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Guam prior to European contact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guam_prior_to_European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Chamoru_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Chamoru_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient Chamoru society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Chamoru_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Latte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spanish era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magellan's_first_encounter_with_Guam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magellan's_first_encounter_with_Guam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Magellan's first encounter with Guam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magellan's_first_encounter_with_Guam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_the_Jesuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_the_Jesuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expulsion of the Jesuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_the_Jesuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-Napoleonic era</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Guam" title="Histoire de Guam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Guam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Guam" title="Sejarah Guam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Guam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Guam" title="Geschiedenis van Guam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Guam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Guam" title="História de Guam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Guam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="История Гуама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Гуама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="關島歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="關島歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Guam" title="Special:EditPage/History of Guam">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Guam" title="Talk:History of Guam">talk 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Guam" title="Special:EditPage/History of Guam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Guam%22">"History of Guam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Guam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Guam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Guam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Guam%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Guam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Guam</b> starts with the early arrival around 2000 BC of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a> known today as the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Peoples</a>. The Chamorus then developed a "pre-contact" society, that was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">colonized by the Spanish</a> in the 17th century. The present <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> rule of the island began with the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam's</a> history of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> is the longest among the Pacific islands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guam_prior_to_European_contact">Guam prior to European contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Guam prior to European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrations">Migrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands#History" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="History of the Federated States of Micronesia">History of the Federated States of Micronesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/330px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/495px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/660px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian migrations</a> into the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mariana Islands were the first islands settled by humans in <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>. Incidentally it is also the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> into Remote Oceania, and is separate from the later <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesian</a> settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC by migrants departing from the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hung_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hung-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zotomayor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zotomayor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological studies of human activity on the islands has revealed potteries with red-slipped, circle-stamped and punctate-stamped designs found in the Mariana Islands dating between 1500 and 1400 BC. These artifacts show similar aesthetics to pottery found in Northern and Central Philippines, the Nagsabaran (<a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a>) pottery, which flourished during the period between 2000 and 1300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hung_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hung-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparative and historical linguistics also indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamoru language</a> is most closely related to the Indonesian Malayan subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> subfamily of the languages of the rest of Remote Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-Hung_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hung-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carson2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carson2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadao_Guam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gadao_Guam.jpg/220px-Gadao_Guam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gadao_Guam.jpg/330px-Gadao_Guam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gadao_Guam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Chief <a href="/wiki/Gadao" title="Gadao">Gadao</a> is featured in many legends about Guam before European colonization.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">Mitchondrial DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> of the Chamoru people strongly support Philippine ancestry. Genetic analysis of pre-<a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone"><i>Latte</i> period</a> skeletons in Guam also show that they do not have <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> ancestry which rules out origins from the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, or eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> itself (the ancestral branch of the Polynesian migrations) is younger than the first settlement of the Marianas (the earliest Lapita artifacts are dated to around 1350 to 1300 BCE), indicating that they originated from separate migration voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vilar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, DNA analysis also shows a close genetic relationship between ancient settlers of the Marianas and early Lapita settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>. This may indicate that both the Lapita culture and the Marianas were settled by direct migrations from the Philippines, or that early settlers from the Marianas voyaged further southwards into the Bismarcks and reconnected with the Lapita people.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugach_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marianas also later established contact and received migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> at around the first millennium CE. This brought new pottery styles, language, genes, and the hybrid Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period 900 to 1700 CE of the Marianas, immediately before and during the Spanish colonization, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone"><i>Latte</i> period</a>. It is characterized by rapid cultural change, most notably by the massive <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> <i>latte</i> stones (also spelled <i>latde</i> or <i>latti</i>). These were composed of the <i>haligi</i> pillars capped with another stone called <i>tasa</i> (which prevented rodents from climbing the posts). These served as supports for the rest of the structure which was made of wood. Remains of structures made with similar wooden posts have also been found. Human graves have also been found in front of <i>latte</i> structures. The <i>Latte</i> period was also characterized by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> agriculture, which is unique in the pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laguana_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laguana-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for these changes are still unclear, but it is believed that it may have resulted from a third wave of migrants from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>. Comparisons with other architectural traditions makes it likely that this third migration wave were again from the Philippines, or from eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>), all of which have a tradition of raised buildings with capstones. Interestingly, the word <i>haligi</i> ("pillar") is also used in various languages throughout the Philippines; while the Chamoru word <i>guma</i> ("house") closely resembles the Sumba word <i>uma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laguana_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laguana-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Chamoru_society">Ancient Chamoru society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Chamoru society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/220px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/330px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg/440px-Ancient_Chamorro_Society_-_Pellion_-_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>1819 illustration depicting the three Chamoru castes</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of what is known about Pre-Contact ("Ancient") Chamorus comes from legends and myths, archaeological evidence, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> accounts, and observations from visiting scientists like <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Otto von Kotzebue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Freycinet" title="Louis de Freycinet">Louis de Freycinet</a>. </p><p>When Europeans first arrived on Guam, Chamoru society roughly fell into three classes: <i>matao</i> (upper class), <i>achaot</i> (middle class), and <i>mana'chang</i> (lower class). The matao lived in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds while the mana'chang lived in the interior of the island. Matao and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matao often used achaot as a go-between. </p><p>There were also "makhanas" (shamans) and "suruhanus" (herb doctors), skilled in healing and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called <i><a href="/wiki/Taotao_Mona" title="Taotao Mona">Taotao Mona</a></i> still persists as remnant of pre-European society. Early European explorers noted the <a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">sakman</a>, the Chamoru fast sailing vessel used for trading with other islands of Micronesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latte">Latte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Latte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaputoBeachSite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/HaputoBeachSite.jpg/220px-HaputoBeachSite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/HaputoBeachSite.jpg/330px-HaputoBeachSite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/HaputoBeachSite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte stone</a> from a northern beach</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latte_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Latte stones">latte stones</a> were not a recent development in Contact Chamoru society. The latte stone consists of a head and a base shaped out of limestone. Like the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> statues, there is plenty of speculation over how this was done by a society without machines or metal, but the generally accepted view is that the head and base were etched out of the ground by sharp adzes and picks (possibly with the use of fire), and carried to the assembly area by an elaborate system of ropes and logs. The latte stone was used as a part of the raised foundation for a magalahi (matao chief) house, although they may have also been used for canoe sheds. </p><p>Archaeologists using carbon-dating have broken Pre-Contact Guam (i.e. Chamoru) history into three periods: "Pre-Latte" (BC 2000? to AD 1) "Transitional Pre-Latte" (AD 1 to AD 1000), and "Latte" (AD 1000 to AD 1521). Archaeological evidence also suggests that Chamoru society was on the verge of another transition phase by 1521, as latte stones became bigger. </p><p>Assuming the stones were used for chiefly houses, it can be argued that Chamoru society was becoming more stratified, either from population growth or the arrival of new people. The theory remains tenuous, however, due to lack of evidence, but if proven correct, will further support the idea that Pre-Contact Chamorus lived in a vibrant and dynamic environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magellan's_first_encounter_with_Guam"><span id="Magellan.27s_first_encounter_with_Guam"></span>Magellan's first encounter with Guam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magellan's first encounter with Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands,_ca._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/220px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/330px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/440px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Reception of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila Galleon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamoru</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Ladrones Islands</a>, ca. 1590 <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known contact between <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and Europeans occurred with the arrival of a Spanish expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>. His three-ship fleet arrived on March 6, 1521, after a long voyage across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, from Spain. History credits the village of <a href="/wiki/Umatac,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatac, Guam">Umatac</a> as his landing place, but drawings from the navigator's diary suggest that Magellan may have landed in <a href="/wiki/Tumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumon">Tumon</a> in northern Guam. The expedition had started out in Spain with five ships. By the time they reached the Marianas, they were down to three ships and barely half the crew, due to storms, disease, and mutiny in one ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacific_Worlds_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Worlds-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Magellan's fleet arrived at Guam, they were greeted by hundreds of small <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoes</a> that appeared to be flying over the water due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">proas</a> and resulted in Magellan naming Guam <i>Islas de las Velas Latinas</i> ("Islands of the <a href="/wiki/Lateen_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateen sail">Lateen sails</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> (one of 18 crewmen who completed the voyage) wrote in his account that the name was "Island of Sails". </p><p>Tired and hungry from their long voyage, the crew prepared to go ashore and get food and water. However, the Chamorus had a different concept of ownership, based on subsistence living, and were very excited by the appearance of these strange vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> The Chamorus canoed out to the ships and began helping themselves to everything that was not nailed down to the deck of the galleons. "The aboriginals were willing to engage in barter... Their love of gain overcame every other consideration."<sup id="cite_ref-F.H.H_Guillemard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.H.H_Guillemard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigafetta wrote that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on," including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship."<sup id="cite_ref-Nowell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands <i>Islas de los Ladrones</i> ("Islands of thieves")."<sup id="cite_ref-Nowell_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>After a few shots were fired from the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_(ship)" title="Trinidad (ship)"><i>Trinidad</i></a>'s big guns, the natives were frightened off from the ship and retreated into the surrounding jungle. Magellan was eventually able to obtain rations and offered iron, a highly prized material, in exchange for fresh fruits, vegetables, and water. Details of this visit, the first in history between the Spanish and a Pacific island people, come from Pigafetta's journal.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacific_Worlds_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Worlds-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonization">Spanish colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish-Chamorro_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-Chamorro Wars">Spanish-Chamorro Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Spanish_Mariana_Islands" title="List of governors of the Spanish Mariana Islands">List of governors of the Spanish Mariana Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marianeninseln.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marianeninseln.png/220px-Marianeninseln.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marianeninseln.png/330px-Marianeninseln.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marianeninseln.png/440px-Marianeninseln.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>1845 depiction of a group of Chamorus fishing for a village</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until 1565 by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lopez_de_Legazpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Lopez de Legazpi">Miguel Lopez de Legazpi</a>. However, the island was not actually colonized until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Voyages_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyages-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 15, 1668, the <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> <i>San Diego</i> arrived at the island of Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Guam_Book_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Guam_Book-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries led by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Luis_de_San_Vitores" title="Diego Luis de San Vitores">Diego Luis de San Vitores</a> arrived on Guam to introduce <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and develop trade. The Spanish taught the Chamorus to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), raise cattle, and tan hides, as well as to adopt western-style clothing. They also introduced the Spanish language and culture. Once Christianity was established, the Catholic Church became the focal point for village activities, as in other Spanish cities. Since 1565, Guam had been a regular port-of-call for the Spanish galleons that crossed the Pacific Ocean from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guam_Online_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guam_Online-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chief_Quipuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Quipuha">Chief Quipuha</a> was the maga'lahi, or high ranking male, in the area of Hagåtña when the Spanish landed there in 1668. Quipuha welcomed the missionaries and consented to be baptized by Fr. San Vitores as Juan Quipuha. Quipuha granted the lands on which the first Catholic Church in Guam was constructed in 1669. Chief Quipuha died in 1669 but his policy of allowing the Spanish to establish a base on Guam had important consequences for the future of the island. It also facilitated the Manila <a href="/wiki/Galleon_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleon trade">Galleon trade</a>. </p><p>A few years later, Fr. San Vitores and his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a>, were killed by Chief <a href="/wiki/Matapang" class="mw-redirect" title="Matapang">Mata'pang</a> of Tomhom (<a href="/wiki/Tumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumon">Tumon</a>), allegedly for baptizing the Chief's baby girl without the Chief's consent. This was in April 1672. Many Chamorus at the time believed baptisms killed babies: because priests would baptize infants already near death (in the belief that this was the only way to save such children's souls), baptism seemed to many Chamorus to be the cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The death of Quipuha, and the murder of San Vitores and Calungsod, led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–74">: 68–74 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish-Chamorro_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-Chamorro Wars">Spanish-Chamorro Wars</a> on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683. After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan, and Ninca.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar, controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads, and other infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75–76">: 75–76 </span></sup> In 1680, Captain Jose de Quiroga arrived and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had killed Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the deaths. of Matapang, Hurao, and Aguarin.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77–78">: 77–78 </span></sup> Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78–79">: 78–79 </span></sup> These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat, and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the conquest of Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Aguigan.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, finally to less than 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_104_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umatac,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatac, Guam">Umatac</a> in 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>During the course of the Spanish administration of Guam, lower birth rates and diseases reduced the population from 12,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> to roughly 5,000 by 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1695, Chamorus settled in five villages: <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agat,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Agat, Guam">Agat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umatac" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatac">Umatac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalan_Pago-Ordot,_Guam" title="Chalan Pago-Ordot, Guam">Pago</a>, and Fena. During this historical period, Spanish language and customs were introduced in the island and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> became the predominant religion. The Spanish built infrastructures such as roads and ports, as well as schools and hospitals. Spanish and Filipinos, mostly men, increasingly intermarried with the Chamorus, particularly the new cultured or "high" people (<i>manak'kilo</i>) or gentry of the towns. In 1740, Chamorus of the Northern Mariana Islands, except <a href="/wiki/Rota_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota (island)">Rota</a>, were moved from some of their home islands to Guam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_of_the_Jesuits">Expulsion of the Jesuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expulsion of the Jesuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Island_of_Guajan_(Guam),_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_(1734)_(island_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg/170px-The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg/255px-The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg/340px-The_Island_of_Guajan_%28Guam%29%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas_%281734%29_%28island_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>The island of Guajan (Guam), detail from <i><a href="/wiki/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Islas_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas">Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas</a></i> (1734)</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 26, 1767, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> issued a decree confiscating the property of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and banishing them from Spain and her possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> As a consequence, the Jesuit fathers on Guam departed on November 2, 1769, on the schooner <i>Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe</i>, abandoning their churches, rectories and ranches.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102–103">: 102–103 </span></sup> </p><p>Governor Don Mariano Tobias, who arrived of on September 15, 1771, brought agricultural and civil reforms. These included making land available to the islanders for cultivation; encouraging the development of cattle raising; importing deer and water buffalo from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, and donkeys and mules from <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>; establishing cotton mills and <a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">salt pans</a>; establishing free public schools; and forming the first Guam militia.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–109">: 107–109 </span></sup> He was transferred to Manila in June 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p><p>Spain built several defensive fortifications to protect their Pacific fleet, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Soledad" title="Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad">Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umatac" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatac">Umatac</a>. The Galleon Era ended in 1815 following <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Independence">Mexican Independence</a>. Guam later was host to a number of scientists, voyagers, and whalers from Russia, France, and England who also provided detailed accounts of daily life on Guam under Spanish rule. Through the Spanish colonial period, Guam inherited food, language, and surnames from Spain and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ms.G_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ms.G-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a)" title="Plaza de España (Hagåtña)">Plaza de España</a> and the Spanish Bridge, both in <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>. Guam's <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Nombre_de_Maria_Cathedral_Basilica" title="Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica">Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica</a> was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> The cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas gained many similarities with Spanish culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Napoleonic_era">Post-Napoleonic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Napoleonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, many Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere had become independent, shifting the economic dependence of Guam from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos, who became governor in 1831, improved economic conditions including the promotion of rice cultivation and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leper</a> hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148–149">: 148–149 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Otto von Kotzebue</a> visited the island in November 1817,<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Freycinet" title="Louis de Freycinet">Louis de Freycinet</a> in March 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> made two visits, the first in May 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139">: 139 </span></sup> The island became a rest stop for <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whalers</a> starting in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p><p>A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed by a severe earthquake on January 25, 1849, which resulted in many refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, victims of the resultant <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> After <a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856</a>, Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> Guam received nineteen Filipino prisoners after their failed <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carano_16-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> Later in 1896, more than fifty Filipino "deportados" were sent to Guam; when they attempted to escape many were killed and wounded by Chamorro artillerymen.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberiano2021_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberiano2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_era">American era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Guam">Capture of Guam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Capture of Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School,_Guam,_1914%22_(48586124571)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%22Insular_Patrolman_and_School%2C_Guam%2C_1914%22_%2848586124571%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>School and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a> patrolman, 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 21, 1898, the United States <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">captured Guam</a> in a bloodless landing during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, Spain officially ceded the island to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110–112">: 110–112 </span></sup> Between the American capture of Guam, and installation of a Naval Governor in August 1899, there was a flux in governance of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberiano2021_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberiano2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–64">: 61–64 </span></sup> Guam became part of an American <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">telegraph line</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, also ceded by the treaty;<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy197110_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy197110-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a way station for American ships traveling to and from there; and an important part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a> against Japan. Although <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coontz" title="Robert Coontz">Robert Coontz</a>, and others envisioned the island as "a kind of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>" in the Pacific, Congress repeatedly failed to fulfill the military's requests to fortify Guam; when the German warship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Cormoran_(1914)" title="SMS Cormoran (1914)">SMS <i>Cormoran</i></a> was <a href="/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> in 1914 before America's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, its crew of 543 outnumbered their American custodians.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131, 133, 135–136">: 131, 133, 135–136 </span></sup> </p><p>Guam came to serve as a station for American merchant and warships traveling to and from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (another American acquisition from Spain) while the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. A U.S. Navy yard was established at <a href="/wiki/Piti,_Guam" title="Piti, Guam">Piti</a> in 1899, and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> barracks at <a href="/wiki/Sumay,_Guam" title="Sumay, Guam">Sumay</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> of 1899–1902, <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> was exiled to Guam in 1901 after his capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Mabini_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabini-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vi">: vi </span></sup> Mabini was one of 43 prisoners, accompanied by 15 servants, who were exiled to Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-OConner2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were imprisoned on the site of a former <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper hospital</a> in Asan.<sup id="cite_ref-OConner2020_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prison was commanded by an officer of the United States Army;<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyDeptRpt1901_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyDeptRpt1901-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the army officer the guards of the facility were provided by the United States Marine Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-NavyDeptRpt1901_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavyDeptRpt1901-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility was named the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_of_Asan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidio of Asan (page does not exist)">Presidio of Asan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OConner2020_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NavyDeptRpt1901_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavyDeptRpt1901-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marines assigned to the facility would rotate from <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Cavite" title="Naval Base Cavite">Cavite</a> every six months.<sup id="cite_ref-OConner2020_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those exiled and imprisoned at the facility would be one of the first two <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of the Philippines">Resident Commissioner of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Ocampo" title="Pablo Ocampo">Pablo Ocampo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyDeptRpt1901_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyDeptRpt1901-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility closed in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Following the German defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> Mandate in 1919 with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> as the mandatory ("trustee") as a member nation of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in the "Great War".<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1910 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> said of Guam, "of its total population of 11,490 (11,159 natives), <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>, the capital, contains about 8,000. Possessing a good harbor, the island serves as a United States <a href="/wiki/Apra_Harbor" title="Apra Harbor">naval station</a>, the naval commandant acting also as <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a>. The products of the island are <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and valuable <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>." <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Guam">Military officers governed the island</a> as "USS <i>Guam</i>", and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> opposed proposals for civilian government until 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodgers_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–126">: 125–126 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg/220px-1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg/330px-1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg/440px-1944_Guam_Plaza_de_Espana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> before the ruins of the church in <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">liberation of Guam</a> in 1944.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Japanese occupation of Guam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands home front during World War II</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Guam was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">attacked and invaded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> on Monday, December 8, 1941, at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, across the International Date Line. In addition, Japan made major military moves into Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> islands of the South Pacific Ocean against the British and Dutch colonies, opening a new wider Pacific phase in the Second World War. The Japanese renamed Guam <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōmiya-jima</i></span> (Great Shrine Island). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> had become a League of Nations mandate assigned to Japan in 1919, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> of 1919. Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a> from the Northern Marianas were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been administered by Japan for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to the Japanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Japanese occupation of Guam</a> lasted for approximately 31 months, from 1941 to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps and forced prostitution. Approximately 1,000 people died during the occupation, according to later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> committee testimony in 2004. Some historians estimate that war violence killed 10% of Guam's then 20,000 population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a coercive experience for the Chamoru people, whose loyalty to the United States became a point of contention with the Japanese. Several American servicemen remained on the island, however, and were hidden by the Chamoru people. All of these servicemen were found and executed by Japanese forces in 1942; only one escaped. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg/220px-Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg/330px-Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg/440px-Women_washing_clothes_in_a_river_near_Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a_on_12_August_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5768" data-file-height="4564" /></a><figcaption>Women washing clothes in a river at <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a> next to trees destroyed by the bombardment, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Battle of Guam</a> began on July 21, 1944, with American troops landing on western side of the island after several weeks of pre-invasion bombardment by the U.S. Navy. After several weeks of heavy fighting, Japanese forces officially surrendered on August 10, 1944. More than 18,000 Japanese were killed as only 485 surrendered. Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Shoichi_Yokoi" title="Shoichi Yokoi">Shoichi Yokoi</a>, who surrendered in January 1972, appears to have been the last confirmed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a>, having held out for 28 years in the forested back country on Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States also captured and occupied the nearby Northern Marianas Islands. </p><p>Guam was subsequently converted into a forward operations base for the U.S. Navy and Air Force. Airfields were constructed in the northern part of the island (including <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>), the island's pre-WWII <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Guam" title="Naval Base Guam">Naval Station</a> was expanded, and numerous facilities and supply depots were constructed throughout the island. North Field was established in 1944, and was renamed for Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_Roy_Andersen" title="James Roy Andersen">James Roy Andersen</a> of the old <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> as <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>. </p><p>Guam's two largest pre-war communities (<a href="/wiki/Sumay,_Guam" title="Sumay, Guam">Sumay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>) were virtually destroyed during the 1944 battle. Many Chamoru families lived in temporary re-settlement camps near the beaches before moving to permanent homes constructed in the island's outer villages. Guam's southern villages largely escaped damage, however. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-determination">Self-determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Self-determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Won_Pat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antonio_Won_Pat.png/170px-Antonio_Won_Pat.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antonio_Won_Pat.png/255px-Antonio_Won_Pat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Antonio_Won_Pat.png/340px-Antonio_Won_Pat.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Prior to becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">Delegate</a> from Guam to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Borja_Won_Pat" title="Antonio Borja Won Pat">Antonio Borja Won Pat</a> actively lobbied for Guam's self-representation</figcaption></figure> <p>The immediate years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States armed forces">U.S. Navy</a> attempting to resume its predominance in Guam affairs. This eventually led to resentment, and thus increased political pressure from Chamoru leaders for greater autonomy. </p><p>The result was the <a href="/wiki/Guam_Organic_Act_of_1950" title="Guam Organic Act of 1950">Guam Organic Act of 1950</a> which established Guam as an unincorporated <a href="/wiki/Organized_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized territory">organized territory</a> of the United States and, for the first time in Guam history, provided for a civilian government. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>, section 307, granted <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizenship">U.S. citizenship</a> to "all persons born in the island of Guam on or after April 11, 1899. In the 1960s, the island's required <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearance</a> for visitors was lifted. </p><p>On September 11, 1968, eighteen years after passage of the Organic Act, Congress passed the "<a href="/wiki/Elective_Governor_Acts_of_1968" title="Elective Governor Acts of 1968">Elective Governor Act</a>" (Public Law 90-497), which allowed the people of Guam to elect their own governor and lieutenant governor. Nearly four years later, Congress passed the "Guam-Virgin Islands Delegate" Act that allowed for one Guam delegate in the U.S. House of Representatives. The delegate has a voice in debates and a vote in committees, but no vote on the floor of the House. </p><p>Andersen Air Force Base played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The host unit was later designated the <a href="/wiki/36th_Wing#Pacific_Air_Forces" title="36th Wing">36th Wing</a> (36 WG), assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">Pacific Air Forces</a> (PACAF) <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">Thirteenth Air Force</a> (13AF). In September 2012, 13 AF was deactivated and its functions merged into PACAF. The multinational <a href="/wiki/Cope_North" title="Cope North">Cope North</a> military exercise is an annual event.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Public Law 94-584 established the formation of a "locally drafted" constitution (later known as the "Guam Constitution"), the proposed document was rejected by Guam residents in an <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_constitutional_referendum,_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamanian constitutional referendum, 1979">August 4, 1979 referendum</a>. </p><p>In the meantime, Guam's local government had formed several political status commissions to address possible options for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. The following year after passage of the Guam Delegate Act saw the creation of the "Status Commission" by the Twelfth Guam Legislature. </p><p>This was followed by the establishment of the "Second Political Status Commission" in 1975 and the Guam "Commission on Self-Determination" (CSD) in 1980. The Twenty-Fourth Guam Legislature established the "Commission on Decolonization" in 1996 to enhance CSD's ongoing studies of various political status options and public education campaigns. </p><p>These efforts enabled the CSD, barely two years after its creation, to organize a <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_status_referendum,_January_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamanian status referendum, January 1982">status referendum</a> on January 12, 1982. 49% of voters chose a closer relationship with the United States via <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>Twenty-six percent voted for Statehood, while ten percent voted for the Status Quo (as an Unincorporated territory). A <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_status_referendum,_September_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamanian status referendum, September 1982">subsequent run-off referendum</a> held between Commonwealth and Statehood saw 73% of Guam voters choosing Commonwealth over Statehood (27%). Today, Guam remains an unincorporated territory despite referendums and a United Nations mandate to establish a permanent status for the island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="reliable source needed for the whole sentence (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Guam">Contemporary Guam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76)_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg/220px-US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg/330px-US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg/440px-US_Navy_110821-N-AZ907-015_The_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29_enters_Apra_Harbor_for_a_scheduled_port_visit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS <i>Ronald Reagan</i></a> sailing into <a href="/wiki/Apra_Harbor" title="Apra Harbor">Apra Harbor</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Guam's <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> installations remain among the most strategically vital in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. When the United States closed <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay" title="U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay">U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> bases in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> after the expiration of their leases in the early 1990s, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam. </p><p>The removal of Guam's security clearance by President John F. Kennedy in 1963 allowed for the development of a <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> industry. The island's rapid economic development was fueled both by rapid growth in this industry as well as increased U.S. Federal Government spending during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="reliable source needed for the whole sentence (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 1974, about <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">124 historic sites in Guam</a> have been recognized under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. Guam temporarily hosted 100,000 Vietnamese refugees in 1975's <a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Life" title="Operation New Life">Operation New Life</a>, and 6,600 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> refugees in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>On August 6, 1997, Guam was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_801" title="Korean Air Flight 801">Korean Air Flight 801</a> aircraft accident. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747–300</a> jetliner was preparing to land when it crashed into a hill, killing 228 of the 254 people on board.<sup id="cite_ref-ntsb.gov_2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntsb.gov_2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, which hit Japan particularly hard, severely affected Guam's tourism industry. Military cutbacks in the 1990s also disrupted the island's economy. Economic recovery was further hampered by devastation from Supertyphoons <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Paka" title="Typhoon Paka">Paka</a> in 1997 and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Pongsona" title="Typhoon Pongsona">Pongsona</a> in 2002, as well as the effects of the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11 terrorist attacks</a> on tourism. </p><p>The recovery of the Japanese and Korean tourist markets reflected those countries' economic recoveries, as well as Guam's continued appeal as a weekend tropical retreat. U.S. military spending also dramatically increased as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>. </p><p>The late 2000s saw proposals to strengthen U.S. military facilities, including negotiations to transfer 8,000 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. American forces were originally scheduled to relocate from Okinawa to Guam beginning in 2012 or 2013. However, that was set back due to budget constrains and local resistance to the additional military presence; <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Blaz" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz">Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz</a> was activated in 2020 but the relocation is scheduled to start no later than by the first half of the 2020s. </p><p>In August 2017, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> warned that it might launch mid-range ballistic missiles into waters within 18 to 24 miles (29 to 39 km) of Guam, following an <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="North Korea–United States relations">exchange of threats</a> between the governments of North Korea and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnbc-20170810_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc-20170810-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> report stated that <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> was used as a commercial herbicide in Guam during the Vietnam and Korean Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of chemicals present in the island's soil, together with resolutions passed by <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Guam's legislature</a>, suggest that Agent Orange was among the herbicides routinely used on and around military bases <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson Air Force Base">Anderson Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Agana" title="Naval Air Station Agana">Naval Air Station Agana</a>, Guam. Despite the evidence, the Department of Defense continues to deny that Agent Orange was ever stored or used on Guam. Several Guam veterans have collected an enormous amount of evidence to assist in their disability claims for direct exposure to dioxin containing herbicides such as 2,4,5-T which are similar to the illness associations and disability coverage that has become standard for those who were harmed by the same chemical contaminant of Agent Orange used in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimond2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimond2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Cosmopolitan" Guam poses particular challenges for Chamorus struggling to preserve their culture and identity in the face of <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a>. The increasing numbers of Chamorus, especially Chamoru youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both the definition and preservation of Chamoru identity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Guam">Historical outline of Guam</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Guam" title="Villages of Guam">Villages of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitores" class="mw-redirect" title="San Vitores">San Vitores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Kepuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Kepuha">Chief Kepuha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert F. Rogers, <i>Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995)</li> <li>Paul Carano and Pedro C. Sanchez, <i>A Complete History of Guam</i> (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Willens" title="Howard P. Willens">Howard P. Willens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Ballendorf" title="Dirk Ballendorf">Dirk Ballendorf</a>, <i>The Secret Guam Study: How President Ford's 1975 Approval of Commonwealth Was Blocked by Federal Officials</i> (Mangilao, Guam: Micronesian Area Research Center; Saipan: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historical Preservation, 2004)</li> <li>Lawrence J. Cunningham, <i>Ancient Chamorro Society</i> (Honolulu: Bess Press, 1992)</li> <li>Anne Perez Hattori, <i>Colonial Dis-Ease: U.S. Navy Health Policies and the Chamorros of Guam, 1898-1941</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004)</li> <li>Pat Hickey, <i>The Chorito Hog-Leg, Book One: A Novel of Guam in Time of War</i> (Indianapolis: AuthorHouse Publishing, 2007)</li> <li>Vicente Diaz, <i>Repositioning the Missionary: Rewriting the Histories of Colonialism, Native Catholicism, and Indigeneity in Guam</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2010)</li> <li>Keith Lujan Camacho, <i>Cultures of Commemoration: The Politics of War, Memory, and History in the Mariana Islands</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2011)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson1951" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, William (April 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1951/april/guam-story">"The Guam Story"</a>. <i>Proceedings</i>. Vol. 77, no. 4. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Guam+Story&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1951-04&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1951%2Fapril%2Fguam-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hung-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hung_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hung_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hung_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungCarsonBellwoodCampos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, Hsiao-chun; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Piper, Philip J.; Dizon, Eusebio; Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A.; Oxenham, Marc; Chi, Zhang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393">"The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Indonesian Islands of Bahasa to the Marianas or Taiwan to the Marianas"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (329): 909–926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393">10.1017/S0003598X00068393</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+first+settlement+of+Remote+Oceania%3A+the+Indonesian+Islands+of+Bahasa+to+the+Marianas+or+Taiwan+to+the+Marianas&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=329&rft.pages=909-926&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Carson%2C+Mike+T.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft.au=Campos%2C+Fredeliza+Z.&rft.au=Piper%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Dizon%2C+Eusebio&rft.au=Bolunia%2C+Mary+Jane+Louise+A.&rft.au=Oxenham%2C+Marc&rft.au=Chi%2C+Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00068393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zotomayor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zotomayor_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZotomayor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zotomayor, Alexie Villegas (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2">"Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history"</a>. <i>Marianas Variety News and Views</i>: 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1992-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r0a2ww8KLcC&pg=PA101"><i>Ancient Chamorro Society</i></a>. Bess Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781880188057" title="Special:BookSources/9781880188057"><bdi>9781880188057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chamorro+Society&rft.pub=Bess+Press&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9781880188057&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r0a2ww8KLcC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacific_Worlds-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pacific_Worlds_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacific_Worlds_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificworlds.com/guam/visitors/explore.cfm">Pacific Worlds</a>, Antonio Pigafetta's account.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEn9J3tXFS8C&pg=PA30"><i>Destiny's landfall: a history of Guam</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1678-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1678-1"><bdi>0-8248-1678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny%27s+landfall%3A+a+history+of+Guam&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8248-1678-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEn9J3tXFS8C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.H.H_Guillemard-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F.H.H_Guillemard_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Guam Past and Present by Charles Beardsley], F.H.H Guillemard's accounts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowell_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowell_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell1962" class="citation book cs1">Nowell, Charles E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyage00pigagoog"><i>Magellan's voyage around the world; three contemporary accounts</i></a>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/347382">347382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001942/http://archive.org/details/magellansvoyage00pigagoog">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+voyage+around+the+world%3B+three+contemporary+accounts&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F347382&rft.aulast=Nowell&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagellansvoyage00pigagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voyages-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voyages_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html">http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707023905/http://www.alvoyages.com/articles/south-pacific/guam.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Turbulent History of Guam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Guam_Book-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Guam_Book_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence J Cunningha, Janice J. Beaty. <i>History of Guam</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guam_Online-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guam_Online_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guam-online.com/history/">Brief History of Guam</a>. Guam Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carano-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carano_16-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaranoSanchez1964" class="citation book cs1">Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. (1964). <i>A Complete History of Guam</i>. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/414965">414965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+History+of+Guam&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F414965&rft.aulast=Carano&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Pedro+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/">"Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and Guam | Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat Mapping Center"</a>. <i>www.soest.hawaii.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soest.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Northern+Mariana+Islands+%28CNMI%29+and+Guam+%7C+Pacific+Islands+Benthic+Habitat+Mapping+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2Fpibhmc%2Fcms%2Fdata-by-location%2Fcnmi-guam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ms.G-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ms.G_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Christina Gumatatotato Lecture], World History and Geography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Robert F. (1995). <i>Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1678-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1678-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny%27s+Landfall%3A+A+History+of+Guam&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1678-0&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberiano2021-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberiano2021_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberiano2021_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberiano2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Oberiano, Kristin (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37370117/OberianoDissertation-CopyEdit4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Territorial Discontent: Chamorros, FIlipinos, and the Making of the United States Empire on Guam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History thesis). Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Territorial+Discontent%3A+Chamorros%2C+FIlipinos%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+United+States+Empire+on+Guam&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy+in+the+subject+of+History&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Oberiano&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F37370117%2FOberianoDissertation-CopyEdit4.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy197110-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy197110_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_P._M.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>86</b> (341): 728–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728">10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563928">563928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Imperial+Cable+Communications+and+Strategy%2C+1870-1914&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=341&rft.pages=728-752&rft.date=1971-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F563928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rottman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rottman_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rottman_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rottman, G. (2004) <i>Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-811-3">978-1-84176-811-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mabini-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mabini_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabini, A., 1969, <i>The Philippine Revolution</i>, Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Education, National Historical Commission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OConner2020_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OConner2020_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OConner2020_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OConner2020_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OConner2020_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Conner2020" class="citation web cs1">O'Conner, Lopaka (13 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.wustl.edu/news/%E2%80%9Camerica%E2%80%99s-st-helena%E2%80%9D-filipino-exiles-and-us-empire-guam-1901%E2%80%9303">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"America's St. Helena": Filipino Exiles and U.S. Empire on Guam, 1901–03"</a>. <i>Center of Humanities</i>. Washington University in St. Louis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=%22America%27s+St.+Helena%22%3A+Filipino+Exiles+and+U.S.+Empire+on+Guam%2C+1901%E2%80%9303&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft.aulast=O%27Conner&rft.aufirst=Lopaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.wustl.edu%2Fnews%2F%25E2%2580%259Camerica%25E2%2580%2599s-st-helena%25E2%2580%259D-filipino-exiles-and-us-empire-guam-1901%25E2%2580%259303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmyDeptRpt1901-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyDeptRpt1901_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyDeptRpt1901_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._War_Department1901" class="citation book cs1">United States. War Department (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYFNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422">"Expedition to the Island of Guam with Deported Prisoners of War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYFNAAAAYAAJ&q=guam"><i>Annual Report of the Secretary of War</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 422–432<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Expedition+to+the+Island+of+Guam+with+Deported+Prisoners+of+War&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+War&rft.pages=422-432&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1901&rft.au=United+States.+War+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYFNAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavyDeptRpt1901-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NavyDeptRpt1901_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavyDeptRpt1901_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Navy_Department1901" class="citation book cs1">United States. Navy Department (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4FGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1231"><i>Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy</i></a>. p. 1231<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Superior Court (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yURFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA371">"George A McGowan, On Behalf of Edward Johnson, Appellant v. William H. Moody, Secretary of the Navy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yURFAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Daily Washington Law Reporter</i></a>. p. 371<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928223244/http://www.thedailybeast.com/the-hero-project/articles/2013/09/25/were-vets-who-served-in-guam-exposed-to-agent-orange-and-denied-benefits.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hero+Project&rft.atitle=Were+Vets+Who+Served+in+Guam+Exposed+to+Agent+Orange+and+Denied+Benefits%3F&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Dimond&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-hero-project%2Farticles%2F2013%2F09%2F25%2Fwere-vets-who-served-in-guam-exposed-to-agent-orange-and-denied-benefits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenio2019" class="citation news cs1">Eugenio, Haidee V (March 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2019/03/13/us-bill-seeks-help-52-000-exposed-herbicides-like-agent-orange-guam/3101702002/">"US bill seeks help for 52,000 exposed to herbicides like Agent Orange on Guam, other islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daily_News" title="Pacific Daily News">Pacific Daily News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190314041004/https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2019/03/13/us-bill-seeks-help-52-000-exposed-herbicides-like-agent-orange-guam/3101702002/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Daily+News&rft.atitle=US+bill+seeks+help+for+52%2C000+exposed+to+herbicides+like+Agent+Orange+on+Guam%2C+other+islands&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Eugenio&rft.aufirst=Haidee+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guampdn.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2019%2F03%2F13%2Fus-bill-seeks-help-52-000-exposed-herbicides-like-agent-orange-guam%2F3101702002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2020" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Maressa (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossworks.holycross.edu/criterion/vol2020/iss1/8/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Oceania is Us:" An Intimate Portrait of Chamoru Identity and Transpacific Solidarity in from unincorporated territory: [lukao]"</a>. <i>The Criterion</i>. <b>2020</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion&rft.atitle=%22Oceania+is+Us%3A%22+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+Chamoru+Identity+and+Transpacific+Solidarity+in+from+unincorporated+territory%3A+%5Blukao%5D&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Maressa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossworks.holycross.edu%2Fcriterion%2Fvol2020%2Fiss1%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During this period there was unrest caused by Marines who were assigned to guard duty at the facility. This unrest included theft, and assault.<sup id="cite_ref-OConner2020_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConner2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112110435/http://www.freewebs.com/allthingsguam/"><i>allthingsguam</i></a> A Guam History resource—virtual textbook, virtual workbook and more</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guamhumanitiescouncil.org/">Guam Humanities Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guampedia.com/">Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/wapa/indepth/index.htm">War in the Pacific National Historic Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029211302/http://ns.gov.gu/latte.html">The Latte Stones of Guam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisitaguam.com/">Bisita Guam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09660b.htm">Prefecture Apostolic of Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212070034/http://www.guam-online.com/people/people.htm">Guam Online's History Webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090455/http://www.usnhguam.med.navy.mil/us/history/default.htm">Brief History of Guam's U.S. Naval Hospital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:S.RES.254:">Senate Resolution 254, 105th Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704215549/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:S.RES.254:">Archived</a> 2016-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Includes brief history of Guam's movement towards self-determination</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Guam" title="Template:Guam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guam" title="Template talk:Guam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territory_of_Guam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guam-related_articles" title="Index of Guam-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Guam" title="Communications in Guam">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guam" title="Demographics of Guam">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guam" title="Economy of Guam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guam" title="Geography of Guam">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guam" title="Geology of Guam">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guam" title="Government of Guam">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Guam">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guam" title="Geography of Guam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apra_Harbor" title="Apra Harbor">Apra Harbor</a></li> <li>Bays (<a href="/wiki/Agat_Bay" title="Agat Bay">Agat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pago_Bay" title="Pago Bay">Pago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piti_Bomb_Holes_Marine_Preserve" title="Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve">Piti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talofofo_Bay" title="Talofofo Bay">Talofofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumon_Bay" title="Tumon Bay">Tumon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Guam" title="List of beaches in Guam">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabras_Island" title="Cabras Island">Cabras Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Guam" title="List of census-designated places in Guam">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island_(Guam)" title="Cocos Island (Guam)">Cocos Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Lagoon" title="Cocos Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States#Guam" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Lamlam" title="Mount Lamlam">Lamlam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jumullong_Manglo" title="Mount Jumullong Manglo">Jumullong Manglo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orote_Peninsula" title="Orote Peninsula">Orote Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lovers_Point" title="Two Lovers Point">Two Lovers Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Guam" title="Villages of Guam">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agana_Heights,_Guam" title="Agana Heights, Guam">Agana Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan-Maina,_Guam" title="Asan-Maina, Guam">Asan‑Maina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrigada,_Guam" title="Barrigada, Guam">Barrigada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalan_Pago-Ordot,_Guam" title="Chalan Pago-Ordot, Guam">Chalan Pago-Ordot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dededo,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dededo, Guam">Dededo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5gat,_Guam" title="Hågat, Guam">Hågat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hum%C3%A5tak,_Guam" title="Humåtak, Guam">Humåtak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inal%C3%A5han,_Guam" title="Inalåhan, Guam">Inalåhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangilao,_Guam" title="Mangilao, Guam">Mangilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesso,_Guam" title="Malesso, Guam">Malesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongmong-Toto-Maite,_Guam" title="Mongmong-Toto-Maite, Guam">Mongmong-Toto-Maite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti,_Guam" title="Piti, Guam">Piti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A5nta_Rita-Sumai,_Guam" title="Sånta Rita-Sumai, Guam">Sånta Rita-Sumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinajana,_Guam" title="Sinajana, Guam">Sinajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talo%27fo%27fo,_Guam" title="Talo'fo'fo, Guam">Talo'fo'fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamuning,_Guam" title="Tamuning, Guam">Tamuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigo,_Guam" title="Yigo, Guam">Yigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yona,_Guam" title="Yona, Guam">Yona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Guam" title="List of earthquakes in Guam">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typhoons_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of typhoons on Guam">Typhoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Chamorro_Wars" title="Spanish–Chamorro Wars">Spanish–Chamorro Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic" title="1856 Guam smallpox epidemic">1856 smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">U.S. capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Japanese capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">2nd U.S. capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Organic_Act_of_1950" title="Guam Organic Act of 1950">Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_Governor_Acts_of_1968" title="Elective Governor Acts of 1968">Elective Governor Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Karen" title="Typhoon Karen">Typhoon Karen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guam" title="Culture of Guam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Nation" title="Chamorro Nation">Chamorro Nation</a></li> <li>Cuisine (<a href="/wiki/Chalakiles" title="Chalakiles">Chalakiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estufao" title="Estufao">Estufao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fina%27denne%27" title="Fina'denne'">Fina'denne'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyuria" title="Guyuria">Guyuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaddon_pika" title="Kaddon pika">Kaddon pika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamai_(dessert)" title="Kalamai (dessert)">Kalamai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelaguen" title="Kelaguen">Kelaguen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latiya_(dessert)" title="Latiya (dessert)">Latiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roskette" title="Roskette">Roskette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinaktak" title="Tinaktak">Tinaktak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Museum" title="Guam Museum">Guam Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Guam)" title="Liberation Day (Guam)">Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belembaotuyan" title="Belembaotuyan">Belembaotuyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">National Register of Historic Places listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Aga%C3%B1a" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agaña">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Guam" title="List of schools in Guam">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Mariana Islands">Cuisine of the Mariana Islands</a> (Shared with the Northern islands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Region_Marianas" title="Joint Region Marianas">Joint Region Marianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Field" title="Northwest Field">Northwest Field</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Blaz" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz">Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Guam" title="Naval Base Guam">Naval Base Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Barrigada" title="Radio Barrigada">Radio Barrigada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Computer_and_Telecommunications_Station_Guam" title="Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam">NCTS Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Guam" title="Naval Hospital Guam">Naval Hospital Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Annex" title="Ordnance Annex">Ordnance Annex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Memorial_Hospital" title="Guam Memorial Hospital">Guam Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_Regional_Medical_City" title="Guam Regional Medical City">Guam Regional Medical City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Guam" title="Naval Hospital Guam">Naval Hospital Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Oceania" title="Template:History of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:History of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">History of Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="History of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fiji" title="History of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kiribati" title="History of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau" title="History of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solomon_Islands" title="History of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="History of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> 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