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class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>After independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Houari Boumédiène</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumediène – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Houari Boumediène" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هواري بومدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هواري بومدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huari_Bumedyen" title="Huari Bumedyen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Huari Bumedyen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хуары Бумедзьен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хуары Бумедзьен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedienne" title="Houari Boumedienne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Houari Boumedienne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedienne" title="Houari Boumedienne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Houari Boumedienne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Χουαρί Μπουμεντιέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χουαρί Μπουμεντιέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" title="Houari Boumediene – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Houari Boumediene" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" title="Houari Boumediene – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Houari Boumediene" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هواری بومدین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواری بومدین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B6%80%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%EC%97%94" title="우아리 부메디엔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우아리 부메디엔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9dienne" title="Houari Boumédienne – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Houari Boumédienne" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9dienne" title="Houari Boumédienne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Houari Boumédienne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הווארי בומדיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הווארי בומדיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хуари Бумедьен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хуари Бумедьен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedienne" title="Houari Boumedienne – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Houari Boumedienne" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huari_Bumedjenas" title="Huari Bumedjenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Huari Bumedjenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰუარი ბუმედიენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰუარი ბუმედიენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هوارى بومدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوارى بومدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9dienne" title="Houari Boumédienne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houari Boumédienne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvariy_Bumiddin" title="Huvariy Bumiddin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huvariy Bumiddin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حواری بومدین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حواری بومدین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huari_Bumedien" title="Huari Bumedien – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Huari Bumedien" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumedienne" title="Houari Boumedienne – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Houari Boumedienne" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бумедьен, Хуари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бумедьен, Хуари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%86" title="ھواری بومێدیێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھواری بومێدیێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хуари Бумедијен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуари Бумедијен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Houari Boumédiène" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Houari Boumédiène</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هواري بومدين</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/220px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/330px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Boumédiène in 1978</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1976 – 27 December 1978</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council</i>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)" title="Revolutionary Council (Algeria)">Revolutionary Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>as President</i>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>as President</i>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Chair" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 September 1973 – 16 August 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">William Gopallawa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity#Chairperson" title="Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 September 1968 – 6 September 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahmadou Ahidjo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Head of State of Algeria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of Staff</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1960–1962</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of Staff in the West</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1958–1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of the Wilaya 5</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1957–1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdelhafid_Boussouf" title="Abdelhafid Boussouf">Abdelhafid Boussouf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benali_Boudgh%C3%A8ne" title="Benali Boudghène">Benali Boudghène</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mohamed ben Brahim Boukherouba</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-08-23</span>)</span>23 August 1932<br /><a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-12-27)</span> (aged 46)<br /><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anissa al-Mansali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Houari Boumédiène</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/23px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/35px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/45px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> (1955–1962)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (1962–1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/23px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/35px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg/45px-Variant_flag_of_the_GPRA_%281958-1962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a> (1955–1962)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algerian People's National Army</a> (1962–1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1955–1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #D21034"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#006633;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/75px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/113px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/150px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#006633;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Houari Boumédiène</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_War_of_Independence">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Algerian_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Algerian crisis (page does not exist)">1962 Algerian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)" title="Revolutionary Council (Algeria)">Revolutionary Council</a> (1965–1976)<br /></li> <li>Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (1973–1976)<br /></li> <li>Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (1968–1969)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidency</b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 Algerian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Algerian coup d'état attempt">1967 Algerian coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li>Year of Arabization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_involvement_in_the_Yom_Kippur_War" title="Algerian involvement in the Yom Kippur War">Algerian involvement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Amgala" title="First Battle of Amgala">Amgala I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Amgala" title="Second Battle of Amgala">Amgala II</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Elections and referendums</b><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Algerian_National_Charter_referendum" title="1976 Algerian National Charter referendum">1976 Algerian National Charter referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Algerian_constitutional_referendum" title="1976 Algerian constitutional referendum">1976 Algerian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Algerian_presidential_election" title="1976 Algerian presidential election">1976 Algerian presidential election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Algeria_(1971-1976).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emblem_of_Algeria_%281971-1976%29.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Algeria_%281971-1976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Emblem_of_Algeria_%281971-1976%29.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Algeria_%281971-1976%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne_series" title="Template:Houari Boumédiène series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Houari Boumédiène series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houari Boumédiène series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Houari Boumédiène</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هواري بومدين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hawwārī Būmadyan</i></span>; born <b>Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> military officer and politician who was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">second head of state</a> of independent Algeria from 1965 until his death in 1978. He served as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)" title="Revolutionary Council (Algeria)">Revolutionary Council of Algeria</a> from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">president of Algeria</a> until his death. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>, he was educated at the Islamic Institute in Constantine. He joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> in 1955 and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">nom de guerre</a> Houari Boumediene. He received the rank of colonel and in 1960 became the commander of the military wing of the FLN. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a> appointed him Minister of Defense in 1961. He did not agree with Ben Bella's reforms, and later overthrew him in a <a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">bloodless coup</a> in June 1965 and put him under house arrest. He abolished the constitution and the parliament, and he himself was the chairman of the 27-member <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Algeria)" title="Revolutionary Council (Algeria)">Revolutionary Council</a>, the new institution that governed the state. The members of the council were mostly from the army. Initially he did not have much influence, but after a group of military officers attempted a coup and tried to overthrow him in 1967, he consolidated his power. The oil industry was nationalized in 1971. From the 1970s, a gradual restoration of parliamentarism and civil institutions in Algeria was initiated. This process ended with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1976_Algerian_constitutional_referendum" title="1976 Algerian constitutional referendum">new constitution</a> in 1976. The presidency was reinstated, and Boumediene was the sole candidate in <a href="/wiki/1976_Algerian_presidential_election" title="1976 Algerian presidential election">an election later that year</a>, winning with 99.46 per cent of the votes. He pursued <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabist</a> policies. He was strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and freedom fighters across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and Africa. </p><p>From the beginning of 1978, Boumediene appeared less and less in public. He died on December 27, 1978, after unsuccessful treatment for a rare form of blood cancer, <a href="/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m_macroglobulinemia" title="Waldenström macroglobulinemia">Waldenström's macroglobulinemia</a>. His funeral was attended by two million mourners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as president by <a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_War_of_Independence">Early life and War of Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_(Guelma_peovince).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg/220px-The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg/330px-The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg/440px-The_house_where_the_late_Algerian_President_Houari_Boumediene_was_born_%28Guelma_peovince%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>The house where Boumediene was born in Douar Beni Aadi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg/220px-Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg/330px-Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg/440px-Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne_-_War_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Boumediène during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not much is known about Boumédiène's early life. His place of birth variously appear as <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>, the village of Clauzel near Guelma, or <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liopolis,_Algeria" title="Héliopolis, Algeria">Héliopolis</a>, and his date of birth as 16 August 1925, 23 August 1927, or in most sources as 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father said in a 1965 interview that his date of birth was 23 August 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His birth name was Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba, and his father was a penniless wheat-farmer and a strict Muslim who did not speak French.<sup id="cite_ref-Horne2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EvansPhillips2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansPhillips2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>, his family is Arabic-speaking and of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at a Quranic school in Guelma until he was 14, then an Arabic secondary school in <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, when France was recruiting Algerians to fight in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">Indochina War</a>, Boumédiène went to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, where he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>. It was there he first met <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN) in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War of Independence</a> in 1955, adopting <i>Houari Boumédiène</i> as his <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">nom-de-guerre</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Sidi Boumediène</a>, the name of the patron saint of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in western Algeria, where he served as an officer during the war, and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" title="Sidi El Houari">Sidi El Houari</a>, the patron saint of nearby <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>). He reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>, then the highest rank in the FLN forces, and from 1960 he was chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de Libération Nationale">ALN</a>, the FLN's military wing. </p><p>He was married to Anissa al-Mansali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_independence">After independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: After independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg/230px-Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg/345px-Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg/460px-Ben_bella_and_Boumediene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, after <a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">a referendum</a>, Algeria <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria)" title="Independence Day (Algeria)">declared its independence, a move affirmed by the French government</a>. Boumédiène and Ahmed Ben Bella overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">provisional government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benyoucef_Benkhedda" title="Benyoucef Benkhedda">Benyoucef Benkhedda</a> with support from the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">ALN</a> in 1962. Boumédiène headed a powerful military faction within the government and was made defence minister by the Algerian president <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>, whose ascent to power he had assisted as chief of staff. Boumédiène was also appointed as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Algeria" title="Vice President of Algeria">Vice President of Algeria</a> in September 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-algeriancabinets_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-algeriancabinets-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew increasingly distrustful of Ben Bella's erratic style of government and ideological puritanism, and in June 1965, Boumédiène seized power in a bloodless <a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">coup</a>. </p><p>The country's constitution and political institutions were abolished, and he ruled through a Revolutionary Council of his own mostly military supporters. Many of them had been his companions during the war years, when he was based around the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> border town of <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>, which caused analysts to speak of the "<a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a>". One prominent member of this circle was Boumédiène's long-time foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, who served as Algeria's president from 1999 until 2019. </p><p>Initially, he was seen as potentially a weak leader, with no significant power base except inside the army, and it was not known to what extent he commanded the officer corps. He remained Algeria's undisputed leader until his death in 1978. No significant internal challenges emerged from inside the government after the 1967 coup attempt. After the coup, he insisted on collective rule.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg/220px-Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg/330px-Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg/440px-Houari-Boumediene-standing-in-a-row-with-the-other-politicians-391852507172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Houari Boumediene standing in a row with the other politicians, 1965.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv/220px--Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="632" data-mwtitle="Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv/Algerian_Economy_1972.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>1972 newsreel about Algeria under Boumédiène</figcaption></figure> <p>Economically, Boumédiène turned away from Ben Bella's focus on rural Algeria and experiments in socialist cooperative businesses (<i>l'<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">autogestion</a></i>). Instead, he opted for a more systematic and planned programme of state-driven industrialization. Algeria had virtually no advanced production at the time, but in 1971 Boumédiène nationalized the Algerian oil industry, increasing government revenue tremendously (and sparking intense protest from the French government). He then put the soaring oil and gas resources—enhanced by the oil price shock of 1973—into building heavy industry, hoping to make Algeria the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>'s industrial centre. His years in power were in fact marked by a reliable and consistent economic growth, but after his death, in the 1980s, the drop in oil prices and increasingly evident inefficiency of the country's state-run industries, prompted a change in policy towards gradual economical <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>. Boumédiène imposed <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a> as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and was more assertive than Ben Bella in Arabizing Algeria, especially between 1970 and 1977, and declared 1971 the year of Arabization.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, along with the expansion of state industry and oil nationalization, Boumédiène declared a series of socialist revolutions, and strengthened the leftist aspect of his administration. A side-effect of this was the rapprochement with the hitherto suppressed remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Communist_Party" title="Algerian Communist Party">Algerian Communist Party</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Movement_(Algeria)" title="Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria)">PAGS</a>), whose members were now co-opted into the government, where it gained some limited intellectual influence, although without formal legalization of their party. Algeria formally remained a single-party state under the FLN. </p><p>Political stability reigned, however, as attempts at challenging the state were generally nipped in the bud. As chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène and his associates ruled by decree. During the 1970s, constitutional rule was gradually reinstated and civilian political institutions were restored and reorganized. Efforts were made to revive activity within the FLN, and state institutions were reestablished systematically, starting with local assemblies and moving up through regional assemblies to the national level, with the election of a parliament. The process culminated with the adoption of a constitution (1976) that laid down Algeria's political structure. This was preceded by a period of relatively open debate on the merits of the government-backed proposal, although the constitution itself was then adopted in a state-controlled referendum with no major changes. The constitution reintroduced the office of president. As the leader of the FLN, Boumédiène was the sole candidate for president, and was confirmed in office in a December referendum. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg/160px-BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg/240px-BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg/320px-BENZAZA_BOUMEDIENE_CASTRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of his death, later that year, the political and constitutional order in Algeria was virtually entirely of FLN design. This structure remained largely unchanged until the late 1980s, when political pluralism was introduced and the FLN lost its role as dominant single party. (Many basic aspects of this system and the Boumédiène-era constitution are still in place.) However, throughout Boumédiène's era, the military remained the dominant force in the country's politics, and military influence permeated civilian institutions such as the FLN, parliament and government, undercutting the constitutionalization of the country's politics. Intense financial or political rivalries between military and political factions persisted, and was kept in check and prevented from destabilizing the government mainly by Boumédiène's overwhelming personal dominance of both the civilian and military sphere. </p><p>Algeria experienced significant economic and social development under his government. Between 1962 and 1982, the Algerian population increased from 10 to 20 million people and, massively rural before independence, 45% of the population was urbanized. Annual per capita income, which did not exceed 2,000 francs in 1962, exceeds 11,000 francs twenty years later, while the enrolment rate varies from 75 to 95% depending on the region, far from the 10% of French Algeria. However, Boumédiène’s regime prioritized industrial development, which led it neglecting agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boumédiène pursued a policy of non-alignment, maintaining good relations with both the communist bloc and the capitalist nations, and promoting third-world cooperation. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, he called for a unity built on equal status for western and ex-colonial nations, and brought about by a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>-style change in political and trade relations. He sought to build a powerful third world bloc through the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, in which he became a prominent figure. He unconditionally supported freedom fighters, justice and equality seekers. He offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and other militant groups across Africa and the Arab world, including the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">PLO</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> and other nations. </p><p>Algeria remained strongly opposed to Israel and a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> cause. In the early 1970s, Boumédiène famously said: "We are with Palestinians, whether they are the oppressed or the oppressor”.<sup id="cite_ref-Linah_Alsaafin_2021_l251_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linah_Alsaafin_2021_l251-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algeria reinforced the Arab coalition with air forces against Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, and sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> in 1973, where Algerian fighter jets participated in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis. It also deposited $200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the US support for Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Algeria severed diplomatic ties with USA. It participated in the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 oil embargo">1973 oil embargo</a> after the US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Egypt's normalization of ties with Israel, Algeria along with other Arab countries condemned <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> and severed ties with Egypt in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algeria bought the majority of arms from the Soviet Union. </p><p>A significant regional event was his 1975 pledge of support for <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Saharan</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, admitting <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a> refugees and the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> national <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a> to Algerian territory, after <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> claimed control over the territory. This ended the possibility of mending relations with Morocco, already sour after the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a>, although there had been a modest thaw in relations during his first time in power. The heightened Moroccan-Algerian rivalry and the still unsolved Western Sahara question became a defining feature of Algerian foreign policy ever since and remains so today. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser,_Aref,_Boumieddin,_Atassi,_Azhari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arab heads of state in Cairo to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif, Boumediene, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, Syrian president Nureddin al-Atassi and Sudanese president Ismail al-Azhari, July 1967"><img alt="Arab heads of state in Cairo to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif, Boumediene, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, Syrian president Nureddin al-Atassi and Sudanese president Ismail al-Azhari, July 1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg/200px-Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg/300px-Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg/400px-Nasser%2C_Aref%2C_Boumieddin%2C_Atassi%2C_Azhari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arab heads of state in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>, Boumediene, Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a> and Sudanese president <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Azhari" title="Ismail al-Azhari">Ismail al-Azhari</a>, July 1967</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boumédiène in 1972"><img alt="Boumédiène in 1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Houari_Boumediene.jpg/186px-Houari_Boumediene.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Houari_Boumediene.jpg/279px-Houari_Boumediene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Houari_Boumediene.jpg/372px-Houari_Boumediene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boumédiène in 1972</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1975 Algiers Agreement was signed by (left to right) the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president Saddam Hussein"><img alt="The 1975 Algiers Agreement was signed by (left to right) the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president Saddam Hussein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg/200px-1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg/300px-1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg/400px-1975_Algiers_Agreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a> was signed by (left to right) the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi, Boumediene and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad in Tripoli, 1977"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg/200px-Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg/300px-Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg/400px-Gaddafi-Boumedienne-Assad-1977-Tripolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Libyan Leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, Boumediene and Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, 1977</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, his appearances became increasingly rare. After lingering in a coma for 39 days, he died in Algiers of a rare blood disease, <a href="/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m%27s_macroglobulinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenström's macroglobulinemia">Waldenström's macroglobulinemia</a>, following unsuccessful treatment in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Rumors about his being assassinated or poisoned have surfaced occasionally in Algerian politics,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> especially after two other participants of the <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a> events — <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">the Shah</a> (d. 1980) and his Minister of Court <a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Alam" title="Asadollah Alam">Asadollah Alam</a> (d. 1978) — also died of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> around the same time. The death of Boumédiène left a power vacuum in Algeria which could not easily be filled; a series of military conclaves eventually agreed to sidestep the competing left- and right-wing contenders, and designate the highest-ranking military officer, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a>, as a compromise selection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boumédiène's state funeral took place in Algiers on 29 December 1978. A crowd of two million mourners attended, breaking through police cordons and blocking the routes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Algerian government promised to continue his socialist revolution and declared 90 days of official mourning. Despite their differences over the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a>, Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> paid tribute to Boumédiène and said he received the news of his death "with sorrow and sadness" and sent a delegation to attend the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLO leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> attended the funeral with the second in command of his <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> guerrilla organization, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Khalaf" title="Salah Khalaf">Abu Iyad</a>, who had built close relations with Boumédiène.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> expressed deep regret and said that Boumédiène "played an outstanding role in Algeria's long struggle for independence. His devotion to duty and his contributions as an international statesman are well known. But it is for his efforts to help create and strengthen an independent, self-sufficient Algerian nation that he will be most remembered".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large United States delegation attended, which included <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet press praised Boumédiène as "a great friend of the Soviet Union" and that he had "made a great contribution to Algeria's social and economic progress."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_(Algeria)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/70px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/105px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/140px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Athir_v.1_%28Algeria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Algeria)" title="National Order of Merit (Algeria)">National Order of Merit</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/70px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_(Maroc).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/70px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/105px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/140px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene_Airport" title="Houari Boumediene Airport">Houari Boumediene Airport</a>, an airport near Algiers named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9dienne_District" title="Houari Boumédienne District">Houari Boumédienne District</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">district</a> in his native <a href="/wiki/Guelma_Province" title="Guelma Province">Guelma Province</a> named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mouradia_Palace" title="El Mouradia Palace">El Mouradia Palace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also transcribed <b>Boumediene</b> and <b>Boumedienne</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد بن إبراهيم بوخروبة</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/28/algerians-mourn-death-of-boumediene/8dde9acb-74af-4b47-a862-08f5569062ae/">"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Algerians+Mourn+Death+of+Boumediene&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F12%2F28%2Falgerians-mourn-death-of-boumediene%2F8dde9acb-74af-4b47-a862-08f5569062ae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_M._Leonard2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=We-OAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"><i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20515-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20515-7"><bdi>978-1-135-20515-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-135-20515-7&rft.au=Thomas+M.+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWe-OAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation news cs1">Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/">"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108184653/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/12/28/houari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist/9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Houari+Boumediene%3A+Ideologue+and+Pragmatist&rft.date=1978-12-28&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1978%2F12%2F28%2Fhouari-boumediene-ideologue-and-pragmatist%2F9a4d7b8c-b241-4a9f-a691-94278062ce68%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horne2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horne2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlistair_Horne2012" class="citation book cs1">Alistair Horne (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4-UHiZTlpMC&pg=PR29"><i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i></a>. Pan Macmillan. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-3343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-3343-5"><bdi>978-1-4472-3343-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-3343-5&rft.au=Alistair+Horne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4-UHiZTlpMC%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansPhillips2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvansPhillips2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_EvansJohn_Phillips2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin Evans; John Phillips (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6J5WNbL9e4C&pg=PA65"><i>Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10881-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10881-1"><bdi>978-0-300-10881-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria%3A+Anger+of+the+Dispossessed&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10881-1&rft.au=Martin+Evans&rft.au=John+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6J5WNbL9e4C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozzo2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bozzo, Anna (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353">"Boumedienne, Houari"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> (3rd ed.). Brill Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801174613/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/boumedienne-houari-COM_24353">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boumedienne%2C+Houari&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Bozzo&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fboumedienne-houari-COM_24353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-algeriancabinets-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-algeriancabinets_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttawayOttawayOttaway1970" class="citation web cs1">Ottaway, Professor Marina; Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (December 15, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp8IfVxOcEQC&pg=PA294">"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution"</a>. University of California Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144545/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp8IfVxOcEQC&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria%3A+The+Politics+of+a+Socialist+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970-12-15&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Professor+Marina&rft.au=Ottaway%2C+David&rft.au=Ottaway%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBp8IfVxOcEQC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1968" class="citation journal cs1">John, Peter St. (1968). "Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences". <i>The World Today</i>. <b>24</b> (7). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 290–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394141">40394141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Today&rft.atitle=Independent+Algeria+from+Ben+Bella+to+Boum%C3%A9dienne%3A+I.+The+Counter-Revolution+and+Its+Consequences&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=290-296&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40394141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Peter+St.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalih2009" class="citation book cs1">Salih, M. (2009-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dY-_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Interpreting Islamic Political Parties</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10077-0"><bdi>978-0-230-10077-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113621/https://books.google.com/books?id=dY-_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Islamic+Political+Parties&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10077-0&rft.aulast=Salih&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdY-_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnaji2014" class="citation book cs1">Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRJgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81362-0"><bdi>978-1-317-81362-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406154210/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRJgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+and+Democracy+in+North+Africa%3A+Aftermath+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81362-0&rft.aulast=Ennaji&rft.aufirst=Moha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRJgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linah_Alsaafin_2021_l251-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linah_Alsaafin_2021_l251_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinah_Alsaafin2021" class="citation web cs1">Linah Alsaafin, Ramy Allahoum (20 Dec 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/algeria-palestine-football-arab-cup-2021">"What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123165350/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/algeria-palestine-football-arab-cup-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 Nov</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What+is+behind+Algeria+and+Palestine%27s+footballing+love+affair%3F&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.aulast=Linah+Alsaafin&rft.aufirst=Ramy+Allahoum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F12%2F20%2Falgeria-palestine-football-arab-cup-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShazly2003" class="citation book cs1">Shazly, Saad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54538606"><i>The crossing of the Suez</i></a> (Revised ed.). San Francisco: American Mideast Research. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9604562-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9604562-0-1"><bdi>0-9604562-0-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54538606">54538606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144656/https://search.worldcat.org/title/54538606">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crossing+of+the+Suez&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=American+Mideast+Research&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54538606&rft.isbn=0-9604562-0-1&rft.aulast=Shazly&rft.aufirst=Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54538606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssessment1977" class="citation book cs1">Assessment, United States Congress Office of Technology (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas</i></a>. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404191417/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transportation+of+Liquefied+Natural+Gas&rft.pub=Congress%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Assessment&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+Office+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiEdAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1977" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/06/archives/hardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html">"Hard-Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165352/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/06/archives/hardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hard-Line+Arab+Bloc+Is+Formed+at+Tripoli&rft.date=1977-12-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Marvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F12%2F06%2Farchives%2Fhardline-arab-bloc-is-formed-at-tripoli-apparently-at-syrias-behest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506091059/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html">"New Leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 1979-02-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920107,00.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=New+Leader&rft.date=1979-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C920107%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/">"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE"</a>. <i>British Pathé</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228134836/https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.atitle=ALGERIA%3A+ABOUT+ONE+MILLION+MOURNERS+DISRUPT+FUNERAL+OF+LATE+PRESIDENT+HOUARI+BOUMEDIENNE.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fasset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1978" class="citation news cs1">Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html">"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328120921/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/29/archives/algerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Algerians+Mourn+at+Boumediene%27s+Bier&rft.date=1978-12-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=James+M.+Markham+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F12%2F29%2Farchives%2Falgerians-mourn-at-boumedienes-bier-arafat-and-alde-attend-muhammad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilcote1986" class="citation book cs1">Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986). <i>Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature</i>. Kraus International Publications. p. 910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780527168247" title="Special:BookSources/9780527168247"><bdi>9780527168247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+1953-1978%3A+A+Bibliographic+Guide+to+the+Literature&rft.pages=910&rft.pub=Kraus+International+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780527168247&rft.aulast=Chilcote&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assafir24.ma/100627/">"لمَّا اعترف "هواري بومدين" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار"</a>. <i>assafir24.ma</i> (in Arabic). 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325111613/https://assafir24.ma/100627/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assafir24.ma&rft.atitle=%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81+%22%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%22+%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassafir24.ma%2F100627%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouari+Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau, <i>La Stratégie de Boumédiène</i>, Simbad, 1978</li> <li>Francos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni, <i>Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène</i>, Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976</li> <li>Minces, Juliette, <i>L'Algérie de Boumediène</i>, Presses de la Cité, 1978</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Houari_Boumediene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/Le-regne-de-Houari-Boumediene">Le règne de Houari Boumediène</a>, <i>El Watan</i>, 27 décembre 2008</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Arabic)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/avectoisegolene/video/xv3dy_houari-boumediene">Video clip of a speech by Houari Boumédiène</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a> </b><br />1965–1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Interim</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical rulers of Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty#List_of_rulers" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid rulers</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a><br />(1235–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayyan_I" title="Abu Zayyan I">Abu Zayyan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_I" title="Abu Hammu I">Abu Hammu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashufin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid I (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_II" title="Abu Hammu II">Abu Hammu II Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_Muhammad_II_ibn_Uthman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin II (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid II (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abul_Hadjdjadj_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abul Hadjdjadj I (page does not exist)">Abul Hadjdjadj I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan II (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh I (page does not exist)">Abu Muh I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah I (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_er_Rahman_I_bin_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_I_bin_Abu_Tashufin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said I bin Abu Tashufin (page does not exist)">Said I bin Abu Tashufin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Malek_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Malek I (page does not exist)">Abu Malek I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah II (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abbas_Ahmad_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abbas Ahmad I (page does not exist)">Abu Abbas Ahmad I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah III (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin III (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_IV" title="Abu Abdallah IV">Abu Abdallah IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_V" title="Abu Abdallah V">Abu Abdallah V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu III (page does not exist)">Abu Hammu III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh II (page does not exist)">Abu Muh II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah VI (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan III (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hassan_ben_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Hassan ben Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Al Hassan ben Abu Muh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman governors of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a><br />(1517–1710)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalifa_Saffah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalifa Saffah (page does not exist)">Khalifa Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Tekkelerli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Tekkelerli (page does not exist)">Mehmed Tekkelerli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf I Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahyia_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahyia Pasha (page does not exist)">Yahyia Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Kh%C3%BCsro_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Khüsro Aga (page does not exist)">Hasan Khüsro Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Bostandji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Bostandji (page does not exist)">Ahmed Bostandji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pasha_Qabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Pasha Qabia (page does not exist)">Ahmad Pasha Qabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhamad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occiali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occiali (page does not exist)">Uluç Ali Reis</a></li> <li>Mehmet Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Arab Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramdan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramdan Pasha (page does not exist)">Ramdan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djafar_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djafar Pasha (page does not exist)">Djafar Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mami_Muhammad_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mami Muhammad Pasha (page does not exist)">Mami Muhammad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dali_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dali Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Dali Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hızır Pasha (page does not exist)">Hızır Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Shaban_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Shaban Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Shaban Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daly_Hassan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daly Hassan Pasha (page does not exist)">Daly Hassan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Pasha (page does not exist)">Soliman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_the_eunuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II the eunuch (page does not exist)">Muhammad II the eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha II Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizvan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizvan Pasha (page does not exist)">Rizvan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6se_Mustafa_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köse Mustafa Pacha (page does not exist)">Köse Mustafa Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Hasan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha IV Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Katanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Katanya (page does not exist)">Soliman Katanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassan_Kaid_Ko%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassan Kaid Koça (page does not exist)">Kassan Kaid Koça</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hizir_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hizir Pasha (page does not exist)">Hizir Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa III Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustafa III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%BCsrev_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khüsrev Pacha (page does not exist)">Khüsrev Pacha</a></li> <li>Murat Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Khodja (page does not exist)">Hassan Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf II Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Bursali_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Bursali Pacha (page does not exist)">Mahmud Bursali Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed I Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf III Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_Pasha_(Algiers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad Pasha (Algiers) (page does not exist)">Murad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzenak-Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzenak-Muhammad (page does not exist)">Buzenak-Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed II Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismail Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ismail Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil Aga (page does not exist)">Khalil Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan Aga (page does not exist)">Ramadan Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaban_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaban Aga (page does not exist)">Shaban Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Aga (page does not exist)">Ali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadj_Mohamed_Dey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadj Mohamed Dey (page does not exist)">Hadj Mohamed Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Hassan" title="Baba Hassan">Baba Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadj_Ahmed_Chabane" title="Hadj Ahmed Chabane">Ahmed Sharban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Ahmed_ben_al-Hadji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji (page does not exist)">Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Chaouch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Chaouch (page does not exist)">Hassan Chaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Mustapha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Mustapha (page does not exist)">Hadji Mustapha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Kodja (page does not exist)">Hussein Kodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bektach" title="Mohamed Bektach">Mohamed Bektach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Deli Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Deys</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a><br />(1710–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Chauch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Chauch">Ali I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_ben_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad III ben Hassan">Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdy_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdy Pasha (page does not exist)">Abdy Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Arslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Arslan (page does not exist)">Mohammed Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ben_Ramdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim ben Ramdan">Ibrahim III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutchuk_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutchuk Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Ibrahim IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_ibn_Bekir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed ibn Bekir (page does not exist)">Muhammad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba_Ali_Bou_Seb%C3%A2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba Ali Bou Sebâa (page does not exist)">Ali II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Muhammad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hassan" title="Sidi Hassan">Sidi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_ibn_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa ibn Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Mustapha II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Ali_Khodja" title="Ahmed bin Ali Khodja">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muhammad_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn Muhammad Khodja (page does not exist)">Ali III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Ali_ben_Khrelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Ali ben Khrelil">Ali IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammad_(Dey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Muhammad (Dey)">Mohammed Khaznadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_VI_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad VI ben Ali (page does not exist)">Muhammad VI ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">Governors</a><br /> of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a><br />(1830–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Auguste-Victor,_Count_de_Ghaisnes_de_Bourmont" title="Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont">Louis-Auguste-Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthez%C3%A8ne" title="Pierre Berthezène">Pierre Berthezène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Voirol,_Baron_Voirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Théophile Voirol, Baron Voirol">Théophile Voirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont" title="Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont">Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Charles_Val%C3%A9e" title="Sylvain Charles Valée">Sylvain Charles Valée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" title="Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Juchault de Lamoricière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Marie Alphonse Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Th%C3%A9odule_Changarnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Théodule Changarnier">Nicolas Théodule Changarnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viala_Charon" title="Viala Charon">Viala Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimable_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Aimable Pélissier">Aimable Pélissier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Joseph_Charles_Paul_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte">Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_de_Martimprey" title="Edmond-Charles de Martimprey">Edmond-Charles de Martimprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Alfred_Durrieu" title="François Louis Alfred Durrieu">François Louis Alfred Durrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Walsin-Esterhazy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Walsin-Esterhazy (page does not exist)">Jean Walsin-Esterhazy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri-Gabriel_Didier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri-Gabriel Didier (page does not exist)">Henri-Gabriel Didier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Bouzet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Bouzet (page does not exist)">Charles de Bouzet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romuald_Vuillermoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romuald Vuillermoz (page does not exist)">Romuald Vuillermoz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Lambert (page does not exist)">Alexis Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_de_Gueydon" title="Louis Henri de Gueydon">Louis Henri de Gueydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Chanzy" title="Antoine Chanzy">Antoine Chanzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Albert Grévy">Albert Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Tirman" title="Louis Tirman">Louis Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Loze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Loze (page does not exist)">Auguste Loze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9pine" title="Louis Lépine">Louis Lépine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Édouard Laferrière">Édouard Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Charles Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9voil" title="Paul Révoil">Paul Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Varnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Varnier (page does not exist)">Maurice Varnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lutaud" title="Charles Lutaud">Charles Lutaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Abel" title="Jean-Baptiste Abel">Jean-Baptiste Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Dubief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Dubief (page does not exist)">Henri Dubief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Viollette" title="Maurice Viollette">Maurice Viollette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bordes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bordes (page does not exist)">Pierre Bordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-Gaston_Henri_Carde" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules-Gaston Henri Carde">Jules-Gaston Henri Carde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_le_Beau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges le Beau (page does not exist)">Georges le Beau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Charles_Abrial" title="Jean-Marie Charles Abrial">Jean-Marie Charles Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves-Charles_Chatel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves-Charles Chatel (page does not exist)">Yves-Charles Chatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Peyrouton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton">Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chataigneau" title="Yves Chataigneau">Yves Chataigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Naegelen" title="Marcel-Edmond Naegelen">Marcel-Edmond Naegelen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_L%C3%A9onard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Léonard (page does not exist)">Roger Léonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Robert Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Mutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Mutter (page does not exist)">André Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Albin_Louis_Salan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Albin Louis Salan">Raoul Salan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Albert_Louis_Delouvrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier (page does not exist)">Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Morin_(Delegate-General)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Morin (Delegate-General) (page does not exist)">Jean Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fouchet" title="Christian Fouchet">Christian Fouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">Presidents</a> of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Republic of Algeria</a><br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s" title="Abderrahmane Farès">Abderrahmane Farès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houari Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Benhabyles" title="Abdelmalek Benhabyles">Abdelmalek Benhabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kafi" title="Ali Kafi">Ali Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Bensalah" title="Abdelkader Bensalah">Abdelkader Bensalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Algeria_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Algeria" title="Template:Presidents of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Presidents of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Algeria_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">Presidents of Algeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s" title="Abderrahmane Farès">Abderrahmane Farès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houari Boumédiène</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Benhabyles" title="Abdelmalek Benhabyles">Abdelmalek Benhabyles</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kafi" title="Ali Kafi">Ali Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Bensalah" title="Abdelkader Bensalah">Abdelkader Bensalah</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President of Algeria"><img alt="Standard of the President of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*<span style="font-size:85%;">interim</span><span class="nowrap">     </span>†<span style="font-size:85%;">military</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:1%">Organisation of<br />African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template talk:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Chair" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">Gopallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Drnovšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Kosti%C4%87" title="Branko Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Ćosić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">R. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Tantawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79122917">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/254752130">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427331/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjB443xy8wk9BB6qyKHhwP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118659510">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78027600">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582251">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62d4wd7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boumédiène&oldid=1252654615">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houari_Boumédiène&oldid=1252654615</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Algeria" title="Category:Presidents 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