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Issue Archive: 1847 | Scientific American

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class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1847/12-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B95D5700-B478-4D2F-86B87CF0831ED2A3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 3 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B95D5700-B478-4D2F-86B87CF0831ED2A3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, 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class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1847-12-11">December 1847</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1847/12-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D4C52D3-8EF5-4CD2-83ED9E57B7F5D629_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 3 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D4C52D3-8EF5-4CD2-83ED9E57B7F5D629_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D4C52D3-8EF5-4CD2-83ED9E57B7F5D629_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1847-12-04">December 1847</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a 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