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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mention in <i>Mahabharata</i> and <i>puranic</i> literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mention_in_Mahabharata_and_puranic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birthplace_of_Acharya_Bhadrabāhu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthplace_of_Acharya_Bhadrabāhu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Birthplace of Acharya Bhadrabāhu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthplace_of_Acharya_Bhadrabāhu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_of_Ajivikas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_Ajivikas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Execution of <i>Ajivikas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_Ajivikas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8" title="পুণ্ড্রবর্ধন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুণ্ড্রবর্ধন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pundravardhana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Πουντραβαρντάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πουντραβαρντάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%BC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="푼드라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푼드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="पुण्ड्रवर्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुण्ड्रवर्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundrawardhana" title="Pundrawardhana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pundrawardhana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundra" title="Pundra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pundra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pundravardhana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8" title="పౌండ్రవర్ధన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పౌండ్రవర్ధన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pundravardhana&params=24.96_N_89.35_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.96°N 89.35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.96; 89.35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Indian kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pandea" redirects here. For the genus of hydrozoa, see <a href="/wiki/Pandea_(hydrozoan)" title="Pandea (hydrozoan)">Pandea (hydrozoan)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name">Pundravardhana</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">unknown (?~1280 BCE)–unknown (?~300 BCE)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Pundravardhana"><img alt="Location of Pundravardhana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/250px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/375px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/500px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Jainism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">unknown (?~1280 BCE)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">unknown (?~300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district" title="West Dinajpur district">West Dinajpur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bengal" title="Category:History of Bengal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of <span class="fn org label">Bengal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Bengal, 1880"><img alt="Map of Bengal, 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/150px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/225px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/300px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pundravardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhma">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarha">Rarha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotisha">Pragjyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical Dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda dynasty">Nandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya dynasty">Mayuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Guptas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gaudiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Laur Kingdom">Laur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallabhum">Mallabhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_dynasty" title="Bhadra dynasty">Bhadras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Devas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraf_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraf Kingdom">Taraf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Islamic Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balban" title="Balban">House of Balban</a></li> <li>City states: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tripura">Kingdom of Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Kingdom of Bhurshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan Raj">Burdwan Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj" title="Rajshahi Raj">Rajshahi Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettiah Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_expeditions_in_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha expeditions in Bengal">Maratha expeditions in Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">French Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Danish Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankipur_(Bengal)" title="Bankipur (Bengal)">Austrian Bengal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">British Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal Revolt">Santal Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuar_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuar rebellion">Chuar rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny of 1857">Indian Mutiny of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_famine_of_1873%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar famine of 1873–74">Bihar famine of 1873–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-partition era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>(1947–1971) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan" title="History of East Pakistan">History of East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">West Bengal</a> 1947–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> 1971–present</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengali_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bengali literature">History of Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">History of the taka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">List of governors of Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime history of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bengal" title="Template:History of Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bengal" title="Template talk:History of Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pundravardhana</b> or <b>Pundra kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">Puṇḍravardhana</i>), was an ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age India</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> with a territory that included parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district" title="West Dinajpur district">West Dinajpur district</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hossain_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hossain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RCMajumdar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCMajumdar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the kingdom, then known as <i>Pundranagara</i> (Pundra city), was located at Mahasthangarh in <a href="/wiki/Bogra_District" title="Bogra District">Bogra District</a> of northern Bangladesh. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pundravardhana&params=24.96_N_89.35_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.96°N 89.35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.96; 89.35</span></span></span></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a>, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana is located 11 km (7 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Bogra_District" title="Bogra District">Bogra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bogra_District" title="Bogra District">Bogra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rangpur_District" title="Rangpur District">Rangpur</a> highway, with a feeder road (running along the eastern side of the ramparts of the citadel for 1.5 km) leading to Jahajghata and site museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Hossain_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hossain_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mention_in_Mahabharata_and_puranic_literature">Mention in <i>Mahabharata</i> and <i>puranic</i> literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mention in Mahabharata and puranic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> (I.104.53–54) and <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">puranic</a> literature, <i>Pundra</i> was named after Prince Pundra, the founder of the kingdom, and the son of King <a href="/wiki/Bali_(Chandravanshi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali (Chandravanshi)">Bali</a>. Bali who had no children, requested the sage, <a href="/wiki/Dirghatamas" title="Dirghatamas">Dirghatamas</a>, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna. The princes were named <a href="/wiki/Anga#Etymology" title="Anga">Anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom#References_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">Kalinga</a>, Pundra and <a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom#References_in_Mahabharata" title="Suhma kingdom">Sumha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vayu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vayu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enHindu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enHindu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace_of_Acharya_Bhadrabāhu"><span id="Birthplace_of_Acharya_Bhadrab.C4.81hu"></span>Birthplace of Acharya Bhadrabāhu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birthplace of Acharya Bhadrabāhu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spiritual teacher of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> Ācārya <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a> was born in Pundravardhana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution_of_Ajivikas">Execution of <i>Ajivikas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Execution of Ajivikas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a></i>, the Mauryan emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> issued an order to kill all the <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivikas</a> (follower of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81stika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāstika">nāstika</a> or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy) in Pundravardhana after a non-Buddhist there drew a picture showing the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> bowing at the feet of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Nirgrantha Jnatiputra</a>. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were said to have been executed as a result of this order.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beni2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">K. T. S. Sarao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a>, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LePhuoc2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePhuoc2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashoka's own inscriptions <a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Barabar Caves</a> record his generous donations and patronage to Ajivikas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several personalities contributed to the discovery and identification of the ruins at Mahasthangarh. F. Buchanan Hamilton was the first European to locate and visit Mahasthangarh in 1808, C. J. O'Donnell, E. V. Westmacott, and Baveridge followed. Alexander Cunningham was the first to identify the place as the capital of Pundravardhana. He visited the site in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-Hossain_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hossain_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hossain-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hossain_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHossain2006" class="citation book cs1">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf (2006). <i>Mahasthan: Anecdote to History</i>. Dibyaprakash. pp. 69, 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-483-245-4" title="Special:BookSources/984-483-245-4"><bdi>984-483-245-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahasthan%3A+Anecdote+to+History&rft.pages=69%2C+73&rft.pub=Dibyaprakash&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=984-483-245-4&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Md.+Mosharraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh" class="citation web cs1">Ghosh, Suchandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana">"Pundravardhana"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Pundravardhana&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Suchandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPundravardhana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCMajumdar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RCMajumdar_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n63/mode/1up"><i>History of Ancient Bengal</i></a>. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428554">428554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj+%26+Co&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428554&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13287%2Fpage%2Fn63%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hossain_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hossain_1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vayu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vayu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevendrakumar_Rajaram_Patil1946" class="citation book cs1">Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&pg=PA46"><i>Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120820852" title="Special:BookSources/9788120820852"><bdi>9788120820852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+History+from+the+V%C4%81yu+Pur%C4%81na&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub.&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=9788120820852&rft.au=Devendrakumar+Rajaram+Patil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmnm-smZm6oC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enHindu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enHindu_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaṅgā_Rām_Garg1992" class="citation book cs1">Gaṅgā Rām Garg (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA18"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170223740" title="Special:BookSources/9788170223740"><bdi>9788170223740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hindu+World%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170223740&rft.au=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+R%C4%81m+Garg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9pmo51lRnYC%26q%3DBali%2BKalinga%2BVanga%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John1989_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beni2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeni_Madhab_Barua2010" class="citation book cs1">Beni Madhab Barua (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich"><i>The Ajivikas</i></a>. General Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2"><bdi>978-1-152-74433-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajivikas&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-152-74433-2&rft.au=Beni+Madhab+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajivikas00barurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steven2010_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Danver2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Danver" title="Steven L. Danver">Steven L. Danver</a>, ed. (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99"><i>Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-078-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Controversies+in+World+History%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-078-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslVobUjdzGMC%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LePhuoc2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LePhuoc2010_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Phuoc2010" class="citation book cs1">Le Phuoc (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32"><i>Buddhist Architecture</i></a>. Grafikol. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9844043-0-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8&rft.au=Le+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenimadhab_Barua2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a> (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich"><i>The Ajivikas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2"><bdi>978-1-152-74433-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajivikas&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-152-74433-2&rft.au=Benimadhab+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajivikas00barurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayanjot_Lahiri2015" class="citation book cs1">Nayanjot Lahiri (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR37"><i>Ashoka in Ancient India</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05777-7"><bdi>978-0-674-05777-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashoka+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05777-7&rft.au=Nayanjot+Lahiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_XCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APundravardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hossain_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hossain_2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 16–19</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&oldid=1268134891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pundravardhana&oldid=1268134891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Indian regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_divisions_in_Bengal" title="Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal">Ancient divisions in Bengal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2020" title="Category:EngvarB from July 2020">EngvarB from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 January 2025, at 08:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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