CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HIV/AIDS - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"412383da-f08d-4cbf-82ec-571eb30c39ff","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"HIV/AIDS","wgTitle":"HIV/AIDS","wgCurRevisionId":1257162911,"wgRevisionId":1257162911,"wgArticleId":5069516,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","Source attribution","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Good articles","Use American English from September 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from September 2024", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Pages using div col with small parameter","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","Articles with medical app sidebar","Articles containing video clips","Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)","HIV/AIDS","1981 in biology","Health disasters","Pandemics","Slow virus diseases","Syndromes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"HIV/AIDS","wgRelevantArticleId": 5069516,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"AIDS","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/HIV/AIDS","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12199","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/1200px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1794"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/800px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1196"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/640px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="957"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="HIV/AIDS - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-HIV_AIDS rootpage-HIV_AIDS skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=HIV%2FAIDS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=HIV%2FAIDS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=HIV%2FAIDS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=HIV%2FAIDS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_main_stage:_acute_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_main_stage:_acute_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 First main stage: acute infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_main_stage:_acute_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_main_stage:_clinical_latency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_main_stage:_clinical_latency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Second main stage: clinical latency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_main_stage:_clinical_latency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_main_stage:_AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_main_stage:_AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Third main stage: AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_main_stage:_AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Transmission </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transmission subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sexual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Body fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother-to-child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother-to-child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mother-to-child </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother-to-child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Virology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 HIV testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Classifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sexual contact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pre-exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Post-exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother-to-child_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother-to-child_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Mother-to-child </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother-to-child_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Vaccination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiviral_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiviral_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Antiviral therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiviral_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opportunistic_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opportunistic_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Opportunistic infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opportunistic_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Stigma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Religion and AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Media portrayal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Criminal transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">HIV/AIDS</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 180 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" > 180 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigs" title="Vigs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vigs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%B5" title="ኤድስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤድስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="إيدز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيدز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A.%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87.%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B" title="এইচ.আই.ভি/এইড্‌ছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এইচ.আই.ভি/এইড্‌ছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIH/sida" title="VIH/sida – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="VIH/sida" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B0%C3%87S" title="QİÇS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="QİÇS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="ائیدز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائیدز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangalan_d%C9%9Bs%C9%9B_Bana" title="Tangalan dɛsɛ Bana – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tangalan dɛsɛ Bana" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="এইচআইভি/এইডস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এইচআইভি/এইডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A7-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ВИЧ-инфекция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ВИЧ-инфекция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%94" title="СНІД – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="СНІД" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%94" title="СНІД – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="СНІД" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Синдром на придобитата имунна недостатъчност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдром на придобитата имунна недостатъчност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨེ་ཛིའི་ནད་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ཛིའི་ནད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_ste%C4%8Dene_imunodeficijencije" title="Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Дархалалай олдомол хомсодол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дархалалай олдомол хомсодол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecci%C3%B3_pel_VIH_i_sida" title="Infecció pel VIH i sida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infecció pel VIH i sida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%98%D0%94%D0%9F" title="ЕИДП – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ЕИДП" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukondombera_weAIDS" title="Mukondombera weAIDS – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukondombera weAIDS" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edesi_(AIDS)" title="Edesi (AIDS) – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Edesi (AIDS)" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سيدا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سيدا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="އެއިޑްސް ބަލި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެއިޑްސް ބަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa%C5%82niih_yich%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81h_naabaah%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_b%C4%85%C4%85h_dahoo%CA%BCaahgo" title="Naałniih yichʼą́ą́h naabaahígíí bąąh dahooʼaahgo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naałniih yichʼą́ą́h naabaahígíí bąąh dahooʼaahgo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIH/sida" title="VIH/sida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="VIH/sida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidoso" title="Aidoso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aidoso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartutako_Immunoeskasiaren_Sindromea" title="Hartutako Immunoeskasiaren Sindromea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hartutako Immunoeskasiaren Sindromea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="ایدز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایدز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey%C3%B0kv%C3%A6mi" title="Eyðkvæmi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eyðkvæmi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_d%27immunod%C3%A9ficience_acquise" title="Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEIF" title="SEIF – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="SEIF" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="艾滋病" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="એઇડ્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એઇડ્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%B2%9C%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%8D%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="후천면역결핍증후군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후천면역결핍증후군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjamau" title="Kanjamau – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kanjamau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%BB%D4%B1%D5%8E/%D5%81%D4%BB%D4%B1%D5%80" title="ՄԻԱՎ/ՁԻԱՀ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԻԱՎ/ՁԻԱՀ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_ste%C4%8Dene_imunodeficijencije" title="Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sindrom stečene imunodeficijencije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromo_di_Imuno-Defekteso_Aquirita" title="Sindromo di Imuno-Defekteso Aquirita – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sindromo di Imuno-Defekteso Aquirita" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aln%C3%A6mi" title="Alnæmi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alnæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1" title="איידס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איידס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidaa" title="Sidaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sidaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಏಡ್ಸ್ ರೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಡ್ಸ್ ರೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="შიდსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიდსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%95%D8%B3" title="ایڈٕس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایڈٕس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%98%D0%92/%D0%96%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A1" title="АИВ/ЖИТС – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АИВ/ЖИТС" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukimwi" title="Ukimwi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukimwi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendromm_di_iminod%C3%A9fisyans_akiz" title="Sendromm di iminodéfisyans akiz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sendromm di iminodéfisyans akiz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%94" title="СПИД – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="СПИД" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ເອດສ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອດສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbus_deficientiae_immunitatis_acquisitae" title="Morbus deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Morbus deficientiae immunitatis acquisitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aids" title="Aids – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aids" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A1" title="КъИДС – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="КъИДС" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%A1" title="Sidá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sidá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Синдром на стекнат имунолошки дефицит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синдром на стекнат имунолошки дефицит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="എയ്‌ഡ്‌സ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എയ്‌ഡ്‌സ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="अक्वायर्ड इम्यूनो डेफिशियन्सी सिंड्रोम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अक्वायर्ड इम्यूनो डेफिशियन्सी सिंड्रोम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="შიდსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შიდსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="ايدز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايدز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-b%C3%A2ng" title="Ái-cṳ̆-bâng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ái-cṳ̆-bâng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Дархлалын олдмол хомсдол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дархлалын олдмол хомсдол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ခုခံအားကျဆင်းမှု ကူးစက်ရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခုခံအားကျဆင်းမှု ကူးစက်ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aids" title="Aids – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aids" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एड्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एड्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="後天性免疫不全症候群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="後天性免疫不全症候群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ТӀеэцначу иммунодефицитан цамгар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀеэцначу иммунодефицитан цамгар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aids" title="Aids – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aids" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv/aids" title="Hiv/aids – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hiv/aids" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A1" title="НИДС – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="НИДС" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B8" title="ଏଚଆଇଭି/ଏଡସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏଚଆଇଭି/ଏଡସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orttirilgan_immun_tanqisligi_sindromi" title="Orttirilgan immun tanqisligi sindromi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orttirilgan immun tanqisligi sindromi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਏਡਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਡਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B2" title="ایڈز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B2" title="اېډز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېډز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8D" title="ជំងឺអេដស៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជំងឺអេដស៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_nabytego_niedoboru_odporno%C5%9Bci" title="Zespół nabytego niedoboru odporności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zespół nabytego niedoboru odporności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_da_imunodefici%C3%AAncia_adquirida" title="Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquy_hark%27aypa_chaskisqa_waqlliynin" title="Unquy hark'aypa chaskisqa waqlliynin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unquy hark'aypa chaskisqa waqlliynin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%86%D0%94%D0%A1" title="АІДС – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="АІДС" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Синдром приобретённого иммунного дефицита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдром приобретённого иммунного дефицита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%94" title="СПИД – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="СПИД" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="एइड्स् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एइड्स्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඒඩ්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒඩ්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B2" title="ايڊز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڊز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndr%C3%B3m_z%C3%ADskanej_imunitnej_nedostato%C4%8Dnosti" title="Syndróm získanej imunitnej nedostatočnosti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syndróm získanej imunitnej nedostatočnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aids" title="Aids – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aids" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="ئایدز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایدز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SIDA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aids" title="Aids – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aids" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எயிட்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எயிட்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama%E1%B8%8Dunt_n_SIDA" title="Tamaḍunt n SIDA – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamaḍunt n SIDA" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A1" title="БИДС – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="БИДС" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎయిడ్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎయిడ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เอดส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarwal" title="Adarwal – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Adarwal" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9F%D0%9D%D0%9C" title="БПНМ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="БПНМ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDA" title="CIDA – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="CIDA" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babasoweremfo%C9%94" title="Babasoweremfoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Babasoweremfoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%86%D0%9B/%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%94" title="ВІЛ/СНІД – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ВІЛ/СНІД" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B2" title="ایچ آئی وی/ایڈز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایچ آئی وی/ایڈز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh%27aiswhbing" title="Bingh'aiswhbing – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh'aiswhbing" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida" title="Sida – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sida" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="艾滋病" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾滋病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1" title="עידס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עידס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="愛滋病 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛滋病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="AIDS" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾滋病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99jdo_by%C9%99_immun_nyr%C9%99se_sindrom" title="Pəjdo byə immun nyrəse sindrom – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pəjdo byə immun nyrəse sindrom" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵙⵉⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵉⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:HIV/AIDS" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/HIV/AIDS" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/HIV/AIDS" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&oldid=1257162911" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=HIV%2FAIDS&id=1257162911&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHIV%2FAIDS">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHIV%2FAIDS">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=HIV%2FAIDS&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/AIDS" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:AIDS" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12199" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDS&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AIDS" and "Aids" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AIDS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="AIDS (disambiguation)">AIDS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">HIV/AIDS</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">HIV disease, HIV infection<a href="#cite_note-AIDS2010GOV-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-AETC-staging-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red ribbon in the shape of a bow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/220px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/330px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/440px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1112" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The <a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon#AIDS_awareness_origin" title="Red ribbon">red ribbon</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon#Awareness_Ribbon_origin" title="Awareness ribbon">symbol</a> for <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> with <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a> and those living with AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Early: Flu-like illness<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Later: <a href="/wiki/Large_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Large lymph nodes">Large lymph nodes</a>, fever, weight loss<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumors</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifelong<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">Human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Unprotected</a> <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">vaginal sex</a>, having another <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">needle sharing</a>, medical procedures involving <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">unsterile</a> cutting or piercing, and experiencing <a href="/wiki/Needlestick_injury" title="Needlestick injury">needlestick injury</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood tests</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Using <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">male</a> or <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">female condom</a> during <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">being tested for HIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> having a <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">voluntary medical male circumcision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral drugs</a> (ARVs) (including <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dapivirine_Ring" title="Dapivirine Ring">dapivirine vaginal rings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> injectable long acting <a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir" title="Cabotegravir">cabotegravir</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PEP)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Normal life expectancy with treatment<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a></li> <li>11 years life expectancy without treatment<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2007-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>71.3–112.8 million total cases<a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a></li> <li>1.3 million new cases (2022)<a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a></li> <li>39.9 million living with HIV (2022)<a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>42.3 million total deaths<a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a></li> <li>630,000 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)<a href="#cite_note-pmid11396444-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> that attacks the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventable disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cure</a> for HIV. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> While there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN2012Vac-12">[12]</a> An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live a normal life, and die with the virus, not of it.<a href="#cite_note-CDC21015Bas-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN2012Vac-12">[12]</a> Effective <a href="#Treatment">treatment</a> for <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a> (people living with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the <a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">viral load</a> undetectable. Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).<a href="#cite_note-CDC21015Bas-13">[13]</a> Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Tx-14">[14]</a> An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.<a href="#cite_note-CDCUndetectable-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Risk_of_sexual_transmission_of_huma-16">[16]</a> Campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a> and organizations around the world have communicated this as <a href="/wiki/Undetectable_%3D_Untransmittable" title="Undetectable = Untransmittable">Undetectable = Untransmittable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Without treatment the infection can interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, and eventually <a href="#Signs_and_symptoms">progress to AIDS</a>, sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">influenza-like illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a> During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to <a href="#Sexual">pass on the virus</a>. Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-CDC21015Bas-13">[13]</a> Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumors">tumors</a> which are rare in people who have normal immune function.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a> The late stage is often also associated with <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">unintended weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC21015Bas-13">[13]</a> Without treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2007-6">[6]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/HIV_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV testing">testing</a> can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others. HIV is <a href="#Transmission">spread</a> primarily by <a href="/wiki/Unprotected_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprotected sex">unprotected sex</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal sex">vaginal sex</a>), contaminated <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">hypodermic needles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">from mother to child</a> during <a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, delivery, or breastfeeding.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit the virus.<a href="#cite_note-CDCtransmission-19">[19]</a> Oral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Ways to avoid catching HIV and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventing the spread</a> include <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a>, treatment to prevent infection ("<a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">PrEP</a>"), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed ("<a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">PEP</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Treatment_as_prevention" title="Treatment as prevention">treating those who are infected</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">needle exchange programs</a>. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">[4]</a> Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-Gallo2-21">[21]</a> HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2006Ch4-22">[22]</a> The disease also has large <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">economic impacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2006Ch4-22">[22]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a>, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The disease has become subject to many <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">controversies involving religion</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church's position</a> not to support <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> use as prevention.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-59797-294-0-25">[25]</a> HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Orgin2011-26">[26]</a> AIDS was <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">first recognized</a> by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-Gallo2-21">[21]</a> Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a> In 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> Region.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN2022-7">[7]</a> HIV/AIDS is considered a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic#HIV/AIDS" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.<a href="#cite_note-Kallings-27">[27]</a> The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the <a href="/wiki/Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates Foundation">Gates Foundation</a> have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS</a></div> There are three main stages of <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a> infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS2010GOV-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_main_stage:_acute_infection">First main stage: acute infection</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of a human torso labeled with the most common symptoms of an acute HIV infection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg/280px-Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg/420px-Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg/560px-Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Main symptoms of acute HIV infection</figcaption></figure> The initial period following infection with HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> Many individuals develop an <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">illness like influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">mononucleosis or glandular fever</a> 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">large tender lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">throat inflammation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is <a href="/wiki/Maculopapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Maculopapular">maculopapular</a>, classically.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Some people also develop <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic infections">opportunistic infections</a> at this stage.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> may occur.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Neurological symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> also occur.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">symptoms</a> are not often <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis#Pattern_recognition" title="Medical diagnosis">recognized</a> as signs of HIV infection. Family doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of the many common <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> with similar symptoms. Someone with an <a href="/wiki/Fever_of_unknown_origin" title="Fever of unknown origin">unexplained fever</a> who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_main_stage:_clinical_latency">Second main stage: clinical latency</h3></div> The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS2010GOV-1">[1]</a> Without treatment, this second stage of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_disease" title="Natural history of disease">natural history</a> of HIV infection can last from about three years<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> to over 20 years<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> (on average, about eight years).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS2010GOV-1">[1]</a> Between 50% and 70% of people also develop <a href="/wiki/Persistent_generalized_lymphadenopathy" title="Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy">persistent generalized lymphadenopathy</a>, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.<a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a> Although most <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a>+ T cells (<a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cells</a>) without <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral therapy</a> for more than five years.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-LT2010-37">[37]</a> These individuals are classified as "HIV controllers" or <a href="/wiki/Long-term_nonprogressors" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term nonprogressors">long-term nonprogressors</a> (LTNP).<a href="#cite_note-LT2010-37">[37]</a> Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons.<a href="#cite_note-Walker2007-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_main_stage:_AIDS">Third main stage: AIDS</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of a human torso labeled with the most common symptoms of AIDS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg/280px-Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg/420px-Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg/560px-Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Main symptoms of AIDS</figcaption></figure> Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a> (40%), <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a> in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">esophageal candidiasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Other common signs include recurrent <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory tract infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic infections">Opportunistic infections</a> may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> that are normally controlled by the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-39">[39]</a> Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> These infections may affect nearly every <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">organ system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Complications2011-40">[40]</a> People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_central_nervous_system_lymphoma" title="Primary central nervous system lymphoma">primary central nervous system lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-M169-41">[41]</a> The second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%.<a href="#cite_note-M169-41">[41]</a> Both these cancers are associated with <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">human herpesvirus 8</a> (HHV-8).<a href="#cite_note-M169-41">[41]</a> Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV).<a href="#cite_note-M169-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctival cancer</a> (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, <a href="/wiki/Night_sweats" title="Night sweats">sweats</a> (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">unintended weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Diarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Average per act risk of getting HIV by exposure route to an infected source </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="width: 100px" abbr="Route">Exposure route </th> <th style="width: 130px" abbr="Infections">Chance of infection </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Blood transfusion </th> <td>90%<a href="#cite_note-Blood_Transfusion_Risk-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Childbirth (to child) </th> <td>25%<a href="#cite_note-Coovadia-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Needle-sharing injection drug use </th> <td>0.67%<a href="#cite_note-MMWR2005-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Percutaneous needle stick </th> <td>0.30%<a href="#cite_note-AFP2007-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Receptive anal intercourse* </th> <td>0.04–3.0%<a href="#cite_note-Trans2010-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Insertive anal intercourse* </th> <td>0.03%<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse* </th> <td>0.05–0.30%<a href="#cite_note-Trans2010-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-LancetT2009-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse* </th> <td>0.01–0.38%<a href="#cite_note-Trans2010-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-LancetT2009-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Receptive oral intercourse*§ </th> <td>0–0.04%<a href="#cite_note-Trans2010-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Insertive oral intercourse*§ </th> <td>0–0.005%<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th colspan="5" style="border-right:0;">* assuming no condom use § source refers to oral intercourse performed on a man </th></tr></tbody></table> HIV is spread by three main routes: <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual contact</a>, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as <a href="/wiki/Vertical_transmission" title="Vertical transmission">vertical transmission</a>).<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, nasal secretions, saliva, <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2007k-54">[54]</a> It is also possible to be <a href="/wiki/Coinfection" title="Coinfection">co-infected</a> by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as <a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">HIV superinfection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual">Sexual</h3></div> The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> However, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as <a href="/wiki/Undetectable_%3D_Untransmittable" title="Undetectable = Untransmittable">Undetectable = Untransmittable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCUndetectable-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Risk_of_sexual_transmission_of_huma-16">[16]</a> The existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Statement" title="Swiss Statement">Swiss Statement</a>, and has since become accepted as medically sound.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Globally, the most common mode of HIV transmission is via <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex</a>;<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>, most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among <a href="/wiki/Men_who_had_sex_with_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Men who had sex with men">men who had sex with men</a> (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2016Bi-59">[59]</a> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Unprotected_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprotected sex">unprotected</a> heterosexual contacts, estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> In low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> While the risk of transmission from <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> is relatively low, it is still present.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as "nearly nil";<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> however, a few cases have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Dosekun2010-65">[65]</a> In settings involving <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneSTI2012-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genital_ulcer" title="Genital ulcer">genital ulcers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> Genital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> Other sexually transmitted infections, such as <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">trichomoniasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">bacterial vaginosis</a>, are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Dosekun2010-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">viral load</a> of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Dosekun2010-65">[65]</a> If the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater.<a href="#cite_note-Boily2009-60">[60]</a> Commercial sex workers (including <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">those in pornography</a>) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_fluids">Body fluids</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white poster of a young black man with a towel in his left hand with the words "If you are dabbling with drugs you could be dabbling with your life" above him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg/220px-AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg/330px-AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg/440px-AIDS_Poster_If_You%27re_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use</figcaption></figure> The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk from sharing a needle during <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">drug injection</a> is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%.<a href="#cite_note-Risk2006-72">[72]</a> The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2007k-54">[54]</a> This risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was deep.<a href="#cite_note-Needle2002-73">[73]</a> In the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionCDC2012-74">[74]</a> and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> HIV is transmitted in about 90% of <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a> using infected blood.<a href="#cite_note-Blood_Transfusion_Risk-46">[46]</a> In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and <a href="/wiki/HIV_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV screening">HIV screening</a> is performed;<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a> for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008),<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Seventy-77">[77]</a> and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO070401-78">[78]</a> It is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">transplantation</a>, although this is rare because of <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">screening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Unsafe medical injections play a role in <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa</a>. In 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use.<a href="#cite_note-UnsafeInjection2009-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%.<a href="#cite_note-UnsafeInjection2009-80">[80]</a> Risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world.<a href="#cite_note-UnsafeInjection2009-80">[80]</a> People giving or receiving <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a> are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasics2012-81">[81]</a> It is not possible for <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> or other insects to transmit HIV.<a href="#cite_note-C4Wauto-8503951-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother-to-child">Mother-to-child</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV and pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV_and_breastfeeding" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV and breastfeeding">HIV and breastfeeding</a></div> HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV.<a href="#cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> As of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children.<a href="#cite_note-Mother2010-84">[84]</a> In the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%.<a href="#cite_note-Mother2010-84">[84]</a> Treatment decreases this risk to less than 5%.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> If blood contaminates food during <a href="/wiki/Pre-chewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-chewing">pre-chewing</a> it may pose a risk of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasics2012-81">[81]</a> If a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011Breast-87">[87]</a> Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either exclusive breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011Breast-87">[87]</a> All women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011Breast-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virology">Virology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HI-virion-structure_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram of microscopic viron structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/220px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/330px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/HI-virion-structure_en.svg/440px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of an HIV virion structure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large round blue object with a smaller red object attached to it. Multiple small green spots are speckled over both." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/220px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/330px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HIV-budding-Color.jpg/440px-HIV-budding-Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron micrograph">Scanning electron micrograph</a> of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a> that primarily infects components of the human <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> such as CD4+ T cells, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells.<a href="#cite_note-Alimonti-88">[88]</a> HIV is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ICTV61.0.6-89">[89]</a> part of the family <a href="/wiki/Retroviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroviridae">Retroviridae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICTV61.-90">[90]</a> Lentiviruses share many <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-91">[91]</a> Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-<a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense</a>, enveloped <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA viruses</a>. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by a virally encoded <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a> that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded <a href="/wiki/Integrase" title="Integrase">integrase</a> and host co-factors.<a href="#cite_note-JASmith-92">[92]</a> Once integrated, the virus may become <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">latent</a>, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Alternatively, the virus may be <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a>, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> HIV is now known to spread between CD4+ T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-95">[95]</a> In the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-95">[95]</a> HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sattentau-97">[97]</a> The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sigal-98">[98]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">types of HIV</a> have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more <a href="/wiki/Virulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Virulent">virulent</a>, more <a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">infective</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/310px--HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="176" data-mwtitle="HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm/HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm&lang=kk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk" label="қазақша ‪(kk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>HIV/AIDS explained in a simple way</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiv_replication_cycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hiv_replication_cycle.gif/310px-Hiv_replication_cycle.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hiv_replication_cycle.gif/465px-Hiv_replication_cycle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Hiv_replication_cycle.gif 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>HIV replication cycle</figcaption></figure> After the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid <a href="/wiki/Viral_replication" title="Viral replication">viral replication</a>, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.<a href="#cite_note-Piatak-101">[101]</a> This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4+ T cells</a>. The acute <a href="/wiki/Viremia" title="Viremia">viremia</a> is almost invariably associated with activation of <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">CD8+ T cells</a>, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or <a href="/wiki/Seroconversion" title="Seroconversion">seroconversion</a>. The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover. A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.<a href="#cite_note-Pantaleo1998-102">[102]</a> Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a>. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16679064-103">[103]</a> During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15365095-105">[105]</a> The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4+ T cells express the <a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a> protein which HIV uses as a <a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">co-receptor</a> to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells in the bloodstream do so.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15365096-106">[106]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CCR5-%CE%9432" class="mw-redirect" title="CCR5-Δ32">specific genetic change</a> that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4+ T cells during acute infection.<a href="#cite_note-Julio2011-108">[108]</a> A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase. CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Julio2011-108">[108]</a> Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18161758-109">[109]</a> Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>, results from the activity of several HIV <a href="/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product">gene products</a> and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17115046-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph with two lines. One in blue moves from high on the right to low on the left with a brief rise in the middle. The second line in red moves from zero to very high then drops to low and gradually rises to high again" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/220px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/330px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg/440px-Hiv-timecourse_copy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies (viral load) and CD4+ T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  CD4+ T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm3)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Days after exposure needed for the test to be accurate<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blood test </th> <th>Days </th></tr> <tr> <td>Antibody test (rapid test, <a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a> 3rd gen) </td> <td>23–90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antibody and p24 antigen test (ELISA 4th gen) </td> <td>18–45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PCR </td> <td>10–33 </td></tr></tbody></table> HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of <a href="/wiki/AIDS_defining_clinical_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS defining clinical condition">certain signs or symptoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> HIV screening is recommended by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-USP2019Screen-112">[112]</a> Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-USP2019Screen-112">[112]</a> In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_testing">HIV testing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg/220px-HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg/330px-HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg/440px-HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>HIV rapid test being administered</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oraquick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg/220px-Oraquick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg/330px-Oraquick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Oraquick.jpg/440px-Oraquick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>Oraquick HIV test</figcaption></figure> Most people infected with HIV develop <a href="/wiki/Seroconvert" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroconvert">seroconverted</a> (antigen-specific) <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS#Antigen_tests" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">p24 antigen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Positive results obtained by antibody or <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a> testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_Passive_Immunity#Naturally_acquired_passive_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal Passive Immunity">maternal antibodies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChildDiag2010-113">[113]</a> Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing.<a href="#cite_note-ChildDiag2010-113">[113]</a> In sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Eighty-114">[114]</a> In 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested;<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Eighty-114">[114]</a> this represented a significant increase compared to previous years.<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Eighty-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifications">Classifications</h3></div> Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for <a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">surveillance</a> purposes: the <a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification system for HIV infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCCase2008-115">[115]</a> The CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences, the two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDCCase2008-115">[115]</a> The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> The WHO system uses the following categories: <ul><li>Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Stage I: HIV infection is <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> with a CD4+ T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (μL or cubic mm) of blood.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a> May include generalized lymph node enlargement.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucocutaneous</a> manifestations and recurrent <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infections</a>. A CD4 count of less than 500/μL<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medical)">chronic</a> diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/μL<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms, which include <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a> of the brain, <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>. A CD4 count of less than 200/μL<a href="#cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">[30]</a></li></ul> The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-CDCCase2008-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Clas-116">[116]</a> This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Clas-116">[116]</a> In those greater than six years of age it is:<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Clas-116">[116]</a> <ul><li>Stage 0: the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test</li> <li>Stage 1: CD4 count ≥ 500 cells/μL and no AIDS-defining conditions</li> <li>Stage 2: CD4 count 200 to 500 cells/μL and no AIDS-defining conditions</li> <li>Stage 3: CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/μL or AIDS-defining conditions</li> <li>Unknown: if insufficient information is available to make any of the above classifications.</li></ul> For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4+ T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured.<a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">Prevention of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_Clinic,_McLeod_Ganj,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A run down a two-story building with several signs related to AIDS prevention" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg/220px-AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg/330px-AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg/440px-AIDS_Clinic%2C_McLeod_Ganj%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>AIDS clinic, <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a>, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_contact">Sexual contact</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._(5202985364).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg/220px-FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg/330px-FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg/440px-FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._%285202985364%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>People wearing AIDS awareness signs. On the left: "Facing AIDS a condom and a pill at a time"; on the right: "I am Facing AIDS because people I ♥ are infected"</figcaption></figure> Consistent <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCondoms-118">[118]</a> There is some evidence to suggest that <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">female condoms</a> may provide an equivalent level of protection.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Application of a vaginal gel containing <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase inhibitor">reverse transcriptase inhibitor</a>) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women.<a href="#cite_note-VagGel2012-120">[120]</a> By contrast, use of the <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">nonoxynol-9</a> may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> "reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19849961-125">[125]</a> and whether it is of benefit in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> is undetermined.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Programs encouraging <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">sexual abstinence</a> do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Evidence of any benefit from <a href="/wiki/Peer_education" title="Peer education">peer education</a> is equally poor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22641791-130">[130]</a> Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sexual education</a> provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Patel2008-133">[133]</a> Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Enhanced family planning services appear to increase the likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSTI2012-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-exposure">Pre-exposure</h3></div> Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP).<a href="#cite_note-Anglemyer2013-136">[136]</a> TASP is associated with a 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk.<a href="#cite_note-Anglemyer2013-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chou2012-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">Pre-exposure prophylaxis</a> for HIV ("<a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a>") with a daily dose of the medications <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a>, with or without <a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine" title="Emtricitabine">emtricitabine</a>, is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-VagGel2012-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> It may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/USPSTF" class="mw-redirect" title="USPSTF">USPSTF</a>, in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a> within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use">Intravenous drug use</a> is an important risk factor, and <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> strategies such as <a href="/wiki/Needle-exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle-exchange program">needle-exchange programs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">opioid substitution therapy</a> appear effective in decreasing this risk.<a href="#cite_note-Kurth2011-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-exposure">Post-exposure</h3></div> A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a> (PEP).<a href="#cite_note-Prevention2012-144">[144]</a> The use of the single agent <a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">zidovudine</a> reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury.<a href="#cite_note-Prevention2012-144">[144]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—<a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine" title="Emtricitabine">emtricitabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raltegravir" title="Raltegravir">raltegravir</a>—as this may reduce the risk further.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> PEP treatment is recommended after a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> when the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2011Sex-146">[146]</a> The duration of treatment is usually four weeks<a href="#cite_note-CochranePEP2007-147">[147]</a> and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%).<a href="#cite_note-AFP2007k-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother-to-child_2">Mother-to-child</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV and pregnancy</a></div> Programs to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_transmission" title="Vertical transmission">vertical transmission</a> of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.<a href="#cite_note-Mother2010-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurth2011-142">[142]</a> This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant, and potentially includes <a href="/wiki/Bottle_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle feeding">bottle feeding</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mother2010-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV vaccine development</a></div> Currently there is no licensed <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">vaccine for HIV or AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN2012Vac-12">[12]</a> The most effective vaccine trial to date, <a href="/wiki/RV_144" title="RV 144">RV 144</a>, was published in 2009; it found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">Management of HIV/AIDS</a></div> There is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of <a href="/wiki/Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy">highly active antiretroviral therapy</a> (ART), which slows progression of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-LE2011-153">[153]</a> As of 2022, 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and 29.8 million people were accessing ART.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> Treatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections. As of July 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>, four people have been successfully cleared of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-two-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy within one week of diagnosis appear to improve treatment outcomes in low and medium-income settings and is recommend for newly diagnosed HIV patients.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiviral_therapy">Antiviral therapy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white prescription bottle with the label Stribild. Next to it are ten green oblong pills with the marking 1 on one side and GSI on the other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg/220px-Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg/330px-Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg/440px-Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stribild" class="mw-redirect" title="Stribild">Stribild</a> – a common once-daily ART regime consisting of <a href="/wiki/Elvitegravir" title="Elvitegravir">elvitegravir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine" title="Emtricitabine">emtricitabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a> and the booster <a href="/wiki/Cobicistat" title="Cobicistat">cobicistat</a></figcaption></figure> Current ART options are combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or "classes", of <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral">antiretroviral</a> agents.<a href="#cite_note-WHOTx2010Pg19-160">[160]</a> There are eight classes of antiretroviral agents (ARVs), and over 30 individual drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase, inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), a fusion inhibitor, a CCR5 antagonist, a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) post-attachment inhibitor, and a gp120 attachment inhibitor. There are also two drugs, ritonavir (RTV) and cobicistat (COBI) which can be used as pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancers (or boosters) to improve the PK profiles of PIs and the INSTI elvitegravir (EVG).<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[161]</a> Depending on the guidelines being followed, initial treatment generally consists of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors along with a third ARV, either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor with a pharmacokinetic enhancer (also known as a booster).<a href="#cite_note-:1-161">[161]</a> The World Health Organization and the United States recommend antiretrovirals in people of all ages (including pregnant women) as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of CD4 count.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Tx-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAS2014-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-DHHS2013-163">[163]</a> Once treatment is begun, it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or "holidays".<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Many people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> The desired outcome of treatment is a long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> With treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-WHOTx2010Pg19-160">[160]</a> Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission.<a href="#cite_note-WHOTx2010Pg19-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Reasons for non-adherence to treatment include poor access to medical care,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> inadequate social supports, <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> may reduce adherence.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21406048-169">[169]</a> Even though cost is an important issue with some medications,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low- and middle-income countries as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Ten-171">[171]</a> and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken.<a href="#cite_note-Montessori2004-173">[173]</a> Some relatively common adverse events include: <a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">lipodystrophy syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">dyslipidemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, especially with protease inhibitors.<a href="#cite_note-M121-29">[29]</a> Other common symptoms include diarrhea,<a href="#cite_note-Montessori2004-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgoyne2008-174">[174]</a> and an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Certain medications may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults. The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCARV2013-176">[176]</a> The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.<a href="#cite_note-DHHS2014-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, <a href="/wiki/Rilpivirine" title="Rilpivirine">rilpivirine</a> (Rekambys) and <a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir" title="Cabotegravir">cabotegravir</a> (Vocabria), to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.<a href="#cite_note-EMA_PR-178">[178]</a> The two medicines are the first ARVs that come in a long-acting injectable formulation.<a href="#cite_note-EMA_PR-178">[178]</a> This means that instead of daily pills, people receive intramuscular injections monthly or every two months.<a href="#cite_note-EMA_PR-178">[178]</a> The combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/mL) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to a certain class of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs).<a href="#cite_note-EMA_PR-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir/rilpivirine" title="Cabotegravir/rilpivirine">Cabotegravir combined with rilpivirine</a> (Cabenuva) is a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either <a href="/wiki/Cabotegravir" title="Cabotegravir">cabotegravir</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rilpivirine" title="Rilpivirine">rilpivirine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunistic_infections">Opportunistic infections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection#Opportunistic_Infection_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection § Opportunistic Infection and HIV/AIDS</a></div> Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS. In addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections.<a href="#cite_note-Montessori2004-173">[173]</a> Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive <a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">isoniazid preventive therapy</a> (IPT); the <a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">tuberculin skin test</a> can be used to help decide if IPT is needed.<a href="#cite_note-WHOHIVTB2011-181">[181]</a> Children with HIV may benefit from screening for tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however, it may also be given after infection.<a href="#cite_note-Laurence-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a> prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.<a href="#cite_note-UN2011ONESIXTY-184">[184]</a> It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.<a href="#cite_note-PCP2011-185">[185]</a> People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_infection" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection">MAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEPpocketguide-186">[186]</a> Appropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-InfectionBook2008-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza vaccination">Influenza vaccination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine</a> are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition and HIV/AIDS">Nutrition and HIV/AIDS</a></div> The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_nutrients-190">[190]</a> A generally healthy diet is promoted. Dietary intake of micronutrients at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">RDA</a> levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV-positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_nutrients-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections; however, evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> People with HIV/AIDS are up to four times more likely to develop type 2 <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> than those who are not tested positive with the virus.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Evidence for supplementation with <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> For pregnant and lactating women with HIV, <a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">multivitamin</a> supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.<a href="#cite_note-Siegfried2012-197">[197]</a> If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Siegfried2012-197">[197]</a> There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div> In the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">complementary or alternative medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18608078-199">[199]</a> whose effectiveness has not been established.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15969772-200">[200]</a> There is not enough evidence to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical cannabis</a> to try to increase appetite or weight gain.<a href="#cite_note-lutge_2013-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-HIV-AIDS_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths due to HIV/AIDS per million people in 2012: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1–4</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–12</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  13–34</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  35–61</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  62–134</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  135–215</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  216–458</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  459–1,402</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,403–5,828</div></div></figcaption></figure> HIV/AIDS has become a <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Knoll2007-203">[203]</a> Prognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-M118-32">[32]</a> Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2007-6">[6]</a> After the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan2-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/HAART" class="mw-redirect" title="HAART">ART</a> and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.<a href="#cite_note-Knoll2007-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-LifeExpecr2008-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schack2006-207">[207]</a> This is between two thirds<a href="#cite_note-LifeExpecr2008-206">[206]</a> and nearly that of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good:<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoll2007-203">[203]</a> Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment.<a href="#cite_note-UN2011ONESIXTY-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the world where much of it is colored yellow or orange except for sub Saharan Africa which is colored red or dark red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-HIV-AIDS_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  ≤ 10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10–25</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–100</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  500–1000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,000–2,500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2,500–5,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5,000–7500</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7,500–10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10,000–50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  ≥ 50,000</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic infections">opportunistic infections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-InfectionBook2008-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cancer2005-210">[210]</a> Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a> The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function;<a href="#cite_note-Tang-211">[211]</a> their access to health care, the presence of co-infections;<a href="#cite_note-Morgan2-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawn-212">[212]</a> and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">Hepatitis C</a> is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a> and AIDS-related <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cancer2005-210">[210]</a> Other cancers that are more frequent include <a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">anal cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_central_nervous_system_lymphoma" title="Primary central nervous system lymphoma">primary central nervous system lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deut2010-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Even with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience <a href="/wiki/AIDS_dementia_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS dementia complex">neurocognitive disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Woods2009-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown2006-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">neuropathy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nicholas2007-221">[221]</a> cancers,<a href="#cite_note-Boshoff2002-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yarchoan2005-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephropathy">nephropathy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Post2009-224">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burgoyne2008-174">[174]</a> Some conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Lipodystrophy" title="Lipodystrophy">lipodystrophy</a>, may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Burgoyne2008-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:522px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:520px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:HIV_rates.tab" class="extiw" title="c:Data:HIV rates.tab">source data</a>. </div><div class="thumbcaption">Percentage of people with HIV/AIDS<a href="#cite_note-auto-225">[225]</a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png/400px-Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png/600px-Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png/800px-Deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv.png 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Trends in new cases and deaths per year from HIV/AIDS, 1990-2017<a href="#cite_note-auto-225">[225]</a></figcaption></figure> HIV/AIDS is considered a global <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-226">[226]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> This is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> Among new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> There were 630,000 AIDS related deaths in 2022, down from a peak of 2 million in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has reported that deaths from HIV and AIDS have "fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021."<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Among persons living with HIV (PLWH), the largest proportion reside in eastern and southern Africa (20.6 million, 54.6%). This region also had the highest rate of adult and child deaths due to AIDS in 2020 (310,000, 46.6%). Sub-Saharan African adolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years) account for 77% of new infections among this age-range globally.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> Here, in contrast to other regions, adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely to acquire HIV than age-matched males.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> Despite these statistics, overall, new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths have substantially decreased in this region since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:2-228">[228]</a> Eastern Europe and central Asia has observed a 43% increase in new HIV infections and 32% increase in AIDS-related deaths since 2010, the highest of all global regions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-228">[228]</a> These infections are predominantly distributed in persons who inject drugs, with gay men and other men who have sex with men or persons who engage in transaction sex the second and third populations most impacted in this region.<a href="#cite_note-:2-228">[228]</a> At the end of 2019, United States indicated that approximately 1.2 million people aged ≥13 years were living with HIV, resulting in about 18,500 deaths in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:3-229">[229]</a> There were 34,800 estimated new infections in the US in 2019, 53% of which were in the southern region of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-229">[229]</a> In addition to geographic location, significant disparities in HIV incidence exist among men, Black or Hispanic populations, and men who reported male-to-male sexual contact. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 158,500 people or 13% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.<a href="#cite_note-:3-229">[229]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Between the first recognition of AIDS (in 1981) and 2009, it has led to nearly 30 million deaths.<a href="#cite_note-TotalDeath2010-232">[232]</a> Rates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and the Middle East (0.1% or less), <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> (0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%).<a href="#cite_note-UN2011Fifty-233">[233]</a> The worst-affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, in decreasing order of prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Groups at higher risk of acquiring HIV include persons who engage in <a href="/wiki/Transactional_sex" title="Transactional sex">transactional sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">persons who inject drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender persons</a>, and those who are <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">incarcerated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">detained</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline of HIV/AIDS</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:HIV/AIDS_by_country" title="Category:HIV/AIDS by country">Category:HIV/AIDS by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="text of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report newsletter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png/220px-Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png/330px-Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png/440px-Mmwr-aids-July1981-report-101.png 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="3377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a> reported in 1981 on what was later to be called "AIDS".</figcaption></figure> The first news story on the disease appeared on May 18, 1981, in the gay newspaper <a href="/wiki/New_York_Native" title="New York Native">New York Native</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> AIDS was first clinically reported on June 5, 1981, with five cases in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-M169-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and gay men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_carinii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumocystis carinii">Pneumocystis carinii</a> pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR2-238">[238]</a> Soon thereafter, a large number of homosexual men developed a generally rare skin cancer called <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a> (KS).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7287964-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6116083-240">[240]</a> Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-Basavapathruni_2007-241">[241]</a> In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of diseases associated with it, such as <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">lymphadenopathy</a>, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982a-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montagnier-243">[243]</a> They also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982b-244">[244]</a> At one point the CDC referred to it as the "4H disease", as the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophiliacs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciRep470b-246">[246]</a> The term GRID, which stood for <a href="/wiki/Gay-related_immune_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-related immune deficiency">gay-related immune deficiency</a>, had also been coined.<a href="#cite_note-Altman-247">[247]</a> However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982b-244">[244]</a> it was realized that the term GRID was misleading, and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Kher-248">[248]</a> By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR1982c-249">[249]</a> In 1983, two separate research groups led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallo-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montagnier-243">[243]</a> Gallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in <a href="/wiki/Virus_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus structure">shape</a> to other <a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus">human T-lymphotropic viruses</a> (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate. Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> of the neck and <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">physical weakness</a>, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).<a href="#cite_note-Basavapathruni_2007-241">[241]</a> As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIV_primates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three primates possible sources of HIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/300px-SIV_primates.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/450px-SIV_primates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SIV_primates.jpg/600px-SIV_primates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: the <a href="/wiki/African_green_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="African green monkey">African green monkey</a> source of <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">SIV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> source of <a href="/wiki/HIV-2" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-2">HIV-2</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> source of <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a></figcaption></figure> The origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Gilbert-252">[252]</a> Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> in West-central Africa and were <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">transferred to humans</a> in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Orgin2011-26">[26]</a> HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> through the evolution of SIV(cpz), a <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">simian immunodeficiency virus</a> (SIV) that infects wild <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> (HIV-1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes).<a href="#cite_note-pmid9989410-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keele-254">[254]</a> The closest relative of HIV-2 is SIV (smm), a virus of the <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mangabey" title="Sooty mangabey">sooty mangabey</a> (Cercocebus atys atys), an <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkey</a> living in coastal West Africa (from southern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to western <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Reeves-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">owl monkey</a> are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV-1</a> infection, possibly because of a genomic <a href="/wiki/Fusion_gene" title="Fusion gene">fusion</a> of two viral resistance genes.<a href="#cite_note-Goodier-255">[255]</a> HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp2001-256">[256]</a> There is evidence that humans who participate in <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> activities, either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors, commonly acquire SIV.<a href="#cite_note-Kalish2005-257">[257]</a> However, SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection. It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Marx2001-258">[258]</a> Furthermore, due to its relatively low person-to-person transmission rate, SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high-risk transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Specific proposed high-risk transmission channels, allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout society, depend on the proposed timing of the animal-to-human crossing. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV-1 M group dates back to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Worobey2008-260">[260]</a> Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and growth of large colonial African cities, leading to social changes, including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity, the spread of prostitution, and the accompanying high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Genital_ulcer_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital ulcer disease">genital ulcer diseases</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>) in nascent colonial cities.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2010-261">[261]</a> While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners has a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted infection</a> causing genital ulcers. Early 1900s colonial cities were notable for their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers, to the degree that, as of 1928, as many as 45% of female residents of eastern <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> were thought to have been prostitutes, and, as of 1933, around 15% of all residents of the same city had syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2010-261">[261]</a> An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II, such as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread.<a href="#cite_note-Marx2001-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chitnis2000-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNeil-263">[263]</a> The earliest well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu-264">[264]</a> The virus may have been present in the U.S. as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male named <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rayford" title="Robert Rayford">Robert Rayford</a> presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969. In the 1970s, there were cases of getting parasites and becoming sick with what was called "gay bowel disease", but what is now suspected to have been AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966, that of <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Noe" title="Arvid Noe">Arvid Noe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In July 1960, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Independence_and_political_crisis_(1960–1965)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo's independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> recruited <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Francophone</a> experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country. By 1962, Haitians made up the second-largest group of well-educated experts (out of the 48 national groups recruited), that totaled around 4,500 in the country.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pépin-268">[268]</a> Dr. Jacques Pépin, a Canadian author of The Origins of AIDS, stipulates that <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> was one of HIV's entry points to the U.S. and that a Haitian may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Pépin-268">[268]</a> Although there was known to have been at least one case of AIDS in the U.S. from 1966,<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa (including the U.S.) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and brought the infection to the U.S. at some time around 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Gilbert-252">[252]</a> The epidemic rapidly spread among high-risk groups (initially, sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men). By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among gay male residents of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Gilbert-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma">Stigma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryan_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A teenage male with the hand of another resting on his left shoulder smiling for the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ryan_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Poster_child" title="Poster child">poster child</a> for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></figcaption></figure> AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">ostracism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">rejection</a>, discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> or protection of <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>; violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> of HIV-infected individuals.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS2006Ch4-22">[22]</a> Stigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Ogden-271">[271]</a> AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories: <ul><li>Instrumental AIDS stigma—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness.<a href="#cite_note-Herek1999-272">[272]</a></li> <li>Symbolic AIDS stigma—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Herek1999-272">[272]</a></li> <li>Courtesy AIDS stigma—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-273">[273]</a></li></ul> Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a>, prostitution, and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug_use_(recreational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use (recreational)">intravenous drug use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In many <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, there is an <a href="/wiki/AIDS_and_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS and homosexuality">association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality</a>, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">anti-homosexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">anti-bisexual</a> attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Herek2002-275">[275]</a> There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men.<a href="#cite_note-Herek1999-272">[272]</a> However, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt</a> was conceived in 1985 to celebrate the lives of those who had died of AIDS when stigma prevented many from receiving funerals. It is now cared for by the <a href="/wiki/National_AIDS_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National AIDS Memorial">National AIDS Memorial</a> in San Francisco. In 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for those diagnosed with AIDS to marry in China.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">U.S. National Library of Medicine</a> developed a traveling exhibition titled Surviving and Thriving: AIDS, Politics, and Culture;<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> this covered medical research, the U.S. government's response, and personal stories from people with AIDS, caregivers, and activists.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Stigma has proved an obstacle to the update of <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a>. Within the MSM community, the greatest barrier to PrEP use has been the stigma surrounding HIV and gay men. Gay men on PrEP have experienced "<a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">slut-shaming</a>".<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Numerous other barriers have been identified, including lack of quality LGBTQ care, cost, and adherence to medication use.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact of HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of HIV treatment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph showing several increasing lines followed by a sharp fall of the lines starting in the mid-1980s to 1990s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/495px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/660px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012</figcaption></figure> HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.<a href="#cite_note-M117-283">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M117-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bell-et-al-2003-284">[284]</a> Without proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications. Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M117-283">[283]</a> Many are cared for by elderly grandparents.<a href="#cite_note-Greener-285">[285]</a> Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> in people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a>, memory problems, and social isolation. Employment increases <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, sense of dignity, confidence, and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> for people with HIV/AIDS. Anti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV/AIDS work more, and may increase the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed (low-quality evidence).<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> By affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">public expenditures</a> such as education and health services not related to AIDS, resulting in increasing pressure on the state's finances and slower growth of the economy. This causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay, and caring for AIDS orphans. This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.<a href="#cite_note-Greener-285">[285]</a> At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare. A study in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households. This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.<a href="#cite_note-WBank-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_AIDS">Religion and AIDS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion and HIV/AIDS</a></div> The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thirty_years_after_AIDS_discovery,_appreciation_growing_for_Catholic_approach-289">[289]</a> The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS, according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis, argues that cultural changes are needed, including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it.<a href="#cite_note-Thirty_years_after_AIDS_discovery,_appreciation_growing_for_Catholic_approach-289">[289]</a> Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS. In 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to many deaths.<a href="#cite_note-BBC18102011-290">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_Church_Of_All_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogue Church Of All Nations">Synagogue Church Of All Nations</a> advertised an "anointing water" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.<a href="#cite_note-BBC18102011-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_portrayal">Media portrayal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></div> One of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American gay actor <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a>. He had been diagnosed during 1984, announced that he had had the virus on July 25, 1985, and died a few months later on October 2, 1985.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-291">[291]</a> Another notable British casualty of AIDS that year was <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eden,_2nd_Earl_of_Avon" title="Nicholas Eden, 2nd Earl of Avon">Nicholas Eden</a>, a gay politician and son of former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> On November 24, 1991, British rock star <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> died from an AIDS-related illness, having revealed the diagnosis only on the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a>. He was diagnosed as HIV-positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> He died as a result on February 6, 1993, aged 49.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Therese Frare's photograph of gay activist <a href="/wiki/David_Kirby_(activist)" title="David Kirby (activist)">David Kirby</a>, as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine said the photo became the one image "most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic." The photo was displayed in Life, was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Photo" title="World Press Photo">World Press Photo</a>, and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a <a href="/wiki/United_Colors_of_Benetton" class="mw-redirect" title="United Colors of Benetton">United Colors of Benetton</a> advertising campaign in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Many famous artists and AIDS activists such as <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamanda_Gal%C3%A1s" title="Diamanda Galás">Diamanda Galás</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a><a href="#cite_note-DeutscheWelle-297">[297]</a> campaign for AIDS education and the rights of those affected. These artists worked with various media formats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_transmission">Criminal transmission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></div> Criminal transmission of HIV is the <a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">intentional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">reckless</a> infection of a person with the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV). Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic. In 1996, Ugandan-born Canadian <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aziga" title="Johnson Aziga">Johnson Aziga</a> was diagnosed with HIV; he subsequently had unprotected sex with eleven women without disclosing his diagnosis. By 2003, seven had contracted HIV; two died from complications related to AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Aziga was convicted of <a href="/wiki/First-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="First-degree murder">first-degree murder</a> and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Canada" title="Life imprisonment in Canada">life imprisonment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></div> There are many <a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS">misconceptions about HIV and AIDS</a>. Three misconceptions are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that <a href="/wiki/Virgin_cleansing_myth" title="Virgin cleansing myth">sexual intercourse with a virgin</a> will cure AIDS,<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.<a href="#cite_note-WIFANG-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-RASEFSS-306">[306]</a> In 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%).<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS,<a href="#cite_note-Duesberg-310">[310]</a> the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods.<a href="#cite_note-Kalichman-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithNovella-312">[312]</a> These claims, known as <a href="/wiki/AIDS_denialism" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS denialism">AIDS denialism</a>, have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-consensus-313">[313]</a> However, they have had a significant political impact, particularly <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">in South Africa</a>, where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Several discredited <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately. <a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a> was a worldwide Soviet <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active measures</a> operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed—and continue to believe—in such claims.<a href="#cite_note-infektion-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">HIV/AIDS research</a></div> HIV/AIDS research includes all <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> which attempts to prevent, treat, or cure HIV/AIDS, along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent, and about AIDS as the disease caused by HIV. Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV/AIDS research. This research includes behavioral <a href="/wiki/Health_interventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Health interventions">health interventions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">drug development</a>, such as research into <a href="/wiki/Microbicides_for_sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases">microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccines">HIV vaccines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drugs">antiretroviral drugs</a>. Other medical research areas include the topics of <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">pre-exposure prophylaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">post-exposure prophylaxis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">circumcision and HIV</a>. Public health officials, researchers, and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face, and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention, by tracking standard HIV indicators.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Use of common indicators is an increasing focus of development organizations and researchers.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AIDS2010GOV-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS2010GOV_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS2010GOV_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS2010GOV_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIDS2010GOV_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922044900/https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids">"What Are HIV and AIDS?"</a>. HIV.gov. May 15, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids">the original</a> on September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HIV.gov&rft.atitle=What+Are+HIV+and+AIDS%3F&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiv.gov%2Fhiv-basics%2Foverview%2Fabout-hiv-and-aids%2Fwhat-are-hiv-and-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AETC-staging-2"><a href="#cite_ref-AETC-staging_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018065658/https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems">"HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems"</a>. AIDS Education & Training Center Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems">the original</a> on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Education+%26+Training+Center+Program&rft.atitle=HIV+Classification%3A+CDC+and+WHO+Staging+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faidsetc.org%2Fguide%2Fhiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen">"Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Wear+your+red+ribbon+this+World+AIDS+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fpresscentre%2Ffeaturestories%2F2006%2Fnovember%2F20061130redribbonen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2015Fact-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Fact_4-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/">"HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217160830/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV%2FAIDS+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0360&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs360%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2024Factsheet-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2024Factsheet_5-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids">"HIV and AIDS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. July 22, 2024. Retrieved October 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+and+AIDS&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhiv-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNAIDS2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2007_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2007_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2007_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNAIDSWorld_Health_Organization2007" class="citation web cs1">UNAIDS, World Health Organization (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf">"2007 AIDS epidemic update"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+AIDS+epidemic+update&rft.date=2007-12&rft.au=UNAIDS&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unaids.org%2Fpub%2FEPISlides%2F2007%2F2007_epiupdate_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2022-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2022_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Global+HIV+%26+AIDS+statistics+%E2%80%94+2022+fact+sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Ffact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11396444-8"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11396444_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSepkowitz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM200106073442306">"AIDS – the first 20 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>. 344 (23): 1764–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM200106073442306">10.1056/NEJM200106073442306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396444">11396444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=AIDS+%E2%80%93+the+first+20+years&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1764-72&rft.date=2001-06&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11396444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM200106073442306&rft.aulast=Sepkowitz&rft.aufirst=KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJM200106073442306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrämerKretzschmarKrickeberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Krämer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&pg=PA88">Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health</a> (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-93835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-93835-6"><bdi>978-0-387-93835-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+infectious+disease+epidemiology+concepts%2C+methods%2C+mathematical+models%2C+and+public+health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-387-93835-6&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+Mirjam&rft.au=Krickeberg%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDi0_5x82HykC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirch2008" class="citation book cs1">Kirch W (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA676">Encyclopedia of Public Health</a>. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5613-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-5613-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911141720/https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA676">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Public+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=676-77&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5613-0&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeSPK7-CHw7oC%26pg%3DPA676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142824/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus">"Retrovirus Definition"</a>. AIDSinfo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus">the original</a> on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIDSinfo&rft.atitle=Retrovirus+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faidsinfo.nih.gov%2Funderstanding-hiv-aids%2Fglossary%2F634%2Fretrovirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2012Vac-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2012Vac_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2012Vac_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2012Vac_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNAIDS2012" class="citation news cs1">UNAIDS (May 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/">"The quest for an HIV vaccine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+an+HIV+vaccine&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.au=UNAIDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fpresscentre%2Ffeaturestories%2F2012%2Fmay%2F20120518vaccinesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC21015Bas-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC21015Bas_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC21015Bas_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC21015Bas_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC21015Bas_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html">"About HIV/AIDS"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). December 6, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224101946/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=About+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fbasics%2Fwhatishiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2015Tx-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Tx_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2015Tx_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1">Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. 2015. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150956-5"><bdi>978-92-4-150956-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014071803/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guideline+on+when+to+start+antiretroviral+therapy+and+on+pre-exposure+prophylaxis+for+HIV&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-4-150956-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F186275%2F1%2F9789241509565_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCUndetectable-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCUndetectable_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCUndetectable_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrayMermin2017" class="citation web cs1">McCray E, Mermin J (September 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/dcl/dcl/092717.html">"Dear Colleague: September 27, 2017"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130231157/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/dcl/dcl/092717.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dear+Colleague%3A+September+27%2C+2017&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=McCray&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Mermin%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Flibrary%2Fdcl%2Fdcl%2F092717.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risk_of_sexual_transmission_of_huma-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risk_of_sexual_transmission_of_huma_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risk_of_sexual_transmission_of_huma_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeMessurierTraversyVarsaneuxWeekes2018" class="citation journal cs1">LeMessurier J, Traversy G, Varsaneux O, Weekes M, Avey MT, Niragira O, et al. (November 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6239917">"Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association_Journal" title="Canadian Medical Association Journal">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a>. 190 (46): E1350–E1360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.180311">10.1503/cmaj.180311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6239917">6239917</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30455270">30455270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Risk+of+sexual+transmission+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+with+antiretroviral+therapy%2C+suppressed+viral+load+and+condom+use%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=E1350-E1360&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6239917%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30455270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.180311&rft.aulast=LeMessurier&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Traversy%2C+G&rft.au=Varsaneux%2C+O&rft.au=Weekes%2C+M&rft.au=Avey%2C+MT&rft.au=Niragira%2C+O&rft.au=Gervais%2C+R&rft.au=Guyatt%2C+G&rft.au=Rodin%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6239917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2018/july/undetectable-untransmittable">"Undetectable = untransmittable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211064449/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2018/july/undetectable-untransmittable">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Undetectable+%3D+untransmittable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fpresscentre%2Ffeaturestories%2F2018%2Fjuly%2Fundetectable-untransmittable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TransmissionM2007-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionM2007_18-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomMarkowitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745">Environmental and occupational medicine</a> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer" title="Wolters Kluwer">Wolters Kluwer</a>/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6299-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-6299-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155744/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+and+occupational+medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=745&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4Sv9XY296oC%26pg%3DPA745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCtransmission-19"><a href="#cite_ref-CDCtransmission_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm">"HIV and Its Transmission"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+and+Its+Transmission&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2FHIV%2Fpubs%2Ffacts%2Ftransmission.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-sexual-risk/preventing-sexual-transmission-of-hiv">"Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV"</a>. HIV.gov. April 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201062101/https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-sexual-risk/preventing-sexual-transmission-of-hiv">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HIV.gov&rft.atitle=Preventing+Sexual+Transmission+of+HIV&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiv.gov%2Fhiv-basics%2Fhiv-prevention%2Freducing-sexual-risk%2Fpreventing-sexual-transmission-of-hiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallo2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallo2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallo2_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gallo RC (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629027">"A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Retrovirology_(journal)" title="Retrovirology (journal)">Retrovirology</a>. 3 (1): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4690-3-72">10.1186/1742-4690-3-72</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629027">1629027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17054781">17054781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retrovirology&rft.atitle=A+reflection+on+HIV%2FAIDS+research+after+25+years&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17054781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-4690-3-72&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNAIDS2006Ch4-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2006Ch4_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2006Ch4_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS2006Ch4_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf">"The impact of AIDS on people and societies"</a> (PDF). 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9173-479-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9173-479-5"><bdi>978-92-9173-479-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001821/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+AIDS+on+people+and+societies&rft.btitle=2006+Report+on+the+global+AIDS+epidemic&rft.pub=UNAIDS&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-9173-479-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unaids.org%2Fpub%2FGlobalReport%2F2006%2F2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndersby2016" class="citation journal cs1">Endersby J (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters">"Myth Busters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 351 (6268): 35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351...35E">2016Sci...351...35E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad2891">10.1126/science.aad2891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51608938">51608938</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160217/http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Myth+Busters&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6268&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51608938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad2891&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...351...35E&rft.aulast=Endersby&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustintexas.gov%2Fpage%2Fmyth-busters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullom2013" class="citation magazine cs1">McCullom R (February 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/">"An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135849/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=An+African+Pope+Won%27t+Change+the+Vatican%27s+Views+on+Condoms+and+AIDS&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.aulast=McCullom&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fsexes%2Farchive%2F2013%2F02%2Fan-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids%2F273535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-59797-294-0-25"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-59797-294-0_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden2012" class="citation book cs1">Harden VA (2012). AIDS at 30: A History. Potomac Books Inc. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-294-9"><bdi>978-1-59797-294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+at+30%3A+A+History&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-294-9&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orgin2011-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orgin2011_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orgin2011_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpHahn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451">"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"</a>. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006841">10.1101/cshperspect.a006841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451">3234451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22229120">22229120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Origins+of+HIV+and+the+AIDS+pandemic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=a006841&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234451%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22229120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006841&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallings-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kallings_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallings2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kallings LO (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01910.x">"The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS"</a>. Journal of Internal Medicine. 263 (3): 218–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01910.x">10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18205765">18205765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205339589">205339589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+first+postmodern+pandemic%3A+25+years+of+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=218-43&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205339589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18205765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01910.x&rft.aulast=Kallings&rft.aufirst=LO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2796.2007.01910.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-new-collaboration-develop-gene-based-cures-sickle-cell-disease-hiv-global-scale">"NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale"</a>. National Institutes of Health (NIH). October 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904180604/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-new-collaboration-develop-gene-based-cures-sickle-cell-disease-hiv-global-scale">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institutes+of+Health+%28NIH%29&rft.atitle=NIH+launches+new+collaboration+to+develop+gene-based+cures+for+sickle+cell+disease+and+HIV+on+global+scale&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews-releases%2Fnih-launches-new-collaboration-develop-gene-based-cures-sickle-cell-disease-hiv-global-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M121-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M121_29-5">f</a> Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOCase2007-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOCase2007_30-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf">WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children</a> (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2007. pp. 6–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159562-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159562-9"><bdi>978-92-4-159562-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031044253/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+case+definitions+of+HIV+for+surveillance+and+revised+clinical+staging+and+immunological+classification+of+HIV-related+disease+in+adults+and+children&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=6-16&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159562-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Fpub%2Fguidelines%2FHIVstaging150307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25">Diseases and disorders</a>. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. 2008. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7771-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7771-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919012701/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+and+disorders&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+NY&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7771-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HRJOElZch8C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M118-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M118_32-14">o</a> Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deut2010-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deut2010_33-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelSchwarze-ZanderWasmuthSpengler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel M, Schwarze-Zander C, Wasmuth JC, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Rockstroh JK (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915483">"The treatment of patients with HIV"</a>. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 107 (28–29): 507–15, quiz 516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0507">10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915483">2915483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20703338">20703338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+%C3%84rzteblatt+International&rft.atitle=The+treatment+of+patients+with+HIV&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=28%E2%80%9329&rft.pages=507-15%2C+quiz+516&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2915483%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20703338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0507&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Schwarze-Zander%2C+C&rft.au=Wasmuth%2C+JC&rft.au=Spengler%2C+U&rft.au=Sauerbruch%2C+T&rft.au=Rockstroh%2C+JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2915483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvian2006" class="citation book cs1">Evian C (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29">Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting</a> (Updated 4th ed.). Houghton [South Africa]: Jacana. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-198-6"><bdi>978-1-77009-198-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911043536/https://books.google.com/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+HIV%2FAIDS+care%3A+a+practical+guide+for+primary+health+care+personnel+in+a+clinical+and+supportive+setting&rft.place=Houghton+%5BSouth+Africa%5D&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=Updated+4th&rft.pub=Jacana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-77009-198-6&rft.aulast=Evian&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWauaC7M0yGcC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2001" class="citation book cs1">Hicks CB (2001). Reeders JW, Goodman PC (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19">Radiology of AIDS</a>. Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66510-6"><bdi>978-3-540-66510-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509101646/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiology+of+AIDS&rft.place=Berlin+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-66510-6&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmFBtyPGOQIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2012" class="citation book cs1">Elliott T (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273">Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-37226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-37226-5"><bdi>978-1-118-37226-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919014154/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lecture+Notes%3A+Medical+Microbiology+and+Infection&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-37226-5&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4q3AyDQIUYC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LT2010-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LT2010_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LT2010_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blankson JN (March 2010). "Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors". Discovery Medicine. 9 (46): 261–66. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20350494">20350494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discovery+Medicine&rft.atitle=Control+of+HIV-1+replication+in+elite+suppressors&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=261-66&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20350494&rft.aulast=Blankson&rft.aufirst=JN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2007-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2007_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker BD (August–September 2007). "Elite control of HIV Infection: implications for vaccines and treatment". Topics in HIV Medicine. 15 (4): 134–36. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17720999">17720999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+HIV+Medicine&rft.atitle=Elite+control+of+HIV+Infection%3A+implications+for+vaccines+and+treatment&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=134-36&rft.date=2007-08%2F2007-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17720999&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesLosinaWalenskyYazdanpanah2003" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F367655">"Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Infectious_Diseases" title="Clinical Infectious Diseases">Clinical Infectious Diseases</a>. 36 (5): 652–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F367655">10.1086/367655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12594648">12594648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Review+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1-related+opportunistic+infections+in+sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=652-62&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F367655&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12594648&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Losina%2C+E&rft.au=Walensky%2C+RP&rft.au=Yazdanpanah%2C+Y&rft.au=Freedberg%2C+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F367655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complications2011-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Complications2011_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuSelwyn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chu C, Selwyn PA (February 2011). "Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach". American Family Physician. 83 (4): 395–406. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21322514">21322514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Complications+of+HIV+infection%3A+a+systems-based+approach&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-406&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21322514&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Selwyn%2C+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M169-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M169_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M169_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M169_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M169_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M169_41-4">e</a> Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittalRathVemuganti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mittal R, Rath S, Vemuganti GK (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770226">"Ocular surface squamous neoplasia – Review of etio-pathogenesis and an update on clinico-pathological diagnosis"</a>. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 27 (3): 177–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sjopt.2013.07.002">10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770226">3770226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24227983">24227983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Ocular+surface+squamous+neoplasia+%E2%80%93+Review+of+etio-pathogenesis+and+an+update+on+clinico-pathological+diagnosis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-86&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3770226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24227983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sjopt.2013.07.002&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Rath%2C+S&rft.au=Vemuganti%2C+GK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3770226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm">"AIDS"</a>. MedlinePlus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618135541/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=AIDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000594.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestak2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sestak K (July 2005). "Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates". Current HIV Research. 3 (3): 199–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570162054368084">10.2174/1570162054368084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16022653">16022653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV+Research&rft.atitle=Chronic+diarrhea+and+AIDS%3A+insights+into+studies+with+non-human+primates&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-205&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570162054368084&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16022653&rft.aulast=Sestak&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayButtnerPrice2012" class="citation book cs1">Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice: Expert Consult – Online and Print, 6e (Bradley, Neurology in Clinical Practice e-dition 2v Set). Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0434-1"><bdi>978-1-4377-0434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Depression+and+Psychosis+in+Neurological+Practice&rft.btitle=Bradley%27s+Neurology+in+Clinical+Practice%3A+Expert+Consult+%E2%80%93+Online+and+Print%2C+6e+%28Bradley%2C+Neurology+in+Clinical+Practice+e-dition+2v+Set%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-0434-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Buttner%2C+N&rft.au=Price%2C+BH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood_Transfusion_Risk-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blood_Transfusion_Risk_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood_Transfusion_Risk_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneganStuartNilandSacks1990" class="citation journal cs1">Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, Sacks HS, Azen SP, Dietrich SL, et al. (November 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/704236/infection-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-hiv-1-among-recipients?doi=10.7326%2f0003-4819-113-10-733">"Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) among Recipients of Antibody-Positive Blood Donations"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 113 (10): 733–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-113-10-733">10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2240875">2240875</a>. Retrieved May 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Infection+with+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus+Type+1+%28HIV-1%29+among+Recipients+of+Antibody-Positive+Blood+Donations&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=733-739&rft.date=1990-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-113-10-733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2240875&rft.aulast=Donegan&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Maria&rft.au=Niland%2C+Joyce+C.&rft.au=Sacks%2C+Henry+S.&rft.au=Azen%2C+Stanley+P.&rft.au=Dietrich%2C+Shelby+L.&rft.au=Faucett%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Mary+Ann&rft.au=Kleinman%2C+Steven+H.&rft.au=Operskalski%2C+Eva+A.&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Herbert+A.&rft.au=Pindyck%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Schiff%2C+Eugene+R.&rft.au=Stites%2C+Daniel+P.&rft.au=Tomasulo%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Mosley%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fannals.org%2Faim%2Farticle-abstract%2F704236%2Finfection-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-hiv-1-among-recipients%3Fdoi%3D10.7326%252f0003-4819-113-10-733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coovadia-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Coovadia_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoovadia_H2004" class="citation journal cs1">Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (3): 289–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe048128">10.1056/NEJMe048128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15247337">15247337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+agents%E2%80%94how+best+to+protect+infants+from+HIV+and+save+their+mothers+from+AIDS&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-292&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMe048128&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15247337&rft.au=Coovadia+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR2005-48"><a href="#cite_ref-MMWR2005_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithGrohskopfBlackAuerbach2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ, Auerbach JD, Veronese F, Struble KA, et al. (January 21, 2005). "Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 54 (RR-2): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15660015">15660015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+Reports&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+postexposure+prophylaxis+after+sexual%2C+injection-drug+use%2C+or+other+nonoccupational+exposure+to+HIV+in+the+United+States%3A+recommendations+from+the+U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=RR-2&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2005-01-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15660015&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=DK&rft.au=Grohskopf%2C+LA&rft.au=Black%2C+RJ&rft.au=Auerbach%2C+JD&rft.au=Veronese%2C+F&rft.au=Struble%2C+KA&rft.au=Cheever%2C+L&rft.au=Johnson%2C+M&rft.au=Paxton%2C+LA&rft.au=Onorato%2C+IM&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP2007-49"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP2007_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripke_C2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kripke C (August 1, 2007). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV". American Family Physician. 76 (3): 375–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17708137">17708137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+prophylaxis+for+occupational+exposure+to+HIV.&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-6&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17708137&rft.au=Kripke+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trans2010-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trans2010_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans2010_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans2010_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trans2010_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosekunFox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dosekun O, Fox J (July 2010). "An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission". Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 5 (4): 291–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833a88a3">10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20543603">20543603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+relative+risks+of+different+sexual+behaviours+on+HIV+transmission.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-7&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833a88a3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20543603&rft.aulast=Dosekun&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Fox%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha2012" class="citation book cs1">Cunha B (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xv-9TSdixgwC&pg=PA303">Antibiotic Essentials 2012</a> (11 ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449693831" title="Special:BookSources/9781449693831"><bdi>9781449693831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antibiotic+Essentials+2012&rft.pages=303&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781449693831&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXv-9TSdixgwC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LancetT2009-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LancetT2009_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LancetT2009_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoilyBaggaleyWangMasse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, et al. (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467783">"Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"</a>. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 118–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970021-0">10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467783">4467783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19179227">19179227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Heterosexual+risk+of+HIV-1+infection+per+sexual+act%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+observational+studies.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-29&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4467783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19179227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970021-0&rft.aulast=Boily&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Baggaley%2C+RF&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.au=Masse%2C+B&rft.au=White%2C+RG&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RJ&rft.au=Alary%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4467783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggaleyWhiteBoily2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baggaley RF, White RG, Boily MC (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638872">"Systematic review of orogenital HIV-1 transmission probabilities"</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 37 (6): 1255–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyn151">10.1093/ije/dyn151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638872">2638872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18664564">18664564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+of+orogenital+HIV-1+transmission+probabilities.&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1255-65&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2638872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18664564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyn151&rft.aulast=Baggaley&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=White%2C+RG&rft.au=Boily%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2638872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP2007k-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP2007k_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP2007k_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP2007k_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kripke C (August 2007). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV". American Family Physician. 76 (3): 375–76. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17708137">17708137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+prophylaxis+for+occupational+exposure+to+HIV&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-76&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17708137&rft.aulast=Kripke&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_KuylCornelissen2007" class="citation journal cs1">van der Kuyl AC, Cornelissen M (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045676">"Identifying HIV-1 dual infections"</a>. Retrovirology. 4: 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4690-4-67">10.1186/1742-4690-4-67</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045676">2045676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17892568">17892568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retrovirology&rft.atitle=Identifying+HIV-1+dual+infections&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2045676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17892568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-4690-4-67&rft.aulast=van+der+Kuyl&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Cornelissen%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2045676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernazzaBernard2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vernazza P, Bernard EJ (January 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2016.14246">"HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement – eight years later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Medical_Weekly" title="Swiss Medical Weekly">Swiss Medical Weekly</a>. 146: w14246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2016.14246">10.4414/smw.2016.14246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26824882">26824882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Medical+Weekly&rft.atitle=HIV+is+not+transmitted+under+fully+suppressive+therapy%3A+The+Swiss+Statement+%E2%80%93+eight+years+later&rft.volume=146&rft.pages=w14246&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4414%2Fsmw.2016.14246&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26824882&rft.aulast=Vernazza&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bernard%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4414%252Fsmw.2016.14246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/men/index.html">"HIV and Men"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201111721/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/men/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=HIV+and+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fgroup%2Fgender%2Fmen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html">"HIV and Gay and Bisexual Men"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102163544/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=HIV+and+Gay+and+Bisexual+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fgroup%2Fmsm%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2016Bi-59"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC2016Bi_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/group/msm/cdc-hiv-msm.pdf">"HIV Among Gay and Bisexual Men"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218225712/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/group/msm/cdc-hiv-msm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+Among+Gay+and+Bisexual+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fpdf%2Fgroup%2Fmsm%2Fcdc-hiv-msm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boily2009-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boily2009_60-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoilyBaggaleyWangMasse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, et al. (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467783">"Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"</a>. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 118–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970021-0">10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467783">4467783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19179227">19179227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Heterosexual+risk+of+HIV-1+infection+per+sexual+act%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+observational+studies&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-29&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4467783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19179227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970021-0&rft.aulast=Boily&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Baggaley%2C+RF&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.au=Masse%2C+B&rft.au=White%2C+RG&rft.au=Hayes%2C+RJ&rft.au=Alary%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4467783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyrerBaralvan_GriensvenGoodreau2012" class="citation journal cs1">Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805037">"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men"</a>. The Lancet. 380 (9839): 367–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960821-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60821-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805037">3805037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22819660">22819660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Global+epidemiology+of+HIV+infection+in+men+who+have+sex+with+men&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9839&rft.pages=367-77&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3805037%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22819660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2960821-6&rft.aulast=Beyrer&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Baral%2C+SD&rft.au=van+Griensven%2C+F&rft.au=Goodreau%2C+SM&rft.au=Chariyalertsak%2C+S&rft.au=Wirtz%2C+AL&rft.au=Brookmeyer%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3805037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuVajdy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yu M, Vajdy M (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904634">"Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Expert_Opinion_on_Biological_Therapy" title="Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy">Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy</a>. 10 (8): 1181–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14712598.2010.496776">10.1517/14712598.2010.496776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904634">2904634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20624114">20624114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Biological+Therapy&rft.atitle=Mucosal+HIV+transmission+and+vaccination+strategies+through+oral+compared+with+vaginal+and+rectal+routes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1181-95&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2904634%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20624114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14712598.2010.496776&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Vajdy%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2904634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStürchler2006" class="citation book cs1">Stürchler DA (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544">Exposure a guide to sources of infections</a>. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-376-5"><bdi>978-1-55581-376-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130024240/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposure+a+guide+to+sources+of+infections&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=ASM+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-376-5&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCrchler&rft.aufirst=Dieter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWa5or3Xa9EC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattman2010" class="citation book cs1">Pattman R, et al., eds. (2010). Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957166-6"><bdi>978-0-19-957166-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+handbook+of+genitourinary+medicine%2C+HIV%2C+and+sexual+health&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957166-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosekun2010-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosekun2010_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosekun2010_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosekun2010_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosekunFox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dosekun O, Fox J (July 2010). "An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission". <a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_in_HIV_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS">Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS</a>. 5 (4): 291–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833a88a3">10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20543603">20543603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25541753">25541753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+relative+risks+of+different+sexual+behaviours+on+HIV+transmission&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-97&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25541753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20543603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833a88a3&rft.aulast=Dosekun&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Fox%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochraneSTI2012-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSTI2012_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSTI2012_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgButlerHorvathRutherford2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ng BE, Butler LM, Horvath T, Rutherford GW (March 2011). Butler LM (ed.). "Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection". <a href="/wiki/The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews">The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</a> (3): CD001220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001220.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412869">21412869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Population-based+biomedical+sexually+transmitted+infection+control+interventions+for+reducing+HIV+infection&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD001220&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001220.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21412869&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=BE&rft.au=Butler%2C+LM&rft.au=Horvath%2C+T&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+GW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson J (February 2012). "Women and HIV: motherhood and more". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 25 (1): 58–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef514">10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22156896">22156896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6198083">6198083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Women+and+HIV%3A+motherhood+and+more&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-65&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6198083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22156896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef514&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan2012" class="citation book cs1">Kerrigan D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f60h4OyZu_QC&pg=PA1">The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers</a>. World Bank Publications. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-9775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-9775-6"><bdi>978-0-8213-9775-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919020557/https://books.google.com/books?id=f60h4OyZu_QC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+HIV+Epidemics+among+Sex+Workers&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-9775-6&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=Deanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df60h4OyZu_QC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAral2013" class="citation book cs1">Aral S (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBbQ5QuqL9IC&pg=PA120">The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention: Personal, Public and Health Systems Approaches</a>. Springer. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4526-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-4526-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071934/https://books.google.com/books?id=eBbQ5QuqL9IC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Public+Health+and+STD%2FHIV+Prevention%3A+Personal%2C+Public+and+Health+Systems+Approaches&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-4526-5&rft.aulast=Aral&rft.aufirst=Sevgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBbQ5QuqL9IC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimasKoneruFletcher2008" class="citation journal cs1">Klimas N, Koneru AO, Fletcher MA (June 2008). "Overview of HIV". Psychosomatic Medicine. 70 (5): 523–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPSY.0b013e31817ae69f">10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18541903">18541903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38476611">38476611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Overview+of+HIV&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=523-30&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38476611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18541903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPSY.0b013e31817ae69f&rft.aulast=Klimas&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Koneru%2C+AO&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraughonSheridan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Draughon JE, Sheridan DJ (2012). "Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review". Psychology, Health & Medicine. 17 (2): 235–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13548506.2011.579984">10.1080/13548506.2011.579984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22372741">22372741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205771853">205771853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology%2C+Health+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Nonoccupational+postexposure+prophylaxis+following+sexual+assault+in+industrialized+low-HIV-prevalence+countries%3A+a+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205771853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22372741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13548506.2011.579984&rft.aulast=Draughon&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risk2006-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Risk2006_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggaleyBoilyWhiteAlary2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baggaley RF, Boily MC, White RG, Alary M (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d">"Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. AIDS. 20 (6): 805–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d">10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16549963">16549963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22674060">22674060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Risk+of+HIV-1+transmission+for+parenteral+exposure+and+blood+transfusion%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=805-12&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22674060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16549963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d&rft.aulast=Baggaley&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Boily%2C+MC&rft.au=White%2C+RG&rft.au=Alary%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needle2002-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Needle2002_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/2needguid.pdf">"Needlestick Prevention Guide"</a> (PDF). 2002. pp. 5–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712204534/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/2needguid.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Needlestick+Prevention+Guide&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Foccupational_health%2Factivities%2F2needguid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TransmissionCDC2012-74"><a href="#cite_ref-TransmissionCDC2012_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102910/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm">"HIV in the United States: An Overview"</a>. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=HIV+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Ftopics%2Fsurveillance%2Fresources%2Ffactsheets%2Fus_overview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf">"Will I need a blood transfusion?"</a> (PDF). National Health Services. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025050828/http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+I+need+a+blood+transfusion%3F&rft.pub=National+Health+Services&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhospital.blood.co.uk%2Flibrary%2Fpdf%2F2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_Prevention_(CDC)2010" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2010). "HIV transmission through transfusion – Missouri and Colorado, 2008". <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a>. 59 (41): 1335–39. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20966896">20966896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=HIV+transmission+through+transfusion+%E2%80%93+Missouri+and+Colorado%2C+2008&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=1335-39&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20966896&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2011Seventy-77"><a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Seventy_77-0">^</a> UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO070401-78"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO070401_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html">"Blood safety ... for too few"</a>. World Health Organization. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+safety+...+for+too+few&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Finf-pr-2000%2Fen%2Fpr2000-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonds1993" class="citation journal cs1">Simonds RJ (November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1234768">"HIV transmission by organ and tissue transplantation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AIDS_(journal)" title="AIDS (journal)">AIDS</a>. 7 (Suppl 2): S35–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-199311002-00008">10.1097/00002030-199311002-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8161444">8161444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28488664">28488664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006095732/https://zenodo.org/record/1234768/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=HIV+transmission+by+organ+and+tissue+transplantation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=S35-38&rft.date=1993-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28488664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8161444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002030-199311002-00008&rft.aulast=Simonds&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnsafeInjection2009-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnsafeInjection2009_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnsafeInjection2009_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnsafeInjection2009_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reid SR (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741434">"Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harm_Reduction_Journal" title="Harm Reduction Journal">Harm Reduction Journal</a>. 6: 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-7517-6-24">10.1186/1477-7517-6-24</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741434">2741434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19715601">19715601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harm+Reduction+Journal&rft.atitle=Injection+drug+use%2C+unsafe+medical+injections%2C+and+HIV+in+Africa%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741434%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19715601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1477-7517-6-24&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCBasics2012-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCBasics2012_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCBasics2012_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/">"Basic Information about HIV and AIDS"</a>. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618025129/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Basic+Information+about+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Ftopics%2Fbasic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C4Wauto-8503951-82"><a href="#cite_ref-C4Wauto-8503951_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrans2010" class="citation web cs1">Crans WJ (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm">"Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. H-40101-01-93. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm">the original</a> on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+University&rft.atitle=Why+Mosquitoes+Cannot+Transmit+AIDS&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Crans&rft.aufirst=Wayne+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rci.rutgers.edu%2F%257Einsects%2Faids.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv">"Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV"</a>. HIV.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044313/https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HIV.gov&rft.atitle=Preventing+Mother-to-Child+Transmission+of+HIV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiv.gov%2Fhiv-basics%2Fhiv-prevention%2Freducing-mother-to-child-risk%2Fpreventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mother2010-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mother2010_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother2010_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother2010_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother2010_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutsoudisKwaanThomson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Coutsoudis A, Kwaan L, Thomson M (October 2010). "Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 8 (10): 1163–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2Feri.10.94">10.1586/eri.10.94</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20954881">20954881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46624541">46624541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Anti-Infective+Therapy&rft.atitle=Prevention+of+vertical+transmission+of+HIV-1+in+resource-limited+settings&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1163-75&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46624541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20954881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2Feri.10.94&rft.aulast=Coutsoudis&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kwaan%2C+L&rft.au=Thomson%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018093154/https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/mtct/en/">"Mother-to-child transmission of HIV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/mtct/en/">the original</a> on October 18, 2019. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Mother-to-child+transmission+of+HIV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Ftopics%2Fmtct%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMirjahangirHorvathAnglemyer2014" class="citation journal cs1">White AB, Mirjahangir JF, Horvath H, Anglemyer A, Read JS (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10576873">"Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD011323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011323">10.1002/14651858.CD011323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10576873">10576873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280769">25280769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+interventions+for+preventing+breast+milk+transmission+of+HIV&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=CD011323&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10576873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25280769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011323&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Mirjahangir%2C+JF&rft.au=Horvath%2C+H&rft.au=Anglemyer%2C+A&rft.au=Read%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10576873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2011Breast-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011Breast_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011Breast_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011Breast_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309062212/http://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/hiv_infant_feeding/en/">"Infant feeding in the context of HIV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/hiv_infant_feeding/en/">the original</a> on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Infant+feeding+in+the+context+of+HIV&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Felena%2Ftitles%2Fbbc%2Fhiv_infant_feeding%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alimonti-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Alimonti_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlimontiBallFowke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.19110-0">"Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS"</a>. The Journal of General Virology. 84 (Pt 7): 1649–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.19110-0">10.1099/vir.0.19110-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810858">12810858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Virology&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+CD4%2B+T+lymphocyte+cell+death+in+human+immunodeficiency+virus+infection+and+AIDS&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=Pt+7&rft.pages=1649-61&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fvir.0.19110-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12810858&rft.aulast=Alimonti&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Ball%2C+TB&rft.au=Fowke%2C+KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fvir.0.19110-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICTV61.0.6-89"><a href="#cite_ref-ICTV61.0.6_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060418135608/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm">"61.0.6. Lentivirus"</a>. Men's Journal. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm">the original</a> on April 18, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=61.0.6.+Lentivirus&rft.date=2002&rft.au=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FICTVdb%2FICTVdB%2F61060000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICTV61.-90"><a href="#cite_ref-ICTV61._90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses2002" class="citation web cs1">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011217155644/http%3A//www%2Encbi%2Enlm%2Enih%2Egov/ictvdb/ictvdb/61000000%2Ehtm">"61. Retroviridae"</a>. Men's Journal. National Institutes of Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm">the original</a> on December 17, 2001. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=61.+Retroviridae&rft.date=2002&rft.au=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FICTVdb%2FICTVdB%2F61000000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Levy_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1993" class="citation journal cs1">Levy JA (November 1993). "HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival". AIDS. 7 (11): 1401–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-199311000-00001">10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8280406">8280406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=HIV+pathogenesis+and+long-term+survival&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1401-10&rft.date=1993-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002030-199311000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8280406&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JASmith-92"><a href="#cite_ref-JASmith_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDaniel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith JA, Daniel R (May 2006). "Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses". ACS Chemical Biology. 1 (4): 217–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcb600131q">10.1021/cb600131q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17163676">17163676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Following+the+path+of+the+virus%3A+the+exploitation+of+host+DNA+repair+mechanisms+by+retroviruses&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=217-26&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcb600131q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17163676&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Daniel%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2010" class="citation book cs1">Martínez MA, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5TY8W74scIC&pg=PA73">RNA interference and viruses: current innovations and future trends</a>. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-56-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-56-1"><bdi>978-1-904455-56-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911042839/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5TY8W74scIC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RNA+interference+and+viruses%3A+current+innovations+and+future+trends&rft.place=Norfolk&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-56-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5TY8W74scIC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_B._Pier2004" class="citation book cs1">Gerald B. Pier, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBb-wYsMHEAC&pg=PA550">Immunology, infection, and immunity</a>. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-246-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-246-1"><bdi>978-1-55581-246-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095319/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBb-wYsMHEAC&pg=PA550">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunology%2C+infection%2C+and+immunity&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=ASM+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-246-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBb-wYsMHEAC%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangZhouGroppelliPellegrino2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang C, Zhou S, Groppelli E, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Borrow P, et al. (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383537">"Hybrid spreading mechanisms and T cell activation shape the dynamics of HIV-1 infection"</a>. PLOS Computational Biology. 11 (4): e1004179. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.08992">1503.08992</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLSCB..11E4179Z">2015PLSCB..11E4179Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004179">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383537">4383537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837979">25837979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=Hybrid+spreading+mechanisms+and+T+cell+activation+shape+the+dynamics+of+HIV-1+infection&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1004179&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383537%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLSCB..11E4179Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1503.08992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25837979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004179&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Zhou%2C+S&rft.au=Groppelli%2C+E&rft.au=Pellegrino%2C+P&rft.au=Williams%2C+I&rft.au=Borrow%2C+P&rft.au=Chain%2C+BM&rft.au=Jolly%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4383537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollyKashefiHollinsheadSattentau2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211771">"HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actin-dependent synapse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Experimental_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Experimental Medicine">The Journal of Experimental Medicine</a>. 199 (2): 283–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.20030648">10.1084/jem.20030648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211771">2211771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734528">14734528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=HIV-1+cell+to+cell+transfer+across+an+Env-induced%2C+actin-dependent+synapse&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-93&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14734528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.20030648&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kashefi%2C+K&rft.au=Hollinshead%2C+M&rft.au=Sattentau%2C+QJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sattentau-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Sattentau_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattentau2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sattentau Q (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1972">"Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses"</a>. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 6 (11): 815–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1972">10.1038/nrmicro1972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18923409">18923409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20991705">20991705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Avoiding+the+void%3A+cell-to-cell+spread+of+human+viruses&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=815-26&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20991705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18923409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1972&rft.aulast=Sattentau&rft.aufirst=Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnrmicro1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigal-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Sigal_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigalKimBalazsDekel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sigal A, Kim JT, Balazs AB, Dekel E, Mayo A, Milo R, et al. (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/102808/2/41586_2011_BFnature10347_MOESM271_ESM.pdf">"Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 477 (7362): 95–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.477...95S">2011Natur.477...95S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10347">10.1038/nature10347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21849975">21849975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4409389">4409389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Cell-to-cell+spread+of+HIV+permits+ongoing+replication+despite+antiretroviral+therapy&rft.volume=477&rft.issue=7362&rft.pages=95-98&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4409389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21849975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.477...95S&rft.aulast=Sigal&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kim%2C+JT&rft.au=Balazs%2C+AB&rft.au=Dekel%2C+E&rft.au=Mayo%2C+A&rft.au=Milo%2C+R&rft.au=Baltimore%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F102808%2F2%2F41586_2011_BFnature10347_MOESM271_ESM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertMcKeagueEisenMullins2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert PB, McKeague IW, Eisen G, Mullins C, Guéye-NDiaye A, Mboup S, et al. (February 2003). "Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal". Statistics in Medicine. 22 (4): 573–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.1342">10.1002/sim.1342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590415">12590415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28523977">28523977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+HIV-1+and+HIV-2+infectivity+from+a+prospective+cohort+study+in+Senegal&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=573-93&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28523977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12590415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsim.1342&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=PB&rft.au=McKeague%2C+IW&rft.au=Eisen%2C+G&rft.au=Mullins%2C+C&rft.au=Gu%C3%A9ye-NDiaye%2C+A&rft.au=Mboup%2C+S&rft.au=Kanki%2C+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeves-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReevesDoms2002" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves JD, Doms RW (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-6-1253">"Human immunodeficiency virus type 2"</a>. The Journal of General Virology. 83 (Pt 6): 1253–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-6-1253">10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12029140">12029140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Virology&rft.atitle=Human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+2&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.pages=1253-65&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-6-1253&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12029140&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Doms%2C+RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F0022-1317-83-6-1253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piatak-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Piatak_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiatakSaagYangClark1993" class="citation journal cs1">Piatak M, Saag MS, Yang LC, Clark SJ, Kappes JC, Luk KC, et al. (March 1993). "High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR". Science. 259 (5102): 1749–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...259.1749P">1993Sci...259.1749P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.8096089">10.1126/science.8096089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8096089">8096089</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12158927">12158927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=High+levels+of+HIV-1+in+plasma+during+all+stages+of+infection+determined+by+competitive+PCR&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=5102&rft.pages=1749-54&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.8096089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12158927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8096089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Sci...259.1749P&rft.aulast=Piatak&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Saag%2C+MS&rft.au=Yang%2C+LC&rft.au=Clark%2C+SJ&rft.au=Kappes%2C+JC&rft.au=Luk%2C+KC&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Lifson%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pantaleo1998-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Pantaleo1998_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantaleoDemarestSchackerVaccarezza1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, et al. (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19306">"The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 94 (1): 254–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94..254P">1997PNAS...94..254P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.1.254">10.1073/pnas.94.1.254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19306">19306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8990195">8990195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+qualitative+nature+of+the+primary+immune+response+to+HIV+infection+is+a+prognosticator+of+disease+progression+independent+of+the+initial+level+of+plasma+viremia&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=254-58&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC19306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8990195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.1.254&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94..254P&rft.aulast=Pantaleo&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Demarest%2C+JF&rft.au=Schacker%2C+T&rft.au=Vaccarezza%2C+M&rft.au=Cohen%2C+OJ&rft.au=Daucher%2C+M&rft.au=Graziosi%2C+C&rft.au=Schnittman%2C+SS&rft.au=Quinn%2C+TC&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Perrin%2C+L&rft.au=Tambussi%2C+G&rft.au=Lazzarin%2C+A&rft.au=Sekaly%2C+RP&rft.au=Soudeyns%2C+H&rft.au=Corey%2C+L&rft.au=Fauci%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC19306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16679064-103"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16679064_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelMcGheeMestecky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hel Z, McGhee JR, Mestecky J (June 2006). "HIV infection: first battle decides the war". Trends in Immunology. 27 (6): 274–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.it.2006.04.007">10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679064">16679064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=HIV+infection%3A+first+battle+decides+the+war&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=274-81&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.it.2006.04.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16679064&rft.aulast=Hel&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=McGhee%2C+JR&rft.au=Mestecky%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillayGenettiWeiss2007" class="citation book cs1">Pillay D, Genetti AM, Weiss RA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905">"Human Immunodeficiency Viruses"</a>. In Zuckerman AJ, et al. (eds.). Principles and practice of clinical virology (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 905. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51799-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51799-4"><bdi>978-0-470-51799-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Immunodeficiency+Viruses&rft.btitle=Principles+and+practice+of+clinical+virology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=905&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-51799-4&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=Deenan&rft.au=Genetti%2C+Anna+Maria&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Robin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4il2mF7JG1sC%26pg%3DPA905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15365095-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15365095_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehandruPolesTenner-RaczHorowitz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, et al. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211967">"Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 200 (6): 761–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.20041196">10.1084/jem.20041196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211967">2211967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365095">15365095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Primary+HIV-1+infection+is+associated+with+preferential+depletion+of+CD4%2B+T+lymphocytes+from+effector+sites+in+the+gastrointestinal+tract&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=761-70&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211967%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15365095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.20041196&rft.aulast=Mehandru&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Poles%2C+MA&rft.au=Tenner-Racz%2C+K&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+A&rft.au=Hurley%2C+A&rft.au=Hogan%2C+C&rft.au=Boden%2C+D&rft.au=Racz%2C+P&rft.au=Markowitz%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15365096-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15365096_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenchleySchackerRuffPrice2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, et al. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211962">"CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 200 (6): 749–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.20040874">10.1084/jem.20040874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211962">2211962</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365096">15365096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=CD4%2B+T+cell+depletion+during+all+stages+of+HIV+disease+occurs+predominantly+in+the+gastrointestinal+tract&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=749-59&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15365096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.20040874&rft.aulast=Brenchley&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Schacker%2C+TW&rft.au=Ruff%2C+LE&rft.au=Price%2C+DA&rft.au=Taylor%2C+JH&rft.au=Beilman%2C+GJ&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+PL&rft.au=Khoruts%2C+A&rft.au=Larson%2C+M&rft.au=Haase%2C+AT&rft.au=Douek%2C+DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonJacobson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olson WC, Jacobson JM (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760828">"CCR5 monoclonal antibodies for HIV-1 therapy"</a>. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 4 (2): 104–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e3283224015">10.1097/COH.0b013e3283224015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760828">2760828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339948">19339948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.atitle=CCR5+monoclonal+antibodies+for+HIV-1+therapy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-11&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2760828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19339948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e3283224015&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2760828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julio2011-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Julio2011_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Julio2011_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliberti2011" class="citation book cs1">Aliberti J, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145">Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases</a>. New York: Springer Verlag. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0483-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-0483-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083412/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+of+Innate+and+Adaptive+Immune+Responses+During+Infectious+Diseases&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0483-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKMpo5aINVIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18161758-109"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18161758_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppaySauce2008" class="citation journal cs1">Appay V, Sauce D (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpath.2276">"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences"</a>. The Journal of Pathology. 214 (2): 231–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpath.2276">10.1002/path.2276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161758">18161758</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26830006">26830006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pathology&rft.atitle=Immune+activation+and+inflammation+in+HIV-1+infection%3A+causes+and+consequences&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-41&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26830006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18161758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpath.2276&rft.aulast=Appay&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Sauce%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fpath.2276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17115046-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17115046_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenchleyPriceSchackerAsher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, et al. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717013">"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection"</a>. Nature Medicine. 12 (12): 1365–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1511">10.1038/nm1511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717013">1717013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17115046">17115046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Microbial+translocation+is+a+cause+of+systemic+immune+activation+in+chronic+HIV+infection&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1365-71&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1717013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17115046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm1511&rft.aulast=Brenchley&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Price%2C+DA&rft.au=Schacker%2C+TW&rft.au=Asher%2C+TE&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+G&rft.au=Rao%2C+S&rft.au=Kazzaz%2C+Z&rft.au=Bornstein%2C+E&rft.au=Lambotte%2C+O&rft.au=Altmann%2C+D&rft.au=Blazar%2C+BR&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+B&rft.au=Teixeira-Johnson%2C+L&rft.au=Landay%2C+A&rft.au=Martin%2C+JN&rft.au=Hecht%2C+FM&rft.au=Picker%2C+LJ&rft.au=Lederman%2C+MM&rft.au=Deeks%2C+SG&rft.au=Douek%2C+DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1717013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html">"HIV/AIDS Testing"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). March 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234419/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=HIV%2FAIDS+Testing&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fbasics%2Ftesting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USP2019Screen-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USP2019Screen_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USP2019Screen_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Preventive_Services_TaskOwensDavidsonKrist2019" class="citation journal cs1">US Preventive Services Task F, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. (June 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6587">"Screening for HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"</a>. JAMA. 321 (23): 2326–2336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6587">10.1001/jama.2019.6587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184701">31184701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Screening+for+HIV+Infection%3A+US+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+Recommendation+Statement.&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2326-2336&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6587&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31184701&rft.aulast=US+Preventive+Services+Task&rft.aufirst=Force&rft.au=Owens%2C+DK&rft.au=Davidson%2C+KW&rft.au=Krist%2C+AH&rft.au=Barry%2C+MJ&rft.au=Cabana%2C+M&rft.au=Caughey%2C+AB&rft.au=Curry%2C+SJ&rft.au=Doubeni%2C+CA&rft.au=Epling+JW%2C+Jr&rft.au=Kubik%2C+M&rft.au=Landefeld%2C+CS&rft.au=Mangione%2C+CM&rft.au=Pbert%2C+L&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+M&rft.au=Simon%2C+MA&rft.au=Tseng%2C+CW&rft.au=Wong%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2019.6587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChildDiag2010-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChildDiag2010_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChildDiag2010_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellermanEssajee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kellerman S, Essajee S (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907270">"HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Medicine" title="PLOS Medicine">PLOS Medicine</a>. 7 (7): e1000285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000285">10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907270">2907270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20652012">20652012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=HIV+testing+for+children+in+resource-limited+settings%3A+what+are+we+waiting+for%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1000285&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2907270%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20652012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000285&rft.aulast=Kellerman&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Essajee%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2907270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2011Eighty-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Eighty_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Eighty_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Eighty_114-2">c</a> UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCCase2008-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCCase2008_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCCase2008_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCCase2008_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderWhitmoreGlynnDominguez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider E, Whitmore S, Glynn KM, Dominguez K, Mitsch A, McKenna MT (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5710.pdf">"Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years – United States, 2008"</a> (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 57 (RR-10): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19052530">19052530</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017160943/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5710.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+Reports&rft.atitle=Revised+surveillance+case+definitions+for+HIV+infection+among+adults%2C+adolescents%2C+and+children+aged+%3C18+months+and+for+HIV+infection+and+AIDS+among+children+aged+18+months+to+%3C13+years+%E2%80%93+United+States%2C+2008&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=RR-10&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19052530&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+S&rft.au=Glynn%2C+KM&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+K&rft.au=Mitsch%2C+A&rft.au=McKenna%2C+MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2FPDF%2Frr%2Frr5710.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2014Clas-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014Clas_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014Clas_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014Clas_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_Prevention_(CDC)2014" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6303.pdf">"Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection – United States, 2014"</a> (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 63 (RR-03): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24717910">24717910</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017133412/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6303.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Recommendations+and+Reports&rft.atitle=Revised+surveillance+case+definition+for+HIV+infection+%E2%80%93+United+States%2C+2014&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=RR-03&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24717910&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpdf%2Frr%2Frr6303.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosbyBounse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Crosby R, Bounse S (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSH11036">"Condom effectiveness: where are we now?"</a>. Sexual Health. 9 (1): 10–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSH11036">10.1071/SH11036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348628">22348628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Health&rft.atitle=Condom+effectiveness%3A+where+are+we+now%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FSH11036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22348628&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bounse%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1071%252FSH11036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOCondoms-118"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOCondoms_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018145513/http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html">"Condom Facts and Figures"</a>. World Health Organization. August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html">the original</a> on October 18, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condom+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpro.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs_200308_Condoms%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloKilbourne-BrookCoffey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gallo MF, Kilbourne-Brook M, Coffey PS (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1236046">"A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection"</a>. Sexual Health. 9 (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSH11037">10.1071/SH11037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348629">22348629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028225037/https://zenodo.org/record/1236046">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Health&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+effectiveness+and+acceptability+of+the+female+condom+for+dual+protection&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-26&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FSH11037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22348629&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Kilbourne-Brook%2C+M&rft.au=Coffey%2C+PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1236046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VagGel2012-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VagGel2012_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VagGel2012_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelumBaeten2012" class="citation journal cs1">Celum C, Baeten JM (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266126">"Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence"</a>. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 25 (1): 51–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef5ef">10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266126">3266126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22156901">22156901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Tenofovir-based+pre-exposure+prophylaxis+for+HIV+prevention%3A+evolving+evidence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-57&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3266126%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22156901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef5ef&rft.aulast=Celum&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Baeten%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3266126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptistaRamalho-Santos2009" class="citation journal cs1">Baptista M, Ramalho-Santos J (November 2009). "Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (13): 1556–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138955709790361548">10.2174/138955709790361548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20205637">20205637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mini+Reviews+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Spermicides%2C+microbicides+and+antiviral+agents%3A+recent+advances+in+the+development+of+novel+multi-functional+compounds&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1556-67&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138955709790361548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20205637&rft.aulast=Baptista&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ramalho-Santos%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfriedMullerDeeksVolmink2009" class="citation journal cs1">Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J (April 2009). Siegfried N (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003362.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370585">19370585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Male+circumcision+for+prevention+of+heterosexual+acquisition+of+HIV+in+men&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD003362&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003362.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19370585&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Muller%2C+M&rft.au=Deeks%2C+JJ&rft.au=Volmink%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140439/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html">"WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention"</a>. World Health Organization. March 28, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+and+UNAIDS+announce+recommendations+from+expert+consultation+on+male+circumcision+for+HIV+prevention&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2Fpr10%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarke2010" class="citation journal cs1">Larke N (May 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836228">"Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review"</a>. British Journal of Nursing. 19 (10): 629–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fbjon.2010.19.10.48201">10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836228">3836228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622758">20622758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Nursing&rft.atitle=Male+circumcision%2C+HIV+and+sexually+transmitted+infections%3A+a+review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=629-34&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20622758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12968%2Fbjon.2010.19.10.48201&rft.aulast=Larke&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19849961-125"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19849961_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonKalichman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton L, Kalichman SC (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557929">"Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection"</a>. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 6 (4): 187–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11904-009-0025-9">10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557929">3557929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19849961">19849961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV%2FAIDS+Reports&rft.atitle=Behavioral+aspects+of+male+circumcision+for+the+prevention+of+HIV+infection&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=187-93&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3557929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19849961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11904-009-0025-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Kalichman%2C+SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3557929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimLiGoldstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kim HH, Li PS, Goldstein M (November 2010). "Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?". Current Opinion in Urology. 20 (6): 515–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMOU.0b013e32833f1b21">10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20844437">20844437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2158164">2158164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Urology&rft.atitle=Male+circumcision%3A+Africa+and+beyond%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=515-19&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2158164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20844437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMOU.0b013e32833f1b21&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Li%2C+PS&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempletonMillettGrulich2010" class="citation journal cs1">Templeton DJ, Millett GA, Grulich AE (February 2010). "Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 23 (1): 45–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328334e54d">10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19935420">19935420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43878584">43878584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Male+circumcision+to+reduce+the+risk+of+HIV+and+sexually+transmitted+infections+among+men+who+have+sex+with+men&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43878584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19935420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328334e54d&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Millett%2C+GA&rft.au=Grulich%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiysongeKongnyuySheyMuula2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, et al. (June 2011). Wiysonge CS (ed.). "Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD007496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007496.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21678366">21678366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Male+circumcision+for+prevention+of+homosexual+acquisition+of+HIV+in+men&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD007496&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007496.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21678366&rft.aulast=Wiysonge&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Kongnyuy%2C+EJ&rft.au=Shey%2C+M&rft.au=Muula%2C+AS&rft.au=Navti%2C+OB&rft.au=Akl%2C+EA&rft.au=Lo%2C+YR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhillOperarioMontgomery2007" class="citation journal cs1">Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P (October 2007). Operario D (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125105707/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html">"Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005421.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943855">17943855</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Abstinence-only+programs+for+HIV+infection+prevention+in+high-income+countries&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD005421&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD005421.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943855&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Operario%2C+D&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fo%2Fcochrane%2Fclsysrev%2Farticles%2FCD005421%2Fframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22641791-130"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22641791_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolli2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tolli MV (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fher%2Fcys055">"Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Education_Research" title="Health Education Research">Health Education Research</a>. 27 (5): 904–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fher%2Fcys055">10.1093/her/cys055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22641791">22641791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Education+Research&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+peer+education+interventions+for+HIV+prevention%2C+adolescent+pregnancy+prevention+and+sexual+health+promotion+for+young+people%3A+a+systematic+review+of+European+studies&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=904-13&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fher%2Fcys055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22641791&rft.aulast=Tolli&rft.aufirst=MV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fher%252Fcys055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjubojevićLipozenčić2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ljubojević S, Lipozenčić J (2010). "Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence". Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica. 18 (4): 305–10. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21251451">21251451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Dermatovenerologica+Croatica&rft.atitle=Sexually+transmitted+infections+and+adolescence&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-10&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21251451&rft.aulast=Ljubojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lipozen%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf">International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach</a> (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100259-5"><bdi>978-92-3-100259-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113072101/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+technical+guidance+on+sexuality+education%3A+an+evidence-informed+approach&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100259-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0026%2F002607%2F260770e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel2008-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Patel2008_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelYoskowitzKaufmanShortliffe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597652">"Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The American Journal of Medicine">The American Journal of Medicine</a>. 121 (9): 758–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2008.04.022">10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597652">2597652</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18724961">18724961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Discerning+patterns+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+risk+in+healthy+young+adults&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=758-64&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2597652%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18724961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2008.04.022&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=VL&rft.au=Yoskowitz%2C+NA&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+DR&rft.au=Shortliffe%2C+EH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2597652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonnerDenisonKennedyO'Reilly2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fonner VA, Denison J, Kennedy CE, O'Reilly K, Sweat M (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931252">"Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for changing HIV-related risk behavior in developing countries"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD001224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001224.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD001224.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931252">3931252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972050">22972050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Voluntary+counseling+and+testing+%28VCT%29+for+changing+HIV-related+risk+behavior+in+developing+countries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD001224&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22972050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001224.pub4&rft.aulast=Fonner&rft.aufirst=VA&rft.au=Denison%2C+J&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+CE&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+K&rft.au=Sweat%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezGreyChenDenison2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez LM, Grey TW, Chen M, Denison J, Stuart G (August 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092487">"Behavioral interventions for improving contraceptive use among women living with HIV"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (8): CD010243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010243.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD010243.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092487">7092487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27505053">27505053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Behavioral+interventions+for+improving+contraceptive+use+among+women+living+with+HIV.&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD010243&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7092487%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27505053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010243.pub3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Grey%2C+TW&rft.au=Chen%2C+M&rft.au=Denison%2C+J&rft.au=Stuart%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7092487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglemyer2013-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anglemyer2013_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anglemyer2013_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglemyerRutherfordHorvathBaggaley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026368">"Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (4): CD009153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009153.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026368">4026368</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23633367">23633367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+therapy+for+prevention+of+HIV+transmission+in+HIV-discordant+couples&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD009153&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4026368%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23633367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009153.pub3&rft.aulast=Anglemyer&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+GW&rft.au=Horvath%2C+T&rft.au=Baggaley%2C+RC&rft.au=Egger%2C+M&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4026368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chou2012-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Chou2012_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouSelphDanaBougatsos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chou R, Selph S, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Zakher B, Blazina I, et al. (November 2012). "Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation". Annals of Internal Medicine. 157 (10): 706–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007">10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23165662">23165662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27494096">27494096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Screening+for+HIV%3A+systematic+review+to+update+the+2005+U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+recommendation&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=706-18&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27494096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23165662&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Selph%2C+S&rft.au=Dana%2C+T&rft.au=Bougatsos%2C+C&rft.au=Zakher%2C+B&rft.au=Blazina%2C+I&rft.au=Korthuis%2C+PT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwensDavidsonKristBarry2019" class="citation journal cs1">Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. (June 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390">"Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection"</a>. JAMA. 321 (22): 2203–2213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390">10.1001/jama.2019.6390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184747">31184747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Preexposure+Prophylaxis+for+the+Prevention+of+HIV+Infection&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2203-2213&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31184747&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Douglas+K.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Karina+W.&rft.au=Krist%2C+Alex+H.&rft.au=Barry%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Cabana%2C+Michael&rft.au=Caughey%2C+Aaron+B.&rft.au=Curry%2C+Susan+J.&rft.au=Doubeni%2C+Chyke+A.&rft.au=Epling%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Kubik%2C+Martha&rft.au=Landefeld%2C+C.+Seth&rft.au=Mangione%2C+Carol+M.&rft.au=Pbert%2C+Lori&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+Michael&rft.au=Simon%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Tseng%2C+Chien-Wen&rft.au=Wong%2C+John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2019.6390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoopanyaMartinSuntharasamaiSangkum2013" class="citation journal cs1">Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, et al. (June 2013). "Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial". The Lancet. 381 (9883): 2083–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961127-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23769234">23769234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5831642">5831642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+prophylaxis+for+HIV+infection+in+injecting+drug+users+in+Bangkok%2C+Thailand+%28the+Bangkok+Tenofovir+Study%29%3A+a+randomised%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+phase+3+trial&rft.volume=381&rft.issue=9883&rft.pages=2083-90&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5831642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23769234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2961127-7&rft.aulast=Choopanya&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Martin%2C+M&rft.au=Suntharasamai%2C+P&rft.au=Sangkum%2C+U&rft.au=Mock%2C+PA&rft.au=Leethochawalit%2C+M&rft.au=Chiamwongpaet%2C+S&rft.au=Kitisin%2C+P&rft.au=Natrujirote%2C+P&rft.au=Kittimunkong%2C+S&rft.au=Chuachoowong%2C+R&rft.au=Gvetadze%2C+RJ&rft.au=McNicholl%2C+JM&rft.au=Paxton%2C+LA&rft.au=Curlin%2C+ME&rft.au=Hendrix%2C+CW&rft.au=Vanichseni%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Preventive_Services_TaskOwensDavidsonKrist2019" class="citation journal cs1">US Preventive Services Task F, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. (June 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390">"Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"</a>. JAMA. 321 (22): 2203–2213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390">10.1001/jama.2019.6390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184747">31184747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Preexposure+Prophylaxis+for+the+Prevention+of+HIV+Infection%3A+US+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+Recommendation+Statement.&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2203-2213&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2019.6390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31184747&rft.aulast=US+Preventive+Services+Task&rft.aufirst=Force&rft.au=Owens%2C+DK&rft.au=Davidson%2C+KW&rft.au=Krist%2C+AH&rft.au=Barry%2C+MJ&rft.au=Cabana%2C+M&rft.au=Caughey%2C+AB&rft.au=Curry%2C+SJ&rft.au=Doubeni%2C+CA&rft.au=Epling+JW%2C+Jr&rft.au=Kubik%2C+M&rft.au=Landefeld%2C+CS&rft.au=Mangione%2C+CM&rft.au=Pbert%2C+L&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+M&rft.au=Simon%2C+MA&rft.au=Tseng%2C+CW&rft.au=Wong%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2019.6390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_(CDC)1987" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00023587.htm">"Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings"</a>. MMWR Supplements. 36 (2): 1S–18S. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3112554">3112554</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709181703/https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR+Supplements&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+prevention+of+HIV+transmission+in+health-care+settings&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1S-18S&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3112554&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+%28CDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2F00023587.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurth2011-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurth2011_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurth2011_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurthCelumBaetenVermund2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kurth AE, Celum C, Baeten JM, <a href="/wiki/Sten_H._Vermund" title="Sten H. Vermund">Vermund SH</a>, Wasserheit JN (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036787">"Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities"</a>. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 8 (1): 62–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11904-010-0063-3">10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036787">3036787</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20941553">20941553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV%2FAIDS+Reports&rft.atitle=Combination+HIV+prevention%3A+significance%2C+challenges%2C+and+opportunities&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-72&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3036787%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20941553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11904-010-0063-3&rft.aulast=Kurth&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Celum%2C+C&rft.au=Baeten%2C+JM&rft.au=Vermund%2C+SH&rft.au=Wasserheit%2C+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3036787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthurMinozziMartinVickerman2012" class="citation journal cs1">MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, Vickerman P, Deren S, Bruneau J, et al. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489107">"Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. BMJ. 345 (oct03 3): e5945. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e5945">10.1136/bmj.e5945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489107">3489107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038795">23038795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Opiate+substitution+treatment+and+HIV+transmission+in+people+who+inject+drugs%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=oct03+3&rft.pages=e5945&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489107%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23038795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e5945&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Minozzi%2C+S&rft.au=Martin%2C+N&rft.au=Vickerman%2C+P&rft.au=Deren%2C+S&rft.au=Bruneau%2C+J&rft.au=Degenhardt%2C+L&rft.au=Hickman%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prevention2012-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prevention2012_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prevention2012_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"HIV exposure through contact with body fluids". Prescrire International. 21 (126): 100–01, 103–05. April 2012. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22515138">22515138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prescrire+International&rft.atitle=HIV+exposure+through+contact+with+body+fluids&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=126&rft.pages=100-01%2C+103-05&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22515138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuharHendersonStrubleHeneine2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, et al. (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1235708">"Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infection_Control_and_Hospital_Epidemiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology">Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology</a>. 34 (9): 875–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F672271">10.1086/672271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23917901">23917901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17032413">17032413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623220711/https://zenodo.org/record/1235708">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Updated+US+Public+Health+Service+guidelines+for+the+management+of+occupational+exposures+to+human+immunodeficiency+virus+and+recommendations+for+postexposure+prophylaxis&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=875-92&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17032413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23917901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F672271&rft.aulast=Kuhar&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Henderson%2C+DK&rft.au=Struble%2C+KA&rft.au=Heneine%2C+W&rft.au=Thomas%2C+V&rft.au=Cheever%2C+LW&rft.au=Gomaa%2C+A&rft.au=Panlilio%2C+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1235708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJM2011Sex-146"><a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2011Sex_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2011" class="citation journal cs1">Linden JA (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp1102869">"Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (9): 834–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp1102869">10.1056/NEJMcp1102869</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21879901">21879901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8388126">8388126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice.+Care+of+the+adult+patient+after+sexual+assault&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=834-41&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8388126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21879901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMcp1102869&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMcp1102869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochranePEP2007-147"><a href="#cite_ref-CochranePEP2007_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungArensKennedyLaurie2007" class="citation journal cs1">Young TN, Arens FJ, Kennedy GE, Laurie JW, Rutherford GW (January 2007). Young T (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8989146">"Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (1): CD002835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002835.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8989146">8989146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17253483">17253483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+post-exposure+prophylaxis+%28PEP%29+for+occupational+HIV+exposure&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD002835&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8989146%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17253483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002835.pub3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=TN&rft.au=Arens%2C+FJ&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+GE&rft.au=Laurie%2C+JW&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+GW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8989146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfriedvan_der_MerweBrocklehurstSint2011" class="citation journal cs1">Siegfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P, Sint TT (July 2011). Siegfried N (ed.). "Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD003510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003510.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735394">21735394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antiretrovirals+for+reducing+the+risk+of+mother-to-child+transmission+of+HIV+infection&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD003510&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003510.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21735394&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+L&rft.au=Brocklehurst%2C+P&rft.au=Sint%2C+TT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf">"WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants – Consensus statement"</a> (PDF). October 25–27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+HIV+and+Infant+Feeding+Technical+Consultation+Held+on+behalf+of+the+Inter-agency+Task+Team+%28IATT%29+on+Prevention+of+HIV+%E2%80%93+Infections+in+Pregnant+Women%2C+Mothers+and+their+Infants+%E2%80%93+Consensus+statement&rft.date=2006-10-25%2F2006-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Fmediacentre%2FInfantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvathMadiIuppaKennedy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, Kennedy GE, Rutherford G, Read JS (January 2009). Horvath T (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7389566">"Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD006734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006734.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7389566">7389566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19160297">19160297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+preventing+late+postnatal+mother-to-child+transmission+of+HIV&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD006734&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7389566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19160297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006734.pub2&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Madi%2C+BC&rft.au=Iuppa%2C+IM&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+GE&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+G&rft.au=Read%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7389566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904154356/http://who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/mtct-hiv-cuba/en/">"WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba"</a>. World Health Organization. June 30, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/mtct-hiv-cuba/en/">the original</a> on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+validates+elimination+of+mother-to-child+transmission+of+HIV+and+syphilis+in+Cuba&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2015%2Fmtct-hiv-cuba%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynellTrkola2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reynell L, Trkola A (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2012.13535">"HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Medical_Weekly" title="Swiss Medical Weekly">Swiss Medical Weekly</a>. 142: w13535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4414%2Fsmw.2012.13535">10.4414/smw.2012.13535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22389197">22389197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Medical+Weekly&rft.atitle=HIV+vaccines%3A+an+attainable+goal%3F&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=w13535&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4414%2Fsmw.2012.13535&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22389197&rft.aulast=Reynell&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Trkola%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4414%252Fsmw.2012.13535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LE2011-153"><a href="#cite_ref-LE2011_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayIngle2011" class="citation journal cs1">May MT, Ingle SM (December 2011). "Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review". Sexual Health. 8 (4): 526–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSH11046">10.1071/SH11046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22127039">22127039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Health&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+of+HIV-positive+adults%3A+a+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=526-33&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FSH11046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22127039&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Ingle%2C+SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Global+HIV+%26+AIDS+statistics+%E2%80%94+Fact+sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Ffact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-155"><a href="#cite_ref-two_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2020" class="citation web cs1">Davis N (March 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/09/second-person-cleared-hiv-adam-castillejo-reveals-identity">"Second Person Ever to Be Cleared of HIV Reveals Identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006095735/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/09/second-person-cleared-hiv-adam-castillejo-reveals-identity/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Second+Person+Ever+to+Be+Cleared+of+HIV+Reveals+Identity&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2Fmar%2F09%2Fsecond-person-cleared-hiv-adam-castillejo-reveals-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/feb/15/hiv-aids-cure-third-person-woman">"Third person apparently cured of HIV using novel stem cell transplant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. February 15, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430183714/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/feb/15/hiv-aids-cure-third-person-woman">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Third+person+apparently+cured+of+HIV+using+novel+stem+cell+transplant&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fhiv-aids-cure-third-person-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/man-cured-hiv-cancer-breakthrough-stem-cell-transplant/story?id=87505621">"Man cured of HIV, cancer following breakthrough stem cell transplant: Doctors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522192632/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/man-cured-hiv-cancer-breakthrough-stem-cell-transplant/story?id=87505621">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Man+cured+of+HIV%2C+cancer+following+breakthrough+stem+cell+transplant%3A+Doctors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FHealth%2FWellness%2Fman-cured-hiv-cancer-breakthrough-stem-cell-transplant%2Fstory%3Fid%3D87505621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateo-UrdialesJohnsonSmithNachega2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, Nachega JB, Eshun-Wilson I (June 17, 2019). Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6575156">"Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD012962. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012962.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD012962.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6575156">6575156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31206168">31206168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Rapid+initiation+of+antiretroviral+therapy+for+people+living+with+HIV&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD012962&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6575156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31206168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD012962.pub2&rft.aulast=Mateo-Urdiales&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Smith%2C+Rhodine&rft.au=Nachega%2C+Jean+B&rft.au=Eshun-Wilson%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6575156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primeinc.org/virtual/closing-gaps-hiv-care-real-world-strategies-support-rapid-art-initiation">"Closing Gaps in HIV Care: Real-World Strategies to Support Rapid ART Initiation"</a>. primeinc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603211249/https://primeinc.org/virtual/closing-gaps-hiv-care-real-world-strategies-support-rapid-art-initiation">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primeinc.org&rft.atitle=Closing+Gaps+in+HIV+Care%3A+Real-World+Strategies+to+Support+Rapid+ART+Initiation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimeinc.org%2Fvirtual%2Fclosing-gaps-hiv-care-real-world-strategies-support-rapid-art-initiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOTx2010Pg19-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOTx2010Pg19_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOTx2010Pg19_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOTx2010Pg19_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf">Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. 2010. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159976-4"><bdi>978-92-4-159976-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709184257/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiretroviral+therapy+for+HIV+infection+in+adults+and+adolescents%3A+recommendations+for+a+public+health+approach&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159976-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2010%2F9789241599764_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new">"HIV Clinical Guidelines: Adult and Adolescent ARV - What's New in the Guidelines"</a>. clinicalinfo.hiv.gov. March 23, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126215220/https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clinicalinfo.hiv.gov&rft.atitle=HIV+Clinical+Guidelines%3A+Adult+and+Adolescent+ARV+-+What%27s+New+in+the+Guidelines&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclinicalinfo.hiv.gov%2Fen%2Fguidelines%2Fhiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv%2Fwhats-new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAS2014-162"><a href="#cite_ref-IAS2014_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrazzodel_RioHoltgraveCohen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marrazzo JM, del Rio C, Holtgrave DR, Cohen MS, Kalichman SC, Mayer KH, et al. (July 23–30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309682">"HIV prevention in clinical care settings: 2014 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel"</a>. JAMA. 312 (4): 390–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2014.7999">10.1001/jama.2014.7999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309682">6309682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038358">25038358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=HIV+prevention+in+clinical+care+settings%3A+2014+recommendations+of+the+International+Antiviral+Society%E2%80%93USA+Panel&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=390-409&rft.date=2014-07-23%2F2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6309682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25038358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2014.7999&rft.aulast=Marrazzo&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=del+Rio%2C+C&rft.au=Holtgrave%2C+DR&rft.au=Cohen%2C+MS&rft.au=Kalichman%2C+SC&rft.au=Mayer%2C+KH&rft.au=Montaner%2C+JS&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+DP&rft.au=Grant%2C+RM&rft.au=Grinsztejn%2C+B&rft.au=Kumarasamy%2C+N&rft.au=Shoptaw%2C+S&rft.au=Walensky%2C+RP&rft.au=Dabis%2C+F&rft.au=Sugarman%2C+J&rft.au=Benson%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6309682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHHS2013-163"><a href="#cite_ref-DHHS2013_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf">"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents"</a> (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services. February 12, 2013. p. i. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101202407/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Use+of+Antiretroviral+Agents+in+HIV-1-Infected+Adults+and+Adolescents&rft.pages=i&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faidsinfo.nih.gov%2Fcontentfiles%2Flvguidelines%2FAdultandAdolescentGL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterneMayCostagliolade_Wolf2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, de Wolf F, Phillips AN, Harris R, et al. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670965">"Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies"</a>. The Lancet. 373 (9672): 1352–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960612-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670965">2670965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361855">19361855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Timing+of+initiation+of+antiretroviral+therapy+in+AIDS-free+HIV-1-infected+patients%3A+a+collaborative+analysis+of+18+HIV+cohort+studies&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=9672&rft.pages=1352-63&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670965%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19361855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960612-7&rft.aulast=Sterne&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=May%2C+M&rft.au=Costagliola%2C+D&rft.au=de+Wolf%2C+F&rft.au=Phillips%2C+AN&rft.au=Harris%2C+R&rft.au=Funk%2C+MJ&rft.au=Geskus%2C+RB&rft.au=Gill%2C+J&rft.au=Dabis%2C+F&rft.au=Mir%C3%B3%2C+JM&rft.au=Justice%2C+AC&rft.au=Ledergerber%2C+B&rft.au=F%C3%A4tkenheuer%2C+G&rft.au=Hogg%2C+RS&rft.au=Monforte%2C+AD&rft.au=Saag%2C+M&rft.au=Smith%2C+C&rft.au=Staszewski%2C+S&rft.au=Egger%2C+M&rft.au=Cole%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardFeeleyRosen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Beard J, Feeley F, Rosen S (November 2009). "Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review". <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Care" title="AIDS Care">AIDS Care</a>. 21 (11): 1343–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540120902889926">10.1080/09540120902889926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20024710">20024710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21883819">21883819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Care&rft.atitle=Economic+and+quality+of+life+outcomes+of+antiretroviral+therapy+for+HIV%2FAIDS+in+developing+countries%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1343-56&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21883819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20024710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540120902889926&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Feeley%2C+F&rft.au=Rosen%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttiaEggerMüllerZwahlen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, Zwahlen M, Low N (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32832b7dca">"Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. AIDS. 23 (11): 1397–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32832b7dca">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b7dca</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19381076">19381076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12221693">12221693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Sexual+transmission+of+HIV+according+to+viral+load+and+antiretroviral+therapy%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1397-404&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12221693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19381076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32832b7dca&rft.aulast=Attia&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Egger%2C+M&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+M&rft.au=Zwahlen%2C+M&rft.au=Low%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FQAD.0b013e32832b7dca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Orrell C (November 2005). "Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2 (4): 171–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11904-005-0012-8">10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16343374">16343374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44808279">44808279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV%2FAIDS+Reports&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+adherence+in+a+resource-poor+setting&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=171-76&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44808279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16343374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11904-005-0012-8&rft.aulast=Orrell&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltaStrathdeeMagnaniniBastos2008" class="citation journal cs1">Malta M, Strathdee SA, Magnanini MM, Bastos FI (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1377">"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review"</a>. Addiction. 103 (8): 1242–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2008.02269.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855813">18855813</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028225006/https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1377">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Adherence+to+antiretroviral+therapy+for+human+immunodeficiency+virus%2Facquired+immune+deficiency+syndrome+among+drug+users%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1242-57&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2008.02269.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18855813&rft.aulast=Malta&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Strathdee%2C+SA&rft.au=Magnanini%2C+MM&rft.au=Bastos%2C+FI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arca.fiocruz.br%2Fhandle%2Ficict%2F1377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21406048-169"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21406048_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachegaMarconivan_ZylGardner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nachega JB, Marconi VC, van Zyl GU, Gardner EM, Preiser W, Hong SY, et al. (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5072419">"HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts"</a>. Infectious Disorders Drug Targets. 11 (2): 167–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F187152611795589663">10.2174/187152611795589663</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5072419">5072419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21406048">21406048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infectious+Disorders+Drug+Targets&rft.atitle=HIV+treatment+adherence%2C+drug+resistance%2C+virologic+failure%3A+evolving+concepts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-74&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5072419%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21406048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F187152611795589663&rft.aulast=Nachega&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Marconi%2C+VC&rft.au=van+Zyl%2C+GU&rft.au=Gardner%2C+EM&rft.au=Preiser%2C+W&rft.au=Hong%2C+SY&rft.au=Mills%2C+EJ&rft.au=Gross%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5072419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrsid'Almeida2010" class="citation journal cs1">Orsi F, d'Almeida C (May 2010). "Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries". Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 5 (3): 237–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833860ba">10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20539080">20539080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205565246">205565246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.atitle=Soaring+antiretroviral+prices%2C+TRIPS+and+TRIPS+flexibilities%3A+a+burning+issue+for+antiretroviral+treatment+scale-up+in+developing+countries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-41&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205565246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20539080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e32833860ba&rft.aulast=Orsi&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=d%27Almeida%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2011Ten-171"><a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Ten_171-0">^</a> UNAIDS 2011 pg. 1–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachegaMillsSchechter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nachega JB, Mills EJ, Schechter M (January 2010). "Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities". Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 5 (1): 70–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e328333ad61">10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20046150">20046150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7491569">7491569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+HIV+and+AIDS&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+therapy+adherence+and+retention+in+care+in+middle-income+and+low-income+countries%3A+current+status+of+knowledge+and+research+priorities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-77&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7491569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20046150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCOH.0b013e328333ad61&rft.aulast=Nachega&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Mills%2C+EJ&rft.au=Schechter%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montessori2004-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montessori2004_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montessori2004_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montessori2004_173-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontessoriPressHarrisAkagi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Montessori V, Press N, Harris M, Akagi L, Montaner JS (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC315530">"Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 170 (2): 229–38. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC315530">315530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734438">14734438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Adverse+effects+of+antiretroviral+therapy+for+HIV+infection&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-38&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC315530%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14734438&rft.aulast=Montessori&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Press%2C+N&rft.au=Harris%2C+M&rft.au=Akagi%2C+L&rft.au=Montaner%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC315530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgoyne2008-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgoyne2008_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgoyne2008_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgoyne2008_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyneTan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Burgoyne RW, Tan DH (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm499">"Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Antimicrobial_Chemotherapy" title="Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy">Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</a>. 61 (3): 469–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm499">10.1093/jac/dkm499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18174196">18174196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Prolongation+and+quality+of+life+for+HIV-infected+adults+treated+with+highly+active+antiretroviral+therapy+%28HAART%29%3A+a+balancing+act&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-73&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18174196&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Tan%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdkm499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbaroBarbarini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barbaro G, Barbarini G (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284097">"Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk"</a>. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 134 (6): 898–903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0971-5916.92634">10.4103/0971-5916.92634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284097">3284097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22310821">22310821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Human+immunodeficiency+virus+%26+cardiovascular+risk&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=898-903&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3284097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22310821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0971-5916.92634&rft.aulast=Barbaro&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Barbarini%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3284097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOCARV2013-176"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOCARV2013_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/art/WHO_CG_table_7.4.pdf?ua=1">"Summary of recommendations on when to start ART in children"</a> (PDF). Consolidated ARV guidelines, June 2013. June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175301/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/art/WHO_CG_table_7.4.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consolidated+ARV+guidelines%2C+June+2013&rft.atitle=Summary+of+recommendations+on+when+to+start+ART+in+children&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Fpub%2Fguidelines%2Farv2013%2Fart%2FWHO_CG_table_7.4.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHHS2014-177"><a href="#cite_ref-DHHS2014_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pedarv_recsonly.pdf">"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection"</a> (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services, February 2014. March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914053159/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pedarv_recsonly.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%2C+February+2014&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Use+of+Antiretroviral+Agents+in+Pediatric+HIV+Infection&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faidsinfo.nih.gov%2Fcontentfiles%2Flvguidelines%2Fpedarv_recsonly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMA_PR-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_PR_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_PR_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_PR_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_PR_178-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/first-long-acting-injectable-antiretroviral-therapy-hiv-recommended-approval">"First long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy for HIV recommended approval"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA) (Press release). October 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017014521/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/first-long-acting-injectable-antiretroviral-therapy-hiv-recommended-approval">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+long-acting+injectable+antiretroviral+therapy+for+HIV+recommended+approval&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffirst-long-acting-injectable-antiretroviral-therapy-hiv-recommended-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_PR-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_PR_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-extended-release-injectable-drug-regimen-adults-living-hiv">"FDA Approves First Extended-Release, Injectable Drug Regimen for Adults Living with HIV"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) (Press release). January 21, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213203/http://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-extended-release-injectable-drug-regimen-adults-living-hiv">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Approves+First+Extended-Release%2C+Injectable+Drug+Regimen+for+Adults+Living+with+HIV&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-approves-first-extended-release-injectable-drug-regimen-adults-living-hiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilli2021" class="citation news cs1">Mandavilli A (January 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/health/hiv-cabenuva.html">"F.D.A. Approves Monthly Shots to Treat H.I.V."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000724/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/health/hiv-cabenuva.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.D.A.+Approves+Monthly+Shots+to+Treat+H.I.V.&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Mandavilli&rft.aufirst=Apoorva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F21%2Fhealth%2Fhiv-cabenuva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOHIVTB2011-181"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOHIVTB2011_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241500708_eng.pdf?ua=1">"Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings"</a> (PDF). Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization 2011. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019114659/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241500708_eng.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+HIV%2FAIDS%2C+World+Health+Organization+2011&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+intensified+tuberculosis+case-finding+and+isoniazid+preventive+therapy+for+people+living+with+HIV+in+resource-constrained+settings&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2011%2F9789241500708_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVonasekNessTakwoingiKay2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vonasek B, Ness T, Takwoingi Y, Kay AW, van Wyk SS, Ouellette L, et al. (June 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237391">"Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (6): CD013693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013693.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD013693.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237391">8237391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180536">34180536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Screening+tests+for+active+pulmonary+tuberculosis+in+children&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD013693&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8237391%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34180536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013693.pub2&rft.aulast=Vonasek&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Ness%2C+Tara&rft.au=Takwoingi%2C+Yemisi&rft.au=Kay%2C+Alexander+W&rft.au=van+Wyk%2C+Susanna+S&rft.au=Ouellette%2C+Lara&rft.au=Marais%2C+Ben+J&rft.au=Steingart%2C+Karen+R&rft.au=Mandalakas%2C+Anna+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8237391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurence-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Laurence_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laurence J (January 2006). "Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons". The AIDS Reader. 16 (1): 15–17. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16433468">16433468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+AIDS+Reader&rft.atitle=Hepatitis+A+and+B+virus+immunization+in+HIV-infected+persons&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16433468&rft.aulast=Laurence&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2011ONESIXTY-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2011ONESIXTY_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2011ONESIXTY_184-1">b</a> UNAIDS 2011 pg. 150–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-PCP2011-185"><a href="#cite_ref-PCP2011_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangCattamanchiDavisden_Boon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Huang L, Cattamanchi A, Davis JL, den Boon S, Kovacs J, Meshnick S, et al. (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132788">"HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia"</a>. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 8 (3): 294–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1513%2Fpats.201009-062WR">10.1513/pats.201009-062WR</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132788">3132788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653531">21653531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Thoracic+Society&rft.atitle=HIV-associated+Pneumocystis+pneumonia&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294-300&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3132788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1513%2Fpats.201009-062WR&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Cattamanchi%2C+A&rft.au=Davis%2C+JL&rft.au=den+Boon%2C+S&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+J&rft.au=Meshnick%2C+S&rft.au=Miller%2C+RF&rft.au=Walzer%2C+PD&rft.au=Worodria%2C+W&rft.au=Masur%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3132788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEPpocketguide-186"><a href="#cite_ref-PEPpocketguide_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5315a1.htm">"Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>. February 2, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024527/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5315a1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treating+opportunistic+infections+among+HIV-infected+adults+and+adolescents.+Recommendations+from+CDC%2C+the+National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+and+the+HIV+Medicine+Association%2FInfectious+Diseases+Society+of+America&rft.pub=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Frr5315a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfectionBook2008-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfectionBook2008_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfectionBook2008_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith BT, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143">Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics</a> (4th ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58528-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58528-127-5"><bdi>978-1-58528-127-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128082820/https://books.google.com/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+immunology+and+immunotherapeutics&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Health-System+Pharmacists&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58528-127-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG46DrdlxNJAC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckMcKenzieHashimHarris2013" class="citation journal cs1">Beck CR, McKenzie BC, Hashim AB, Harris RC, Zanuzdana A, Agboado G, et al. (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5909396">"Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: summary of a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 7 (Suppl 2): 72–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Firv.12084">10.1111/irv.12084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5909396">5909396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24034488">24034488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Influenza+and+Other+Respiratory+Viruses&rft.atitle=Influenza+vaccination+for+immunocompromised+patients%3A+summary+of+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=72-75&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5909396%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24034488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Firv.12084&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+BC&rft.au=Hashim%2C+AB&rft.au=Harris%2C+RC&rft.au=Zanuzdana%2C+A&rft.au=Agboado%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5909396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeTsaiKuoTsai2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee KY, Tsai MS, Kuo KC, Tsai JC, Sun HY, Cheng AC, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514044">"Pneumococcal vaccination among HIV-infected adult patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Vaccines_%26_Immunotherapeutics" title="Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics">Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics</a>. 10 (12): 3700–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fhv.32247">10.4161/hv.32247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514044">4514044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25483681">25483681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Vaccines+%26+Immunotherapeutics&rft.atitle=Pneumococcal+vaccination+among+HIV-infected+adult+patients+in+the+era+of+combination+antiretroviral+therapy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3700-10&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4514044%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25483681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fhv.32247&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=KY&rft.au=Tsai%2C+MS&rft.au=Kuo%2C+KC&rft.au=Tsai%2C+JC&rft.au=Sun%2C+HY&rft.au=Cheng%2C+AC&rft.au=Chang%2C+SY&rft.au=Lee%2C+CH&rft.au=Hung%2C+CC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4514044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_nutrients-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_nutrients_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_nutrients_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2003" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf">Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation</a> (PDF). Geneva. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrient+requirements+for+people+living+with+HIV%2FAIDS%3A+Report+of+a+technical+consultation&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=2003-05&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnutrition%2Fpublications%2FContent_nutrient_requirements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForresterSztam2011" class="citation journal cs1">Forrester JE, Sztam KA (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3226021">"Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" title="The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>. 94 (6): 1683S–1689S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.111.011999">10.3945/ajcn.111.011999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3226021">3226021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089440">22089440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Micronutrients+in+HIV%2FAIDS%3A+is+there+evidence+to+change+the+WHO+2003+recommendations%3F&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1683S-1689S&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3226021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22089440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.111.011999&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Sztam%2C+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3226021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunnariCocoPinzonePavone2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nunnari G, Coco C, Pinzone MR, Pavone P, Berretta M, Di Rosa M, et al. (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioscience.org/2012/v4e/af/556/fulltext.htm">"The role of micronutrients in the diet of HIV-1-infected individuals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Bioscience" title="Frontiers in Bioscience">Frontiers in Bioscience</a>. 4 (7): 2442–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2741%2Fe556">10.2741/e556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22652651">22652651</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416074140/https://www.bioscience.org/2012/v4e/af/556/fulltext.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Bioscience&rft.atitle=The+role+of+micronutrients+in+the+diet+of+HIV-1-infected+individuals&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2442-56&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2741%2Fe556&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22652651&rft.aulast=Nunnari&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Coco%2C+C&rft.au=Pinzone%2C+MR&rft.au=Pavone%2C+P&rft.au=Berretta%2C+M&rft.au=Di+Rosa%2C+M&rft.au=Schnell%2C+M&rft.au=Calabrese%2C+G&rft.au=Cacopardo%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioscience.org%2F2012%2Fv4e%2Faf%2F556%2Ffulltext.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZengZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng L, Zhang L (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02871.x">"Efficacy and safety of zinc supplementation for adults, children and pregnant women with HIV infection: systematic review"</a>. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 16 (12): 1474–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02871.x">10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02871.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21895892">21895892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6711255">6711255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Medicine+%26+International+Health&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+safety+of+zinc+supplementation+for+adults%2C+children+and+pregnant+women+with+HIV+infection%3A+systematic+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1474-82&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6711255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21895892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02871.x&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3156.2011.02871.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisserDuraoSinclairIrlam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, Irlam JH, Siegfried N (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5458097">"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (5): CD003650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003650.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5458097">5458097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28518221">28518221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Micronutrient+supplementation+in+adults+with+HIV+infection&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=CD003650&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5458097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28518221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003650.pub4&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Durao%2C+S&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+D&rft.au=Irlam%2C+JH&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5458097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-diabetes#:~:text=People%20with%20HIV%20are%20more,and%20being%20overweight%20or%20obese">"HIV and Diabetes"</a>. HIVInfo.NIH.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102829/https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-diabetes#:~:text=People%20with%20HIV%20are%20more,and%20being%20overweight%20or%20obese">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+and+Diabetes&rft.pub=HIVInfo.NIH.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhivinfo.nih.gov%2Funderstanding-hiv%2Ffact-sheets%2Fhiv-and-diabetes%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPeople%2520with%2520HIV%2520are%2520more%2Cand%2520being%2520overweight%2520or%2520obese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneKawaiKupkaFawzi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066516">"Role of selenium in HIV infection"</a>. Nutrition Reviews. 68 (11): 671–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2010.00337.x">10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066516">3066516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20961297">20961297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Role+of+selenium+in+HIV+infection&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=671-81&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20961297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2010.00337.x&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Kawai%2C+K&rft.au=Kupka%2C+R&rft.au=Fawzi%2C+WW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegfried2012-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siegfried2012_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siegfried2012_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfriedIrlamVisserRollins2012" class="citation journal cs1">Siegfried N, Irlam JH, Visser ME, Rollins NN (March 2012). "Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD009755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009755">10.1002/14651858.CD009755</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22419344">22419344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Micronutrient+supplementation+in+pregnant+women+with+HIV+infection&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD009755&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22419344&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Irlam%2C+JH&rft.au=Visser%2C+ME&rft.au=Rollins%2C+NN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrlamSiegfriedVisserRollins2013" class="citation journal cs1">Irlam JH, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Rollins NC (October 2013). "Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD010666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010666">10.1002/14651858.CD010666</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24114375">24114375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Micronutrient+supplementation+for+children+with+HIV+infection&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=CD010666&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010666&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24114375&rft.aulast=Irlam&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+N&rft.au=Visser%2C+ME&rft.au=Rollins%2C+NC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18608078-199"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18608078_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewoodVanable2008" class="citation journal cs1">Littlewood RA, Vanable PA (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570227">"Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care"</a>. AIDS Care. 20 (8): 1002–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540120701767216">10.1080/09540120701767216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570227">2570227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18608078">18608078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Care&rft.atitle=Complementary+and+alternative+medicine+use+among+HIV-positive+people%3A+research+synthesis+and+implications+for+HIV+care&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1002-18&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570227%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18608078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540120701767216&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Vanable%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2570227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15969772-200"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15969772_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsWuErnst2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E (June 2005). "Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 16 (6): 395–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2F0956462054093962">10.1258/0956462054093962</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15969772">15969772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7411052">7411052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+STD+%26+AIDS&rft.atitle=Complementary+therapies+for+the+treatment+of+HIV%3A+in+search+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=395-403&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7411052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15969772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2F0956462054093962&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Wu%2C+P&rft.au=Ernst%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuManheimerYang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M (July 2005). Liu JP (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8759069">"Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (3): CD003937. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003937.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8759069">8759069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034917">16034917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Herbal+medicines+for+treating+HIV+infection+and+AIDS&rft.volume=2010&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD003937&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8759069%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16034917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003937.pub2&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Manheimer%2C+E&rft.au=Yang%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8759069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lutge_2013-202"><a href="#cite_ref-lutge_2013_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgeGraySiegfried2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lutge EE, Gray A, Siegfried N (April 2013). "The medical use of cannabis for reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD005175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005175.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD005175.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23633327">23633327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+medical+use+of+cannabis+for+reducing+morbidity+and+mortality+in+patients+with+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD005175&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD005175.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23633327&rft.aulast=Lutge&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Gray%2C+A&rft.au=Siegfried%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knoll2007-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll2007_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll2007_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll2007_203-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnollLassmannTemesgen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z (December 2007). "Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians". International Journal of Dermatology. 46 (12): 1219–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2007.03520.x">10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18173512">18173512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26248996">26248996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+HIV+infection%3A+a+review+for+non-HIV-treating+physicians&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1219-28&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26248996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18173512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2007.03520.x&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Lassmann%2C+B&rft.au=Temesgen%2C+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan2-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganMaheMayanjaOkongo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-200203080-00011">"HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries?"</a>. AIDS. 16 (4): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-200203080-00011">10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11873003">11873003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35450422">35450422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=HIV-1+infection+in+rural+Africa%3A+is+there+a+difference+in+median+time+to+AIDS+and+survival+compared+with+that+in+industrialized+countries%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35450422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11873003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002030-200203080-00011&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mahe%2C+C&rft.au=Mayanja%2C+B&rft.au=Okongo%2C+JM&rft.au=Lubega%2C+R&rft.au=Whitworth%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00002030-200203080-00011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwahlenEgger2006" class="citation report cs1">Zwahlen M, Egger M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf">Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis</a> (PDF) (Report). UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065844/http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Progression+and+mortality+of+untreated+HIV-positive+individuals+living+in+resource-limited+settings%3A+update+of+literature+review+and+evidence+synthesis&rft.series=UNAIDS+Obligation+HQ%2F05%2F422204&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zwahlen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Egger%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unaids.org%2Fpub%2FPeriodical%2F2006%2Fzwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LifeExpecr2008-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LifeExpecr2008_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LifeExpecr2008_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntiretroviral_Therapy_Cohort_Collaboration2008" class="citation journal cs1">Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130543">"Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies"</a>. The Lancet. 372 (9635): 293–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961113-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130543">3130543</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18657708">18657708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+of+individuals+on+combination+antiretroviral+therapy+in+high-income+countries%3A+a+collaborative+analysis+of+14+cohort+studies&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=9635&rft.pages=293-99&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18657708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2961113-7&rft.au=Antiretroviral+Therapy+Cohort+Collaboration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schack2006-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Schack2006_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchackmanGeboWalenskyLosina2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, et al. (November 2006). "The lifetime cost of current human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States". Medical Care. 44 (11): 990–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a">10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17063130">17063130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21175266">21175266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Care&rft.atitle=The+lifetime+cost+of+current+human+immunodeficiency+virus+care+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=990-97&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21175266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17063130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a&rft.aulast=Schackman&rft.aufirst=BR&rft.au=Gebo%2C+KA&rft.au=Walensky%2C+RP&rft.au=Losina%2C+E&rft.au=Muccio%2C+T&rft.au=Sax%2C+PE&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+MC&rft.au=Seage%2C+GR&rft.au=Moore%2C+RD&rft.au=Freedberg%2C+KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_SighemGrasReissBrinkman2010" class="citation journal cs1">van Sighem AI, Gras LA, Reiss P, Brinkman K, de Wolf F (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32833a3946">"Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals"</a>. AIDS. 24 (10): 1527–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32833a3946">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20467289">20467289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205987336">205987336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+of+recently+diagnosed+asymptomatic+HIV-infected+patients+approaches+that+of+uninfected+individuals&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1527-35&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205987336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20467289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32833a3946&rft.aulast=van+Sighem&rft.aufirst=AI&rft.au=Gras%2C+LA&rft.au=Reiss%2C+P&rft.au=Brinkman%2C+K&rft.au=de+Wolf%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FQAD.0b013e32833a3946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2009/may/20090527unicef">"Early diagnosis and treatment save babies from AIDS-related death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603211811/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2009/may/20090527unicef">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Early+diagnosis+and+treatment+save+babies+from+AIDS-related+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fpresscentre%2Ffeaturestories%2F2009%2Fmay%2F20090527unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cancer2005-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cancer2005_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cancer2005_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungPantanowitzDezube2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cheung MC, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ (June–July 2005). "AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy". The Oncologist. 10 (6): 412–26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.561.4760">10.1.1.561.4760</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.10-6-412">10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967835">15967835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24329763">24329763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oncologist&rft.atitle=AIDS-related+malignancies%3A+emerging+challenges+in+the+era+of+highly+active+antiretroviral+therapy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=412-26&rft.date=2005-06%2F2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.561.4760%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24329763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15967835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.10-6-412&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Pantanowitz%2C+L&rft.au=Dezube%2C+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tang-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Tang_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangKaslow2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-200317004-00006">"The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy"</a>. AIDS. 17 (Suppl 4): S51–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002030-200317004-00006">10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15080180">15080180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+host+genetics+on+HIV+infection+and+disease+progression+in+the+era+of+highly+active+antiretroviral+therapy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Suppl+4&rft.pages=S51-60&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002030-200317004-00006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15080180&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Kaslow%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00002030-200317004-00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawn-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawn_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lawn SD (January 2004). "AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection". The Journal of Infection. 48 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2003.09.001">10.1016/j.jinf.2003.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14667787">14667787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infection&rft.atitle=AIDS+in+Africa%3A+the+impact+of+coinfections+on+the+pathogenesis+of+HIV-1+infection&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2003.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14667787&rft.aulast=Lawn&rft.aufirst=SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellPasquierWatkinsBourgarel-Rey2004" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, Bourgarel-Rey V, Peyrot V, Esquieu D, et al. (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200">"The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (46): 48197–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200">10.1074/jbc.M406195200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331610">15331610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+glutamine-rich+region+of+the+HIV-1+Tat+protein+is+involved+in+T-cell+apoptosis&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=48197-204&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15331610&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Pasquier%2C+E&rft.au=Watkins%2C+J&rft.au=Bourgarel-Rey%2C+V&rft.au=Peyrot%2C+V&rft.au=Esquieu%2C+D&rft.au=Barbier%2C+P&rft.au=de+Mareuil%2C+J&rft.au=Braguer%2C+D&rft.au=Kaleebu%2C+P&rft.au=Yirrell%2C+DL&rft.au=Loret%2C+EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M406195200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWatkinsEsquieuPasquier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M506630200">"The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (46): 38376–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M506630200">10.1074/jbc.M506630200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155003">16155003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+C+terminus+of+HIV-1+Tat+modulates+the+extent+of+CD178-mediated+apoptosis+of+T+cells&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=38376-82&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M506630200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16155003&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Watkins%2C+JD&rft.au=Esquieu%2C+D&rft.au=Pasquier%2C+E&rft.au=Loret%2C+EP&rft.au=Spector%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M506630200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/">"Tuberculosis"</a>. World Health Organization. March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823143802/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuberculosis&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs104%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2011-216"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2011" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906223650/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf">Global tuberculosis control 2011</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156438-0"><bdi>978-92-4-156438-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 6, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+tuberculosis+control+2011&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156438-0&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftb%2Fpublications%2Fglobal_report%2F2011%2Fgtbr11_executive_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinStrayerRubin2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubin R, Strayer DS, Rubin E, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154">Rubin's pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine</a> (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-968-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-968-2"><bdi>978-1-60547-968-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074740/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubin%27s+pathology%3A+clinicopathologic+foundations+of+medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-968-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb2TzY9AgJ0C%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonBenson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson VM, Benson AB (January 2017). "Epidemiology of Anal Canal Cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 26 (1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soc.2016.07.001">10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889039">27889039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+Anal+Canal+Cancer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soc.2016.07.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889039&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=VM&rft.au=Benson%2C+AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods2009-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods2009_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsMooreWeberGrant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Woods SP, Moore DJ, Weber E, Grant I (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690857">"Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology_Review" title="Neuropsychology Review">Neuropsychology Review</a>. 19 (2): 152–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11065-009-9102-5">10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690857">2690857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19462243">19462243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychology+Review&rft.atitle=Cognitive+neuropsychology+of+HIV-associated+neurocognitive+disorders&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-68&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690857%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19462243&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11065-009-9102-5&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Moore%2C+DJ&rft.au=Weber%2C+E&rft.au=Grant%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2006-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2006_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownQaqish2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brown TT, Qaqish RB (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32801022eb">"Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review"</a>. AIDS. 20 (17): 2165–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32801022eb">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32801022eb</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17086056">17086056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19217950">19217950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=Antiretroviral+therapy+and+the+prevalence+of+osteopenia+and+osteoporosis%3A+a+meta-analytic+review&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2165-74&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19217950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17086056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e32801022eb&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=TT&rft.au=Qaqish%2C+RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FQAD.0b013e32801022eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholas2007-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas2007_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholasKemppainenCanavalCorless2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas PK, Kemppainen JK, Canaval GE, Corless IB, Sefcik EF, Nokes KM, et al. (February 2007). "Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS". AIDS Care. 19 (2): 179–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540120600971083">10.1080/09540120600971083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364396">17364396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30220269">30220269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Care&rft.atitle=Symptom+management+and+self-care+for+peripheral+neuropathy+in+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-89&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30220269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17364396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540120600971083&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Kemppainen%2C+JK&rft.au=Canaval%2C+GE&rft.au=Corless%2C+IB&rft.au=Sefcik%2C+EF&rft.au=Nokes%2C+KM&rft.au=Bain%2C+CA&rft.au=Kirksey%2C+KM&rft.au=Eller%2C+LS&rft.au=Dole%2C+PJ&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+MJ&rft.au=Coleman%2C+CL&rft.au=Holzemer%2C+WL&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+NR&rft.au=Portillo%2C+CJ&rft.au=Bunch%2C+EH&rft.au=Wantland%2C+DJ&rft.au=Voss%2C+J&rft.au=Phillips%2C+R&rft.au=Tsai%2C+YF&rft.au=Mendez%2C+MR&rft.au=Lindgren%2C+TG&rft.au=Davis%2C+SM&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boshoff2002-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Boshoff2002_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoshoffWeiss2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boshoff C, Weiss R (May 2002). "AIDS-related malignancies". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 (5): 373–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc797">10.1038/nrc797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12044013">12044013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13513517">13513517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Cancer&rft.atitle=AIDS-related+malignancies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=373-82&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13513517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12044013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrc797&rft.aulast=Boshoff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Weiss%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yarchoan2005-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Yarchoan2005_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarchoanTosatoLittle2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233371">"Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management"</a>. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology. 2 (8): 406–15, quiz 423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncponc0253">10.1038/ncponc0253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16130937">16130937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23476060">23476060</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031110334/https://zenodo.org/record/1233371">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Clinical+Practice+Oncology&rft.atitle=Therapy+insight%3A+AIDS-related+malignancies+%E2%80%93+the+influence+of+antiviral+therapy+on+pathogenesis+and+management&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=406-15%2C+quiz+423&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23476060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16130937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncponc0253&rft.aulast=Yarchoan&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Tosato%2C+G&rft.au=Little%2C+RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post2009-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Post2009_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostHolt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Post FA, Holt SG (February 2009). "Recent developments in HIV and the kidney". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 22 (1): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328320ffec">10.1097/QCO.0b013e328320ffec</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19106702">19106702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23085633">23085633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+HIV+and+the+kidney&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23085633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19106702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328320ffec&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Holt%2C+SG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoserRitchie2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Roser M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie H</a> (April 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids">"HIV / AIDS"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004044032/https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=HIV+%2F+AIDS&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fhiv-aids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2008-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenHellmannLevyDeCock2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen MS, Hellmann N, Levy JA, DeCock K, Lange J (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790">"The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (4): 1244–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI34706">10.1172/JCI34706</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790">2276790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18382737">18382737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=The+spread%2C+treatment%2C+and+prevention+of+HIV-1%3A+evolution+of+a+global+pandemic&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1244-54&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2276790%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18382737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI34706&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Hellmann%2C+N&rft.au=Levy%2C+JA&rft.au=DeCock%2C+K&rft.au=Lange%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2276790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death">"The top 10 causes of death"</a>. www.who.int. Retrieved August 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=The+top+10+causes+of+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fthe-top-10-causes-of-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_228-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneva:_Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" class="citation web cs1">Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf">"UNAIDS Data 2021"</a> (PDF). UNAIDS 2021 Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207155450/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS+2021+Reference&rft.atitle=UNAIDS+Data+2021&rft.au=Geneva%3A+Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_asset%2FJC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_229-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/index.html">"Statistics Overview"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). August 10, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207084250/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=Statistics+Overview&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fstatistics%2Foverview%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Health_England2016" class="citation book cs1">Public Health England (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/602942/HIV_in_the_UK_report.pdf">HIV in the United Kingdom: 2016 Report</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425115254/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/602942/HIV_in_the_UK_report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HIV+in+the+United+Kingdom%3A+2016+Report&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Public+Health+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F602942%2FHIV_in_the_UK_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurveillanceriques,_Risk_Assessment_Division_=_Le_VIH_et_le_sida_au_Canada:_rapport_de_surveillance_en_date_du_31_décembre_2009_/_Division_de_la_surveillance_et_de_l'évaluation_des2010" class="citation book cs1">Surveillance, riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada: rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf">HIV and AIDS in Canada: surveillance report to December 31, 2009</a> (PDF). Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-100-52141-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-100-52141-1"><bdi>978-1-100-52141-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HIV+and+AIDS+in+Canada%3A+surveillance+report+to+December+31%2C+2009&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada%2C+Centre+for+Communicable+Diseases+and+Infection+Control%2C+Surveillance+and+Risk+Assessment+Division&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-100-52141-1&rft.au=Surveillance&rft.au=riques%2C+Risk+Assessment+Division+%3D+Le+VIH+et+le+sida+au+Canada%3A+rapport+de+surveillance+en+date+du+31+d%C3%A9cembre+2009+%2F+Division+de+la+surveillance+et+de+l%27%C3%A9valuation+des&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phac-aspc.gc.ca%2Faids-sida%2Fpublication%2Fsurvreport%2F2009%2Fdec%2Fpdf%2F2009-Report-Rapport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-TotalDeath2010-232"><a href="#cite_ref-TotalDeath2010_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916231221/http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_FS_Global_em_en.pdf">"Global Report Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). UNAIDS. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_FS_Global_em_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=Global+Report+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fdocuments%2F20101123_FS_Global_em_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2011Fifty-233"><a href="#cite_ref-UN2011Fifty_233-0">^</a> UNAIDS 2011 pp. 40–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221190412/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html">"Country Comparison:: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate"</a>. CIA World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html">the original</a> on December 21, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Country+Comparison%3A%3A+HIV%2FAIDS+%E2%80%93+Adult+Prevalence+Rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2155rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"On this day". <a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a>. May 18, 2020. p. 2A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=On+this+day&rft.pages=2A&rft.date=2020-05-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloutier2020" class="citation web cs1">Cloutier B (May 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601141613/https://www.rep-am.com/news/today_in_history/2020/05/17/today-in-history-may-18-2/">"Today in History, May 18"</a>. Republican-American. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep-am.com/news/today_in_history/2020/05/17/today-in-history-may-18-2/">the original</a> on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Republican-American&rft.atitle=Today+in+History%2C+May+18&rft.date=2020-05-17&rft.aulast=Cloutier&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep-am.com%2Fnews%2Ftoday_in_history%2F2020%2F05%2F17%2Ftoday-in-history-may-18-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5041928.stm">"How I told the world about Aids"</a>. BBC News. June 5, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190640/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5041928.stm">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+I+told+the+world+about+Aids&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F5041928.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR2-238"><a href="#cite_ref-MMWR2_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gottlieb MS (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm">"Pneumocystis pneumonia – Los Angeles. 1981"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 96 (6): 980–81, discussion 982–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.96.6.980">10.2105/AJPH.96.6.980</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470612">1470612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16714472">16714472</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Pneumocystis+pneumonia+%E2%80%93+Los+Angeles.+1981&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=980-81%2C+discussion+982-83&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470612%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16714472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.96.6.980&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Fjune_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7287964-239"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7287964_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman-Kien1981" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman-Kien AE (October 1981). "Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Dermatology" title="Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology">Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</a>. 5 (4): 468–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2881%2980010-2">10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7287964">7287964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Disseminated+Kaposi%27s+sarcoma+syndrome+in+young+homosexual+men&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=468-71&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2881%2980010-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7287964&rft.aulast=Friedman-Kien&rft.aufirst=AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6116083-240"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6116083_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymesCheungGreeneProse1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hymes KB, Cheung T, Greene JB, Prose NS, Marcus A, Ballard H, et al. (September 1981). "Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases". The Lancet. 2 (8247): 598–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2881%2992740-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92740-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6116083">6116083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43529542">43529542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Kaposi%27s+sarcoma+in+homosexual+men-a+report+of+eight+cases&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8247&rft.pages=598-600&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43529542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6116083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2881%2992740-9&rft.aulast=Hymes&rft.aufirst=KB&rft.au=Cheung%2C+T&rft.au=Greene%2C+JB&rft.au=Prose%2C+NS&rft.au=Marcus%2C+A&rft.au=Ballard%2C+H&rft.au=William%2C+DC&rft.au=Laubenstein%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basavapathruni_2007-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basavapathruni_2007_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basavapathruni_2007_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasavapathruniAnderson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Basavapathruni A, Anderson KS (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.07-8697rev">"Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic"</a>. FASEB Journal. 21 (14): 3795–808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.07-8697rev">10.1096/fj.07-8697rev</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17639073">17639073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24960391">24960391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Reverse+transcription+of+the+HIV-1+pandemic&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3795-808&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24960391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17639073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.07-8697rev&rft.aulast=Basavapathruni&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Anderson%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.07-8697rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR1982a-242"><a href="#cite_ref-MMWR1982a_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_(CDC)1982" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (May 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm">"Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males"</a>. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (19): 249–51. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6808340">6808340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018015418/http://cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Persistent%2C+generalized+lymphadenopathy+among+homosexual+males&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=249-51&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6808340&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+%28CDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2F00001096.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagnier-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnier_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnier_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarré-SinoussiChermannReyNugeyre1983" class="citation journal cs1">Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, et al. (May 1983). "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220 (4599): 868–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...220..868B">1983Sci...220..868B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6189183">10.1126/science.6189183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6189183">6189183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:390173">390173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+T-lymphotropic+retrovirus+from+a+patient+at+risk+for+acquired+immune+deficiency+syndrome+%28AIDS%29&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=4599&rft.pages=868-71&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.6189183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A390173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6189183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...220..868B&rft.aulast=Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Chermann%2C+JC&rft.au=Rey%2C+F&rft.au=Nugeyre%2C+MT&rft.au=Chamaret%2C+S&rft.au=Gruest%2C+J&rft.au=Dauguet%2C+C&rft.au=Axler-Blin%2C+C&rft.au=V%C3%A9zinet-Brun%2C+F&rft.au=Rouzioux%2C+C&rft.au=Rozenbaum%2C+W&rft.au=Montagnier%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR1982b-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMWR1982b_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMWR1982b_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_(CDC)1982" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm">"Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States"</a>. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (26): 353–54, 360–61. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6811853">6811853</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920181924/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Opportunistic+infections+and+Kaposi%27s+sarcoma+among+Haitians+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=353-54%2C+360-61&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6811853&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+%28CDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2F00001123.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gilman SL (1987). Gilman SL (ed.). "AIDS and Syphilis: The Iconography of Disease". October. 43: 87–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3397566">10.2307/3397566</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3397566">3397566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=AIDS+and+Syphilis%3A+The+Iconography+of+Disease&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3397566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3397566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Sander+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciRep470b-246"><a href="#cite_ref-SciRep470b_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf">"Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. July 28, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Headway+Under+Hellacious+Circumstances&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceonline.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F313%2F5786%2F470b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altman-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Altman_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman1982" class="citation news cs1">Altman LK (May 11, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html">"New homosexual disorder worries health officials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430231803/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+homosexual+disorder+worries+health+officials&rft.date=1982-05-11&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F05%2F11%2Fscience%2Fnew-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kher-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Kher_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKher1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Kher U (July 27, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html">"A Name for the Plague"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Name+for+the+Plague&rft.date=1982-07-27&rft.aulast=Kher&rft.aufirst=Unmesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F80days%2F820727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR1982c-249"><a href="#cite_ref-MMWR1982c_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_(CDC)1982" class="citation journal cs1">Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (September 1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – United States". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 31 (37): 507–08, 513–14. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6815471">6815471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Update+on+acquired+immune+deficiency+syndrome+%28AIDS%29+%E2%80%93+United+States&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=507-08%2C+513-14&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6815471&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+%28CDC%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallo-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Gallo_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloSarinGelmannRobert-Guroff1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gallo RC, Sarin PS, Gelmann EP, Robert-Guroff M, Richardson E, Kalyanaraman VS, et al. (May 1983). "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220 (4599): 865–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...220..865G">1983Sci...220..865G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6601823">10.1126/science.6601823</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6601823">6601823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+human+T-cell+leukemia+virus+in+acquired+immune+deficiency+syndrome+%28AIDS%29&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=4599&rft.pages=865-67&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6601823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.6601823&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...220..865G&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Sarin%2C+PS&rft.au=Gelmann%2C+EP&rft.au=Robert-Guroff%2C+M&rft.au=Richardson%2C+E&rft.au=Kalyanaraman%2C+VS&rft.au=Mann%2C+D&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+GD&rft.au=Stahl%2C+RE&rft.au=Zolla-Pazner%2C+S&rft.au=Leibowitch%2C+J&rft.au=Popovic%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichWotherspoon2001" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich R, Wotherspoon G, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154">Who's who in gay and lesbian history</a>. London: Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22974-6"><bdi>978-0-415-22974-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911044550/https://books.google.com/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+gay+and+lesbian+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22974-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KA7_1s6w-QC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Gilbert-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Gilbert_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Gilbert_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Gilbert_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertRambautWlasiukSpira2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141817">"The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (47): 18566–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10418566G">2007PNAS..10418566G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705329104">10.1073/pnas.0705329104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141817">2141817</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17978186">17978186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+HIV%2FAIDS+in+the+Americas+and+beyond&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=18566-70&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2141817%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17978186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0705329104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10418566G&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft.au=Wlasiuk%2C+G&rft.au=Spira%2C+TJ&rft.au=Pitchenik%2C+AE&rft.au=Worobey%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2141817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9989410-253"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9989410_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoBailesRobertsonChen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, et al. (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F17130">"Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes"</a>. Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.397..436G">1999Natur.397..436G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F17130">10.1038/17130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9989410">9989410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4432185">4432185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Origin+of+HIV-1+in+the+chimpanzee+Pan+troglodytes+troglodytes&rft.volume=397&rft.issue=6718&rft.pages=436-41&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F17130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4432185%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9989410&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.397..436G&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Bailes%2C+E&rft.au=Robertson%2C+DL&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Rodenburg%2C+CM&rft.au=Michael%2C+SF&rft.au=Cummins%2C+LB&rft.au=Arthur%2C+LO&rft.au=Peeters%2C+M&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Sharp%2C+PM&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F17130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keele-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Keele_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeleVan_HeuverswynLiBailes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, et al. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442710">"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"</a>. Science. 313 (5786): 523–26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313..523K">2006Sci...313..523K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1126531">10.1126/science.1126531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442710">2442710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16728595">16728595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chimpanzee+reservoirs+of+pandemic+and+nonpandemic+HIV-1&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5786&rft.pages=523-26&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2442710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16728595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1126531&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...313..523K&rft.aulast=Keele&rft.aufirst=BF&rft.au=Van+Heuverswyn%2C+F&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Bailes%2C+E&rft.au=Takehisa%2C+J&rft.au=Santiago%2C+ML&rft.au=Bibollet-Ruche%2C+F&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Wain%2C+LV&rft.au=Liegeois%2C+F&rft.au=Loul%2C+S&rft.au=Ngole%2C+EM&rft.au=Bienvenue%2C+Y&rft.au=Delaporte%2C+E&rft.au=Brookfield%2C+JF&rft.au=Sharp%2C+PM&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Peeters%2C+M&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2442710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodier-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodier_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodierKazazian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goodier JL, Kazazian HH (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.09.022">"Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites"</a>. Cell. 135 (1): 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.09.022">10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18854152">18854152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3093360">3093360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Retrotransposons+revisited%3A+the+restraint+and+rehabilitation+of+parasites&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3093360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18854152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.09.022&rft.aulast=Goodier&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Kazazian%2C+HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2008.09.022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp2001-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp2001_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpBailesChaudhuriRodenburg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp PM, Bailes E, Chaudhuri RR, Rodenburg CM, Santiago MO, Hahn BH (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088480">"The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 356 (1410): 867–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0863">10.1098/rstb.2001.0863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088480">1088480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405934">11405934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+acquired+immune+deficiency+syndrome+viruses%3A+where+and+when%3F&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1410&rft.pages=867-76&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11405934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0863&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Bailes%2C+E&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+RR&rft.au=Rodenburg%2C+CM&rft.au=Santiago%2C+MO&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalish2005-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalish2005_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalishWolfeNdongmoMcNicholl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kalish ML, Wolfe ND, Ndongmo CB, McNicholl J, Robbins KE, Aidoo M, et al. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367631">"Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1928–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1112.050394">10.3201/eid1112.050394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367631">3367631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16485481">16485481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Central+African+hunters+exposed+to+simian+immunodeficiency+virus&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1928-30&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16485481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1112.050394&rft.aulast=Kalish&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+ND&rft.au=Ndongmo%2C+CB&rft.au=McNicholl%2C+J&rft.au=Robbins%2C+KE&rft.au=Aidoo%2C+M&rft.au=Fonjungo%2C+PN&rft.au=Alemnji%2C+G&rft.au=Zeh%2C+C&rft.au=Djoko%2C+CF&rft.au=Mpoudi-Ngole%2C+E&rft.au=Burke%2C+DS&rft.au=Folks%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx2001-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marx2001_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marx2001_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxAlcabesDrucker2001" class="citation journal cs1">Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088484">"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 356 (1410): 911–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0867">10.1098/rstb.2001.0867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088484">1088484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405938">11405938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Serial+human+passage+of+simian+immunodeficiency+virus+by+unsterile+injections+and+the+emergence+of+epidemic+human+immunodeficiency+virus+in+Africa&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1410&rft.pages=911-20&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11405938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0867&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Alcabes%2C+PG&rft.au=Drucker%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpHahn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451">"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic"</a>. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006841">10.1101/cshperspect.a006841</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-1422">2157-1422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451">3234451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22229120">22229120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Origins+of+HIV+and+the+AIDS+Pandemic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=a006841&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234451%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2157-1422&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22229120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a006841&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Beatrice+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worobey2008-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Worobey2008_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorobeyGemmelTeuwenHaselkorn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, Haselkorn T, Kunstman K, Bunce M, et al. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682493">"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 455 (7213): 661–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.455..661W">2008Natur.455..661W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07390">10.1038/nature07390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682493">3682493</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18833279">18833279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Direct+evidence+of+extensive+diversity+of+HIV-1+in+Kinshasa+by+1960&rft.volume=455&rft.issue=7213&rft.pages=661-64&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682493%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18833279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07390&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.455..661W&rft.aulast=Worobey&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Gemmel%2C+M&rft.au=Teuwen%2C+DE&rft.au=Haselkorn%2C+T&rft.au=Kunstman%2C+K&rft.au=Bunce%2C+M&rft.au=Muyembe%2C+JJ&rft.au=Kabongo%2C+JM&rft.au=Kalengayi%2C+RM&rft.au=Van+Marck%2C+E&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+MT&rft.au=Wolinsky%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sousa2010-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2010_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa2010_261-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_SousaMüllerLemeyVandamme2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Sousa JD, Müller V, Lemey P, Vandamme AM (April 2010). Martin DP (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848574">"High GUD incidence in the early 20th century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 5 (4): e9936. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.9936S">2010PLoSO...5.9936S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936">10.1371/journal.pone.0009936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848574">2848574</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20376191">20376191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=High+GUD+incidence+in+the+early+20th+century+created+a+particularly+permissive+time+window+for+the+origin+and+initial+spread+of+epidemic+HIV+strains&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e9936&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848574%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20376191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.9936S&rft.aulast=de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+V&rft.au=Lemey%2C+P&rft.au=Vandamme%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitnis2000-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Chitnis2000_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitnisRawlsMoore2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J (January 2000). "Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa?". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 16 (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F088922200309548">10.1089/088922200309548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10628811">10628811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17783758">17783758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses&rft.atitle=Origin+of+HIV+type+1+in+colonial+French+Equatorial+Africa%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17783758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10628811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F088922200309548&rft.aulast=Chitnis&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rawls%2C+D&rft.au=Moore%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil-263"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._McNeil_Jr." title="Donald G. McNeil Jr.">McNeil DG Jr</a> (September 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html">"Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230019/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2010. <q>Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s. ... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Precursor+to+H.I.V.+Was+in+Monkeys+for+Millennia&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F17%2Fhealth%2F17aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuKorberNahmiasHooper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35400">"An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic"</a>. Nature. 391 (6667): 594–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.391..594Z">1998Natur.391..594Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35400">10.1038/35400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9468138">9468138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4416837">4416837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+African+HIV-1+sequence+from+1959+and+implications+for+the+origin+of+the+epidemic&rft.volume=391&rft.issue=6667&rft.pages=594-97&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4416837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9468138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.391..594Z&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Korber%2C+BT&rft.au=Nahmias%2C+AJ&rft.au=Hooper%2C+E&rft.au=Sharp%2C+PM&rft.au=Ho%2C+DD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/forty-years-after-first-documented-aids-cases-survivors-reckon-dichotomy-n1269697">"Forty years after first documented AIDS cases, survivors reckon with 'dichotomy of feelings'"</a>. NBC News. June 5, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606013840/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/forty-years-after-first-documented-aids-cases-survivors-reckon-dichotomy-n1269697">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Forty+years+after+first+documented+AIDS+cases%2C+survivors+reckon+with+%27dichotomy+of+feelings%27&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ffeature%2Fnbc-out%2Fforty-years-after-first-documented-aids-cases-survivors-reckon-dichotomy-n1269697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Lederberg J, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhC_nz8eHh0C&pg=PA106">Encyclopedia of Microbiology</a> (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054848-7"><bdi>978-0-08-054848-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145825/https://books.google.com/books?id=fhC_nz8eHh0C&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Microbiology&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054848-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhC_nz8eHh0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson RO, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6tAgAAQBAJ">Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora</a>. Routledge. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88708-3"><bdi>978-0-415-88708-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509142031/https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6tAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographies+of+the+Haitian+Diaspora&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88708-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQ6tAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pépin-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pépin_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pépin_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPépin2011" class="citation book cs1">Pépin J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTaMBrPBK6EC">The Origin of Aids</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18637-7"><bdi>978-0-521-18637-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509120414/https://books.google.com/books?id=dTaMBrPBK6EC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Aids&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18637-7&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9pin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTaMBrPBK6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata1987" class="citation news cs1">Kolata G (October 28, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/us/boy-s-1969-death-suggests-aids-invaded-us-several-times.html">"Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211024256/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boy%27s+1969+Death+Suggests+AIDS+Invaded+U.S.+Several+Times&rft.date=1987-10-28&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F28%2Fus%2Fboy-s-1969-death-suggests-aids-invaded-us-several-times.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ryan-White">"Ryan White, an American AIDS Victim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. November 7, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722112020/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ryan-White">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ryan+White%2C+an+American+AIDS+Victim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRyan-White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogden-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogden_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgdenNyblade2005" class="citation web cs1">Ogden J, Nyblade L (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217044825/http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf">"Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 17, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Center+for+Research+on+Women&rft.atitle=Common+at+its+core%3A+HIV-related+stigma+across+contexts&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Nyblade%2C+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrw.org%2Fdocs%2F2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herek1999-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herek1999_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herek1999_272-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herek1999_272-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerekCapitanio1999" class="citation journal cs1">Herek GM, Capitanio JP (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf">"AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice"</a> (PDF). American Behavioral Scientist. 42 (7): 1130–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764299042007006">10.1177/0002764299042007006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143508360">143508360</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 9, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=AIDS+Stigma+and+sexual+prejudice&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1130-47&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764299042007006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143508360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herek&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Capitanio%2C+JP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.ucdavis.edu%2Frainbow%2Fhtml%2Fabs99_sp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderOmotoCrain1999" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL (1999). "Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers". American Behavioral Scientist. 42 (7): 1175–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764299042007009">10.1177/0002764299042007009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144929159">144929159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Punished+for+their+good+deeds%3A+stigmatization+for+AIDS+volunteers&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1175-92&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764299042007009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144929159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Omoto%2C+AM&rft.au=Crain%2C+AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2012" class="citation book cs1">Sharma A (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242">Population and society</a>. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-818-7"><bdi>978-81-8069-818-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080127/https://books.google.com/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+society&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Concept+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-818-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE-VDhEuxmsC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herek2002-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Herek2002_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerekCapitanioWidaman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447082">"HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 92 (3): 371–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.92.3.371">10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447082">1447082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11867313">11867313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=HIV-related+stigma+and+knowledge+in+the+United+States%3A+prevalence+and+trends%2C+1991%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-77&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1447082%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11867313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.92.3.371&rft.aulast=Herek&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Capitanio%2C+JP&rft.au=Widaman%2C+KF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1447082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_CockJaffeCurran2012" class="citation journal cs1">De Cock KM, Jaffe HW, Curran JW (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e328354622a">"The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS"</a>. AIDS. 26 (10): 1205–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e328354622a">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328354622a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22706007">22706007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30648421">30648421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS&rft.atitle=The+evolving+epidemiology+of+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1205-13&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30648421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22706007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQAD.0b013e328354622a&rft.aulast=De+Cock&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+HW&rft.au=Curran%2C+JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FQAD.0b013e328354622a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2003" class="citation news cs1">Spencer R (August 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1439403/China-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html">"China relaxes laws on love and marriage"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131108082647/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1439403/China-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China+relaxes+laws+on+love+and+marriage&rft.date=2003-08-21&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F1439403%2FChina-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/survivingandthriving/index.html">"Exhibition – Surviving and Thriving – NLM Exhibition Program"</a>. U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201111011/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/survivingandthriving/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Exhibition+%E2%80%93+Surviving+and+Thriving+%E2%80%93+NLM+Exhibition+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fexhibition%2Fsurvivingandthriving%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiling2013" class="citation news cs1">Geiling N (December 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-confusing-and-at-times-counterproductive-1980s-response-to-the-aids-epidemic-180948611/">"The Confusing and At-Times Counterproductive 1980s Response to the AIDS Epidemic"</a>. Smithsonian.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152312/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-confusing-and-at-times-counterproductive-1980s-response-to-the-aids-epidemic-180948611/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian.com&rft.atitle=The+Confusing+and+At-Times+Counterproductive+1980s+Response+to+the+AIDS+Epidemic&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Geiling&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-confusing-and-at-times-counterproductive-1980s-response-to-the-aids-epidemic-180948611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubovGalboAlticeFraenkel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dubov A, Galbo P, Altice F, Fraenkel L (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199453">"Stigma and Shame Experiences by MSM Who Take PrEP for HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Study"</a>. American Journal of Men's Health. 12 (6): 1843–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1557988318797437">10.1177/1557988318797437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199453">6199453</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30160195">30160195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Stigma+and+Shame+Experiences+by+MSM+Who+Take+PrEP+for+HIV+Prevention%3A+A+Qualitative+Study&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1843-1854&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6199453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30160195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1557988318797437&rft.aulast=Dubov&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Galbo%2C+P&rft.au=Altice%2C+F&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6199453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaytimes.com/life/prep-slutshaming/">"PrEP slutshaming is still alive and well – and it's harming us all"</a>. May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PrEP+slutshaming+is+still+alive+and+well+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+harming+us+all&rft.date=2024-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaytimes.com%2Flife%2Fprep-slutshaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinShiDuGuo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jin G, Shi H, Du J, Guo H, Yuan G, Yang H, et al. (December 2023). "Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum for HIV Risk Populations: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 37 (12): 583–615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fapc.2023.0158">10.1089/apc.2023.0158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38011347">38011347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Patient+Care+and+STDs&rft.atitle=Pre-Exposure+Prophylaxis+Care+Continuum+for+HIV+Risk+Populations%3A+An+Umbrella+Review+of+Systematic+Reviews+and+Meta-Analyses&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=583-615&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fapc.2023.0158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38011347&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Shi%2C+H&rft.au=Du%2C+J&rft.au=Guo%2C+H&rft.au=Yuan%2C+G&rft.au=Yang%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M117-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M117_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M117_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M117_283-2">c</a> Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-et-al-2003-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Bell-et-al-2003_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellDevarajanGersbach2003" class="citation report cs1">Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151302/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834">The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa</a> (Report). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834">the original</a> (PDF) on June 5, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+long-run+economic+costs+of+AIDS%3A+theory+and+an+application+to+South+Africa&rft.series=World+Bank+Policy+Research+Working+Paper+No.+3152&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Devarajan%2C+S&rft.au=Gersbach%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2Fmain%3FpagePK%3D64165259%26theSitePK%3D478060%26piPK%3D64165421%26menuPK%3D64166093%26entityID%3D000160016_20031110113834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greener-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greener_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greener_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreener2002" class="citation book cs1">Greener R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf">"AIDS and macroeconomic impact"</a> (PDF). In Forsyth S (ed.). State of The Art: AIDS and Economics. IAEN. pp. 49–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090520/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AIDS+and+macroeconomic+impact&rft.btitle=State+of+The+Art%3A+AIDS+and+Economics&rft.pages=49-55&rft.pub=IAEN&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Greener&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNACP969.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonOkpoMngoma2015" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson R, Okpo E, Mngoma N (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10793712">"Interventions for improving employment outcomes for workers with HIV"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (5): CD010090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010090.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010090.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F6021">2164/6021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10793712">10793712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26022149">26022149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+improving+employment+outcomes+for+workers+with+HIV&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=CD010090&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10793712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26022149&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F6021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010090.pub2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Okpo%2C+E&rft.au=Mngoma%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10793712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WBank-287"><a href="#cite_ref-WBank_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOver1992" class="citation report cs1">Over M (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf">The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department</a> (PDF) (Report). World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201655/http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+macroeconomic+impact+of+AIDS+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%2C+Population+and+Human+Resources+Department&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Over&rft.aufirst=Mead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Faidsecon%2Fmacro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx">"AIDS Stigma"</a>. News-medical.net. December 7, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112214833/http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News-medical.net&rft.atitle=AIDS+Stigma&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FAIDS-Stigma.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thirty_years_after_AIDS_discovery,_appreciation_growing_for_Catholic_approach-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thirty_years_after_AIDS_discovery,_appreciation_growing_for_Catholic_approach_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thirty_years_after_AIDS_discovery,_appreciation_growing_for_Catholic_approach_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22686/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach">"Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach"</a>. Catholicnewsagency.com. June 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016214921/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholicnewsagency.com&rft.atitle=Thirty+years+after+AIDS+discovery%2C+appreciation+growing+for+Catholic+approach&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F22686%2Fthirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC18102011-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC18102011_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC18102011_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818">"Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'"</a>. BBC News. October 18, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018164909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Church+HIV+prayer+cure+claims+%27cause+three+deaths%27&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-14406818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-291"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1985" class="citation web cs1">Berger J (October 3, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/aids/100385sci-aids.html">"Rock Hudson, Screen Idol, Dies at 59"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124316/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/aids/100385sci-aids.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rock+Hudson%2C+Screen+Idol%2C+Dies+at+59&rft.date=1985-10-03&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Fscience%2Faids%2F100385sci-aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2007" class="citation web cs1">Coleman B (June 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory">"Thatcher the gay icon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114044756/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Thatcher+the+gay+icon&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fbrian-coleman%2F2007%2F06%2Flady-thatcher-gay-tory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm">"November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies"</a>. BBC On This Day. BBC News. November 24, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021020133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+On+This+Day&rft.atitle=November+24%2C+1991%3A+Giant+of+rock+dies&rft.date=1991-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F24%2Fnewsid_2546000%2F2546945.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss" class="citation web cs1">Bliss D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170201/http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx">"Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe"</a>. iTENNISstore.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx">the original</a> on July 30, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iTENNISstore.com&rft.atitle=Frozen+In+Time%3A+Arthur+Ashe&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itennisstore.com%2FTennis-Latest-News%2FFROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html">"Tributes to Arthur Ashe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. February 8, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111124842/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tributes+to+Arthur+Ashe&rft.date=1993-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrove" class="citation web cs1">Cosgrove B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814045129/http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1">"Behind the Picture: The Photo That Changed the Face of AIDS"</a>. LIFE magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1">the original</a> on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIFE+magazine&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Picture%3A+The+Photo+That+Changed+the+Face+of+AIDS&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.time.com%2Fhistory%2Fbehind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeutscheWelle-297"><a href="#cite_ref-DeutscheWelle_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75/a-41514818">"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723132748/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75/a-41514818">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+most+famous+gay+rights+activist%3A+Rosa+von+Praunheim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75%2Fa-41514818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html">"HIV-Specific Criminal Laws"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). June 30, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031203041/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=HIV-Specific+Criminal+Laws&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fpolicies%2Flaw%2Fstates%2Fexposure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/aziga-found-guilty-of-first-degree-murder-1.386276">"Aziga found guilty of first-degree murder"</a>. CTV.ca News. April 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204016/http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/aziga-found-guilty-of-first-degree-murder-1.386276">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aziga+found+guilty+of+first-degree+murder&rft.pub=CTV.ca+News&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoronto.ctvnews.ca%2Faziga-found-guilty-of-first-degree-murder-1.386276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hiv-killer-ruled-dangerous-offender-1.927621">"HIV killer ruled dangerous offender"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903081633/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/08/02/hiv-offender-aziga.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HIV+killer+ruled+dangerous+offender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhiv-killer-ruled-dangerous-offender-1.927621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515102752/http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/columnists/story.html?id=2c6dca9a-cf31-45e0-8bab-510069a10a9d">"A fraudster, not a murderer"</a>. National Post. March 30, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/columnists/story.html?id=2c6dca9a-cf31-45e0-8bab-510069a10a9d">the original</a> on May 15, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=A+fraudster%2C+not+a+murderer&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2c6dca9a-cf31-45e0-8bab-510069a10a9d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/513598/virgin-cure-three-women-killed-to-cure-aids/">"'Virgin cure': Three women killed to 'cure' Aids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. February 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015000557/http://tribune.com.pk/story/513598/virgin-cure-three-women-killed-to-cure-aids/">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Virgin+cure%27%3A+Three+women+killed+to+%27cure%27+Aids&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F513598%2Fvirgin-cure-three-women-killed-to-cure-aids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny2010" class="citation book cs1">Jenny C (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKILM5KWFKwC&pg=PA187">Child Abuse and Neglect: Diagnosis, Treatment and Evidence – Expert Consult</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3621-2"><bdi>978-1-4377-3621-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127054149/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKILM5KWFKwC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect%3A+Diagnosis%2C+Treatment+and+Evidence+%E2%80%93+Expert+Consult&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-3621-2&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKILM5KWFKwC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlot,_JenniferMonica_Kathina_Juma2011" class="citation book cs1">Klot, Jennifer, Monica Kathina Juma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=du0aR53YsYMC&pg=PA47">HIV/AIDS, Gender, Human Security and Violence in Southern Africa</a>. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7983-0253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7983-0253-1"><bdi>978-0-7983-0253-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426060547/https://books.google.com/books?id=du0aR53YsYMC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HIV%2FAIDS%2C+Gender%2C+Human+Security+and+Violence+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Africa+Institute+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7983-0253-1&rft.au=Klot%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Monica+Kathina+Juma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddu0aR53YsYMC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIFANG-305"><a href="#cite_ref-WIFANG_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkockis2016" class="citation book cs1">Ukockis G (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407">Women's Issues for a New Generation: A Social Work Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190239404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190239404"><bdi>978-0190239404</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221043736/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Issues+for+a+New+Generation%3A+A+Social+Work+Perspective&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0190239404&rft.aulast=Ukockis&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNsmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RASEFSS-306"><a href="#cite_ref-RASEFSS_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazzardStones2020" class="citation book cs1">Glazzard J, Stones S (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Relationships and Sex Education for Secondary Schools (2020): A Practical Toolkit for Teachers</a>. Critical Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1913063689" title="Special:BookSources/978-1913063689"><bdi>978-1913063689</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221043746/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relationships+and+Sex+Education+for+Secondary+Schools+%282020%29%3A+A+Practical+Toolkit+for+Teachers&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Critical+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1913063689&rft.aulast=Glazzard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Stones%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212142740/http://www.nat.org.uk/media/Files/PDF%20documents/Mori_2014_report_FINAL.pdf">"HIV Public Knowledge and Attitudes 2014"</a> (PDF). National AIDS Trust. November 2014. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nat.org.uk/media/Files/PDF%20documents/Mori_2014_report_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+AIDS+Trust&rft.atitle=HIV+Public+Knowledge+and+Attitudes+2014&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nat.org.uk%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FPDF%2520documents%2FMori_2014_report_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlechner1997" class="citation book cs1">Blechner MJ (1997). Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-223-1"><bdi>978-0-88163-223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+and+mortality%3A+psychodynamic+approaches+to+AIDS+and+HIV&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Analytic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88163-223-1&rft.aulast=Blechner&rft.aufirst=MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyLarisRolleri2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2006.11.143">"Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world"</a>. The Journal of Adolescent Health. 40 (3): 206–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2006.11.143">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17321420">17321420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=Sex+and+HIV+education+programs%3A+their+impact+on+sexual+behaviors+of+young+people+throughout+the+world&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=206-17&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2006.11.143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17321420&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Laris%2C+BA&rft.au=Rolleri%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jadohealth.2006.11.143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duesberg-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Duesberg_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuesberg1988" class="citation journal cs1">Duesberg P (July 1988). "HIV is not the cause of AIDS". Science. 241 (4865): 514, 517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...241..514D">1988Sci...241..514D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3399880">10.1126/science.3399880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3399880">3399880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=HIV+is+not+the+cause+of+AIDS&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=4865&rft.pages=514%2C+517&rft.date=1988-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3399880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3399880&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...241..514D&rft.aulast=Duesberg&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101111630/http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf">"The Duesberg phenomenon"</a> (PDF). Science. 266 (5191): 1642–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...266.1642C">1994Sci...266.1642C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7992043">10.1126/science.7992043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7992043">7992043</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Duesberg+phenomenon&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=5191&rft.pages=1642-44&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7992043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7992043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...266.1642C&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Ffeature%2Fdata%2Fcohen%2F266-5191-1642a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalichman-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalichman_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalichman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kalichman" title="Seth Kalichman">Kalichman S</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denyingaidsconsp0000kali">Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy</a>. New York: Copernicus Books (<a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79475-4"><bdi>978-0-387-79475-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+AIDS%3A+Conspiracy+Theories%2C+Pseudoscience%2C+and+Human+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Copernicus+Books+%28Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-79475-4&rft.aulast=Kalichman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdenyingaidsconsp0000kali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithNovella-312"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithNovella_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNovella2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smith TC, Novella SP (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949841">"HIV denial in the Internet era"</a>. PLOS Medicine. 4 (8): e256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256">10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949841">1949841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17713982">17713982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=HIV+denial+in+the+Internet+era&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e256&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1949841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17713982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=TC&rft.au=Novella%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1949841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-consensus-313"><a href="#cite_ref-consensus_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2010" class="citation web cs1">Various (January 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx">"Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407225045/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/pages/hivcausesaids.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+and+Links%2C+HIV-AIDS+Connection&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Allergy+and+Infectious+Diseases&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.au=Various&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaid.nih.gov%2Ftopics%2FHIVAIDS%2FUnderstanding%2FhowHIVCausesAIDS%2FPages%2FHIVcausesAIDS.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Watson J (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0106-6a">"Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists'"</a>. Nature Medicine. 12 (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0106-6a">10.1038/nm0106-6a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16397537">16397537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3502309">3502309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Scientists%2C+activists+sue+South+Africa%27s+AIDS+%27denialists%27&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3502309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16397537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm0106-6a&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnm0106-6a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaleta2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baleta A (March 2003). "S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder". The Lancet. 361 (9363): 1105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912909-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12672319">12672319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43699468">43699468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=S+Africa%27s+AIDS+activists+accuse+government+of+murder&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=9363&rft.pages=1105&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43699468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12672319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912909-1&rft.aulast=Baleta&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen J (June 2000). "South Africa's new enemy". Science. 288 (5474): 2168–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5474.2168">10.1126/science.288.5474.2168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10896606">10896606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2844528">2844528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+new+enemy&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5474&rft.pages=2168-70&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2844528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10896606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5474.2168&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-infektion-317"><a href="#cite_ref-infektion_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoghardt2009" class="citation web cs1">Boghardt T (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514230328/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids.html">"Operation INFEKTION Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+INFEKTION+Soviet+Bloc+Intelligence+and+Its+AIDS+Disinformation+Campaign&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Boghardt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol53no4%2Fsoviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/eval/indicators/index.htm">"Indicators – Program Evaluation – CDC"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210732/https://www.cdc.gov/eval/indicators/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.atitle=Indicators+%E2%80%93+Program+Evaluation+%E2%80%93+CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Feval%2Findicators%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measureevaluation.org/community-based-indicators">"Community-Based Indicators for HIV Programs – MEASURE Evaluation"</a>. measureevaluation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002500/https://www.measureevaluation.org/community-based-indicators">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=measureevaluation.org&rft.atitle=Community-Based+Indicators+for+HIV+Programs+%E2%80%93+MEASURE+Evaluation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measureevaluation.org%2Fcommunity-based-indicators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/">"Data and statistics"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902021227/http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Data+and+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhiv%2Fdata%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandellBennettDolin2010" class="citation book cs1">Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/z77imzos6bhytbprezvca7hazm/access/wayback/https://watermark.silverchair.com/41-2-277a.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAZswggGXBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGIMIIBhAIBADCCAX0GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMAuaomuvi_NJumlw3AgEQgIIBThDTgJTUHxl_S5bfxbWGGvQbB_DGg6AJIYlDrM4BLmasQkp6-pvVLXhOk14_62G__HhvAFduajMAsQTd5izB5pcwwrqpdfwBuH2Vxf1K83RmRNz2cJxhSQuwALrOcRmxdgbLkEo0E1IghVRtVnpOKxNzQxbu6FoI7x8WGQlnk61Y_jEFVtZLRD4CZrCrneZ0UimR8XeTzqc9Lj-iqFM6_0Zk3fD2e_KFFadbsY8kb9qVjN9tBxQrVsvKRYLpZx1sNpc4E8CbZ0HYAWs8N6VyAjdV5yF8L2x80mMQ_EIaeZghakmXfGTj0KbD0CSvjXHICLWsk_-i_UGF_vsC-0mIu4WOBfJxEtuAmHUgpZ4UwOOfKyuZYmCU4n0ADmPeniOozSuZstMHnsukaGthW5wGEfIMYkbzr7Q_aO2H6PrGa5uDwiBJHMoZOQ04S92I_3E">Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</a> (PDF) (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3"><bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandell%2C+Douglas%2C+and+Bennett%27s+Principles+and+Practice+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06839-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.archive.org%2Fwork%2Fz77imzos6bhytbprezvca7hazm%2Faccess%2Fwayback%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwatermark.silverchair.com%2F41-2-277a.pdf%3Ftoken%3DAQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAZswggGXBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGIMIIBhAIBADCCAX0GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMAuaomuvi_NJumlw3AgEQgIIBThDTgJTUHxl_S5bfxbWGGvQbB_DGg6AJIYlDrM4BLmasQkp6-pvVLXhOk14_62G__HhvAFduajMAsQTd5izB5pcwwrqpdfwBuH2Vxf1K83RmRNz2cJxhSQuwALrOcRmxdgbLkEo0E1IghVRtVnpOKxNzQxbu6FoI7x8WGQlnk61Y_jEFVtZLRD4CZrCrneZ0UimR8XeTzqc9Lj-iqFM6_0Zk3fD2e_KFFadbsY8kb9qVjN9tBxQrVsvKRYLpZx1sNpc4E8CbZ0HYAWs8N6VyAjdV5yF8L2x80mMQ_EIaeZghakmXfGTj0KbD0CSvjXHICLWsk_-i_UGF_vsC-0mIu4WOBfJxEtuAmHUgpZ4UwOOfKyuZYmCU4n0ADmPeniOozSuZstMHnsukaGthW5wGEfIMYkbzr7Q_aO2H6PrGa5uDwiBJHMoZOQ04S92I_3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS_(UNAIDS)2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf">Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access</a> (PDF). Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+HIV%2FAIDS+Response%2C+Epidemic+update+and+health+sector+progress+towards+universal+access&rft.pub=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS+%28UNAIDS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdocuments%2Funaidspublication%2F2011%2F20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a>.</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/">UNAIDS</a> – Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hivinfo.nih.gov/home-page">HIVinfo</a> – Information on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2688574">2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12199" class="extiw" title="d:Q12199">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#236924369">1C60</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#771273482">1C61</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1508081745">1C62</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B20">B20 </a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B24">B24 </a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=042">042</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=044">044</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/609423">609423</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000163">D000163</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb5938.htm">5938</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm">000594</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/253-overview">emerg/253</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-aids">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template talk:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">AIDS</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:STD_and_STI" title="Template talk:STD and STI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:STD_and_STI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:STD and STI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexually_transmitted_infections_(STI)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> (STI)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">Haemophilus ducreyi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">lymphogranuloma venereum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Donovanosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">Mycoplasma hominis infection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis" title="Mycoplasma hominis">Mycoplasma hominis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">Trichomoniasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_louse" title="Crab louse">Crab louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AIDS</a> (<a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV-1/HIV-2</a>)</li> <li>Cancer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">vulvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">anal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus (HPV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">Genital warts (condyloma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B virus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV-1 & HSV-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum_virus" title="Molluscum contagiosum virus">MCV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>female</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cervicitis" title="Cervicitis">Cervicitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>male</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>either</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">Urethritis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Non-gonococcal_urethritis" title="Non-gonococcal urethritis">Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template talk:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African sleeping sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">River blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_review" title="Priority review">Priority review voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral nasopharyngitis</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lymphoid_and_complement_disorders_causing_immunodeficiency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphoid_and_complement_immunodeficiency" title="Template:Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphoid_and_complement_immunodeficiency" title="Template talk:Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphoid_and_complement_immunodeficiency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lymphoid_and_complement_disorders_causing_immunodeficiency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a> disorders causing <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency" title="Primary immunodeficiency">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibody</a>/<a href="/wiki/Humoral_immune_deficiency" title="Humoral immune deficiency">humoral</a> (<a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypogammaglobulinemia" title="Hypogammaglobulinemia">Hypogammaglobulinemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_agammaglobulinemia" title="X-linked agammaglobulinemia">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_hypogammaglobulinemia_of_infancy" title="Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy">Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dysgammaglobulinemia" title="Dysgammaglobulinemia">Dysgammaglobulinemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_immunoglobulin_A_deficiency" title="Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency">IgA deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgG_deficiency" title="IgG deficiency">IgG deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin M deficiency">IgM deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome" title="Hyper IgM syndrome">Hyper IgM syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_2" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_3" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_4" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_5" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperimmunoglobulin_E_syndrome" title="Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome">Hyper-IgE syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_variable_immunodeficiency" title="Common variable immunodeficiency">Common variable immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="ICF syndrome">ICF syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell_deficiency" title="T cell deficiency">T cell deficiency</a> (<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_hypoplasia" title="Thymic hypoplasia">thymic hypoplasia</a>: hypoparathyroid (<a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">Di George's syndrome</a>)</li> <li>euparathyroid (<a href="/wiki/Nezelof_syndrome" title="Nezelof syndrome">Nezelof syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a>)</li></ul> peripheral: <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase_deficiency" title="Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency">Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome" title="Hyper IgM syndrome">Hyper IgM syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="Severe combined immunodeficiency">Severe</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_immunodeficiencies" title="Combined immunodeficiencies">combined</a> (B+T)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>x-linked: <a href="/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency">X-SCID</a> autosomal: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficiency" title="Adenosine deaminase deficiency">Adenosine deaminase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omenn_syndrome" title="Omenn syndrome">Omenn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP70_deficiency" title="ZAP70 deficiency">ZAP70 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_lymphocyte_syndrome" title="Bare lymphocyte syndrome">Bare lymphocyte syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency#acquired" title="Immunodeficiency">Acquired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">Leukopenia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytopenia" title="Lymphocytopenia">Lymphocytopenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_CD4%2B_lymphocytopenia" title="Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia">Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complement_deficiency" title="Complement deficiency">Complement deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C1-inhibitor" title="C1-inhibitor">C1-inhibitor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">Hereditary angioedema</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_2_deficiency" title="Complement 2 deficiency">Complement 2 deficiency</a>/<a href="/wiki/Complement_4_deficiency" title="Complement 4 deficiency">Complement 4 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBL_deficiency" title="MBL deficiency">MBL deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin_deficiency" title="Properdin deficiency">Properdin deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_3_deficiency" title="Complement 3 deficiency">Complement 3 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency" title="Terminal complement pathway deficiency">Terminal complement pathway deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement receptor deficiency">Complement receptor deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/29px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/38px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">HIV/AIDS at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/HIV/AIDS" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/HIV/AIDS">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/AIDS" class="extiw" title="c:AIDS">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:AIDS" class="extiw" title="n:Category:AIDS">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" class="extiw" title="q:HIV/AIDS">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/HIV" class="extiw" title="v:HIV">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/HIV" class="extiw" title="voy:HIV">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="extiw" title="species:Human immunodeficiency virus">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12199#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/793808/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112470-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002541">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975352k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975352k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575858">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117300&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527488">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294774305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025625">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&oldid=1257162911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&oldid=1257162911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:HIV/AIDS" title="Category:HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1981_in_biology" title="Category:1981 in biology">1981 in biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_disasters" title="Category:Health disasters">Health disasters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pandemics" title="Category:Pandemics">Pandemics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slow_virus_diseases" title="Category:Slow virus diseases">Slow virus diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syndromes" title="Category:Syndromes">Syndromes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use American English from September 2024">Use American English from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2024">Use mdy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_div_col_with_small_parameter" title="Category:Pages using div col with small parameter">Pages using div col with small parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_medical_app_sidebar" title="Category:Articles with medical app sidebar">Articles with medical app sidebar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_infectious_disease_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate">Wikipedia infectious disease articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate_(full)" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 15:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z27g8","wgBackendResponseTime":237,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.372","walltime":"3.674","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22339,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":932606,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12312,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1350112,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3152.991 1 -total"," 63.70% 2008.327 1 Template:Reflist"," 31.27% 985.928 174 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.60% 397.178 74 Template:Cite_web"," 7.53% 237.507 43 Template:Cite_book"," 7.50% 236.468 13 Template:Navbox"," 5.68% 179.005 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 4.64% 146.256 2 Template:Hlist"," 4.18% 131.822 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 2.90% 91.385 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.065","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22633378,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","340","15.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","13.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","5.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.6"],["gsub","100","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.8"],["(for generator)","60","2.8"],["[others]","620","28.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zdfpm","timestamp":"20241122141906","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"HIV\/AIDS","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HIV\/AIDS","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12199","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12199","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T20:27:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T15:29:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/Red_Ribbon.svg","headline":"spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection"}</script> </body> </html>