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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Ammophila (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ammophila (gènere)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(balili)" title="Ammophila (balili) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ammophila (balili)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%BD%C5%A1" title="Kamýš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kamýš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lme" title="Hjælme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandhafer" title="Strandhafer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strandhafer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luidekaer" title="Luidekaer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luidekaer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(planta)" title="Ammophila (planta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ammophila (planta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(plante)" title="Ammophila (plante) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ammophila (plante)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmgerzen" title="Helmgerzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Helmgerzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir%C3%ADneach" 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href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milava_(biljni_rod)" title="Milava (biljni rod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milava (biljni rod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charztowina" title="Charztowina – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Charztowina" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81puniedres" title="Kāpuniedres – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kāpuniedres" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(grassenfamilie)" title="Ammophila (grassenfamilie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ammophila (grassenfamilie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halem" title="Halem – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Halem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaskownica_(ro%C5%9Blina)" title="Piaskownica (roślina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piaskownica (roślina)" 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hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marram grass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantakaurat" title="Rantakaurat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rantakaurat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila" title="Ammophila – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ammophila" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(chi_th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)" title="Ammophila (chi thực vật) – 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about grass. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ammophila_(wasp)" title="Ammophila (wasp)">Ammophila (wasp)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Ammophila</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG/220px-Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG/330px-Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG/440px-Helmgras_kijkduin_februari_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">European marram grass <br />Dunes near <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, February </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ammophila_(plant)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ammophila</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Thomas_Host" title="Nicolaus Thomas Host">Host</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_arenaria" title="Ammophila arenaria">Ammophila arenaria</a></i> (L.) Link</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_breviligulata" title="Ammophila breviligulata">Ammophila breviligulata</a></i> Fernald</li> <li><i>A. champlainensis</i> Seymour</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammophila_range_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ammophila_range_map.jpg/220px-Ammophila_range_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ammophila_range_map.jpg/330px-Ammophila_range_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ammophila_range_map.jpg/440px-Ammophila_range_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The range of <i>Ammophila</i> in North America </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Ammophila</b></i> (synonymous with <i>Psamma</i> P. Beauv.) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> consisting of two or three very similar species of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> for these grasses include <b>marram grass</b>, <b>bent grass</b>, and <b>beachgrass</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grasses are found almost exclusively on the first line of <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">dunes</a>. Their extensive systems of creeping underground stems or <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> allow them to thrive under conditions of shifting sands and high winds, and to help stabilize and prevent <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>. <i>Ammophila</i> species are native to the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a> where they are usually the dominant species on dunes. Their native range includes few inland regions, with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> of North America being the main exception.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus name <i>Ammophila</i> originates from the Greek words ἄμμος (<i>ámmos</i>), meaning "sand", and φίλος (<i>philos</i>), meaning "friend". </p><p>The <i>Ammophila</i> grasses are widely known as examples of <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">xerophytes</a>, plants that can withstand dry conditions. Despite their occurrence on seacoasts, <i>Ammophila</i> grasses are not particularly tolerant of saline soils; they can tolerate a salinity of about 15 g/L (1.5%), which makes them "moderate <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">halophytes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ammophila</i> builds coastal dunes and thus stabilizes the sand. For this reason, the plants are seen as a useful means of reinforcing dunes around the world and have been introduced far from their native range. Alfred Wiedemann writes that <i><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_arenaria" title="Ammophila arenaria">Ammophila arenaria</a></i>, the European species, "has been introduced into virtually every British colonial settlement within its latitudinal tolerance range, including southeast and southwest Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Norfolk Island and has been reported from Argentina and Chile."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ammophila</i> species were introduced in the late 19th century on the Pacific coast of North America as well, and massive, intentional plantings were continued at least through 1960. </p><p>In essentially all of the locations where they have been introduced, <i>Ammophila</i> plants are now listed as <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>. <i>Ammophila</i> infestations largely impact coastal groundbirds and endemic dune plants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_snowy_plover" title="Western snowy plover">Western Snowy plover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horned_lark" title="Horned lark">Streaked Horned lark (Eremophila alpestris strigata</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Abronia_umbellata" title="Abronia umbellata">pink sand verbena (Abronia. umbellata ssp. breviflora)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, efforts to cull invasive <i>Ammophila arenaria</i> from <a href="/wiki/Morro_Strand_State_Beach" title="Morro Strand State Beach">Morro Strand State Beach</a> began in 2000 and involved a combination of herbicide treatments and handpulling by a <a href="/wiki/California_Conservation_Corps" title="California Conservation Corps">California Conservation Corps</a> crew. This initiative produced 60 percent mortality among the <i>Ammophila</i> after several months, but it was estimated that several additional rounds of treatment would be needed to fully remove the infestation, and the effort specifically focused on "relatively new infestations."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulldozing has also been used as an effective mechanical treatment for <i>Ammophila</i> infestations in the Pacific Northwest, but research indicates that the intensity and frequency of bulldozing employed to remove <i>Ammophila</i> may also harm endemic dune plants and have negative impacts on dune geomorphology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only two species seem incontrovertible: <i>A. arenaria</i> and <i>A. breviligulata</i>. Two other species have been proposed, and are discussed below. </p> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_arenaria" title="Ammophila arenaria">A. arenaria</a></b></i> - <b>European marram grass</b> or <b>European beachgrass</b>. Native to coasts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (north to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>) and northwest <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Inflorescence to 25 cm long; broad.</li> <li><i><b>A. baltica</b></i> - <b>Purple marram</b>. <i>A. baltica</i> has now been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> between <i>A. arenaria</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Calamagrostis_epigejos" title="Calamagrostis epigejos">Calamagrostis epigejos</a></i>. The hybrid occurs in parts of northern Europe, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> west to eastern England, and is known as <i>× Ammocalamagrostis baltica</i> or <i>× Calammophila baltica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ammophila_breviligulata" title="Ammophila breviligulata">A. breviligulata</a></b></i> - <b>American marram grass</b> or <b>American beachgrass</b>. Native to coasts of eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, including the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Inflorescence to 30 cm long; narrower than <i>A. arenaria</i>.</li> <li><i><b>A. champlainensis</b></i> or <i><b>A. breviligulata</b></i> <b>ssp.</b> <i><b>champlainensis</b></i> - <b>Champlain beachgrass</b>. Native to the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>. Inflorescence to 22 cm long; very similar to <i>A. breviligulata</i>, and no longer considered a distinct species by several authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ammophila_(plant)" title="Special:EditPage/Ammophila (plant)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Europe, <i>Ammophila arenaria</i> has a coastal distribution and is the dominant species on <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">dunes</a> where it is responsible for stabilising and building the foredune by capturing blown sand and binding it together with the warp and weft of its tough, fibrous rhizome system. Marram grass is strongly associated with two <a href="/wiki/Shingle,_strandline_and_sand-dune_communities_in_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification_system" title="Shingle, strandline and sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system">coastal plant community types</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Vegetation_Classification" title="British National Vegetation Classification">British National Vegetation Classification</a>. In community SD6 (Mobile Dune) <i>Ammophila</i> is the dominant species. In the semi-fixed dunes (community SD7), where the quantity of blown sand is declining <i>Ammophila</i> becomes less competitive, and other species, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_rubra" title="Festuca rubra">Festuca rubra</a></i> (red fescue) become prominent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability of marram grass to grow on and bind sand makes it a useful plant in the stabilization of coastal <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> and artificial <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">defences</a> on sandy coasts. The usefulness was recognized in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, marram grass was traditionally much used for fuel, thatch, cattle fodder (after frost) etc. The use led to sand drift and loss of arable land. Hence, legislation promoting dune stabilization came into force in 1779 and 1792, successively leading to a system of state-supported <i>dune planters</i> overlooked by <i>dune bailiffs</i>. Marram grass was – and still is – propagated by root and shoot cuttings dug up locally and planted into the naked sand in periods of relatively calm and moist weather. </p><p>Women from the village of <a href="/wiki/Newborough,_Anglesey" title="Newborough, Anglesey">Newborough, Anglesey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> once used marram grass in the manufacture of mats, <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">haystack</a> covers and brushes for <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewashing</a>. </p><p> Marram grass has been widely used for <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a> in many areas of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> close to the sea. The harvesting of marram grass for thatch was so widespread during the 17th century that it had the effect of destabilizing dunes, resulting in the burial of many villages, estates and farms. In 1695 the practice was banned by an Act of the Scottish Parliament:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Considering that many lands, meadowes and pasturages lying on sea coasts have been ruined and overspread in many places in this kingdom by sand driven from adjacent sand hills ... His Majesty does strictly prohibit and discharge the pulling of bent, <a href="/wiki/Broom_(shrub)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broom (shrub)">broom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> off the sand hills for hereafter.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Marram_Grass_(Ammophila_arenaria)_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg/220px-European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg/330px-European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg/440px-European_Marram_Grass_%28Ammophila_arenaria%29_rolled_leaf_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>A single leaf of marram grass, showing the rolled leaf which reduces water loss</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Xerophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerophytes">xerophytes</a>, marram grass is well adapted to its surroundings to thrive in an otherwise harsh environment. The natural loss of water through <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> is not desirable in a very dry landscape, and marram grass has developed particular adaptations to help it deal with this. Sandy conditions drain water quickly, and very windy conditions will further increase rates of transpiration. </p><p>Marram grass has a rolled leaf that creates a localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf and helps to prevent water loss. The <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> sit in small pits within the curls of the structure, which makes them less likely to open and lose water. The folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement, much like many other xerophytes (though these are typically found on the outside of the plant,in marram grass they are also within the leaf as this has now become a structure with more volume). This slowing of air movement once again reduces the amount of water vapour being lost. A waxy <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticle</a> on the leaf surface also prevents evaporation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_genera" title="List of Poaceae genera">List of Poaceae genera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011172819/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?532">"Species in GRIN for genus"</a>. www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?532">the original</a> on 2008-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+in+GRIN+for+genus&rft.pub=www.ars-grin.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Fsplist.pl%3F532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40447">"<i>Ammophila</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammophila&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D40447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestonPearman,_D._A.Dines,_T._D.2002" class="citation book cs1">Preston, C. D.; Pearman, D. A.; Dines, T. D. (2002). <i>New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851067-3"><bdi>978-0-19-851067-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Atlas+of+the+British+and+Irish+Flora&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851067-3&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rft.au=Pearman%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Dines%2C+T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725065839/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Ammophila+arenaria">"Comprehensive Report Species - Ammophila arenaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Ammophila+arenaria">the original</a> on 2009-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Report+Species+-+Ammophila+arenaria&rft.pub=NatureServe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureserve.org%2Fexplorer%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsearchName%3DAmmophila%2Barenaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedemann1998" class="citation web cs1">Wiedemann, Alfred (1998-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben183.html">"<i>Ammophila arenaria</i> on the northwest coast of North America"</a>. <i>Botanical Electronic News - BEN #183</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927054149/http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben183.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Electronic+News+-+BEN+%23183&rft.atitle=Ammophila+arenaria+on+the+northwest+coast+of+North+America&rft.date=1998-02-12&rft.aulast=Wiedemann&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.edu%2Fcas%2Fbotany-micro%2Fben%2Fben183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarnetskeSeabloomHacker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zarnetske, Phoebe; Seabloom, Eric; Hacker, Sally (November 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES10-00101.1">"Non-target effects of invasive species management: beachgrass, birds, and bulldozers in coastal dunes"</a>. <i>Ecosphere</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 1–20 – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosphere&rft.atitle=Non-target+effects+of+invasive+species+management%3A+beachgrass%2C+birds%2C+and+bulldozers+in+coastal+dunes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Zarnetske&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.au=Seabloom%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hacker%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1890%2FES10-00101.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21575">"Beach Grass Removal Project"</a>. <i>California Department of Parks and Recreation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Beach+Grass+Removal+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D21575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001754369">"Calamagrostis epigejos x Ammophila arenaria = X Calammophila baltica (Flüggé ex Schrad.) Brand"</a>. National Biodiversity Network (UK).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calamagrostis+epigejos+x+Ammophila+arenaria+%3D+X+Calammophila+baltica+%28Fl%C3%BCgg%C3%A9+ex+Schrad.%29+Brand&rft.pub=National+Biodiversity+Network+%28UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.nbn.org.uk%2FTaxa%2FNHMSYS0001754369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=185263">"<i>Ammophila champlainensis</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammophila+champlainensis&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D185263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The identification of Champlain beachgrass as a species that is distinct from <i>A. breviligulata</i> is still under investigation, and some authors consider Champlain beachgrass to be a subspecies <i>A. breviligulata</i> ssp. <i>champlainensis</i> (Seymour) P.J. Walker, C.A. Paris & Barrington ex Barkworth. Recent work on morphological differences between varying populations assigned to <i>A. breviligulata</i> and to <i>A. champlainensis</i> do not support the assignment of a distinct species for the latter specimens, despite significant differences. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelisle-OldhamOldham,_M._J.Catling,_P._M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Delisle-Oldham, M. B.; Oldham, M. J.; Catling, P. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.3119%2F07-07.1&ct=1">"Taxonomic Recognition of Ammophila champlainensis and Morphological Variation in Northeastern North American Ammophila (Poaceae)"</a>. <i>Rhodora</i>. <b>110</b> (942): 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3119%2F07-07.1">10.3119/07-07.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86593875">86593875</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York Natural Heritage Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champlain+Beachgrass+Guide&rft.pub=New+York+Natural+Heritage+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acris.nynhp.org%2Fguide.php%3Fid%3D9716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viborg, E. (1788) Efterretning om Sandvexterne og deres Anvendelse til at dæmpe Sandflugten paa Vesterkanten af Jylland. <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">København</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/efterretningoms00vibogoog">Full text (in Danish)</a>(Subsequent <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation: Beschreibung der Sandgewächse und ihrer Anwendung zur Hemmung des Flugsandes auf der Küste von Jütland etc. Viborg, Erich Aus dem Dänischen von J. Petersen. Kopenhagen, 1789)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andresen, C. C. 1861. Om Klitformationen og Klittens Behandling og Bestyrelse. - P.G. Philipsens Forlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFcDAAAAYAAJ&q=Andresen,+C.+C.+1861.+Om+Klitformationen.">Full text (in Danish)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimingham1964" class="citation book cs1">Gimingham, C. H. (1964). "Maritime and sub-maritime communities". In Burnett, J. H. (ed.). <i>The Vegetation of Scotland</i>. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 67–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+and+sub-maritime+communities&rft.btitle=The+Vegetation+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pages=67-142&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gimingham&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmophila+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammophila_(plant)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ammophila_(plant)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ammophila (plant)">Ammophila (plant)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccc.ca.gov"><i>California Conservation Corps</i></a><i>, spearhead of </i>Ammophila<i> removal efforts in California.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8799">Jepson Manual Treatment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ammophila</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21130" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21130">Q21130</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ammophila_(Poaceae)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ammophila (Poaceae)">Ammophila (Poaceae)</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188010">188010</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/85970">85970</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Ammophila">Ammophila</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AMOG">1AMOG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/20952">20952</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Ammophila">Ammophila</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2703794">2703794</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/gen00028">gen00028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=532">532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/83951">83951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30207324-2">30207324-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1284557">1284557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40447">40447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000455877">NHMSYS0000455877</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=95188">95188</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/9e1c5c6f-a62f-402f-b73f-65b8438ecc40">9e1c5c6f-a62f-402f-b73f-65b8438ecc40</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=345181">345181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/AMMOP">AMMOP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30207324-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30207324-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40012128">40012128</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/811">811</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/3c2ff0ba-7d7b-4836-8485-a71b3cb1938c">3c2ff0ba-7d7b-4836-8485-a71b3cb1938c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000001630">wfo-4000001630</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=403901">403901</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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