter, <a href="/wiki/Synaps" title="Synaps">synapser</a>. En enda nervcell kan ha tusentals kontaktpunkter med andra nervceller. Arvid Carlsson upptäckte att <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a> är en sådan signalsubstans i hjärnan och att dopamin har stor betydelse för kontroll av våra rörelser. Hans forskningsrön ledde i sin tur till insikten att <a href="/wiki/Parkinsons_sjukdom" title="Parkinsons sjukdom">Parkinsons sjukdom</a> orsakas av dopaminbrist i vissa delar av hjärnan och till att man kunde få fram ett effektivt läkemedel (<a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">L-dopa</a>) mot denna sjukdom. </p><p>Paul Greengard upptäckte hur dopamin och en rad andra signalsubstanser utövar sina effekter i nervsystemet. Signalsubstanserna påverkar först en receptor på cellens yta. Det utlöser en kaskad av reaktioner som påverkar vissa "nyckelproteiner" som i sin tur reglerar olika funktioner i cellen. Proteinernas form och funktion förändras genom att fosfatgrupper tillförs (fosforylering) eller tas bort (defosforylering). Genom denna mekanism kan signalsubstanser överföra sina budskap mellan nervceller. </p><p>Eric Kandel upptäckte sedan hur synapsernas effektivitet kan förändras och med vilka molekylära mekanismer detta sker. Han visade att synapsernas funktion är central för inlärning och minne. För uppkomsten av en form av <a href="/wiki/Korttidsminne" title="Korttidsminne">korttidsminne</a> spelar proteinfosforylering i synapsen en viktig roll. För att ett <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5ngtidsminne" title="Långtidsminne">långtidsminne</a> ska uppstå krävs dessutom nybildning av proteiner som bland annat leder till att synapsens form och funktion förändras. </p><p>Greengard blev 1987 utländsk ledamot av <a href="/wiki/Kungliga_Vetenskapsakademien" title="Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien">Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-f7dcfc1d7986a960eaa15b5124b864d4592004b5-1"><a href="#cite_ref-f7dcfc1d7986a960eaa15b5124b864d4592004b5_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="latin">Encyclopædia Britannica</span></i>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Greengard">biography/Paul-Greengard</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online">topic/Britannica-Online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6bc3d5d2ee830967b3dfe39674cc508eeb49b152-2"><a href="#cite_ref-6bc3d5d2ee830967b3dfe39674cc508eeb49b152_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie-ID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/greengard-paul">greengard-paul</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-903edc0b03799ac497e0abdb9acc55f3513ab73e-3"><a href="#cite_ref-903edc0b03799ac497e0abdb9acc55f3513ab73e_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Dalibor Brozović & Tomislav Ladan, <i><span title="kroatiska">Hrvatska enciklopedija</span></i>, lexikografiska institutet Miroslav Krleža, 1999, Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=23262">23262</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b2c2b1214ae9699bddbd4789c2a613963bfc9e0e-4"><a href="#cite_ref-b2c2b1214ae9699bddbd4789c2a613963bfc9e0e_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Paul_Greengard">läs online</a>, <i>pantheon.world</i> , läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e91de57cd804a01ac4bfda44c2ab862ad81b528c-5"><a href="#cite_ref-e91de57cd804a01ac4bfda44c2ab862ad81b528c_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Munzinger Personen</i>, Munzinger person-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000023494">00000023494</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9c0b3242ecf5ed03e38c139268e2fd9115827a09-6"><a href="#cite_ref-9c0b3242ecf5ed03e38c139268e2fd9115827a09_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagraveforums.com/">läs online</a>, läst: 23 juni 2024.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41ae676195eede326436aee17569284e0673d874-7"><a href="#cite_ref-41ae676195eede326436aee17569284e0673d874_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bms.com/documents/foundation/factsh.pdf"><span title="engelska">GRANTS AND AWARDS PROGRAM FACT SHEET</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bms.com/documents/foundation/factsh.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 14 januari 2013.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb7955c05b89668a67cefc3798c3137ad7959fc7-8"><a href="#cite_ref-cb7955c05b89668a67cefc3798c3137ad7959fc7_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/neurosciences.html">läs online</a>, <i>www.nasonline.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2be00716b6107934062f081055fca5e85e6310fc-9"><a href="#cite_ref-2be00716b6107934062f081055fca5e85e6310fc_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/karl-spencer-lashley-award">läs online</a>, <i>www.amphilsoc.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57a6faf6b80e6c323f22042c240e9d51fcd39446-10"><a href="#cite_ref-57a6faf6b80e6c323f22042c240e9d51fcd39446_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfn.org/careers/awards/outstanding-career-and-research-achievements-awards/ralph-w-gerard-prize">läs online</a>, <i>www.sfn.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0a74bda0d0c13ea8e30f27ecc98788187af0417f-11"><a href="#cite_ref-0a74bda0d0c13ea8e30f27ecc98788187af0417f_11-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2000/summary/"><span title="engelska">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000</span></a>, Nobelprize.org</i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2000/summary/">läs online</a>, läst: 3 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa-12"><a href="#cite_ref-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf"><span title="engelska">Table showing prize amounts</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, april 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 3 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/obituaries/paul-greengard-dead.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/obituaries/paul-greengard-dead.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/swe/contact/contactdetail.asp?personID=1014">Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien: Paul Greengard</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2023-03)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup>, läst 16 april 2009</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Greengard&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html">Nobelprize.org, Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/greengard-autobio.html">Nobelprize.org, Paul Greengard - Självbiografi</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#FFE974;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Mall:Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller medicin</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1901–1925</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">von Behring</a> (1901)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> (1902)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Ryberg Finsen</a> (1903)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (1904)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> (1905)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Cajal</a> (1906)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> (1907)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Metjnikov" title="Ilja Metjnikov">Metjnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1908)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kocher" title="Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> (1909)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> (1910)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> (1911)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> (1912)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> (1913)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> (1914)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inga priser utdelades 1915–1918.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> (1919)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> (1920)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inget pris utdelades 1921.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_V._Hill" title="Archibald V. Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Meyerhof" title="Otto Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> (1922)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Banting" title="Frederick G. Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">Macleod</a> (1923)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> (1924)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inget pris utdelades 1925.</i></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/90px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/120px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1926–1950</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a> (1926)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> (1928)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> (1929)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> (1930)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(medicinare)" title="Otto Warburg (medicinare)">Warburg</a> (1931)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Adrian</a> (1932)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Morgan" title="Thomas H. Morgan">Morgan</a> (1933)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Whipple" title="George H. Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_R._Minot" title="George R. Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">Murphy</a> (1934)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> (1935)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> (1936)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> (1938)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> (1939)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Inga priser utdelades 1940–1942.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Doisy" title="Edward A. Doisy">Doisy</a> (1943)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gasser" title="Herbert S. Gasser">Gasser</a> (1944)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey" title="Howard Walter Florey">Florey</a> (1945)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> (1946)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Cori" title="Carl Cori">C. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Houssay</a> (1947)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> (1948)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hess" title="Walter Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" title="Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> (1949)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Kendall" title="Edward C. Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Hench" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip S. Hench">Hench</a> (1950)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1951–1975</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> (1951)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Selman_A._Waksman" title="Selman A. Waksman">Waksman</a> (1952)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biokemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biokemist)">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a> (1953)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Enders" title="John F. Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Weller" title="Thomas H. Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Robbins" title="Frederick C. Robbins">Robbins</a> (1954)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> (1955)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_F._Cournand" title="André F. Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> (1956)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> (1957)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> (1958)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (1959)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> (1960)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">von Békésy</a> (1961)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> (1962)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_L._Hodgkin" title="Alan L. Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley" title="Andrew Fielding Huxley">Huxley</a> (1963)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod_(biolog)" title="Jacques Monod (biolog)">Monod</a> (1965)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" title="Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Huggins" title="Charles B. Huggins">Huggins</a> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> (1967)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Nirenberg" title="Marshall W. Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> (1968)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck_(biofysiker)" title="Max Delbrück (biofysiker)">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Hershey" title="Alfred D. Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_E._Luria" title="Salvador E. Luria">Luria</a> (1969)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">von Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> (1970)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland" title="Earl W. Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Edelman" title="Gerald M. Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_R._Porter" title="Rodney R. Porter">Porter</a> (1972)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">von Frish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> (1973)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">de Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Palade" title="George E. Palade">Palade</a> (1974)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Temin" title="Howard M. Temin">Temin</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1976–2000</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_S._Blumberg" title="Baruch S. Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._Carleton_Gajdusek" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_V._Schally" title="Andrew V. Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Smith</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Allan_M._Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan M. Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_N._Hounsfield" title="Godfrey N. Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_D._Snell" title="George D. Snell">Snell</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" title="Roger W. Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" title="John R. Vane">Vane</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> (1983)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" title="Michael S. Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Sharp</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" title="Eric R. Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">Från 2001</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sulston" title="John E. Sulston">Sulston</a> (2002)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> (2004)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Z._Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Z. Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig C. Mello">Mello</a> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> (2007)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a> (2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> (2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> (2012)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> (2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M-B. Moser</a> (2014)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a> (2015)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Ohsumi</a> (2016)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> (2017)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> (2018)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/William_G._Kaelin_Jr." title="William G. Kaelin Jr.">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> (2019)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> (2020)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> (2021)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> (2022)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> (2023)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> (2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50031455">WorldCat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103132366">103132366</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50031455">n50031455</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/0000000109298323">0000 0001 0929 8323</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-0893">0000-0002-4437-0893</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/139313494">139313494</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Libris_XL" title="Libris XL">Libris XL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/42gjl6gn20qq2d8">42gjl6gn20qq2d8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/katalogisering/search/libris?_limit=20&o=https%3A%2F%2Flibris.kb.se%2F42gjl6gn20qq2d8%23it">Katalogiserade verk.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/katalogisering/search/libris?_limit=20&o=https%3A%2F%2Flibris.kb.se%2F42gjl6gn20qq2d8%23it&p=contribution.agent.%40id&p=instanceOf.contribution.agent.%40id">Andra katalogiserade bidrag.</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/034099050">034099050</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124890270">cb124890270</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124890270">(data)</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90796260">90796260</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0107389&CON_LNG=ENG">xx0107389</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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