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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gurdjieff_and_Ouspensky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurdjieff_and_Ouspensky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gurdjieff and Ouspensky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurdjieff_and_Ouspensky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia_and_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia_and_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Georgia and Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia_and_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prieuré_at_Avon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prieuré_at_Avon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Prieuré</i> at Avon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prieuré_at_Avon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_car_accident,_writing_and_visits_to_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_car_accident,_writing_and_visits_to_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First car accident, writing and visits to North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_car_accident,_writing_and_visits_to_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-development_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-development_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Self-development teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-development_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reception and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pupils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_books_by_Gurdjieff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_books_by_Gurdjieff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>List of books by Gurdjieff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_books_by_Gurdjieff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Gurdjieff</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81" title="جورج غوردجييف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج غوردجييف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%82" title="Գէորգ Կիւրճիեւ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գէորգ Կիւրճիեւ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Qurciyev" title="Georgi Qurciyev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Georgi Qurciyev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Георги Гурджиев – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Георги Гурджиев" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Gurdjieff – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georges Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gurd%C5%BEijev" title="Georgij Ivanovič Gurdžijev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georgij Ivanovič Gurdžijev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Gurdsjijev" title="G.I. Gurdsjijev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="G.I. Gurdsjijev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_I._Gurdjieff" title="Georges I. Gurdjieff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georges I. Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Gurd%C5%BEijev" title="Georgi Gurdžijev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georgi Gurdžijev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%86" title="Γεώργιος Γκουρτζίεφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεώργιος Γκουρτζίεφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Gur%C4%9Dijev" title="Georgij Gurĝijev – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georgij Gurĝijev" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%81" title="گئورگ گورجیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گئورگ گورجیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Gurdjieff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georges Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AB" title="જ્યોર્જ ગુર્જિયેફ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્યોર્જ ગુર્જિયેફ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%98%88%ED%94%84" title="게오르기 구르지예프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게오르기 구르지예프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D6%87" title="Գեորգի Գյուրջիև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգի Գյուրջիև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC" title="जार्ज गुर्जीफ़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जार्ज गुर्जीफ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gurdijev" title="Georgij Ivanovič Gurdijev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georgij Ivanovič Gurdijev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Gurdjieff – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georges Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Ivanovič Gurdjieff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georges Ivanovič Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A3" title="גאורג איבאנוביץ' גורדייף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורג איבאנוביץ' גורדייף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="გიორგი გურჯიევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გიორგი გურჯიევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgijus_Gurd%C5%BEijevas" title="Georgijus Gurdžijevas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Georgijus Gurdžijevas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff" title="G. I. Gurdjieff – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="G. I. Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81" title="جورج جوردجييف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج جوردجييف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95" title="ゲオルギイ・グルジエフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲオルギイ・グルジエフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Ivanovitsj_Gurdjieff" title="Georgij Ivanovitsj Gurdjieff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georgij Ivanovitsj Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%AB" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਗੁਰਜੀਏਫ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਗੁਰਜੀਏਫ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جارج گردجیف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج گردجیف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81" title="جورج ګورجيف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج ګورجيف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Gurd%C5%BCijew" title="Georgij Gurdżijew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georgij Gurdżijew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ivanovich_Gurdjieff" title="George Ivanovich Gurdjieff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Ivanovich Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ivanovitch_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Гурджиев, Георгий Иванович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурджиев, Георгий Иванович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gurdjieff" title="Georges Ivanovič Gurdjieff – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Georges Ivanovič Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdjieff" title="Gurdjieff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Георгиј Гурџијев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Георгиј Гурџијев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff" title="G. I. Gurdjieff – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="G. I. Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Gurdzjijev" title="Georgij Gurdzjijev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgij Gurdzjijev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் குர்ச்சீயெவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் குர்ச்சீயெவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Георгий Гурджиев – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Георгий Гурджиев" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_G%C3%BCrciyev" title="Georgi Gürciyev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georgi Gürciyev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2" title="Георгій Гурджиєв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георгій Гурджиєв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Gurdjieff" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%90%89%E5%A4%AB" title="喬治·伊凡諾維奇·葛吉夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治·伊凡諾維奇·葛吉夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek–Armenian philosopher, mystic, and writer (c. 1866–1877 – 1949)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Gurdjieff</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Gurdjieff.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Georges_Gurdjieff.JPG/220px-Georges_Gurdjieff.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Georges_Gurdjieff.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="554" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gurdjieff between 1925 and 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Ivanovich Gurdjieff</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1866–1877</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Alexandropol, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerevan Governorate">Yerevan Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1949-10-29</span>)</span>29 October 1949<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_de_Hartmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga de Hartmann">Olga de Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olgivanna_Lloyd_Wright" title="Olgivanna Lloyd Wright">Olgivanna Lloyd Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way_enneagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Way enneagram">Fourth Way enneagram</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_(Fourth_Way)" title="Centers (Fourth Way)">centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-remembering" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-remembering">self-remembering</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Ivanovich Gurdjieff</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1866–1877</span> – 29 October 1949)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Greek–Armenian <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual teacher">spiritual teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">movements teacher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurdjieff taught that people are not conscious of themselves and thus live their lives in a state of hypnotic "waking sleep", but that it is possible to awaken to a higher state of consciousness and serve our purpose as human beings. The practice of his teaching has become known as "The Work"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (connoting work on oneself) and is additional to the ways of the <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakirs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogis</a>, so that his student <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> referred to it as the "<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff's teaching has inspired the formation of many groups around the world. After his death in 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_Foundation" title="Gurdjieff Foundation">Gurdjieff Foundation</a> in Paris was established and led by his close pupil <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a> in cooperation with other direct pupils of Gurdjieff, until her death in 1990; and then by her son <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Salzmann" title="Michel de Salzmann">Michel de Salzmann</a>, until his death in 2001. </p><p>The International Association of the Gurdjieff Foundations<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprises the Institut Gurdjieff in France; The Gurdjieff Foundation in the USA; The Gurdjieff Society in the UK; and the Gurdjieff Foundation in Venezuela. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurdjieff was born in Alexandropol, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerevan Governorate">Yerevan Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>). His father Ivan Ivanovich Gurdjieff was <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, and a renowned <a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">ashugh</a> under the pseudonym of <i>Adash</i>, who in the 1870s managed large herds of cattle and sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-held view is that Gurdjieff's mother was <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, although some scholars have recently speculated that she too was Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gurdjieff himself, his father came of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek family whose ancestors had emigrated from Byzantium</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, with his family initially moving to <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia">central Anatolia</a>, and from there eventually to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Churton2017-1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churton2017-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shirley2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirley2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are conflicting views regarding Gurdjieff's birth date, ranging from 1866 to 1877. The bulk of extant records weigh heavily toward 1877, but Gurdjieff in reported conversations with students gave the year of his birth as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1867</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churton2017-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is corroborated by the account of his niece Luba Gurdjieff Everitt and accords with photographs and videos taken of him in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (April 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> George Kiourtzidis, great-grandson of Gurdjieff's paternal uncle Vasilii (through Vasilii's son Alexander), recalled that his grandfather Alexander, born in 1875, said that Gurdjieff was about three years older than him, which would point to a birth date <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1872</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churton2017-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although official documents consistently record the day of his birth as 28 December, Gurdjieff himself celebrated his birthday either on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> date of 1 January, or according to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> date for New Year of 13 January (up to 1899; 14 January after 1900).<sup id="cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churton2017-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year of 1872 is inscribed in a plate on the grave-marker in the cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Avon,_Seine-et-Marne" title="Avon, Seine-et-Marne">Avon, Seine-et-Marne</a>, France, where his body was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff spent his childhood in <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, which, from 1878 to 1918, was the administrative capital of the Russian-ruled Transcaucasus province of <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars Oblast</a>, a border region <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">recently acquired following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire</a>. It contained extensive grassy plateau-steppe and high mountains, and was inhabited by a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multi-ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">multi-confessional</a> population that had a history of respect for travelling mystics and holy men, and for religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a>. Both the city of Kars and the surrounding territory were home to an extremely diverse population: although part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Plateau</a>, the Russian-ruled Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast was home to <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, and smaller numbers of Christian communities from eastern and central Europe such as <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, and Russian Orthodox sectarian communities like the <a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prygun" class="mw-redirect" title="Prygun">Pryguny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G._Bennett_p._55_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G._Bennett_p._55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff makes particular mention of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi community</a>. Growing up in a multi-ethnic society, Gurdjieff became fluent in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, speaking the last in a mixture of elegant <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> with some dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G._Bennett_p._55_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G._Bennett_p._55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later acquired "a working facility with several European languages".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early influences on him included his father, a carpenter and amateur <i><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">ashik</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bardic</a> poet,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the priest of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Kars" title="Cathedral of Kars">town's cathedral</a>, Dean Borsh, a family friend. The young Gurdjieff avidly read literature from many sources and influenced by these writings and witnessing a number of phenomena that he could not explain, he formed the conviction that there existed a hidden truth known to mankind in the past, which could not be ascertained from science or mainstream religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early adulthood, according to his own account, Gurdjieff's search for such knowledge led him to travel widely to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, Egypt, Iran, India, Tibet and other places before he returned to Russia for a few years in 1912. He was never forthcoming about the source of his teaching, which he once labelled as <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">esoteric Christianity</a>, in that it ascribes a psychological rather than a literal meaning to various parables and statements found in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only account of his wanderings appears in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i>, which is not generally considered to be a reliable autobiography. One example is of the adventure of walking across the Gobi desert on stilts, where Gurdjieff said he was able to look down on the contours of the sand dunes while the sand storm whirled around below him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each chapter is named after a "remarkable man", some of whom were putative members of a society called "The Seekers of Truth". </p><p>After Gurdjieff's death, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="J. G. Bennett">J. G. Bennett</a> researched his potential sources and suggested that the men were symbolic of the three types of people to whom Gurdjieff referred: No. 1 centred in their physical body; No. 2 centred in their emotions and No. 3 centred in their mind. Gurdjieff describes how he encountered <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakirs</a> and descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, whose teaching he said had been conserved at a monastery in Sarmoung. The book also has an overarching <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a> involving a map of "pre-sand Egypt" and culminates in an encounter with the "<a href="/wiki/Sarmoung_Brotherhood" title="Sarmoung Brotherhood">Sarmoung Brotherhood</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-sedgwick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedgwick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff wrote that he supported himself during his travels by engaging in various enterprises such as running a travelling repair shop and making paper flowers; and on one occasion while thinking about what he could do, he described catching sparrows in the park and then dyeing them yellow to be sold as canaries;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also speculated by commentators that during his travels he was engaged in a certain amount of political activity, as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1913 to 1949, the chronology appears to be based on material that can be confirmed by primary documents, independent witnesses, cross-references and reasonable inference.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On New Year's Day in 1912, Gurdjieff arrived in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and attracted his first students, including his cousin, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Merkurov" title="Sergey Merkurov">Sergey Merkurov</a>, and the eccentric Rachmilievitch. In the same year, he married the Polish Julia Ostrowska in Saint Petersburg. In 1914, Gurdjieff advertised his ballet, <i>The Struggle of the Magicians,</i> and he supervised his pupils' writing of the sketch <i>Glimpses of Truth.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gurdjieff_and_Ouspensky">Gurdjieff and Ouspensky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gurdjieff and Ouspensky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, Gurdjieff accepted <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> as a pupil, and in 1916, he accepted the composer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a> and his wife, Olga, as students. He then had about 30 pupils. Ouspensky already had a reputation as a writer on mystical subjects and had conducted his own, ultimately disappointing, search for wisdom in the East. The Fourth Way "system" taught during this period was complex and metaphysical, partly expressed in scientific terminology. </p><p>During the revolutionary upheaval in Russia, Gurdjieff left <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> in 1917 to return to his family home in Alexandropol (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> in Armenia). During the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, he set up a temporary study community in <a href="/wiki/Essentuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Essentuki">Essentuki</a> in the Caucasus, where he worked intensively with a small group of Russian pupils. Gurdjieff's eldest sister Anna and her family later arrived there as refugees, informing him that Turks had shot his father in <a href="/wiki/Alexandropol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a> on 15 May. As the area became increasingly threatened by civil war, Gurdjieff fabricated a newspaper story announcing his forthcoming "scientific expedition" to "Mount Induc". Posing as a scientist and wearing a red fireman's belt with brass rings<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurdjieff left Essentuki with fourteen companions (excluding Gurdjieff's family and Ouspensky). They travelled by train to Maikop, where hostilities delayed them for three weeks. In the spring of 1919, Gurdjieff met the artist Alexandre de Salzmann and his wife Jeanne and accepted them as pupils. Assisted by Jeanne de Salzmann, Gurdjieff gave the first public demonstration of his <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">Sacred Dances</a> (Movements at the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> Opera House, 22 June). </p><p>In March 1918, Ouspensky separated from Gurdjieff, settling in England and teaching the Fourth Way in his own right. The two men were to have a very ambivalent relationship for decades to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia_and_Turkey">Georgia and Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Georgia and Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Gurdjieff and his closest pupils moved to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a>, where Gurdjieff's wife Julia Ostrowska, the Stjoernvals, the Hartmanns, and the de Salzmanns continued to assimilate his teaching. Gurdjieff concentrated on his still unstaged ballet, <i>The Struggle of the Magicians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a> (who had made his debut years ago, before <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>), worked on the music for the ballet, and <a href="/wiki/Olgivanna_Lloyd_Wright" title="Olgivanna Lloyd Wright">Olga Ivanovna Hinzenberg</a> (who years later wed the American architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>), practiced the dances. It was here that Gurdjieff opened his first <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Harmonious_Development_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man">Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man</a>. </p><p>In late May 1920, when political and social conditions in Georgia deteriorated, his party travelled to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast and then by ship to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurdjieff rented an apartment on Kumbaracı Street in <a href="/wiki/Pera_(Beyo%C4%9Flu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pera (Beyoğlu)">Péra</a> and later at 13 Abdullatif Yemeneci Sokak near the <a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apartment is near the <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a> (Sufi lodge) of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi order</a> following the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi">Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi</a>), where Gurdjieff, Ouspensky and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a> witnessed the <i><a href="/wiki/Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema">Sama</a></i> ceremony of <a href="/wiki/The_Whirling_Dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whirling Dervishes">the Whirling Dervishes</a>. In Istanbul, Gurdjieff also met his future pupil, Capt. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a>, then head of the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">British Directorate of Military Intelligence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman Turkey</a>, who described his impression of Gurdjieff as follows: </p> <blockquote> <p>It was there that I first met Gurdjieff in the autumn of 1920, and no surroundings could have been more appropriate. In Gurdjieff, East and West do not just meet. Their difference is annihilated in a world outlook which knows no distinctions of race or creed. This was my first, and has remained one of my strongest impressions. <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">A Greek from the Caucasus</a>, he spoke Turkish with an accent of unexpected purity, the accent that one associates with those born and bred in the narrow circle of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Imperial Court</a>. His appearance was striking enough even in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Turkey</a>, where one saw many unusual types. His head was shaven, immense black moustache, eyes which at one moment seemed very pale and at another almost black. Below average height, he gave nevertheless an impression of great physical strength. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prieuré_at_Avon"><span id="Prieur.C3.A9_at_Avon"></span><i>Prieuré</i> at Avon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prieuré at Avon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1921 and 1922, Gurdjieff travelled around western Europe, lecturing and giving demonstrations of his work in various cities, such as Berlin and London. He attracted the allegiance of Ouspensky's many prominent pupils (notably the editor <a href="/wiki/A._R._Orage" class="mw-redirect" title="A. R. Orage">A. R. Orage</a>). After an unsuccessful attempt to gain British citizenship, Gurdjieff established the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Harmonious_Development_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man">Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man</a> south of Paris at the <i>Prieuré des Basses Loges</i> in <a href="/wiki/Avon,_Seine-et-Marne" title="Avon, Seine-et-Marne">Avon</a> near the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>.</i> The once-impressive but somewhat crumbling mansion set in extensive grounds housed an entourage of several dozen, including some of Gurdjieff's remaining relatives and some <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russian</a> refugees. Gurdjieff is quoted by his students in <i>Views from the Real World</i> as saying: "The Institute can help one to be able to be a Christian." An aphorism was displayed which stated: "Here there are neither Russians nor English, Jews nor Christians, but only those who pursue one aim – to be able to be."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New pupils included <a href="/wiki/C._S._Nott" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Nott">C. S. Nott</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Zuber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Zuber (page does not exist)">René Zuber</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Zuber" class="extiw" title="fr:René Zuber">fr</a>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson" title="Margaret C. Anderson">Margaret Anderson</a> and her ward <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Peters_(author)" title="Fritz Peters (author)">Fritz Peters</a>. The intellectual and middle-class types who were attracted to Gurdjieff's teaching often found the Prieuré's spartan accommodation and emphasis on hard labour on the grounds disconcerting. Gurdjieff was putting into practice his teaching that people need to develop physically, emotionally and intellectually, so lectures, music, dance, and manual work were organised. Older pupils noticed how the Prieuré teaching differed from the complex metaphysical "system" that had been taught in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the physical hardships, his personal behaviour towards pupils could be ferocious: </p> <blockquote> <p>Gurdjieff was standing by his bed in a state of what seemed to me to be completely uncontrolled fury. He was raging at Orage, who stood impassively and very pale, framed in one of the windows... Suddenly, in the space of an instant, Gurdjieff's voice stopped, his whole personality changed and he gave me a broad smile—and looking incredibly peaceful and inwardly quiet, motioned me to leave. He then resumed his tirade with undiminished force. This happened so quickly that I do not believe that Mr. Orage even noticed the break in the rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>During this period, Gurdjieff acquired notoriety as "the man who killed Katherine Mansfield" after <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a> died there of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> on 9 January 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, James Moore and Ouspensky<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that Mansfield knew she would soon die and that Gurdjieff made her last days happy and fulfilling.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_car_accident,_writing_and_visits_to_North_America"><span id="First_car_accident.2C_writing_and_visits_to_North_America"></span>First car accident, writing and visits to North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First car accident, writing and visits to North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="First_car_accident,_writing_and_visits_to_America"></span> Starting in 1924, Gurdjieff made visits to North America, where he eventually received the pupils taught previously by A. R. Orage. In 1924, while driving alone from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, he had a near-fatal car accident. Nursed by his wife and mother, he made a slow and painful recovery against all medical expectations. Still convalescent, he formally "disbanded" his institute on 26 August (in fact he dispersed only his "less dedicated" pupils) which he expressed was a personal undertaking: "in the future, under the pretext of different worthy reasons, to remove from my eyesight all those who by this or that make my life too comfortable".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst recovering from his injuries and still too weak to write himself, he began to dictate his magnum opus, <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i>, the first part of <i>All and Everything</i>, in a mixture of Armenian and Russian. The book is generally found to be convoluted and obscure and forces the reader to "work" to find its meaning. He continued to develop the book over some years, writing in noisy cafes which he found conducive for setting down his thoughts. </p><p>Gurdjieff's mother died in 1925 and his wife developed cancer and died in June 1926. Ouspensky attended her funeral. According to the writer Fritz Peters, Gurdjieff was in New York from November 1925 to the spring of 1926, when he succeeded in raising over $100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was to make six or seven trips to the US, but alienated a number of people with his brash and impudent demands for money. </p><p>A Chicago-based Gurdjieff group was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Toomer" title="Jean Toomer">Jean Toomer</a> in 1927 after he had trained at the Prieuré for a year. <a href="/wiki/Diana_Huebert" title="Diana Huebert">Diana Huebert</a> was a regular member of the Chicago group, and documented the several visits Gurdjieff made to the group in 1932 and 1934 in her memoirs on the man.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his fund-raising efforts in America, the Prieuré operation ran into debt and was shut down in 1932. Gurdjieff constituted a new teaching group in Paris. Known as The Rope, it was composed of only women, many of them writers, and several lesbians. Members included <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hulme" title="Kathryn Hulme">Kathryn Hulme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a>, Margaret Anderson and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>'s widow, Dorothy. Gurdjieff became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> through its members, but she was never a follower.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Gurdjieff stopped work on <i>All and Everything.</i> He had completed the first two parts of the planned trilogy but then started on the <i>Third Series.</i> (It was later published under the title <i>Life Is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'.</i>) In 1936, he settled in a flat at 6, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_des_Colonels-Renard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue des Colonels-Renard (page does not exist)">Rue des Colonels-Renard</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_des_Colonels-Renard" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue des Colonels-Renard">fr</a>]</sup> in Paris, where he was to stay for the rest of his life. In 1937, his brother Dmitry died, and The Rope disbanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the flat at 6 Rue des Colonels-Renard was very small, he continued to teach groups of pupils there throughout the war. Visitors have described his pantry or 'inner sanctum' as being stocked with an extraordinary collection of eastern delicacies and the suppers he held with elaborate toasts with vodka and cognac to "idiots".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having cut a physically impressive figure for many years, he was now paunchy. His teaching was now conveyed more directly through personal interaction with his pupils, who were encouraged to study the ideas he had expressed in <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i>. </p><p>His personal business enterprises (including intermittently dealing in oriental rugs and carpets for much of his life, among other activities) enabled him to offer charitable relief to neighbours who had been affected by the difficult circumstances of the war, and it also brought him to the attention of the authorities, leading to a night in the cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG/220px-Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG/330px-Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG/440px-Georges_Gurdjieff_dead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The body of Gurdjieff, lying in state, France. "Every one of those unfortunates during the process of existence should constantly sense and be cognizant of the inevitability of his own death as well as of the death of everyone upon whom his eyes or attention rests".</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Gurdjieff tried to reconnect with his former pupils. Ouspensky was hesitant, but after his death (October 1947), his widow advised his remaining pupils to see Gurdjieff in Paris. J. G. Bennett also visited from England, their first meeting in 25 years. Ouspensky's pupils in England had all thought that Gurdjieff was dead. They discovered he was alive only after the death of Ouspensky, who had not told them that Gurdjieff, from whom he had learnt of the teaching, was still living. They were overjoyed and many of Ouspensky's pupils including Rina Hands, Basil Tilley and Catherine Murphy visited Gurdjieff in Paris. Hands and Murphy worked on the typing and retyping for the publication of <i>All and Everything</i>. </p><p>Gurdjieff suffered a second car accident in 1948 but again made an unexpected recovery. </p> <blockquote><p>"I was looking at a dying man. Even this is not enough to express it. It was a dead man, a corpse, that came out of the car; and yet it walked. I was shivering like someone who sees a ghost." With iron-like tenacity, he managed to get to his room, where he sat down and said: "Now all organs are destroyed. Must make new". Then, he turned to Bennett, smiling: "Tonight you come dinner. I must make body work". As he spoke, a great spasm of pain shook his body and blood gushed from an ear. Bennett thought: "He has a cerebral haemorrhage. He will kill himself if he continues to force his body to move". But then he reflected: "He has to do all this. If he allows his body to stop moving, he will die. He has power over his body".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After recovering, Gurdjieff finalised plans for the official publication of <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i> and made two trips to New York. He also visited the famous prehistoric cave paintings at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, giving his interpretation of their significance to his pupils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurdjieff died of cancer at the American Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, France, on 29 October 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral took place at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Paris" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris">St. Alexandre Nevsky Russian Orthodox Cathedral</a> at 12 Rue Daru, Paris. He is buried in the cemetery at Avon (near Fontainebleau).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no evidence or documents have certified anyone as a child of Gurdjieff, the following six people are quoted to be his children:<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nikolai Stjernvall (1919–2010), whose mother was Elizaveta Grigorievna, wife of Leonid Robertovich de Stjernvall.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Salzmann" title="Michel de Salzmann">Michel de Salzmann</a> (1923–2001), whose mother was <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne Allemand de Salzmann</a>; he later became head of the Gurdjieff Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cynthie Sophia "Dushka" Howarth (1924–2010); her mother was dancer Jessmin Howarth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to found the Gurdjieff Heritage Society.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eve Taylor (born 1928), whose mother was one of his followers, American socialite Edith Annesley Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sergei Chaverdian; his mother was Lily Galumnian Chaverdian.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Andrei, born to a mother known only as Georgii.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gurdjieff had a niece, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luba_Gurdjieff_Everitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luba Gurdjieff Everitt (page does not exist)">Luba Gurdjieff Everitt</a>, who for about 40 years (1950s–1990s) ran a small but rather famous restaurant, Luba's Bistro, in <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Gurdjieff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Georges_Gurdjieff.jpg/220px-Georges_Gurdjieff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Georges_Gurdjieff.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>George Gurdjieff</figcaption></figure> <p>Gurdjieff taught that people cannot perceive reality as they are, because they are not conscious of themselves, but rather live in a state of hypnotic "waking sleep" of constantly turning thoughts, worries and imagination. The title of one of his books is <i>Life is Real, Only Then, when "I am"</i>. </p><p>"Man lives his life in sleep, and in sleep he dies."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a person perceives the world while in a state of dream. He asserted that people in their ordinary waking state function as unconscious <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automatons</a>, but that a person can "wake up" and become what a human being ought to be.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary researchers claim that Gurdjieff's concept of self-remembering is "close to the Buddhist concept of awareness or a popular definition of 'mindfulness'.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The Buddhist term translated into English as 'mindfulness' originates in the Pali term 'sati', which is identical to Sanskrit 'smṛti'. Both terms mean 'to remember'."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Gurdjieff himself said at a meeting held in his Paris flat during the Second World War: "Our aim is to have constantly a sensation of oneself, of one's individuality: this sensation cannot be expressed intellectually, because it is organic. It is something which makes you independent, when you are with other people."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-development_teachings">Self-development teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Self-development teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></div> <p>Gurdjieff argued that many of the existing forms of religious and spiritual tradition on Earth had lost connection with their original meaning and vitality and so could no longer serve humanity in the way that had been intended at their inception. As a result, humans were failing to realize the truths of ancient teachings and were instead becoming more and more like automatons, susceptible to control from outside and increasingly capable of otherwise unthinkable acts of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass psychosis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. At best, the various surviving sects and schools could provide only a one-sided development, which did not result in a fully integrated human being. </p><p>According to Gurdjieff, only one of the three dimensions of a person—namely, either the emotions, or the physical body or the mind—tends to develop in such schools and sects, and generally at the expense of the other faculties or <i><a href="/wiki/Centers_(Fourth_Way)" title="Centers (Fourth Way)"> centres</a>,</i> as Gurdjieff called them. As a result, these ways fail to produce a properly balanced human being. Furthermore, anyone wishing to undertake any of the traditional paths to spiritual knowledge (which Gurdjieff reduced to three—namely the way of the <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a>, the way of the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>, and the way of the <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a>) were required to renounce life in the world. But Gurdjieff also described a "Fourth Way"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be amenable to the requirements of contemporary people living in Europe and America. Instead of training the mind, body and emotions separately, Gurdjieff's discipline worked on all three to promote an organic connection between them and a balanced development. </p><p>In parallel with other spiritual traditions, Gurdjieff taught that a person must expend considerable effort to effect the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_transformation" title="Spiritual transformation">transformation</a> that leads to <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">awakening</a>. Gurdjieff referred to it as "The Work" or "Work on oneself".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gurdjieff, "Working on oneself is not so difficult as wishing to work, taking the decision."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Gurdjieff never put major significance on the term "Fourth Way" and never used the term in his writings, his pupil <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> from 1924 to 1947 made the term and its use central to his own interpretation of Gurdjieff's teaching. After Ouspensky's death, his students published a book titled <i>The Fourth Way</i> based on his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff's teaching addressed the question of humanity's place in the universe and the importance of developing its latent potentialities—regarded as our natural endowment as human beings, but which was rarely brought to fruition. He taught that higher levels of consciousness, higher bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inner growth and development are real possibilities that nonetheless require conscious work to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was not to acquire anything new but to recover what we had lost. </p><p>In his teaching, Gurdjieff gave a distinct meaning to various ancient texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and many religious prayers. He believed that such texts possess meanings very different from those commonly attributed to them. "Sleep not"; "Awake, for you know not the hour"; and "The Kingdom of Heaven is Within" are examples of biblical statements which point to teachings whose essence has been forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff taught people how to strengthen and focus their attention and energy in various ways so as to minimize daydreaming and absentmindedness. According to his teaching, this inner development of oneself is the beginning of a possible further process of change, the aim of which is to transform people into what Gurdjieff believed they ought to be.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distrusting "morality", which he describes as varying from culture to culture, often contradictory and hypocritical, Gurdjieff greatly stressed the importance of "<a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>". </p><p>To provide conditions in which inner attention could be exercised more intensively, Gurdjieff also taught his pupils "sacred dances" or "movements", later known as the <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">Gurdjieff movements</a>, which they performed together as a group. He also left a body of music, inspired by what he heard in visits to remote monasteries and other places, written for piano in collaboration with one of his pupils, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a>. </p><p>Gurdjieff used various exercises, such as the "Stop" exercise, to prompt self-observation in his students. Other shocks to help awaken his pupils from constant daydreaming were always possible at any moment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The Work" is not an intellectual pursuit and neither is it a new concept, but rather it is a practical way of living "in the moment" so as to allow consciousness of oneself ("self-remembering") to appear. Gurdjieff used a number of methods and materials to wake up his followers, which apart from his own living presence, included meetings, music, movements (sacred dance), writings, lectures, and innovative forms of group and individual work. The purpose of these various methods was to 'put a spanner in the works', so as to permit a connection to be made between mind and body, which is easily talked about, but which has to be experienced to understand what it means. Since each individual is different, Gurdjieff did not have a one-size-fits-all approach and employed different means to impart what he himself had discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia he was described as keeping his teaching confined to a small circle,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in Paris and North America, he gave numerous public demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff felt that the traditional methods to acquire self-knowledge—those of the <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a> (acquired, respectively, through pain, devotion, and study)—were inadequate on their own to achieve any real understanding. He instead advocated "the way of the sly man"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a shortcut to encouraging inner development that might otherwise take years of effort and without any real outcome. Instructive historical parallels can be found in the annals of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhism, where teachers employed a variety of methods (sometimes highly unorthodox) to bring about the arising of <a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">insight</a> in the student. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurdjieff's music is divided into three distinct periods. The "first period" is the early music, including music from the ballet <i>Struggle of the Magicians</i> and music for early movements dating to the years around 1918. </p><p>The "second period" music, for which Gurdjieff arguably became best known, written in collaboration with Russian-born composer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a>, is described as the Gurdjieff-de-Hartmann music.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inc.1999_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc.1999-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating to the mid-1920s, it offers a rich repertoire with roots in Caucasian and Central Asian folk and religious music, Russian Orthodox liturgical music, and other sources. This music was often first heard in the salon at the Prieuré, where much was composed. Since the publication of four volumes of this piano repertoire by Schott, recently completed, there has been a wealth of new recordings, including orchestral versions of music prepared by Gurdjieff and de Hartmann for the Movements demonstrations of 1923–1924. Solo piano versions of these works have been recorded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Lytle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Lytle (page does not exist)">Cecil Lytle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chiu" title="Frederic Chiu">Frederic Chiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "last musical period" is the improvised <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> music which often followed the dinners Gurdjieff held at his Paris apartment during the Occupation and immediate post-war years to his death in 1949. In all, Gurdjieff in collaboration with de Hartmann composed some 200 pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, 38 minutes of unreleased solo piano music on <a href="/wiki/Acetate_disc" title="Acetate disc">acetate</a> was purchased by Neil Kempfer Stocker from the estate of his late step-daughter, Dushka Howarth. In 2009, pianist <a href="/wiki/Elan_Sicroff" title="Elan Sicroff">Elan Sicroff</a> released <i>Laudamus: The Music of Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff and Thomas de Hartmann</i>, consisting of a selection of Gurdjieff/de Hartmann collaborations (as well as three early romantic works composed by de Hartmann in his teens).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 <a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Celletti" title="Alessandra Celletti">Alessandra Celletti</a> released "Hidden Sources<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" (Kha Records) with 18 tracks by Gurdjieff/de Hartmann. </p><p>The English concert pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Perkin" title="Helen Perkin">Helen Perkin</a> (married name Helen Adie) came to Gurdjieff through <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">Ouspensky</a> and first visited Gurdjieff in Paris after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and her husband George Adie emigrated to Australia in 1965 and established the Gurdjieff Society of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Victoria" title="Newport, Victoria">Newport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recordings of her performing music by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a> were issued on CD. But she was also a Movements teacher and composed music for the Movements as well.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this music has been published and privately circulated.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movements">Movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">Gurdjieff movements</a></div> <p>Movements, or sacred dances, constitute an integral part of the Gurdjieff work. Gurdjieff sometimes referred to himself as a "teacher of dancing" and gained initial public notice for his attempts to put on a ballet in Moscow called <i>Struggle of the Magicians.</i> </p><p>In <i>Views from the Real World</i> Gurdjieff wrote, "You ask about the aim of the movements. To each position of the body corresponds a certain inner state and, on the other hand, to each inner state corresponds a certain posture. A man, in his life, has a certain number of habitual postures and he passes from one to another without stopping at those between. Taking new, unaccustomed postures enables you to observe yourself inside differently from the way you usually do in ordinary conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films of movements demonstrations are occasionally shown for private viewing by the <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_Foundation" title="Gurdjieff Foundation">Gurdjieff Foundations</a>, and some examples are shown in a scene in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men_(film)" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men (film)">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reception and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opinions on Gurdjieff's writings and activities are divided. Sympathizers regard him as a charismatic master who brought new knowledge into Western culture, a psychology and cosmology that enable insights beyond those provided by established science.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Osho</a> described Gurdjieff as one of the most significant spiritual masters of this age.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other end of the spectrum, some critics assert he was a <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">charlatan</a> with a large ego and a constant need for self-glorification.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff had a significant influence on some artists, writers, and thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Inglis_Anderson" title="Walter Inglis Anderson">Walter Inglis Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darby_Crash" title="Darby Crash">Darby Crash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Draper" title="Muriel Draper">Muriel Draper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fripp" title="Robert Fripp">Robert Fripp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lewis" title="Dennis Lewis">Dennis Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(Cornish_author)" title="James Moore (Cornish author)">James Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._R._Orage" class="mw-redirect" title="A. R. Orage">A. R. Orage</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._de_Ropp" title="Robert S. de Ropp">Robert S. de Ropp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barjavel" title="René Barjavel">René Barjavel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rene_Daumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Daumal">Rene Daumal</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Sylvian" title="David Sylvian">David Sylvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Toomer" title="Jean Toomer">Jean Toomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Lane_(writer)" title="Jeremy Lane (writer)">Jeremy Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therion_(band)" title="Therion (band)">Therion</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._L._Travers" title="P. L. Travers">P. L. Travers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_White" title="Minor White">Minor White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a>, and<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Battiato" title="Franco Battiato">Franco Battiato</a>. </p><p>Gurdjieff's notable personal students include <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_de_Hartmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga de Hartmann">Olga de Hartmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a>, Willem Nyland, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Sinclair,_2nd_Baron_Pentland" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry John Sinclair, 2nd Baron Pentland">Lord Pentland (Henry John Sinclair)</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage" title="Alfred Richard Orage">Alfred Richard Orage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rene_Daumal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Daumal">Rene Daumal</a>. </p><p>Gurdjieff gave new life and practical form to ancient teachings of both East and West. For example, the Socratic and Platonic emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">know thyself</a> recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the practice of self-observation. His teachings about self-discipline and restraint reflect Stoic teachings. The Hindu and Buddhist notion of attachment recurs in Gurdjieff's teaching as the concept of identification. His descriptions of the "three being-foods" matches that of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, and his statement that "time is breath" echoes Jyotish, the <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>. Similarly, his cosmology can be "read" against ancient and esoteric sources, respectively <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">Neoplatonic</a> and in such sources as Robert Fludd's treatment of macrocosmic musical structures. </p><p>An aspect of Gurdjieff's teachings which has come into prominence in recent decades is the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way_Enneagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Way Enneagram">enneagram</a> geometric figure. For many students of the Gurdjieff tradition, the enneagram remains a <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">koan</a>, challenging and never fully explained. There have been many attempts to trace the origins of this version of the enneagram; some similarities to other figures have been found, but it seems that Gurdjieff was the first person to make the enneagram figure publicly known and that only he knew its true source.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others have used the enneagram figure in connection with personality analysis, principally with the <a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a> as developed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Ichazo" title="Oscar Ichazo">Oscar Ichazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo" title="Claudio Naranjo">Claudio Naranjo</a> and others. Most aspects of this application are not directly connected to Gurdjieff's teaching or to his explanations of the enneagram. </p><p>Gurdjieff inspired the formation of many groups around the world after his death, all of which still function today and follow his ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_Foundation" title="Gurdjieff Foundation">Gurdjieff Foundation</a>, the largest organization influenced by the ideas of Gurdjieff, was organized by <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a> during the early 1950s, and led by her in cooperation with fellow pupils of his. Other pupils of Gurdjieff formed independent groups. Willem Nyland, one of Gurdjieff's closest students and an original founder and trustee of The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York, left to form his own groups in the early 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a> was sent to London by Gurdjieff, where she led groups until her death in 1964. Louise Goepfert March, who became a pupil of Gurdjieff's in 1929, started her own groups in 1957. Independent thriving groups were also formed and initially led by <a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a> and A. L. Staveley near Portland, Oregon. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a>, among others,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticizes Gurdjieff for his insistence on considering people as "asleep" in a state closely resembling "hypnotic sleep". Gurdjieff said, even specifically at times, that a pious, good, and moral person was no more "spiritually developed" than any other person; they are all equally "asleep".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a> approved of Gurdjieff not considering himself holy but, after writing a brief introduction to Fritz Peters' book <i>Boyhood with Gurdjieff</i>, Miller wrote that people are not meant to lead a "harmonious life" as Gurdjieff believed in naming his institute.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</i>, Gurdjieff expresses his reverence for the founders of the mainstream religions of East and West and his contempt for what successive generations of believers have made of those religious teachings. His discussions of "orthodoxhydooraki" and "heterodoxhydooraki"—orthodox fools and heterodox fools, from the Russian word <i>durak</i> (fool)—position him as a critic of religious distortion and, in turn, as a target for criticism from some within those traditions. Gurdjieff has been interpreted by some, Ouspensky among others, to have had a total disregard for the value of mainstream religion, philanthropic work and the value of doing right or wrong in general.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis Pauwels wrote <i>Monsieur Gurdjieff</i> (first edition published in Paris in 1954 by Editions du Seuil).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview, Pauwels said of the Gurdjieff work: "After two years of exercises which both enlightened and burned me, I found myself in a hospital bed with a thrombosed central vein in my left eye and weighing ninety-nine pounds ... Horrible anguish and abysses opened up for me. But it was my fault."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pupils">Pupils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pupils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurdjieff's notable pupils include:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Ouspensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter D. Ouspensky">Peter D. Ouspensky</a> (1878–1947) was a Russian journalist, author and philosopher. He met Gurdjieff in 1915 and spent the next five years studying with him, then formed his own independent groups in London in 1921. Ouspensky became the first "career" Gurdjieffian and led independent Fourth Way groups in London and New York for his remaining years. He wrote <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a></i> about his encounters with Gurdjieff and it remains the best-known and most widely read account of Gurdjieff's early experiments with groups. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a> (1885–1956) was a Russian composer. He and his wife Olga first met Gurdjieff in 1916 at Saint Petersburg. They remained Gurdjieff's close students until 1929. During that time they lived at Gurdjieff's Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man near Paris. Between July 1925 and May 1927 Thomas de Hartmann transcribed and co-wrote some of the music that Gurdjieff collected and used for his Movements exercises. They collaborated on hundreds of pieces of concert music arranged for the piano. </p><p>This concert music was first recorded and published privately from the 1950s to the 1980s. It was first issued publicly as the <i>Music of Gurdjieff / de Hartmann</i>, Thomas de Hartmann, piano by Triangle Records, with 49 tracks on 4 vinyl disks in 1998, then reissued as a 3-CD set containing 56 tracks in 1989. A more extensive compilation was later issued as the <i>Gurdjieff / de Hartmann Music for the Piano</i> in 4 printed volumes by Schott, between 1996 and 2005, and as audio CDs under the same title in four volumes, with nine discs recorded with three concert pianists, by Schott/Wergo between 1997 and 2001. </p><p>Olga de Hartmann (née Arkadievna de Schumacher; 1885–1979) was Gurdjieff's personal secretary during their Prieuré years<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took most of the original dictations of his writings during that period. She also authenticated Gurdjieff's early talks in the book <i>Views from the Real World</i> (1973). The de Hartmanns' memoir, <i>Our Life with Mr Gurdjieff</i> (1st ed, 1964, 2nd ed, 1983, 3rd ed 1992), records their Gurdjieff years in great detail. Their Montreal Gurdjieff group, literary and musical estate is represented by retired Canadian <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Board">National Film Board</a> producer Tom Daly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a> (1889–1990). Alexander and Jeanne de Salzmann met Gurdjieff in Tiflis in 1919. She was originally a dancer and a Dalcroze Eurythmics teacher. She was, along with Jessmin Howarth and Rose Mary Nott, responsible for transmitting Gurdjieff's choreographed movement exercises and institutionalizing Gurdjieff's teachings through the <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_Foundation" title="Gurdjieff Foundation">Gurdjieff Foundation</a> of New York, the Gurdjieff Institute of Paris, London's Gurdjieff Society Inc., and other groups she established in 1953. She also established Triangle Editions in the US, which imprint claims copyright on all Gurdjieff's posthumous writings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a> (1897–1974) was a British intelligence officer, polyglot (fluent in English, French, German, Turkish, Greek, and Italian), technologist, industrial research director, author, and teacher, best known for his many books on psychology and spirituality, particularly the teachings of Gurdjieff. Bennett met both Ouspensky and then Gurdjieff at Istanbul in 1920, spent August 1923 at Gurdjieff's Institute, became Ouspensky's pupil between 1922 and 1941 and, after learning that Gurdjieff was still alive, was one of Gurdjieff's frequent visitors in Paris during 1949. See <i>Witness: the Autobiography of John Bennett</i> (1974), <i>Gurdjieff: Making a New World</i>(1974), <i>Idiots in Paris: diaries of J. G. Bennett and Elizabeth Bennett, 1949</i> (1991). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage" title="Alfred Richard Orage">Alfred Richard Orage</a> (1873–1934) was an influential British editor best known for the magazine <i>New Age</i>. He began attending Ouspensky's London talks in 1921 and then met Gurdjieff when the latter first visited London early in 1922. Shortly thereafter, Orage sold <i>New Age</i> and relocated to Gurdjieff's institute at the Prieré, and in 1924 was appointed by Gurdjieff to lead the institute's branch in New York. After Gurdjieff's nearly fatal automobile accident in July 1924 and because of his prolonged recuperation during 1924 and intense writing period for several years, Orage continued in New York until 1931. During this period, Orage was responsible for editing the English typescript of <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i> (1931) and <i>Meetings with Remarkable Men</i> (1963) as Gurdjieff's assistant. This period is described in some detail by Paul Beekman Taylor in his <i>Gurdjieff and Orage: Brothers in Elysium</i> (2001). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a> (1884–1953) was a Harley Street psychiatrist and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>'s delegate in London. Along with Orage, he attended Ouspensky's 1921 London talks where he met Gurdjieff. With his wife Catherine and their daughter, he spent almost a year at Gurdjieff's Prieuré Institute. A year later, when they returned to London, Nicoll rejoined Ouspensky's group. In 1931, on Ouspensky's advice, he started his own Fourth Way groups in England. He is best known for the encyclopedic six-volume series of articles in <i>Psychological Commentaries on the Teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky</i> (Boston: Shambhala, 1996, and Samuel Weiser Inc., 1996). </p><p>Willem Nyland (1890–1975) was a Dutch-American chemist who first met Gurdjieff early in 1924 during the latter's first visit to the US. He was a charter member of the NY branch of Gurdjieff's Institute, participated in Orage's meetings between 1924 and 1931, and was a charter member of the Gurdjieff Foundation from 1953 and through its formative years. In the early 1960s he established an independent group in Warwick NY, where he began making reel-to-reel audio recordings of his meetings, which became archived in a private library of some 2600 90-minute audio tapes. Many of these tapes have also been transcribed and indexed, but remain unpublished. <i>Gurdjieff Group Work with Wilhem (sic-Willem) Nyland</i> (1983) by Irmis B. Popoff, sketches Nyland's group work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a> (1883–1964) was an American writer, editor, artist, and publisher. She met Gurdjieff during his 1924 visit to New York, and set up a Gurdjieff study group at her apartment in Greenwich Village. In 1925, she moved to Paris to study at Gurdjieff's Institute, and re-established her group in Paris until 1935 when Gurdjieff sent her to London to lead the group that C. S. Nott had established and which she continued to lead until her death. Jane Heap's Paris group became Gurdjieff's 'Rope' group after her departure, and contained several notable writers, including <a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson" title="Margaret C. Anderson">Margaret Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solita_Solano" title="Solita Solano">Solita Solano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hulme" title="Kathryn Hulme">Kathryn Hulme</a>, and others who proved helpful to Gurdjieff while he was editing his first two books. </p><p>Kenneth Macfarlane Walker (1882–1966) was a prominent British surgeon and prolific author. He was a member of Ouspensky's London group for decades, and after the latter's death in 1947 visited Gurdjieff in Paris many times. As well as many accessible medical books for lay readers, he wrote some of the earliest informed accounts of Gurdjieff's ideas, <i>Venture with Ideas</i> (1951) and <i>A Study of Gurdjieff's Teaching</i> (1957). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Sinclair,_2nd_Baron_Pentland" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry John Sinclair, 2nd Baron Pentland">Henry John Sinclair, 2nd Baron Pentland</a> (1907–1984), was a pupil of Ouspensky's during the 1930s and 1940s. He visited Gurdjieff regularly in Paris in 1949, then was appointed as President of the Gurdjieff Foundation of America by Jeanne de Salzmann when she founded that institution in New York in 1953. He established the Gurdjieff Foundation of California in the mid-1950s and remained President of the US Foundation branches until his death. Pentland also became President of Triangle Editions when it was established in 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three books by Gurdjieff were published in the English language in the United States after his death: <i><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub%27s_Tales_to_His_Grandson" title="Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson">Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</a></i> published in 1950 by E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i>, published in 1963 by E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., and <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Real_Only_Then,_When_%27I_Am%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'">Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'</a></i>, printed privately by E. P. Dutton & Co. and published in 1978 by Triangle Editions Inc. for private distribution only. This <a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a> is Gurdjieff's legominism, known collectively as <i><a href="/wiki/All_and_Everything" class="mw-redirect" title="All and Everything">All and Everything</a></i>. A <i>legominism</i> is, according to Gurdjieff, "one of the means of transmitting information about certain events of long-past ages through initiates". A book of his early talks was also collected by his student and personal secretary, <a href="/wiki/Olga_de_Hartmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga de Hartmann">Olga de Hartmann</a>, and published in 1973 as <i><a href="/wiki/Views_from_the_Real_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Views from the Real World">Views from the Real World: Early Talks in Moscow, Essentuki, Tiflis, Berlin, London, Paris, New York, and Chicago, as recollected by his pupils</a></i>. </p><p>Gurdjieff's views were initially promoted through the writings of his pupils. The best known and widely read of these is <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous: Fragments of an Unknown Teaching</a></i>, which is widely regarded as a crucial introduction to the teaching. Others refer to Gurdjieff's own books as the primary texts. Numerous anecdotal accounts of time spent with Gurdjieff were published by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Nott" title="Charles Stanley Nott">Charles Stanley Nott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_and_Olga_de_Hartmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas and Olga de Hartmann">Thomas and Olga de Hartmann</a>, Fritz Peters, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Daumal" title="René Daumal">René Daumal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson" title="Margaret C. Anderson">Margaret Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a>, among others. </p><p>The feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men_(film)" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men (film)">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i> (1979), loosely based on Gurdjieff's book by the same name, ends with performances of Gurdjieff's dances known simply as the "exercises" but later promoted as <i><a href="/wiki/Movements_(sacred_dances)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movements (sacred dances)">movements</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a> and Peter Brook wrote the film, Brook directed, and Dragan Maksimovic and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Stamp" title="Terence Stamp">Terence Stamp</a> star, as does South African playwright and actor <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PanafieuNeedleman1997_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanafieuNeedleman1997-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurdjieff wrote a trilogy with the Series title <i>All and Everything</i>. The first volume, finalized by Gurdjieff shortly before his death and first published in 1950, is the First Series and titled <i><a href="/wiki/An_Objectively_Impartial_Criticism_of_the_Life_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="An Objectively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man">An Objectively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub%27s_Tales_to_His_Grandson" title="Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson">Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</a></i>. At 1238 pages it is a lengthy allegorical work that recounts the explanations of Beelzebub to his grandson concerning the beings of the planet Earth and laws which govern the universe. It provides a vast platform for Gurdjieff's deeply considered philosophy. A controversial redaction of <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i> was published by some of Gurdjieff's followers as an alternative "edition", in 1992. </p><p>On his page of <i>Friendly Advice</i> facing the first Contents page of <i>Beelzebub's Tales</i> Gurdjieff lays out his own program of three obligatory initial readings of each of the three series in sequence and concludes, "Only then will you be able to count upon forming your own impartial judgement, proper to yourself alone, on my writings. And only then can my hope be actualized that according to your understanding you will obtain the specific benefit for your self which I anticipate." </p><p>The posthumous second series, edited by <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Salzmann" title="Jeanne de Salzmann">Jeanne de Salzmann</a>, is titled <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i> (1963) and is written in a seemingly accessible manner as a memoir of his early years, but also contains some 'Arabian Nights' embellishments and allegorical statements. His posthumous Third Series, (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Real_Only_Then,_When_%27I_Am%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'">Life Is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'</a></i>), written as if unfinished and also edited by Jeanne de Salzmann, contains an intimate account of Gurdjieff's inner struggles during his later years, as well as transcripts of some of his lectures. An enormous and growing amount has been written about Gurdjieff's ideas and methods, but his own challenging writings remain the primary sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_books_by_Gurdjieff">List of books by Gurdjieff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of books by Gurdjieff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1974" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/317688869"><i>The Herald of Coming Good: First Appeal to Contemporary Humanity</i></a>. S. Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87728-049-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87728-049-5"><bdi>0-87728-049-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317688869">317688869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herald+of+Coming+Good%3A+First+Appeal+to+Contemporary+Humanity&rft.pub=S.+Weiser&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317688869&rft.isbn=0-87728-049-5&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F317688869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff2009" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/785823922"><i>Transcripts of Gurdjieff's Meetings 1941–1946</i></a> (Second ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9559090-5-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785823922">785823922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcripts+of+Gurdjieff%27s+Meetings+1941%E2%80%931946&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785823922&rft.isbn=978-0-9559090-5-4&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F785823922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><i>All and Everything</i> trilogy: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff2021" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1293986698"><i>Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</i></a>. Rare Treasure Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77464-427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77464-427-0"><bdi>978-1-77464-427-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1293986698">1293986698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beelzebub%27s+Tales+to+His+Grandson&rft.pub=Rare+Treasure+Editions&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1293986698&rft.isbn=978-1-77464-427-0&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1293986698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff2021" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1363838370"><i>Meetings with Remarkable Men</i></a>. Rare Treasure Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77464-407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77464-407-2"><bdi>978-1-77464-407-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1363838370">1363838370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meetings+with+Remarkable+Men&rft.pub=Rare+Treasure+Editions&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1363838370&rft.isbn=978-1-77464-407-2&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1363838370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1999" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41073474"><i>Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'<span></span></i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019585-9"><bdi>978-0-14-019585-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41073474">41073474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+is+Real+Only+Then%2C+When+%27I+Am%27&rft.place=London&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41073474&rft.isbn=978-0-14-019585-9&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41073474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1984" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovich (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/847108580"><i>Views From the Real World: Early Talks in Moscow, Essentuki, Tiflis, Berlin, London, Paris, New York and Chicago</i></a>. Arkana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8332-7"><bdi>0-7100-8332-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847108580">847108580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+From+the+Real+World%3A+Early+Talks+in+Moscow%2C+Essentuki%2C+Tiflis%2C+Berlin%2C+London%2C+Paris%2C+New+York+and+Chicago.&rft.pub=Arkana&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847108580&rft.isbn=0-7100-8332-7&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F847108580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff2014" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876287850"><i>The Struggle of the Magicians: Scenario of the Ballet</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9572481-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9572481-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9572481-2-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876287850">876287850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+of+the+Magicians%3A+Scenario+of+the+Ballet&rft.place=London&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876287850&rft.isbn=978-0-9572481-2-0&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F876287850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff2012" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovitch (2012). Grant, Stephen A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUwibT27qdIC"><i>In Search of Being: The Fourth Way to Consciousness</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-037-1"><bdi>978-1-61180-037-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794359168">794359168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Being%3A+The+Fourth+Way+to+Consciousness&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794359168&rft.isbn=978-1-61180-037-1&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=Georges+Ivanovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUwibT27qdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to his own account Gurdjieff was born in 1867. He told a group meeting on Thursday 28/10/1943 that he was then 76 years old. He died six years later in 1949 when he was 82 years old – and certainly looked this age from photographs and videos taken at that time. His age also reflects what he said in his autobiography "Meetings with Remarkable Men" – that he was about 7 years old at the time of the great cattle plague which affected his father's livestock. This event occurred in the summer of 1873. In the same chapter he recalls his childhood in the "1870's". Various documents and other authors such as James Webb, <i>The Harmonious Circle</i>, Thames and Hudson, 1980, pp. 25–26 provides a range of dates from 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877 to 1886.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58952">http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918080033/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58952">Archived</a> 2019-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Edited by Michael Pittman. G. I. Gurdjieff: Armenian Roots, Global Branches. During the early period after Gurdjieff's arrival in Europe in 1921 he gained significant notoriety in Europe and the United States... In October 1922, Gurdjieff set up a school at the Prieuré des Basses Loges at Fontainebleau-Avon, outside of Paris. It was at the Prieuré that Gurdjieff met many notable figures, authors, and artists of the early twentieth century, many of whom went on to be close students and exponents of his teaching. Over the course of his life, those who visited and worked with him included the French author René Daumal; the renowned short story author from New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hulme" title="Kathryn Hulme">Kathryn Hulme</a>, later the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Story" title="The Nun's Story">A Nun's Life</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/P._L._Travers" title="P. L. Travers">P. L. Travers</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(book_series)" title="Mary Poppins (book series)">Mary Poppins</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Toomer" title="Jean Toomer">Jean Toomer</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Cane_(novel)" title="Cane (novel)">Cane</a></i>, whose work and influence would figure prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>... Numerous study groups, organizations, formal foundations, and even land-based communities have been initiated in his name, primarily in North and South America and Europe, and to a lesser extent, in Japan, China, India, Australia, and South Africa. In 1979, Peter Brook, the British theater director and author, created a film based on <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men_(film)" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men (film)">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuspensky1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">Ouspensky, P. D.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmiracu00uspe/page/312"><i>In Search of the Miraculous</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmiracu00uspe/page/312">312–313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-644508-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-644508-5"><bdi>0-15-644508-5</bdi></a>. <q>Schools of the fourth way exist for the needs of the work... But no matter what the fundamental aim of the work is ... When the work is done the schools close.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Miraculous&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-15-644508-5&rft.aulast=Ouspensky&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmiracu00uspe%2Fpage%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org/">"Gurdjieff International Review"</a>. Gurdjieff.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+International+Review&rft.pub=Gurdjieff.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institut-gurdjieff.com/iagf/">"International Association of the Gurdjieff Foundations"</a>. <i>www.institut-gurdjieff.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.institut-gurdjieff.com&rft.atitle=International+Association+of+the+Gurdjieff+Foundations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institut-gurdjieff.com%2Fiagf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurdjieff1963">Gurdjieff 1963</a>, pp. 32, 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a href="#CITEREFPittman2012">Pittman 2012</a>, p. 223: "Though the long-held view is that Gurdjieff's mother was Armenian, Paul Taylor, on the basis of recent research, offers that Gurdjieff's mother's father was Greek (Taylor 2008)." <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2020">Taylor 2020</a>, p. 14: "If it seems odd that an Armenian woman would carry a Greek name, it is apparent that that Gurdjieff's mother was Greek as well as his father, confirming Gurdjieff's frequent assertion that his mother tongue was Greek. Gurdjieff's German papers, which he carried during the Second World War, identified him as Greek."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFChurton2017">Churton 2017</a>, pp. 19–25: "Archival Records:<span class="nowrap"> </span>... One thing we can be reasonably certain of is that both Gurdjieff's parents were Greek.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It is quite possible that Ivan met the Greek Evdokia in Alexandropol's substantial Greek quarter, known as Urmonts,<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLipsey2019">Lipsey 2019</a>, pp. 11, 316: "In his major book, <i>Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</i> (which developed across multiple languages from the mid-1920s through to its English-language publication in 1950), Gurdjieff was ferociously satirical where ancient Greek culture was concerned—though he was born to Greek parents and spoke Greek from his earliest days (as well as Armenian, and soon Russian and Turkish).<sup>15</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>... 15. It will come as a surprise to readers familiar with the Gurdjieff legacy that both of his parents were Greek; the assumption has long been that his mother Evdokia was Armenian."</li></ul> <div class="outdent-template" style="position:relative;left:1px;"><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span></div> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBennet1984">Bennet 1984</a>, p. 30: "The first thing to remember about Gurdjieff is that he was born of a Greek father and an Armenian mother."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFde_Hartmannde_Hartmann1964">de Hartmann & de Hartmann 1964</a>, p. xv "Georgi Ivanovich Gurdjieff was born of a Greek father and an Armenian mother."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMoore1999">Moore 1999</a>, p. 84: "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>but on the human level he cared passionately that his Armenian mother and sisters in Alexandropol remain safely on the Russian side."</li> <li>Gurdjieff: Essays and Reflections on the Man and His Teaching (1996) by Jacob Needleman p. 431: "He was born, probably in 1866, of a Greek father and an Armenian mother in Alexandropol (Leninakan), Armenia, a region where Eastern and Western cultures mixed and often clashed."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWebb1987">Webb 1987</a>:"Gurdjieff was the son of a Greek father and an Armenian mother. Although he spoke both Greek and Armenian, the latter was the language of the Gurdjieff household."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLang1988">Lang 1988</a>, p. 166: "Unquestionably, Gurdjieff is among the most intriguing men Armenia has ever produced. Yet the Armenians have been slow to claim him as one of their own, and his name appears in few reference books connected with Armenia."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPittman2008">Pittman 2008</a>, p. x: "Gurdjieff was born in Gyumri, Armenia, to an Armenian mother and a Cappadocian-Greek father."</li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurdjieff.org/salzmann-m1.htm">Michel de Salzmann (1987)</a></span>: "His father was Greek and his mother Armenian"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTchekhovitch2006">Tchekhovitch 2006</a>, pp. 244–240: "Since for some time I had the privilege of living close to Mr. Gurdjieff's mother, I am sure the reader will understand why I would wish to devote to this woman some recollections that illustrate her exceptional character<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Her last words, spoken in Armenian, had the character of a Japanese poem."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Churton2017-1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Churton2017-1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurton2017">Churton 2017</a>, pp. 19–25: "Archival Records: Hearst columnist and old friend of Aleister Crowley William Seabrook, in reporting Gurdjieff's arrival in New York in 1924, gave the family name as Georgiades, a familiar name to Greek immigrants in the United States. Whence Seabrook got what he took to be the original Greek form of the Anglicized Russian Gurdjieff is unknown. <i>Georgos</i> means "farmer" in Greek and is the origin of Gurdjieff's Christian name, Georgii. <i>Georgeades</i> means "son of George" but as far as we know, Gurdjieff's father's name was Ivan Ivanovich (or son of Ivan).<span class="nowrap"> </span>... There was, however, a village called Gurdji, part of Armutlu on the Turkish Armutlu peninsula by the Sea of Marmara just south of Constantinople (Istanbul), no longer listed, the scene of Greek army atrocities against Turks during the 1920–1921 Greco-Turkish war waged in western Turkey. Gurdjieff maintained in <i>Meetings</i> his family had been Byzantines before the Turks conquered Constantinople (capital of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, migrating to central Anatolia due to Turkish persecution around Constantinople. The Marmara peninsula had certainly been part of what was left of Byzantium before the capital's overthrow in 1453."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirley2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirley2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirley2004">Shirley 2004</a>: "<i>Gurdjieff</i> is a Russian variant of the Greek <i>G[e]orgiades</i>, his actual surname at birth. His full Russian name was Georgei Ivanovich Gurdjieff.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Gurdjieff was born in the small Russian-Armenian city of Alexandropol, son of a well-to-do owner of extensive herds of cattle and sheep, Ioann[i]s G[e]orgiades, a Greek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1981" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIstAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Armenians: A People in Exile</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0049560109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0049560109"><bdi>978-0049560109</bdi></a>. <q>According to Gurdjieff himself, his father came of a Greek family whose ancestors had emigrated from Byzantium after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. At first, the family moved to central Anatolia, and from there eventually to Georgia in the Caucasus. The name Gurdjieff gives some colour to this account, since 'Gurji' in Persian means 'a Georgian', and the Russian-style surname Gurdjieff would mean 'the man from Georgia'. However, the late John G. Bennett, who knew Gurdjieff intimately for many years, believes that Gurdjieff's father was called John Georgiades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+A+People+in+Exile&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0049560109&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIstAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churton2017-2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churton2017-2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurton2017">Churton 2017</a>, pp. 3–4, 316–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt1997" class="citation book cs1">Everitt, Luba Gurdjieff (1997) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J08PAAAACAAJ"><i>Luba Gurdjieff: A Memoir with Recipes</i></a>. SLG Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943389-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943389-22-6"><bdi>978-0-943389-22-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luba+Gurdjieff%3A+A+Memoir+with+Recipes&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=SLG+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-943389-22-6&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Luba+Gurdjieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ08PAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article1949">"AVON (77) : cimetière – Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs"</a>. <i>www.landrucimetieres.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.landrucimetieres.fr&rft.atitle=AVON+%2877%29+%3A+cimeti%C3%A8re+%E2%80%93+Cimeti%C3%A8res+de+France+et+d%27ailleurs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landrucimetieres.fr%2Fspip%2Fspip.php%3Farticle1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_G._Bennett_p._55-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_G._Bennett_p._55_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_G._Bennett_p._55_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1974" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, John G. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/2016558"><i>Witness : the autobiography of John G. Bennett</i></a>. Tucson, Arizona: Omen Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912358482" title="Special:BookSources/9780912358482"><bdi>9780912358482</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+%3A+the+autobiography+of+John+G.+Bennett&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Omen+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780912358482&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F2016558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChallenger2002" class="citation book cs1">Challenger, Anna T. (2002). <i>Philosophy and Art in Gurdjieff's Beelzebub: A Modern Sufi Odyssey</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042014893" title="Special:BookSources/9789042014893"><bdi>9789042014893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Art+in+Gurdjieff%27s+Beelzebub%3A+A+Modern+Sufi+Odyssey&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789042014893&rft.aulast=Challenger&rft.aufirst=Anna+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Meetings with Remarkable Men</i>, Chapter II. Gurdjieff uses the spelling "ashok".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.109 from "In Search of the Miraculous": for the benefit of those who know already, I will say that, if you like, this is esoteric Christianity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Wellbeloved, <i>Gurdjieff, Astrology and Beelzebub's Tales</i>, pp. 9–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org/owens2.htm">"T. W. Owens, Commentary on Meetings with Remarkable Men"</a>. Gurdjieff.org. 1 April 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+W.+Owens%2C+Commentary+on+Meetings+with+Remarkable+Men&rft.pub=Gurdjieff.org&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2Fowens2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sedgwick-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sedgwick_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Sedgwick, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cjFFgvUdDUC&pg=PA208">European Neo-Sufi Movements in the Inter-war Period</a>" in <i>Islam in Inter-War Europe</i>, ed. by Natalie Clayer and Eric Germain. Columbia Univ. Press, 2008 p. 208. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70100-6">978-0-231-70100-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurdjieff, G.I: "The Material Question", published as an addendum to <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, pp 36–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219040514/http://www.gurdjieff.org.uk/gs9.htm">"James Moore, Chronology of Gurdjieff's Life"</a>. Gurdjieff.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org.uk/gs9.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Moore%2C+Chronology+of+Gurdjieff%27s+Life&rft.pub=Gurdjieff.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org.uk%2Fgs9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olga de Hartmann: Our Life with Mr Gurdjieff p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Hartmann" title="Thomas de Hartmann">Thomas de Hartmann</a>, <i>Our Life With Mr. Gurdjieff</i> (1962), Penguin 1974 pp.94–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff-movements.net/newsletter/2003-03/06_gurdjieff_istanbul.htm">"In Gurdjieff's wake in Istanbul"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031072357/http://www.gurdjieff-movements.net/newsletter/2003-03/06_gurdjieff_istanbul.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gurdjieff Movements, March 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecollections1973" class="citation book cs1">Recollections, Pupils (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.am/library/views.pdf"><i>Views From The Real World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Routledge and Keegan Paul. pp. 152, 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525228705" title="Special:BookSources/0525228705"><bdi>0525228705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+From+The+Real+World&rft.pages=152%2C+286&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Keegan+Paul&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0525228705&rft.aulast=Recollections&rft.aufirst=Pupils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.am%2Flibrary%2Fviews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org/lipsey1.htm">"R. Lipsey: <i>Gurdjieff Observed</i>"</a>. Gurdjieff.org. 1 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R.+Lipsey%3A+Gurdjieff+Observed&rft.pub=Gurdjieff.org&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2Flipsey1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Peters, <i>Boyhood with Gurdjieff</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1980" class="citation book cs1">Moore, James (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gurdjieffmansfie0000moor/page/3"><i>Gurdjieff and Mansfield</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gurdjieffmansfie0000moor/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0488-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0488-5"><bdi>0-7100-0488-5</bdi></a>. <q>In numerous accounts Gurdjieff is defined with stark simplicity as "the man who killed Katherine Mansfield".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+and+Mansfield&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7100-0488-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgurdjieffmansfie0000moor%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouspensky, <i>In search of the Miraculous,</i> chapter XVIII, p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022213005/http://www.art-newzealand.com/Issues21to30/hope.htm">"Gabrielle Hope 1916–1962"</a>. <i>Art New Zealand</i>. <b>30</b> (Winter). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-newzealand.com/Issues21to30/hope.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Gabrielle+Hope+1916%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=Winter&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-newzealand.com%2FIssues21to30%2Fhope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Life is Only Real then, when 'I Am'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Paul Beekman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50w1tPTV0EEC&pg=PA103"><i>Gurdjieff's America</i></a>. Lighthouse Editions Ltd. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-00-6"><bdi>978-1-904998-00-6</bdi></a>. <q>What Gurdjieff was doing during the winter of 1925–1926...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%27s+America&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Lighthouse+Editions+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904998-00-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul+Beekman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50w1tPTV0EEC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaidy" class="citation book cs1">Faidy, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/253516461/Diana-Faidy-Reminiscences-of-My-Work-With-Gurdjieff"><i>Diana Faidy – Reminiscences of My Work with Gurdjieff</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diana+Faidy+%E2%80%93+Reminiscences+of+My+Work+with+Gurdjieff&rft.aulast=Faidy&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F253516461%2FDiana-Faidy-Reminiscences-of-My-Work-With-Gurdjieff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2000" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Rob (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurdjieff.org/rope.htm">"No Harem: Gurdjieff and the Women of The Rope"</a>. <i>www.gurdjieff.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gurdjieff.org&rft.atitle=No+Harem%3A+Gurdjieff+and+the+Women+of+The+Rope&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2Frope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>J. G. and E. Bennett </i>Idiots in Paris<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0877287244">0877287244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+G.+and+E.+Bennett+Idiots+in+Paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, Whitall: <i>Gurdjieff in the Light of tradition</i>, quoting J. G. Bennett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gurdjiefflegacy.org/70links/final_years.htm">"The Teaching For Our Time"</a>. <i>gurdjiefflegacy.org</i>. The Gurdjieff Legacy Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gurdjiefflegacy.org&rft.atitle=The+Teaching+For+Our+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgurdjiefflegacy.org%2F70links%2Ffinal_years.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(Cornish_author)" title="James Moore (Cornish author)">James Moore</a> (1993). <i>Gurdjieff – A Biography: The Anatomy of a Myth</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_page_3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Beekman Taylor, <i>Shadows of Heaven: Gurdjieff and Toomer</i> (Red Wheel, 1998), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427013412/http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/article_details.php?ID=340&W=63">"In Memoriam Nikolai Stjernvall – Taylor, Paul Beekman"</a>. Gurdjieff-internet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff-internet.com/article_details.php?ID=340&W=63">the original</a> on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam+Nikolai+Stjernvall+%E2%80%93+Taylor%2C+Paul+Beekman&rft.pub=Gurdjieff-internet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff-internet.com%2Farticle_details.php%3FID%3D340%26W%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Beekman Taylor, <i>Gurdjieff's America: Mediating the Miraculous</i> (Lighthouse Editions, 2005), page 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman, <i>The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship</i> (Harper Collins, 2007), page 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessmin Howarth and Dushka Howarth, <i>It's Up to Ourselves: A Mother, a Daughter, and Gurdjieff</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EFDE163AF937A25757C0A9669D8B63">"Paid Notice – Deaths HOWARTH, DUSHKA – Paid Death Notice"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paid+Notice+%E2%80%93+Deaths+HOWARTH%2C+DUSHKA+%E2%80%93+Paid+Death+Notice&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A06EFDE163AF937A25757C0A9669D8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Beekman_Taylor_1998_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Beekman Taylor, <i>Shadows of Heaven: Gurdjieff and Toomer</i> (Red Wheel, 1998), page xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gurdjieff-heritage-society.org/archives-luba-gurdjieff/">"The Luba Gurdjieff Archive"</a>. Gurdjieff Heritage Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Luba+Gurdjieff+Archive&rft.pub=Gurdjieff+Heritage+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgurdjieff-heritage-society.org%2Farchives-luba-gurdjieff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122334/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/europe-uk-ireland/england/luba-s">"Thorn Tree forum – Luba's"</a>. Lonely Planet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/europe-uk-ireland/england/luba-s">the original</a> on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thorn+Tree+forum+%E2%80%93+Luba%27s&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthorntree%2Fforums%2Feurope-uk-ireland%2Fengland%2Fluba-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slgbooks.com/books/luba">"Luba Gurdjieff: A Memoir with Recipes"</a>. Snow Lion Graphics/SLG Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luba+Gurdjieff%3A+A+Memoir+with+Recipes&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Graphics%2FSLG+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slgbooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fluba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/misc/School.html">Jacob Needleman, <i>G. I. Gurdjieff and His School</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402192646/http://www.bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/misc/School.html">Archived</a> 2003-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/hindu-and-buddhist-views-proliferation-influence-on-gurdjieffs-teaching?category_id=cgrn&path=cgrn%2F262%2F263">"Hindu and Buddhist Views Proliferation Influence on Gurdjieff's Teaching"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Buddhist+Views+Proliferation+Influence+on+Gurdjieff%27s+Teaching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgscholar.com%2Fbookstore%2Fworks%2Fhindu-and-buddhist-views-proliferation-influence-on-gurdjieffs-teaching%3Fcategory_id%3Dcgrn%26path%3Dcgrn%252F262%252F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranscripts2009" class="citation book cs1">Transcripts, Wartime (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookstudio.co.uk/transcripts-of-gurdjieffs-meetings-1941-1946"><i>Wartime Transcripts of Meetings 1941–1946</i></a>. Book Studio. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9559090-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wartime+Transcripts+of+Meetings+1941%E2%80%931946&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Book+Studio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9559090-5-4&rft.aulast=Transcripts&rft.aufirst=Wartime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookstudio.co.uk%2Ftranscripts-of-gurdjieffs-meetings-1941-1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a>,</i> Chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org/index.en.htm">"Gurdjieff International Review"</a>. Gurdjieff.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+International+Review&rft.pub=Gurdjieff.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2Findex.en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1975" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, George (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewsfromrealwor00gurd/page/214"><i>Views from the real world</i></a>. E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewsfromrealwor00gurd/page/214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-47408-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-47408-0"><bdi>0-525-47408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+from+the+real+world&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-525-47408-0&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviewsfromrealwor00gurd%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuspensky1971" class="citation book cs1">Ouspensky, P. D. (1971). <i>The Fourth Way</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71672-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71672-8"><bdi>0-394-71672-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/57-5659">57-5659</a>. "An Arrangement by Subject of Verbatim Extracts from the Records of Ouspensky's Meetings in London and New York, 1921–1946".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Way&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F57-5659&rft.isbn=0-394-71672-8&rft.aulast=Ouspensky&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1949). <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a></i> Chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1971). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fourth Way">The Fourth Way</a>,</i> Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellbeloved2003">Wellbeloved 2003</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1949). <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a>,</i> Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gurdjieff's teachings were transmitted through special conditions and through special forms leading to consciousness: Group Work, physical labour, crafts, ideas exchanges, arts, music, movement, dance, adventures in nature ... enabled the unrealized individual to transcend the mechanical, acted-upon self and ascend from mere personality to self-actualizing essence."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seekerbooks.com/book/9780835608404.htm">Seekerbooks.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620031630/http://www.seekerbooks.com/book/9780835608404.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Book review of Gary Lachman. <i>In Search of the Miraculous: Genius in the Shadow of Gurdjieff.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a> (1949). <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculousm</a></i> Chapter 1,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.I._Gurdjieff" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Gurdjieff">G.I. Gurdjieff</a> (1963) <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i>, Chapter 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>In Search of the Miraculous</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetsche2015" class="citation book cs1">Petsche, Johanna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206153841/http://www.brill.com/products/book/gurdjieff-and-music"><i>Gurdjieff and Music: The Gurdjieff/de Hartmann Piano Music and its Esoteric Significance</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004284425" title="Special:BookSources/9789004284425"><bdi>9789004284425</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/book/gurdjieff-and-music">the original</a> on 6 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+and+Music%3A+The+Gurdjieff%2Fde+Hartmann+Piano+Music+and+its+Esoteric+Significance&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004284425&rft.aulast=Petsche&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fproducts%2Fbook%2Fgurdjieff-and-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1999-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1999_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambarger1999" class="citation book cs1">Bambarger, Bradley (18 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999-12-18&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.aulast=Bambarger&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiggEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle,_Cecil" class="citation web cs1">Lytle, Cecil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825063745/http://provost.ucsd.edu/marshall/lytle/home/list.html">"Cecil Lytle – List of Recordings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://provost.ucsd.edu/marshall/lytle/home/list.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cecil+Lytle+%E2%80%93+List+of+Recordings&rft.au=Lytle%2C+Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprovost.ucsd.edu%2Fmarshall%2Flytle%2Fhome%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazz_Discography_Project" class="citation web cs1">Jazz Discography Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzdisco.org/keith-jarrett/discography/">"Keith Jarrett Discography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keith+Jarrett+Discography&rft.au=Jazz+Discography+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzdisco.org%2Fkeith-jarrett%2Fdiscography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/hymns-dervishes-mw0002908235">"Hymns and Dervishes Album at AllMusic"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>. Centaur Records. 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.org.uk/gs6.htm">the original</a> on 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org.uk%2Fgs6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/elan-sicroff-mn0000178692/discography">"Elan Sicroff Albums and Discography"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kha.it/Gurdjieff/gurdjieff_eng.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kha.it&rft.atitle=Hidden+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kha.it%2FGurdjieff%2Fgurdjieff_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzize2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Azize, Joseph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurdjieff.org/azize2.htm">"Helen Adie: An Appreciative Essay"</a>. <i>The Gurdjieff International Review</i>. Vol. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gurdjieff+International+Review&rft.atitle=Helen+Adie%3A+An+Appreciative+Essay&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Azize&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2Fazize2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Fiona. 'Helen Perkin: Pianist, Composer and Muse of John Ireland' (Chapter 11 of Foreman, Lewis (ed.), <i>The John Ireland Companion</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurdjieffbooksandmusic.com/product-page/helen-adie-music-of-the-search-gurdjieff-de-hartmann-music-for-piano">"HELEN ADIE Music of the Search: Gurdjieff/de Hartmann Music for Piano"</a>. <i>GurdjieffBooks&Music</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GurdjieffBooks%26Music&rft.atitle=HELEN+ADIE+Music+of+the+Search%3A+Gurdjieff%2Fde+Hartmann+Music+for+Piano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieffbooksandmusic.com%2Fproduct-page%2Fhelen-adie-music-of-the-search-gurdjieff-de-hartmann-music-for-piano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gurdjieffclub.com/en/helen-ejdi/">"Helen Adie"</a>. <i>Gurdjieff Club</i>. 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gurdjieff+Club&rft.atitle=Helen+Adie&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgurdjieffclub.com%2Fen%2Fhelen-ejdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurdjieff.org/">"Gurdjieff International Review"</a>. <i>www.gurdjieff.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gurdjieff.org&rft.atitle=Gurdjieff+International+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsho" class="citation web cs1">Osho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osho.com/osho-online-library/osho-talks/gurdjieff-depth-significance-f1889d51-b08?p=d87f5fa803dcf89c365e0bf44058abcd">"Gurdjieff – Depth – Significance? — OSHO Online Library"</a>. <i>www.shop.osho.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shop.osho.com&rft.atitle=Gurdjieff+%E2%80%93+Depth+%E2%80%93+Significance%3F+%E2%80%94+OSHO+Online+Library&rft.au=Osho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osho.com%2Fosho-online-library%2Fosho-talks%2Fgurdjieff-depth-significance-f1889d51-b08%3Fp%3Dd87f5fa803dcf89c365e0bf44058abcd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Waldberg (1990). <i>Gurdjieff – An Approach to his Ideas</i>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedland and Zellman, <i>The Fellowship</i>, pp. 33–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour B. Ginsburg <i>Gurdjieff Unveiled</i>, pp. 71–7, Lighthouse Editions Ltd., 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904998-01-3">978-1-904998-01-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2003" class="citation book cs1">Lachman, Gary (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jfptmqzTzkC&q=critics+of+Gurdjieff+work&pg=PA13"><i>Turn off your mind</i></a>. The Disinformation Co. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713942-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713942-3-7"><bdi>0-9713942-3-7</bdi></a>. <q>... a hostile book on... Gurdjieff.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turn+off+your+mind&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9713942-3-7&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jfptmqzTzkC%26q%3Dcritics%2Bof%2BGurdjieff%2Bwork%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Paul Beekman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.googld.com/books?id=QjetCc6ktOgC&pg=PA110&dq=Gurdjieff+insanity&lr=#v=onepage&q=Gurdjieff%20insanity&f=false"><i>Gurdjieff and Orage</i></a>. Samuel Weiser. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-609-25311-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-609-25311-0"><bdi>978-1-609-25311-0</bdi></a>. <q>...Orage revealed Gurdjieff's views of drugs and alcohol as conducive to 'insanity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+and+Orage&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-609-25311-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul+Beekman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googld.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjetCc6ktOgC%26pg%3DPA110%26dq%3DGurdjieff%2Binsanity%26lr%3D%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGurdjieff%2520insanity%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Henry (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromyourcapricor0000mill"><i>From Your Capricorn Friend</i></a></span>. New Directions Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromyourcapricor0000mill/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-0891-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-0891-5"><bdi>0-8112-0891-5</bdi></a>. <q>What I intended to say...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Your+Capricorn+Friend&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8112-0891-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromyourcapricor0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuspensky1977" class="citation book cs1">Ouspensky, P. D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmiracu00uspe/page/299"><i>In Search of the Miraculous</i></a>. Harcourt Brace & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmiracu00uspe/page/299">299–302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-644508-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-644508-5"><bdi>0-15-644508-5</bdi></a>. <q>G. invariably began by emphasizing the fact that there is something very wrong at the basis of our usual attitude towards problems of religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Miraculous&rft.pages=299-302&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Co.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-15-644508-5&rft.aulast=Ouspensky&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmiracu00uspe%2Fpage%2F299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke <i>Black Sun</i>, p. 323, NYU Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0">978-0-8147-3155-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno de Panafieu/Jacob Needleman/George Baker/Mary Stein <i>Gurdjieff: Essays and Reflections on the Man and His Teachings</i>, p. 166, Continuum, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1049-8">978-0-8264-1049-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurdjieff: an Annotated Bibliography, J. Walter Driscoll and the Gurdjieff Foundation of California, Garland, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellbeloved2003">Wellbeloved 2003</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanafieuNeedleman1997-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PanafieuNeedleman1997_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanafieuNeedlemanBaker1997" class="citation book cs1">Panafieu, Bruno De; Needleman, Jacob; Baker, George (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GV0dhZxB91EC&pg=PA28"><i>Gurdjieff</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 28–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1049-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-1049-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff&rft.pages=28-&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1049-8&rft.aulast=Panafieu&rft.aufirst=Bruno+De&rft.au=Needleman%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Baker%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGV0dhZxB91EC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurton2017" class="citation book cs1">Churton, Tobias (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGEoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Deconstructing Gurdjieff: Biography of a Spiritual Magician</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-639-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-639-9"><bdi>978-1-62055-639-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Gurdjieff%3A+Biography+of+a+Spiritual+Magician&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-639-9&rft.aulast=Churton&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGEoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hartmannde_Hartmann1964" class="citation book cs1">de Hartmann, Thomas; de Hartmann, Olga (1964). <i>Our life with Mr. Gurdjieff</i>. Cooper Square Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+life+with+Mr.+Gurdjieff&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=de+Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=de+Hartmann%2C+Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1963" class="citation book cs1">Gurdjieff, George Ivanovitch (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok4RAQAAIAAJ"><i>Meetings with Remarkable men</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meetings+with+Remarkable+men&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=George+Ivanovitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOk4RAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsey2019" class="citation book cs1">Lipsey, Roger (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-KCDwAAQBAJ"><i>Gurdjieff Reconsidered: The Life, the Teachings, the Legacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-451-5"><bdi>978-1-61180-451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff+Reconsidered%3A+The+Life%2C+the+Teachings%2C+the+Legacy&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61180-451-5&rft.aulast=Lipsey&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-KCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman2012" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Michael S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG0SBwAAQBAJ"><i>Classical Spirituality in Contemporary America: The Confluence and Contribution of G.I. Gurdjieff and Sufism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8545-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-8545-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Spirituality+in+Contemporary+America%3A+The+Confluence+and+Contribution+of+G.I.+Gurdjieff+and+Sufism&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8545-7&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYG0SBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley2004" class="citation book cs1">Shirley, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuoL7YeTRvkC"><i>Gurdjieff: An Introduction to His Life and Ideas</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2121-5"><bdi>978-1-4406-2121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+An+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Ideas&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-2121-5&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuoL7YeTRvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Paul Beekman (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R54WzgEACAAJ"><i>G.I.Gurdjieff: A Life</i></a>. Eureka Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92590-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92590-15-2"><bdi>978-94-92590-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.I.Gurdjieff%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Eureka+Editions&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-92590-15-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul+Beekman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR54WzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennet1962" class="citation book cs1">Bennet, John (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bennettbooks.org/product/witness-the-story-of-a-search/"><i>Witness: The Story of a Search</i></a>. Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881408027" title="Special:BookSources/1881408027"><bdi>1881408027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness%3A+The+Story+of+a+Search&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=1881408027&rft.aulast=Bennet&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbennettbooks.org%2Fproduct%2Fwitness-the-story-of-a-search%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennet1984" class="citation book cs1">Bennet, John G (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MztRAAAAYAAJ"><i>Gurdjieff: A Very Great Enigma</i></a>. S. Weiser New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877285816" title="Special:BookSources/9780877285816"><bdi>9780877285816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+A+Very+Great+Enigma&rft.pub=S.+Weiser+New+York&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780877285816&rft.aulast=Bennet&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMztRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1988" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Professor David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-ttAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Armenians: A People in Exile</i></a>. Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780044402893" title="Special:BookSources/9780044402893"><bdi>9780044402893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+A+People+in+Exile&rft.pub=Unwin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780044402893&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Professor+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-ttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennet1973" class="citation book cs1">Bennet, John G (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6E8AAAAYAAJ"><i>Gurdjieff: Making a New World</i></a>. Turnstone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780855000196" title="Special:BookSources/9780855000196"><bdi>9780855000196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+Making+a+New+World&rft.pub=Turnstone+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780855000196&rft.aulast=Bennet&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6E8AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1999" class="citation book cs1">Moore, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMNvQgAACAAJ&q=Gurdjieff+A+Biography"><i>Gurdjieff: A Biography</i></a>. Element. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862046061" title="Special:BookSources/9781862046061"><bdi>9781862046061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Element&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781862046061&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMNvQgAACAAJ%26q%3DGurdjieff%2BA%2BBiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1987" class="citation book cs1">Webb, James (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRhHAAAACAAJ"><i>The harmonious circle: The lives and work of G.I. Gurdjieff, P.D. Ouspensky and their followers</i></a>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877734277" title="Special:BookSources/9780877734277"><bdi>9780877734277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+harmonious+circle%3A+The+lives+and+work+of+G.I.+Gurdjieff%2C+P.D.+Ouspensky+and+their+followers.&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780877734277&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRhHAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman2008" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUIKAQAAMAAJ&q=gi+gurdjieff+armenian+roots+by+michael+pittman"><i>G.I. Gurdjieff: Armenian Roots. Global Branches</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443800198" title="Special:BookSources/9781443800198"><bdi>9781443800198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.I.+Gurdjieff%3A+Armenian+Roots.+Global+Branches&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781443800198&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUIKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgi%2Bgurdjieff%2Barmenian%2Broots%2Bby%2Bmichael%2Bpittman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchekhovitch2006" class="citation book cs1">Tchekhovitch, Tcheslaw (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bf8ztwAACAAJ&q=a+master+in+life"><i>Gurdjieff: A Master in Life</i></a>. Dolmen Meadow Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978066109" title="Special:BookSources/9780978066109"><bdi>9780978066109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+A+Master+in+Life&rft.pub=Dolmen+Meadow+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780978066109&rft.aulast=Tchekhovitch&rft.aufirst=Tcheslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbf8ztwAACAAJ%26q%3Da%2Bmaster%2Bin%2Blife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellbeloved2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wellbeloved" title="Sophia Wellbeloved">Wellbeloved, Sophia</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0pqqV02bKUC"><i>Gurdjieff: The Key Concepts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13249-1"><bdi>978-1-135-13249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurdjieff%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-13249-1&rft.aulast=Wellbeloved&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0pqqV02bKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecollections1973" class="citation book cs1">Recollections, Pupils (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieff.am/library/views.pdf"><i>Views From the Real World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525228705" title="Special:BookSources/0525228705"><bdi>0525228705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+From+the+Real+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0525228705&rft.aulast=Recollections&rft.aufirst=Pupils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurdjieff.am%2Flibrary%2Fviews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranscripts2009" class="citation book cs1">Transcripts, Wartime (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookstudio.co.uk/transcripts-of-gurdjieff-meetings-1941-1946"><i>Transcripts of Gurdjieff's Meetings 1941–1946</i></a>. Book Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559090-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9559090-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcripts+of+Gurdjieff%27s+Meetings+1941%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Book+Studio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9559090-5-4&rft.aulast=Transcripts&rft.aufirst=Wartime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookstudio.co.uk%2Ftranscripts-of-gurdjieff-meetings-1941-1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Gurdjieff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jean Vaysse, <i>Toward Awakening, An Approach to the Teaching Left by Gurdjieff</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-07159" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-07159">0-7100-07159</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_Gurdjieff" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George Gurdjieff">George Gurdjieff</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G._I._Gurdjieff" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:G. I. Gurdjieff">G. I. Gurdjieff</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institut-gurdjieff.com/iagf/">International Association of Gurdjieff Foundations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Gurdjieff-Bibliography.com/">Gurdjieff Reading Guide compiled by J. Walter Driscoll</a>. Fifty-two articles which provide an independent survey of the literature by or about George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff and offer a wide range of informed opinions (admiring, critical, and contradictory) about him, his activities, writings, philosophy, and influence.</li> <li>Writings on Gurdjieff's teachings in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.andersonm">Elizabeth Jenks Clark Collection of Margaret Anderson Papers</a> at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/dan/22717">Howarth Gurdjieff Archive</a> at The New York Public Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ggurdjieff.com/">George Gurdjieff: "Seeker of Truth"</a> A video documentary on Gurdjieff's life and teaching.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Gurdjieff.am">Gurdjieff.am</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Gurdjieff" title="Template:George Gurdjieff"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Gurdjieff" title="Template talk:George Gurdjieff"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Gurdjieff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Gurdjieff"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Gurdjieff39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Gurdjieff</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centers_(Fourth_Way)" title="Centers (Fourth Way)">Centers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">Gurdjieff movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_of_Creation" title="Ray of Creation">Ray of Creation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Level" title="Earth Level">Earth Level</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarmoung_Brotherhood" title="Sarmoung Brotherhood">Sarmoung Brotherhood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_of_Coming_Good" title="The Herald of Coming Good">The Herald of Coming Good</a></i> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub%27s_Tales_to_His_Grandson" title="Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson">Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson</a></i> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i> (1960)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_Foundation" title="Gurdjieff Foundation">Gurdjieff Foundation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Miraculous" title="In Search of the Miraculous">In Search of the Miraculous</a></i> (1949 book)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Way_(book)" title="The Fourth Way (book)">The Fourth Way</a></i> (1957 book)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teachers_of_Gurdjieff" title="The Teachers of Gurdjieff">The Teachers of Gurdjieff</a></i> (1966 book)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men_(film)" title="Meetings with Remarkable Men (film)">Meetings with Remarkable Men</a></i> (1979 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/G.I._Gurdjieff:_Sacred_Hymns" title="G.I. Gurdjieff: Sacred Hymns">G.I. Gurdjieff: Sacred Hymns</a></i> (1980 album)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Gurdjieff_Ensemble" title="The Gurdjieff Ensemble">The Gurdjieff Ensemble</a> (musical group)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217771#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3607" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/76260/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxdX73Hfxy7qGWVrWxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118543679">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81081347">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894837b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894837b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://libris.kb.se/sq469m3b4bgg2c1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542619305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277604805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517585206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01442886?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/494c401e-328c-4e6b-8926-a7bad28b4eb8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118543679">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/845802">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118543679.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118543679">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026910624">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&oldid=1272986637">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Gurdjieff&oldid=1272986637</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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[\"CITEREFGurdjieff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdjieff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdjieff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdjieff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdjieff2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJazz_Discography_Project\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLytle,_Cecil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuspensky1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuspensky1977\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanafieuNeedlemanBaker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetsche2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecollections1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShirley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchekhovitch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranscripts2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellbeloved2003\"] = 1,\n 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table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-mzxv9","timestamp":"20250214223419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"George Gurdjieff","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Gurdjieff","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217771","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217771","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-08T10:41:31Z","dateModified":"2025-01-31T04:36:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/Georges_Gurdjieff.JPG","headline":"philosopher, mystic, and writer (c. 1866\u20131877 \u2013 1949)"}</script> </body> </html>