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Virtual assistants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Search engines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Spam filtering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Language translation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facial_recognition_and_image_labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facial_recognition_and_image_labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Facial recognition and image labeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facial_recognition_and_image_labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_social_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_social_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economic and social challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_social_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Agriculture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Agriculture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precision_Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precision_Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Precision Farming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precision_Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crop_and_soil_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_and_soil_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Crop and soil monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_and_soil_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_Machinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_Machinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Automated Machinery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_Machinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyber_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cyber security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Finance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Finance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trading_and_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading_and_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Trading and investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trading_and_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwriting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwriting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Underwriting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwriting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Audit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-money_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-money_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Anti-money laundering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-money_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Workplace health and safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_and_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_and_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Chemistry and biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry_and_biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry and biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novel_types_of_machine_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel_types_of_machine_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Novel types of machine learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel_types_of_machine_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_ghosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_ghosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Digital ghosts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_ghosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_computing_in_AI_and_as_AI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_computing_in_AI_and_as_AI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Biological computing in AI and as AI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_computing_in_AI_and_as_AI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy,_space_activities_and_ufology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy,_space_activities_and_ufology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Astronomy, space activities and ufology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Astronomy,_space_activities_and_ufology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Astronomy, space activities and ufology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Astronomy,_space_activities_and_ufology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_or_non-human_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_or_non-human_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Future or non-human applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_or_non-human_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Astrochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fields_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fields_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Other fields of research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_fields_of_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other fields of research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_fields_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_of_general_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_of_general_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Evidence of general impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_of_general_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology,_history_and_imaging_of_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology,_history_and_imaging_of_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Archaeology, history and imaging of sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology,_history_and_imaging_of_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Materials science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Reverse engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Legal analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Law enforcement and legal proceedings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Human resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Job search </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_and_telephone_customer_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_and_telephone_customer_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Online and telephone customer service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_and_telephone_customer_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Hospitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deep-fakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep-fakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Deep-fakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep-fakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_surveillance_analysis_and_manipulated_media_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_surveillance_analysis_and_manipulated_media_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Video surveillance analysis and manipulated media detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_surveillance_analysis_and_manipulated_media_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Video production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Writing and reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5.1 Sports writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Wikipedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.7 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.8 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.8.1 Art analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.9 Computer animation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Utilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Utilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Energy system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Manufacturing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Manufacturing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toys_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toys_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Toys and games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toys_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Automotive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1.1 Traffic management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 NASA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.4 Maritime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Environmental monitoring </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_monitoring-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental monitoring subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early-warning_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early-warning_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Early-warning systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-warning_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Computer science </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Computer science subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programming_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Programming assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AI-powered_code_assisting_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI-powered_code_assisting_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.1 AI-powered code assisting tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI-powered_code_assisting_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neural_network_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neural_network_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.2 Neural network design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neural_network_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1.3 Quantum computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Historical contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Business </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Business subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Content extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 List of applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicacions_de_la_intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_artificial" title="Aplicacions de la intel·ligència artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aplicacions de la intel·ligència artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwendungen_k%C3%BCnstlicher_Intelligenz" title="Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anwendungen künstlicher Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicaciones_de_la_inteligencia_artificial" title="Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="کاربردهای هوش مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاربردهای هوش مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle" title="Applications de l'intelligence artificielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Applications de l'intelligence artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Արհեստական բանականության կիրառությունները – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արհեստական բանականության կիրառությունները" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिके प्रयोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम बुद्धिके प्रयोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toepassingen_van_kunstmatige_intelligentie" title="Toepassingen van kunstmatige intelligentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toepassingen van kunstmatige intelligentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆର୍ଟିଫିସିଆଲ ଇଣ୍ଟେଲିଜେନ୍ସର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د مصنوعي ځيرکتيا غوښتنليکونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مصنوعي ځيرکتيا غوښتنليکونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicativos_de_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial" title="Aplicativos de inteligência artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aplicativos de inteligência artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Применение искусственного интеллекта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Применение искусственного интеллекта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primene_ve%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dke_inteligencije" title="Primene veštačke inteligencije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Primene veštačke inteligencije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Застосування штучного інтелекту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Застосування штучного інтелекту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مصنوعی ذہانت کے اطلاقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصنوعی ذہانت کے اطلاقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/150px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/200px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finance"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI) has been used in applications throughout industry and academia. In a manner analogous to electricity or computers, AI serves as a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_technology" title="General-purpose technology">general-purpose technology</a> that has numerous applications, including <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">language translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Image recognition">image recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_score" title="Credit score">credit scoring</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>. AI includes the development of machines which can perceive, understand, act and learn a scientific discipline.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_and_e-commerce">Internet and e-commerce</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Internet and e-commerce">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommendation_systems">Recommendation systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recommendation systems">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation system">Recommendation system</a></div> A recommendation system predicts the rating or preference a user would give to an item.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Artificial intelligence recommendation systems are designed to offer suggestions based on previous behavior. These systems have been used by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, where they generate personalized playlists, product suggestions, and video recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-twitterwtf2-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_feeds_and_posts">Web feeds and posts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Web feeds and posts">edit</a>]</div> Machine learning is also used in <a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">web feeds</a> such as for determining which posts should show up in social media feeds.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Various types of <a href="/wiki/Social_media_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media analysis">social media analysis</a> also make use of machine learning<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and there is research into its use for (semi-)automated tagging/enhancement/correction of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">online misinformation</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubbles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-onlenv-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_advertising_and_increasing_internet_engagement">Targeted advertising and increasing internet engagement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Targeted advertising and increasing internet engagement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marketing_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Marketing and artificial intelligence">Marketing and artificial intelligence</a></div> AI is used to target web advertisements to those most likely to click or engage in them. It is also used to increase time spent on a website by selecting attractive content for the viewer. It can predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their <a href="/wiki/Digital_footprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital footprints">digital footprints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matz_et_al_2017-14">[14]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/AdSense" class="mw-redirect" title="AdSense">AdSense</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> use AI for advertising. Online gambling companies use AI to improve customer targeting.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personality_computing" title="Personality computing">Personality computing</a> AI models add psychological targeting to more traditional social demographics or behavioral targeting.<a href="#cite_note-Celli_et_al._2017-17">[17]</a> AI has been used to customize shopping options and personalize offers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_assistants">Virtual assistants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virtual assistants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_personal_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent personal assistant">Intelligent personal assistants</a> use AI to understand many natural language requests in other ways than rudimentary commands. Common examples are Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, and a more recent AI, ChatGPT by OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_engines">Search engines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Search engines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Bing Chat</a> has used artificial intelligence as part of its <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> One of the most exciting advancements is how AI is being integrated into search engines. Microsoft’s Bing Chat GPT-4, powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4, is leading the charge in this evolution.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spam_filtering">Spam filtering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spam filtering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spam_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam filter">Spam filter</a></div> Machine learning can be used to fight against spam, scams, and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>. It can scrutinize the contents of spam and phishing attacks to attempt to identify malicious elements.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Some models built via machine learning algorithms have over 90% accuracy in distinguishing between spam and legitimate emails.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These models can be refined from new data and evolving spam tactics. Machine learning also analyzes traits such as sender behavior, email header information, and attachment types.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_translation">Language translation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language translation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></div> Speech translation technology attempts to convert one language's spoken words into another. This potentially reduces language barriers in global commerce and cross-cultural exchange by allowing speakers of various languages to communicate with one another.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> AI has been used to automatically translate spoken language and textual content, in products such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Microsoft Translator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> and <a href="/wiki/DeepL_Translator" title="DeepL Translator">DeepL Translator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Additionally, research and development are in progress to decode and conduct animal communication.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41598-022-07174-8-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Meaning is conveyed not only by text, but also through usage and context (see <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>). As a result, the two primary categorization approaches for machine translations are statistical and <a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">neural machine translations</a> (NMTs). The old method of performing translation was to use a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">statistical machine translation</a> (SMT) methodology to forecast the best probable output with specific algorithms. However, with NMT, the approach employs dynamic algorithms to achieve better translations based on context.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facial_recognition_and_image_labeling">Facial recognition and image labeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Facial recognition and image labeling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation" title="Automatic image annotation">Automatic image annotation</a></div> AI has been used in <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a>, with a 99% accuracy rate. Some examples are Apple's <a href="/wiki/Face_ID" title="Face ID">Face ID</a> and Android's <a href="/wiki/Face_Unlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Face Unlock">Face Unlock</a>, which are used to secure mobile devices.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Image labeling has been used by <a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Google</a> to detect products in photos and to allow people to search based on a photo. Image labeling has also been demonstrated to generate speech to describe images to blind people. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2015b-31">[31]</a> Facebook's <a href="/wiki/DeepFace" title="DeepFace">DeepFace</a> identifies human faces in digital images. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games">Games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">Video game bot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">Artificial intelligence in video games</a></div> Games have been a major application[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] of AI's capabilities since the 1950s. In the 21st century, AIs have beaten human players in many games, including <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">chess</a> (<a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Deep Blue">Deep Blue</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watson_(artificial_intelligence_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (artificial intelligence software)">Watson</a>),<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> (<a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a>),<a href="#cite_note-bbc-alphago-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pluribus_(poker_bot)" title="Pluribus (poker bot)">Pluribus</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(poker_bot)" title="Cepheus (poker bot)">Cepheus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">E-sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a>),<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">general game playing</a> (<a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> AI has replaced hand-coded algorithms in most chess programs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">go</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, poker is an <a href="/wiki/Imperfect_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfect information">imperfect-information</a> game, so a program that plays poker has to reason under uncertainty. The general game players work using feedback from the game system, without knowing the rules. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_social_challenges">Economic and social challenges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic and social challenges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Environmental_monitoring">§ Environmental monitoring</a></div> <a href="/wiki/ITU_AI_for_Good" title="ITU AI for Good">AI for Good</a> is an ITU initiative supporting institutions employing AI to tackle some of the world's greatest economic and social challenges. For example, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> launched the Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, with the goal of using AI to address problems such as homelessness. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> researchers use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> to analyze satellite images to identify high poverty areas.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Precision_agriculture" title="Precision agriculture">Precision agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_agriculture" title="Digital agriculture">Digital agriculture</a></div> In agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments or increasing yield.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict the ripening time for crops such as tomatoes,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> monitor soil moisture, operate <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">agricultural robots</a>, conduct <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare#Farmed_animals" title="Animal welfare">classify livestock pig call emotions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41598-022-07174-8-27">[27]</a> automate <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> detect diseases and pests,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and save water.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precision_Farming">Precision Farming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Precision Farming">edit</a>]</div> AI helps in achieving precise farming, which calls for the use of algorithims to analyze data retrieved from satellite imagery and on-site field sensors. It allows for optimization of resource usage and helps to make the right decisions regarding the kind of nutrients, water, and pesticides required to maximize yield.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_and_soil_monitoring">Crop and soil monitoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crop and soil monitoring">edit</a>]</div> Using machine learning models to monitor the health of crops and the soil. The models will be able to detect and predict diseases and pests in crops ahead of time to allow timely interventions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_Machinery">Automated Machinery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Automated Machinery">edit</a>]</div> There are automated machinery such as tractors and harvesters, which can operate autonomously with minimal human labor. With the use of AI many duties in the area are possible to be done with precision.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyber_security">Cyber security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cyber security">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Cyber security</a> companies are adopting <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> to improve their systems.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Applications of AI in cyber security include: <ul><li>Network protection: Machine learning improves <a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">intrusion detection systems</a> by broadening the search beyond previously identified threats.</li> <li>Endpoint protection: Attacks such as <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a> can be thwarted by learning typical malware behaviors. <ul><li>AI-related cyber security application cases vary in both benefit and complexity. Security features such as Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) and Extended Endpoint Detection and Response (XDR) offer significant benefits for businesses, but require significant integration and adaptation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Application security: can help counterattacks such as <a href="/wiki/Server-side_request_forgery" title="Server-side request forgery">server-side request forgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distributed-denial-of-service" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed-denial-of-service">distributed denial-of-service</a>. <ul><li>AI technology can also be utilized to improve system security and safeguard our privacy. Randrianasolo (2012) suggested a security system based on artificial intelligence that can recognize intrusions and adapt to perform better.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In order to improve cloud computing security, Sahil (2015) created a user profile system for the cloud environment with AI techniques.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suspect user behavior: Machine learning can identify fraud or compromised applications as they occur.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li></ul> Google fraud czar <a href="/wiki/Shuman_Ghosemajumder" title="Shuman Ghosemajumder">Shuman Ghosemajumder</a> has said that AI will be used to completely automate most cyber security operations over time.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AI_in_education" title="AI in education">AI in education</a></div> AI elevates teaching, focusing on significant issues like the knowledge nexus and educational equality. The evolution of AI in education and technology should be used to improve human capabilities in relationships where they do not replace humans. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognizes the future of AI in education as an instrument to reach Sustainable Development Goal 4, called "Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education.” <a href="#cite_note-Harvard-2023-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> also stresses AI's contribution to students' overall improvement and transforming teaching into a more enjoyable process.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-2023-70">[70]</a> Personalized Learning AI driven tutoring systems, such as Khan Academy, Duolingo and Carnegie Learning are the forefoot of delivering personalized education.<a href="#cite_note-nair-2021-71">[71]</a> These platforms leverage AI algorithms to analyze individual learning patterns, strengths, and weaknesses, enabling the customization of content and Algorithm to suit each student's pace and style of learning.<a href="#cite_note-nair-2021-71">[71]</a> Administrative Efficiency In educational institutions, AI is increasingly used to automate routine tasks like attendance tracking, grading and marking, which allows educators to devote more time to interactive teaching and direct student engagement.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings-72">[72]</a> Furthermore, AI tools are employed to monitor student progress, analyze learning behaviors, and predict academic challenges, facilitating timely and proactive interventions for students who may be at risk of falling behind.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings-72">[72]</a> Ethical and Privacy Concerns Despite the benefits, the integration of AI in education raises significant ethical and privacy concerns, particularly regarding the handling of sensitive student data.<a href="#cite_note-nair-2021-71">[71]</a> It is imperative that AI systems in education are designed and operated with a strong emphasis on transparency, security, and respect for privacy to maintain trust and uphold the integrity of educational practices.<a href="#cite_note-nair-2021-71">[71]</a> Much regulation will be influenced by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance">Finance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institutions</a> have long used <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a> systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. The use of AI in <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> began in 1987 when <a href="/wiki/Security_Pacific_National_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Pacific National Bank">Security Pacific National Bank</a> launched a fraud prevention taskforce to counter the unauthorized use of debit cards.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kasisto and Moneystream use AI. Banks use AI to organize operations, for bookkeeping, investing in stocks, and managing properties. AI can react to changes when business is not taking place.<a href="#cite_note-Eleanor-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fraud_detection" title="Artificial intelligence in fraud detection">AI is used to combat fraud</a> and financial crimes by monitoring behavioral patterns for any <a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">abnormal changes or anomalies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsroundtable.org-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The use of AI in applications such as online trading and decision-making has changed major economic theories.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> For example, AI-based buying and selling platforms estimate individualized demand and supply curves and thus enable individualized pricing. AI machines reduce <a href="/wiki/Information_asymmetry" title="Information asymmetry">information asymmetry</a> in the market and thus <a href="/wiki/Efficient_market_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficient market hypothesis">make markets more efficient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The application of artificial intelligence in the financial industry can alleviate the financing constraints of non-state-owned enterprises. Especially for smaller and more innovative enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading_and_investment">Trading and investment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trading and investment">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_trading" title="Algorithmic trading">Algorithmic trading</a> involves the use of AI systems to make trading decisions at speeds orders of magnitude greater than any human is capable of, making millions of trades in a day without human intervention. Such <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_trading" title="High-frequency trading">high-frequency trading</a> represents a fast-growing sector. Many banks, funds, and proprietary trading firms now have entire portfolios that are AI-managed. <a href="/wiki/Automated_trading_system" title="Automated trading system">Automated trading systems</a> are typically used by large institutional investors but include smaller firms trading with their own AI systems.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Large financial institutions use AI to assist with their investment practices. <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a>'s AI engine, <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(BlackRock)" title="Aladdin (BlackRock)">Aladdin</a>, is used both within the company and by clients to help with investment decisions. Its functions include the use of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> to analyze text such as news, broker reports, and social media feeds. It then gauges the sentiment on the companies mentioned and assigns a score. Banks such as <a href="/wiki/UBS_tax_evasion_controversies" title="UBS tax evasion controversies">UBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> use SQREEM (Sequential Quantum Reduction and Extraction Model) to mine data to develop consumer profiles and match them with <a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">wealth management</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwriting">Underwriting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Underwriting">edit</a>]</div> Online lender <a href="/wiki/Upstart_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upstart (company)">Upstart</a> uses machine learning for <a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">underwriting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> ZestFinance's Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML) platform is used for credit underwriting. This platform uses machine learning to analyze data including purchase transactions and how a customer fills out a form to score borrowers. The platform is particularly useful to assign credit scores to those with limited credit histories.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audit">Audit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Audit">edit</a>]</div> AI makes continuous auditing possible. Potential benefits include reducing audit risk, increasing the level of assurance, and reducing audit duration.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] Continuous auditing with AI allows a real-time monitoring and reporting of financial activities and providing businesses with timely insights that can lead to quick decision making.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-money_laundering">Anti-money laundering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anti-money laundering">edit</a>]</div> AI software, such as LaundroGraph which uses contemporary suboptimal datasets, could be used for <a href="/wiki/Anti-money_laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-money laundering">anti-money laundering</a> (AML).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> AI can be used to "develop the AML pipeline into a robust, scalable solution with a reduced false positive rate and high adaptability".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A study about deep learning for AML identified "key challenges for researchers" to have "access to recent real transaction data and scarcity of labelled training data; and data being highly imbalanced" and suggests future research should bring-out "<a href="/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelligence" title="Explainable artificial intelligence">explainability</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph_deep_learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graph deep learning (page does not exist)">graph deep learning</a> using <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> (NLP), unsupervised and reinforcement learning to handle lack of <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">labelled data</a>; and joint research programs between the <a href="/wiki/Research_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Research community">research community</a> and industry to benefit from domain knowledge and controlled access to data".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Banks use machine learning (ML) to upgrade process monitoring and demonstrating the ability of responding efficiently to evolving techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-92">[92]</a> Through ML and other methods, financial organizations can detect laundering operations and run compliance in an automated and very fast mode.<a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, AI started to become prominent in finance as <a href="/wiki/Expert_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert systems">expert systems</a> were commercialized. For example, Dupont created 100 expert systems, which helped them to save almost $10 million per year.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> One of the first systems was the Pro-trader expert system that predicted the 87-point drop in the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> in 1986. "The major junctions of the system were to monitor premiums in the market, determine the optimum investment strategy, execute transactions when appropriate and modify the knowledge base through a learning mechanism."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> One of the first expert systems to help with financial plans was PlanPowerm and Client Profiling System, created by Applied Expert Systems (APEX). It was launched in 1986. It helped create personal financial plans for people.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the 1990s AI was applied to <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fraud_detection" title="Artificial intelligence in fraud detection">fraud detection</a>. In 1993 FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) launched. It was able to review over 200,000 transactions per week and over two years it helped identify 400 potential cases of <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> equal to $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> These expert systems were later replaced by machine learning systems.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> AI can enhance entrepreneurial activity and AI is one of the most dynamic areas for start-ups, with significant venture capital flowing into AI.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Artificial intelligence in government</a></div> AI <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a> are used for <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>, notably in China.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru, India</a> deployed AI-managed traffic signals. This system uses cameras to monitor traffic density and adjust signal timing based on the interval needed to clear traffic.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">Artificial intelligence arms race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">Lethal autonomous weapon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">Unmanned combat aerial vehicle</a></div> Various countries are deploying AI military applications.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-102">[102]</a> The main applications enhance <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a>, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability.<a href="#cite_note-Slyusar-2019-103">[103]</a> Research is targeting intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and semiautonomous and <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-102">[102]</a> AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a>, coordination and deconfliction of distributed <a href="/wiki/Forward_observers_in_the_U.S._military" title="Forward observers in the U.S. military">Joint Fires</a> between networked combat vehicles involving manned and unmanned teams.<a href="#cite_note-Slyusar-2019-103">[103]</a> AI was incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-2019-102">[102]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> tested generative AI based on large language models to digitize and integrate data across the military.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, Israel used two AI systems to generate targets to strike: Habsora (translated: "<a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>") was used to compile a list of buildings to target, while "Lavender" produced a list of people. "Lavender" produced a list of 37,000 people to target.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2023-106">[106]</a> The list of buildings to target included Gazan private homes of people that were suspected of affiliation to Hamas operatives. The combination of AI targeting technology with policy shift away from avoiding civilian targets resulted in unprecedented numbers of civilian deaths. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> officials say the program addresses the previous issue of the air force running out of targets. Using Habsora, officials say that suspected and junior Hamas members homes significantly expand the "AI target bank." An internal source describes the process as a “mass assassination factory”.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-2023-106">[106]</a> In 2024, the U.S. military trained artificial intelligence to identify <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrike</a> targets during its operations in Iraq and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2024 a Chinese laboratory at the Joint Operations College of the National Defense University in <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a> has created an AI military commander, for use in large-scale <a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">war simulations</a> in the role of the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Worldwide annual military spending on robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to US$7.5 billion in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Military drones capable of autonomous action are in wide use.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The Ukrainian Army has developed 2024 autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikazedrones</a> in oder to make Russian interference during flight ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many researchers avoid military applications.<a href="#cite_note-Slyusar-2019-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_hand,_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg/220px-X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg/330px-X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg/440px-X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatically_found_by_BoneXpert_software.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">X-ray</a> of a hand, with automatic calculation of <a href="/wiki/Bone_age" title="Bone age">bone age</a> by a computer software</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/220px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/330px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/440px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A patient-side surgical arm of <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">Da Vinci Surgical System</a></figcaption></figure> AI in healthcare is often used for classification, to evaluate a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">electrocardiogram</a> or to identify high-risk patients for population health. AI is helping with the high-cost problem of dosing. One study suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a study reported that an AI-derived formula derived the proper dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to transplant patients.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Current research has indicated that non-cardiac vascular illnesses are also being treated with artificial intelligence (AI). For certain disorders, AI algorithms can assist with diagnosis, recommended treatments, outcome prediction, and patient progress tracking. As AI technology advances, it is anticipated that it will become more significant in the healthcare industry.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The early detection of diseases like cancer is made possible by AI algorithms, which diagnose diseases by analyzing complex sets of medical data. For example, the IBM Watson system might be used to comb through massive data such as medical records and clinical trials to help diagnose a problem.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Microsoft's AI project Hanover helps doctors choose <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of cancer">cancer treatments</a> from among the more than 800 medicines and vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Its goal is to memorize all the relevant papers to predict which (combinations of) drugs will be most effective for each patient. <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">Myeloid leukemia</a> is one target. Another study reported on an AI that was as good as doctors in identifying skin cancers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Another project monitors multiple high-risk patients by asking each patient questions based on data acquired from doctor/patient interactions.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In one study done with <a href="/wiki/Transfer_learning" title="Transfer learning">transfer learning</a>, an AI diagnosed eye conditions similar to an <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a> and recommended treatment referrals.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Another study demonstrated surgery with an autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching together a pig's bowel judged better than a surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system" title="Clinical decision support system">clinical decision support systems</a> for medical diagnosis,<a href="#cite_note-Pumplun_2021-123">[123]</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Concept_processing" title="Concept processing">concept processing</a> technology in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_medical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic medical record">EMR</a> software. Other healthcare tasks thought suitable for an AI that are in development include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart sound">Heart sound</a> analysis<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Companion robots for <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">elder care</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record#Usefulness_for_research" title="Electronic health record">Medical record analysis</a></li> <li>Treatment plan design[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Medication management</li> <li>Assisting blind people<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Consultations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Drug creation<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> (e.g. by identifying candidate drugs<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and by using existing drug screening data such as in <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> research)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Clinical training<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Outcome prediction for surgical procedures</li> <li>HIV prognosis</li> <li>Identifying genomic pathogen signatures of novel pathogens<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> or identifying pathogens via physics-based fingerprints<a href="#cite_note-10.1073/pnas.2118836119-133">[133]</a> (including pandemic pathogens)</li> <li>Helping link genes to their functions,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> otherwise analyzing genes<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and identification of novel biological targets<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Help development of <a href="/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)" title="Biomarker (medicine)">biomarkers</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Help tailor therapies to individuals in <a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">personalized medicine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Precision_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision medicine">precision medicine</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_health_and_safety">Workplace health and safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Workplace health and safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence#Health_and_safety_applications" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Workplace impact of artificial intelligence § Health and safety applications</a></div> AI-enabled <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a> decrease the need for humans to perform basic call center tasks.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-2019-139">[139]</a> Machine learning in <a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a> can spot fatigue in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">overwork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-2019-139">[139]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">decision support systems</a> can prevent <a href="/wiki/Industrial_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial disaster">industrial disasters</a> and make <a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">disaster response</a> more efficient.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2019-140">[140]</a> For manual workers in <a href="/wiki/Material_handling" title="Material handling">material handling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a> may be used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_injury" title="Musculoskeletal injury">musculoskeletal injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Data collected from <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearable sensors</a> can improve <a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">workplace health surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_risk_assessment" title="Occupational risk assessment">risk assessment</a>, and research.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2019-140">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] AI can auto-<a href="/wiki/Coding_(social_sciences)" title="Coding (social sciences)">code</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> claims.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> AI-enabled <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems can enhance safety training for hazard recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2019-140">[140]</a> AI can more efficiently detect accident <a href="/wiki/Near_miss_(safety)" title="Near miss (safety)">near misses</a>, which are important in reducing accident rates, but are often underreported.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/AlphaFold_2" class="mw-redirect" title="AlphaFold 2">AlphaFold 2</a> can determine the 3D structure of a (<a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">folded</a>) protein in hours rather than the months required by earlier automated approaches and was used to provide the likely structures of all proteins in the human body and essentially all proteins known to science (more than 200 million).<a href="#cite_note-economist20201130-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-KahnLessons-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_biology">Chemistry and biology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chemistry and biology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Health">§ Health</a>, <a href="#Astrochemistry">§ Astrochemistry</a>, <a href="#Quantum_computing">§ Quantum computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_chemicals" title="Regulation of chemicals">Regulation of chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry#Fields_of_application" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry § Fields of application</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_robotics" title="Laboratory robotics">Laboratory robotics</a></div> Machine learning has been used for <a href="/wiki/Drug_design#Computer-aided_drug_design" title="Drug design">drug design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-“Ciaramella211”-149">[149]</a> It has also been used for predicting molecular properties and exploring large chemical/reaction spaces.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Computer-planned syntheses via computational reaction networks, described as a platform that combines "computational synthesis with AI algorithms to predict molecular properties",<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> have been used to explore the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origins of life on Earth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> drug-syntheses and developing routes for <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">recycling</a> 200 industrial <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste#Methods_of_disposal_of_laboratory_chemical_wastes" title="Chemical waste">waste chemicals</a> into important drugs and agrochemicals (chemical synthesis design).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> There is research about which types of computer-aided chemistry would benefit from machine learning.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> It can also be used for "<a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a> and development, <a href="/wiki/Drug_repurposing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug repurposing">drug repurposing</a>, improving pharmaceutical productivity, and clinical trials".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> It has been used for the <a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">design of proteins</a> with prespecified functional sites.<a href="#cite_note-2022-07-biologist-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.abn2100-157">[157]</a> It has been used with databases for the development of a 46-day process to design, synthesize and test a drug which inhibits enzymes of a particular gene, <a href="/wiki/DDR1" title="DDR1">DDR1</a>. DDR1 is involved in cancers and fibrosis which is one reason for the high-quality datasets that enabled these results.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> There are various types of applications for machine learning in decoding human biology, such as helping to map <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> patterns to functional activation patterns<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> or identifying functional <a href="/wiki/DNA_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA motif">DNA motifs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> It is widely used in genetic research.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> There also is some use of machine learning in <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1021/acssynbio.8b00540-163">[163]</a> disease biology,<a href="#cite_note-10.1021/acssynbio.8b00540-163">[163]</a> nanotechnology (e.g. nanostructured materials and <a href="/wiki/Bionanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bionanotechnology">bionanotechnology</a>),<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novel_types_of_machine_learning">Novel types of machine learning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Novel types of machine learning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Automated reasoning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg/220px-Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg/330px-Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg/440px-Semi-automated_testing_of_reproducibility_and_robustness_of_the_cancer_biology_literature_by_robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Schema of the process of a semi-automated robot scientist process that includes Web statement extraction and biological laboratory testing</figcaption></figure> There are also <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_robotics#Applications" title="Laboratory robotics">prototype robot scientists</a>, including robot-embodied ones like the two <a href="/wiki/Robot_Scientist" title="Robot Scientist">Robot Scientists</a>, which show a form of "machine learning" not commonly associated with the term.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Similarly, there is research and development of biological "<a href="/wiki/Wetware_computer" title="Wetware computer">wetware computers</a>" that can learn (e.g. for use as <a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">biosensors</a>) and/or implantation into an organism's body (e.g. for use to control prosthetics).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Polymer-based artificial neurons operate directly in biological environments and define biohybrid neurons made of artificial and living components.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Moreover, if <a href="/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole brain emulation">whole brain emulation</a> is possible via both scanning and replicating the, at least, bio-chemical brain – as premised in the form of digital replication in <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Em" title="The Age of Em">The Age of Em</a>, possibly using <a href="/wiki/Physical_neural_network" title="Physical neural network">physical neural networks</a> – that may have applications as or more extensive than e.g. valued human activities and may imply that society would face substantial moral choices, societal risks and ethical problems<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> such as whether (and how) such are built, <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading#Space_exploration" title="Mind uploading">sent through space</a> and used compared to potentially competing e.g. potentially more synthetic and/or less human and/or non/less-sentient types of artificial/semi-artificial intelligence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] An alternative or additive approach to scanning are types of reverse engineering of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> A subcategory of artificial intelligence is embodied,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> some of which are mobile robotic systems that each consist of one or multiple robots that are able to learn in the physical world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_ghosts">Digital ghosts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Digital ghosts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Digital_ghosts" title="Resurrection">Resurrection § Digital ghosts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological_computing_in_AI_and_as_AI">Biological computing in AI and as AI</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Biological computing in AI and as AI">edit</a>]</div> However, <a href="/wiki/Biological_computing" title="Biological computing">biological computers</a>, even if both highly artificial and intelligent, are typically distinguished from synthetic, often silicon-based, computers – they could however be combined or used for the design of either. Moreover, many tasks may be carried out inadequately by artificial intelligence even if its algorithms were transparent, understood, bias-free, apparently effective, and goal-aligned and its trained data sufficiently large and <a href="/wiki/Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">cleansed</a> – such as in cases were the underlying or available metrics, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a> or data are inappropriate. <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-aided">Computer-aided</a> is a phrase used to describe human activities that make use of computing as tool in more comprehensive activities and systems such as AI for narrow tasks or making use of such without substantially relying on its results (see also: <a href="/wiki/Human-in-the-loop" title="Human-in-the-loop">human-in-the-loop</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A study described the biological as a limitation of AI with "as long as the biological system cannot be understood, formalized, and imitated, we will not be able to develop technologies that can mimic it" and that if it was understood this does not mean there being "a technological solution to imitate natural intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Technologies that integrate biology and are often AI-based include <a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">biorobotics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomy,_space_activities_and_ufology">Astronomy, space activities and ufology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Astronomy, space activities and ufology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Novel_types_of_machine_learning">§ Novel types of machine learning</a></div> Artificial intelligence is used in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> to analyze increasing amounts of available data<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaai-184">[184]</a> and applications, mainly for "classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific insights" for example for discovering <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, forecasting solar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational wave astronomy">gravitational wave astronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> It could also be used for activities in space such as <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, including analysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and more autonomous operation.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-esaai-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaai-184">[184]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a> (SETI), machine learning has been used in attempts to identify artificially generated <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> in available data<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> – such as real-time observations<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> – and other <a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">technosignatures</a>, e.g. via <a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">anomaly detection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a>, the SkyCAM-5 project headed by Prof. Hakan Kayal<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Galileo_Project" title="The Galileo Project">Galileo Project</a> headed by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Avi_Loeb" title="Avi Loeb">Avi Loeb</a> use machine learning to detect and classify peculiar types of UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The Galileo Project also seeks to detect two further types of potential extraterrestrial technological signatures with the use of AI: <a href="/wiki/%27Oumuamua" class="mw-redirect" title="'Oumuamua">'Oumuamua</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">interstellar objects</a>, and non-manmade artificial satellites.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_or_non-human_applications">Future or non-human applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Future or non-human applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Novel_types_of_machine_learning">§ Novel types of machine learning</a></div> Loeb has speculated that one type of technological equipment the project may detect could be "AI astronauts"<a href="#cite_note-aiastro-202">[202]</a> and in 2021 – in an opinion piece – that AI "will" "supersede natural intelligence",<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> stated that there "may" be more civilizations than thought with the "majority of them" being artificial.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_technology" title="Hypothetical technology">mid/far future or non-human applications</a> of artificial intelligence could include advanced forms of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> that engages in <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a> or more narrow spaceflight-specific types of AI. In contrast, there have been concerns in relation to potential AGI or AI capable of <a href="/wiki/Embryo_space_colonization" title="Embryo space colonization">embryo space colonization</a>, or more generally natural intelligence-based space colonization, such as "safety of encounters with an alien AI",<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffering_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risk">suffering risks</a> (or inverse goals),<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> moral license/responsibility in respect to colonization-effects,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> or AI gone rogue (e.g. as portrayed with fictional <a href="/wiki/David_8" title="David 8">David8</a> and <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a>). See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">space law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">space ethics</a>. Loeb has described the possibility of "AI astronauts" that engage in "supervised evolution" (see also: <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)" title="Directed evolution (transhumanism)">directed evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">uplift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">directed panspermia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Astrochemistry">edit</a>]</div> It can also be used to produce datasets of spectral signatures of molecules that may be involved in the atmospheric production or consumption of particular chemicals – such as <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus#Phosphine" title="Life on Venus">phosphine possibly detected on Venus</a> – which could prevent miss assignments and, if accuracy is improved, be used in future detections and identifications of molecules on other planets.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_fields_of_research">Other fields of research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other fields of research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_of_general_impacts">Evidence of general impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Evidence of general impacts">edit</a>]</div> In April 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism" title="Scientific Advice Mechanism">Scientific Advice Mechanism</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> published advice<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> including a comprehensive evidence review of the opportunities and challenges posed by artificial intelligence in scientific research. As benefits, the evidence review<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> highlighted: <ul><li>its role in accelerating research and innovation</li> <li>its capacity to automate workflows</li> <li>enhancing dissemination of scientific work</li></ul> As challenges: <ul><li>limitations and risks around transparency, reproducibility and interpretability</li> <li>poor performance (inaccuracy)</li> <li>risk of harm through misuse or unintended use</li> <li>societal concerns including the spread of misinformation and increasing inequalities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology,_history_and_imaging_of_sites">Archaeology, history and imaging of sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Archaeology, history and imaging of sites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital archaeology</a></div> Machine learning can help to restore and attribute ancient texts.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> It can help to index texts for example to enable better and easier searching<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> and classification of fragments.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Artificial intelligence can also be used to investigate genomes to uncover <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history">genetic history</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">interbreeding between archaic and modern humans</a> by which for example the past existence of a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">ghost population</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovan</a>, was inferred.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA#Human_aDNA" title="Ancient DNA">Ancient DNA § Human aDNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> It can also be used for "non-invasive and non-destructive access to internal structures of archaeological remains".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_in_archaeology" title="Remote sensing in archaeology">Remote sensing in archaeology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Physics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Machine learning in physics</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> system was reported to learn intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments) based on an <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">unpublished</a> approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Other researchers have developed a machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.<a href="#cite_note-advancedsciencenews.com/an-artific-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In the future, it may be possible that such can be used to automate the discovery of physical laws of complex systems.<a href="#cite_note-advancedsciencenews.com/an-artific-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_science">Materials science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Materials science">edit</a>]</div> AI could be used for materials optimization and discovery such as the discovery of stable materials and the prediction of their crystal structure.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43246-021-00209-z-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1002/adma.202109892-225">[225]</a> In November 2023, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> announced that they had developed an AI system known as GNoME. This system has contributed to <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> by discovering over 2 million new materials within a relatively short timeframe. GNoME employs deep learning techniques to efficiently explore potential material structures, achieving a significant increase in the identification of stable inorganic <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>. The system's predictions were validated through autonomous robotic experiments, demonstrating a noteworthy success rate of 71%. The data of newly discovered materials is publicly available through the <a href="/wiki/Materials_Project" title="Materials Project">Materials Project</a> database, offering researchers the opportunity to identify materials with desired properties for various applications. This development has implications for the future of scientific discovery and the integration of AI in material science research, potentially expediting material innovation and reducing costs in product development. The use of AI and deep learning suggests the possibility of minimizing or eliminating manual lab experiments and allowing scientists to focus more on the design and analysis of unique compounds.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_engineering">Reverse engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Reverse engineering">edit</a>]</div> Machine learning is used in diverse types of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>. For example, machine learning has been used to reverse engineer a composite material part, enabling unauthorized production of high quality parts,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> and for quickly understanding the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> It can be used to reverse engineer artificial intelligence models.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> It can also design components by engaging in a type of reverse engineering of not-yet existent virtual components such as inverse molecular design for particular desired functionality<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">protein design</a> for prespecified functional sites.<a href="#cite_note-2022-07-biologist-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.abn2100-157">[157]</a> Biological network reverse engineering could model interactions in a human understandable way, e.g. bas on time series data of gene expression levels.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_informatics#Artificial_intelligence" title="Legal informatics">Legal informatics § Artificial intelligence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_analysis">Legal analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Legal analysis">edit</a>]</div> AI is a mainstay of law-related professions. Algorithms and machine learning do some tasks previously done by entry-level lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> While its use is common, it is not expected to replace most work done by lawyers in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_discovery" title="Electronic discovery">electronic discovery</a> industry uses machine learning to reduce manual searching.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_legal_proceedings">Law enforcement and legal proceedings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and legal proceedings">edit</a>]</div> Law enforcement has begun using <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a> (FRS) to identify suspects from visual data. FRS results have proven to be more accurate when compared to eyewitness results. Furthermore, FRS has shown to have much a better ability to identify individuals when video clarity and visibility are low in comparison to human participants. <a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/COMPAS_(software)" title="COMPAS (software)">COMPAS</a> is a commercial system used by <a href="/wiki/U.S._court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. court">U.S. courts</a> to assess the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Recidivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Recidivist">recidivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Julia_Angwin-2016-240">[240]</a> One concern relates to <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a>, AI programs may become biased after processing data that exhibits bias.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> claims that the average COMPAS-assigned recidivism risk level of black defendants is significantly higher than that of white defendants.<a href="#cite_note-Julia_Angwin-2016-240">[240]</a> In 2019, the city of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to ecommerce and internet-related <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">intellectual property</a> claims.<a href="#cite_note-Šimalčík-2023-242">[242]</a>: 124  Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence presented and applies relevant legal standards.<a href="#cite_note-Šimalčík-2023-242">[242]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Human resources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_hiring" title="Artificial intelligence in hiring">Artificial intelligence in hiring</a></div> Another application of AI is in human resources. AI can screen resumes and rank candidates based on their qualifications, predict candidate success in given roles, and automate repetitive communication tasks via chatbots.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_search">Job search</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Job search">edit</a>]</div> AI has simplified the recruiting /job search process for both recruiters and job seekers. According to <a href="/wiki/Raj_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Mukherjee">Raj Mukherjee</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indeed" title="Indeed">Indeed</a>, 65% of job searchers search again within 91 days after hire. An AI-powered engine streamlines the complexity of job hunting by assessing information on job skills, salaries, and user tendencies, matching job seekers to the most relevant positions. Machine intelligence calculates appropriate wages and highlights resume information for recruiters using NLP, which extracts relevant words and phrases from text. Another application is an AI resume builder that compiles a CV in 5 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">Chatbots</a> assist website visitors and refine workflows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_and_telephone_customer_service">Online and telephone customer service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Online and telephone customer service">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automated_online_assistant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Automated_online_assistant.png/170px-Automated_online_assistant.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Automated_online_assistant.png/255px-Automated_online_assistant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Automated_online_assistant.png/340px-Automated_online_assistant.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Automated_online_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated online assistant">automated online assistant</a> providing <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> on a web page</figcaption></figure> AI underlies <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)#Artificial_intelligence" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_online_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated online assistant">automated online assistants</a>) on web pages.<a href="#cite_note-Kongthon-245">[245]</a> It can reduce operation and training costs.<a href="#cite_note-Kongthon-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pypestream" title="Pypestream">Pypestream</a> automated customer service for its mobile application to streamline communication with customers.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> A Google app analyzes language and converts speech into text. The platform can identify angry customers through their language and respond appropriately.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Amazon uses a chatbot for customer service that can perform tasks like checking the status of an order, cancelling orders, offering refunds and connecting the customer with a human representative.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Generative AI (GenAI), such as ChatGPT, is increasingly used in business to automate tasks and enhance decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitality">Hospitality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Hospitality">edit</a>]</div> In the hospitality industry, AI is used to reduce repetitive tasks, analyze trends, interact with guests, and predict customer needs.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> AI hotel services come in the form of a chatbot,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> application, virtual voice assistant and service robots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Telecommunications">§ Telecommunications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_media" title="Synthetic media">Synthetic media</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg/220px-Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg/330px-Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg/440px-Restoration_using_Artificial_intelligence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Image restoration</figcaption></figure> AI applications analyze media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>. The solutions often involve <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>. Typical scenarios include the analysis of images using <a href="/wiki/Object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Object recognition">object recognition</a> or face recognition techniques, or the <a href="/wiki/Video_content_analysis" title="Video content analysis">analysis of video</a> for scene recognizing scenes, objects or faces. AI-based media analysis can facilitate media search, the creation of descriptive keywords for content, content policy monitoring (such as verifying the suitability of content for a particular TV viewing time), <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech to text</a> for archival or other purposes, and the detection of logos, products or celebrity faces for ad placement. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_interpolation" title="Motion interpolation">Motion interpolation</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel-art_scaling_algorithms" title="Pixel-art scaling algorithms">Pixel-art scaling algorithms</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">Image scaling</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_restoration_by_artificial_intelligence" title="Image restoration by artificial intelligence">Image restoration</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Photo colorization</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Film restoration">Film restoration</a> and video upscaling<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li>Photo tagging<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_species_identification" title="Automated species identification">Automated species identification</a> (such as identifying plants, fungi and animals with an app)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li> <li>Image to video<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li>Text to video such as Make-A-Video from Meta, Imagen video and Phenaki from Google</li> <li>Text to music with AI models such as MusicLM<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>Text to speech such as <a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li>Make image transparent<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep-fakes">Deep-fakes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Deep-fakes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Deepfakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepfakes">Deep-fakes</a> can be used for comedic purposes but are better known for <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> and hoaxes. In January 2016,<a href="#cite_note-invid-project.eu-kick-off-265">[265]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> program financed the InVID Project<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-invid-project.eu/consortium-267">[267]</a> to help journalists and researchers detect fake documents, made available as browser plugins.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-chrome-webstore-fake-news-debunker-269">[269]</a> In June 2016, the visual computing group of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> developed Face2Face,<a href="#cite_note-face-270">[270]</a> a program that animates photographs of faces, mimicking the facial expressions of another person. The technology has been demonstrated animating the faces of people including <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. Other methods have been demonstrated based on <a href="/wiki/Deep_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural network">deep neural networks</a>, from which the name deep fake was taken. In September 2018, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> proposed to penalize <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> companies that allow sharing of deep-fake documents on their platforms.<a href="#cite_note-wpdp-271">[271]</a> In 2018, Darius Afchar and Vincent Nozick found a way to detect faked content by analyzing the mesoscopic properties of video frames.<a href="#cite_note-Nozick2018-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> gave 68 million dollars to work on deep-fake detection.<a href="#cite_note-Nozick2018-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">Audio deepfakes</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> and AI software capable of detecting deep-fakes and cloning human voices have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Respeecher" title="Respeecher">Respeecher</a> is a program that enables one person to speak with the voice of another. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_surveillance_analysis_and_manipulated_media_detection">Video surveillance analysis and manipulated media detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Video surveillance analysis and manipulated media detection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Video_content_analysis#Artificial_Intelligence" title="Video content analysis">Video content analysis § Artificial Intelligence</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_content_analysis&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Artificial intelligence for video surveillance utilizes <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a> programs that analyze the audio and images from <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveillance cameras">video surveillance cameras</a> in order to recognize humans, vehicles, objects and events. Security contractors program is the software to define restricted areas within the camera's view (such as a fenced off area, a parking lot but not the sidewalk or public street outside the lot) and program for times of day (such as after the close of business) for the property being protected by the camera <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> ("A.I.") sends an alert if it detects a trespasser breaking the "rule" set that no person is allowed in that area during that time of day.</div></div> AI algorithms have been used to detect deepfake videos.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_production">Video production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Video production">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> is also starting to be used in video production, with tools and softwares being developed that utilize generative AI in order to create new video, or alter existing video. Some of the major tools that are being used in these processes currently are DALL-E, Mid-journey, and Runway.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2023-279">[279]</a> Way mark Studios utilized the tools offered by both <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Mid-journey</a> to create a fully AI generated film called The Frost in the summer of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2023-279">[279]</a> Way mark Studios is experimenting with using these AI tools to generate advertisements and commercials for companies in mere seconds.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2023-279">[279]</a> Yves Bergquist, a director of the AI & <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> in Media Project at USC's Entertainment Technology Center, says post production crews in Hollywood are already using generative AI, and predicts that in the future more companies will embrace this new technology.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music and artificial intelligence</a></div> AI has been used to compose music of various genres. <a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a> created an AI called <a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell" title="Emily Howell">Emily Howell</a> that managed to become well known in the field of algorithmic computer music.<a href="#cite_note-ARS-281">[281]</a> The algorithm behind Emily Howell is registered as a US patent.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> In 2012, AI <a href="/wiki/Iamus_(computer)" title="Iamus (computer)">Iamus</a> created the first complete classical album.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/AIVA" title="AIVA">AIVA</a> (Artificial Intelligence Virtual Artist), composes symphonic music, mainly <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> for <a href="/wiki/Film_scores" class="mw-redirect" title="Film scores">film scores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LWO-284">[284]</a> It achieved a world first by becoming the first virtual composer to be recognized by a musical <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_auteurs,_compositeurs_et_%C3%A9diteurs_de_musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique">professional association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melomics" title="Melomics">Melomics</a> creates computer-generated music for stress and pain relief.<a href="#cite_note-alergy-286">[286]</a> At Sony CSL Research Laboratory, the Flow Machines software creates pop songs by learning music styles from a huge database of songs. It can compose in multiple styles. The Watson Beat uses <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_belief_network" title="Deep belief network">deep belief networks</a> to compose music on a simple seed input melody and a select style. The software was open sourced<a href="#cite_note-twb-287">[287]</a> and musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Taryn_Southern" title="Taryn Southern">Taryn Southern</a><a href="#cite_note-taryn-288">[288]</a> collaborated with the project to create music. South Korean singer Hayeon's debut song, "Eyes on You" was composed using AI which was supervised by real composers, including NUVO.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_and_reporting">Writing and reporting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Writing and reporting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Web_feeds_and_posts">§ Web feeds and posts</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_Science" title="Narrative Science">Narrative Science</a> sells <a href="/wiki/Computer_generated_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer generated journalism">computer-generated news</a> and reports. It summarizes sporting events based on statistical data from the game. It also creates financial reports and real estate analyses.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_Insights" title="Automated Insights">Automated Insights</a> generates personalized recaps and previews for <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Sports" title="Yahoo Sports">Yahoo Sports</a> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_football_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy football (American)">Fantasy Football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yseop" title="Yseop">Yseop</a>, uses AI to turn structured data into natural language comments and recommendations. <a href="/wiki/Yseop" title="Yseop">Yseop</a> writes financial reports, executive summaries, personalized sales or marketing documents and more in multiple languages, including English, Spanish, French, and German.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> TALESPIN made up stories similar to the <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">fables of Aesop</a>. The program started with a set of characters who wanted to achieve certain goals. The story narrated their attempts to satisfy these goals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mark Riedl and Vadim Bulitko asserted that the essence of storytelling was experience management, or "how to balance the need for a coherent story progression with user agency, which is often at odds".<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> While AI storytelling focuses on story generation (character and plot), story communication also received attention. In 2002, researchers developed an architectural framework for narrative prose generation. They faithfully reproduced text variety and complexity on stories such as <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> In 2016, a Japanese AI co-wrote a short story and almost won a literary prize.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> South Korean company Hanteo Global uses a journalism bot to write articles.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Literary authors are also exploring uses of AI. An example is <a href="/wiki/David_Jhave_Johnston" title="David Jhave Johnston">David Jhave Johnston</a>'s work <a href="/wiki/ReRites" title="ReRites">ReRites</a> (2017-2019), where the poet created a daily rite of editing the poetic output of a neural network to create a series of performances and publications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports_writing">Sports writing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sports writing">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, artificial intelligence used <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> statistics to automatically generate news articles. This was launched by <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Network" title="Big Ten Network">The Big Ten Network</a> using a software from <a href="/wiki/Narrative_Science" title="Narrative Science">Narrative Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> After being unable to cover every <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> game with a large team of people, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Automated_Insights" title="Automated Insights">Automated Insights</a> in 2016 to create game recaps that were automated by artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Galily_47–51-298">[298]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uol.com.br/">UOL</a> in Brazil expanded the use of AI in their writing. Rather than just generating news stories, they programmed the AI to include commonly searched words on <a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Galily_47–51-298">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El Pais</a>, a Spanish news site that covers many things including sports, allows users to make comments on each news article. They use the <a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Perspective API</a> to moderate these comments and if the software deems a comment to contain toxic language, the commenter will be forced to change their comment in order to publish it.<a href="#cite_note-Galily_47–51-298">[298]</a> A local Dutch media group used AI to create automatic coverage of amateur soccer, set to cover 60,000 games in just a single season. NDC partnered with United Robots to create this algorithm and cover what would have never been able to be done before without an extremely large team.<a href="#cite_note-Galily_47–51-298">[298]</a> Lede AI has been used in 2023 to take scores from <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> games to generate stories automatically for the local news paper. This was met with a lot of criticism from readers for the very robotic diction that was published. With some descriptions of games being a "close encounter of the athletic kind," readers were not pleased and let the publishing company, <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>, know on social media. Gannett has since halted their used of Lede AI until they come up with a solution for what they call an experiment.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Wikipedia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_Wikimedia_projects" title="Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects">Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_in_Wikimedia_projects&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia projects">Wikimedia projects</a> for the purpose of developing those projects.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_Wikimedia_projects_NYT-20230718-301">[301]</a> Human and <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bot</a> interaction in Wikimedia projects is routine and iterative.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></div></div> Millions of its articles have been edited by bots<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> which however are usually not artificial intelligence software. Many AI platforms use Wikipedia data,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> mainly for training machine learning applications. There is research and development of various artificial intelligence applications for Wikipedia such as for identifying outdated sentences,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">detecting covert vandalism</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> or recommending articles and tasks to new editors. Machine translation <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="#Language_translation">above</a>) has also be used for translating Wikipedia articles and could play a larger role in creating, updating, expanding, and generally improving articles in the future. A content translation tool allows editors of some Wikipedias to more easily translate articles across several select languages.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">Artificial intelligence in video games</a></div> In video games, AI is routinely used to generate behavior in <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a> (NPCs). In addition, AI is used for <a href="/wiki/Pathfinding" title="Pathfinding">pathfinding</a>. Some researchers consider NPC AI in games to be a "solved problem" for most production tasks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] Games with less typical AI include the AI director of <a href="/wiki/Left_4_Dead" title="Left 4 Dead">Left 4 Dead</a> (2008) and the neuroevolutionary training of platoons in <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_2" title="Supreme Commander 2">Supreme Commander 2</a> (2010).<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> AI is also used in <a href="/wiki/Alien:_Isolation" title="Alien: Isolation">Alien Isolation</a> (2014) as a way to control the actions the Alien will perform next.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a>, which provides a 3D body–motion interface for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, uses algorithms that emerged from AI research.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyborg_elf,_science_fantasy,_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png/220px-Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png/330px-Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png/440px-Cyborg_elf%2C_science_fantasy%2C_Stable_Diffusion_AI_art.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A "cyborg elf" generated by <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></div> AI has been used to produce visual art. The first AI art program, called <a href="/wiki/AARON" title="AARON">AARON</a>, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a> in 1968<a href="#cite_note-Poltronieri-2019-313">[313]</a> with the goal of being able to code the act of drawing. It started by creating simple black and white drawings, and later to painting using special brushes and dyes that were chosen by the program itself without mediation from Cohen.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> AI platforms such as "<a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>",<a href="#cite_note-2022/08/24/751f9a5-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2022/08/24/751f9a5-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imagen_(Google_Brain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagen (Google Brain)">Imagen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> have been used for generating visual images from inputs such as text or other images.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Some AI tools allow users to input images and output changed versions of that image, such as to display an object or product in different environments. AI image models can also attempt to replicate the specific styles of artists, and can add visual complexity to rough sketches. Since their design in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">generative adversarial networks</a> (GANs) have been used by AI artists. GAN computer programming, generates technical images through machine learning frameworks that surpass the need for human operators.<a href="#cite_note-Poltronieri-2019-313">[313]</a> Examples of GAN programs that generate art include <a href="/wiki/Artbreeder" title="Artbreeder">Artbreeder</a> and <a href="/wiki/DeepDream" title="DeepDream">DeepDream</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_analysis">Art analysis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Art analysis">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the creation of original art, research methods that utilize AI have been generated to quantitatively analyze digital art collections. Although the main goal of the large-scale digitization of artwork in the past few decades was to allow for accessibility and exploration of these collections, the use of AI in analyzing them has brought about new research perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Two computational methods, close reading and distant viewing, are the typical approaches used to analyze digitized art.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> While distant viewing includes the analysis of large collections, close reading involves one piece of artwork. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_animation">Computer animation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Computer animation">edit</a>]</div> AI has been in use since the early 2000s, most notably by a system designed by Pixar called "Genesis".<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> It was designed to learn algorithms and create 3D models for its characters and props. Notable movies that used this technology included Up and The Good Dinosaur.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> AI has been used less ceremoniously in recent years. In 2023, it was revealed Netflix of Japan was using AI to generate background images for their upcoming show to be met with backlash online.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> In recent years, motion capture became an easily accessible form of AI animation. For example, Move AI is a program built to capture any human movement and reanimate it in its animation program using learning AI.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_system">Energy system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Energy system">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a> converters are used in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> transmission. These converters are failure-prone, which can interrupt service and require costly maintenance or catastrophic consequences in mission critical applications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] AI can guide the design process for reliable power electronics converters, by calculating exact design parameters that ensure the required lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The U.S. Department of Energy underscores AI's pivotal role in realizing national climate goals. With AI, the ambitious target of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy becomes feasible. AI also helps make room for wind and solar on the grid by avoiding congestion and increasing grid reliability. <a href="#cite_note-DOE-326">[326]</a> Machine learning can be used for energy consumption prediction and scheduling, e.g. to help with <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy#Intermittency" title="100% renewable energy">renewable energy intermittency management</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Smart_grid_and_load_management" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation in the power grid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-“Ciaramella211”-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Telecommunications">edit</a>]</div> Many telecommunications companies make use of <a href="/wiki/Search_algorithm" title="Search algorithm">heuristic search</a> to manage their workforces. For example, <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a> deployed heuristic search<a href="#cite_note-TheorSoc-331">[331]</a> in an application that schedules 20,000 engineers. Machine learning is also used for <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> (SR), including of voice-controlled devices, and SR-related transcription, including of videos.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Artificial intelligence in industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_heavy_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intelligence in heavy industry">Artificial intelligence in heavy industry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Sensors">edit</a>]</div> Artificial intelligence has been combined with digital <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometry</a> by IdeaCuria Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> enable applications such as at-home water quality monitoring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toys_and_games">Toys and games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Toys and games">edit</a>]</div> In the 1990s early AIs controlled <a href="/wiki/Tamagotchi" title="Tamagotchi">Tamagotchis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giga_Pet" title="Giga Pet">Giga Pets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and the first widely released robot, <a href="/wiki/Furby" title="Furby">Furby</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aibo">Aibo</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">domestic robot</a> in the form of a robotic dog with intelligent features and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. Mattel created an assortment of AI-enabled toys that "understand" conversations, give intelligent responses, and learn.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas">Oil and gas</a> companies have used artificial intelligence tools to automate functions, foresee equipment issues, and increase oil and gas output.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Automotive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular automation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg/220px-Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg/330px-Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg/440px-Waymo_self-driving_car_side_view.gk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5243" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption>Side view of a <a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a>-branded self-driving car</figcaption></figure> AI in transport is expected to provide safe, efficient, and reliable transportation while minimizing the impact on the environment and communities. The major development challenge is the complexity of transportation systems that involves independent components and parties, with potentially conflicting objectives.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> AI-based <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a> controllers operate <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearboxes</a>. For example, the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Audi_TT" title="Audi TT">Audi TT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">VW Touareg</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Transporter_(T5)" title="Volkswagen Transporter (T5)">VW Caravell</a> feature the DSP transmission. A number of Škoda variants (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Fabia" title="Škoda Fabia">Škoda Fabia</a>) include a fuzzy logic-based controller. Cars have AI-based <a href="/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced driver-assistance systems">driver-assist</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Automatic_parking" title="Automatic parking">self-parking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control" title="Adaptive cruise control">adaptive cruise control</a>. There are also prototypes of autonomous automotive public transport vehicles such as electric mini-buses<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">autonomous rail transport</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_automated_train_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of automated train systems">operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> There also are prototypes of autonomous delivery vehicles, sometimes including <a href="/wiki/Delivery_robot" title="Delivery robot">delivery robots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> Transportation's complexity means that in most cases training an AI in a real-world driving environment is impractical. Simulator-based testing can reduce the risks of on-road training.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> AI underpins self-driving vehicles. Companies involved with AI include <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>. AI-based systems control functions such as braking, lane changing, collision prevention, navigation and mapping.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Autonomous trucks are in the testing phase. The UK government passed legislation to begin testing of autonomous truck platoons in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> A group of autonomous trucks follow closely behind each other. German corporation <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a> is testing its <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Inspiration" title="Freightliner Inspiration">Freightliner Inspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> Autonomous vehicles require accurate maps to be able to navigate between destinations.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> Some autonomous vehicles do not allow human drivers (they have no steering wheels or pedals).<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traffic_management">Traffic management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Traffic management">edit</a>]</div> AI has been used to optimize traffic management, which reduces wait times, energy use, and emissions by as much as 25 percent.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Smart_traffic_light.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smart_traffic_light.webp/200px-Smart_traffic_light.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smart_traffic_light.webp/300px-Smart_traffic_light.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Smart_traffic_light.webp/400px-Smart_traffic_light.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="845" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp/200px-Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp/300px-Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp/400px-Smart_traffic_light_intersection.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="837" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Cameras with <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_location" title="Acoustic location">ultrasonic acoustic</a> location sensors, while using <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive algorithms</a> to have <a href="/wiki/Smart_traffic_light" title="Smart traffic light">artificially intelligent traffic lights</a> to make traffic flow better</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Smart_traffic_light" title="Smart traffic light">Smart traffic lights</a> have been developed at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a> since 2009. Professor Stephen Smith has started a company since then <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Urban_Traffic_Control" title="Scalable Urban Traffic Control">Surtrac</a> that has installed smart traffic control systems in 22 cities. It costs about $20,000 per intersection to install. Drive time has been reduced by 25% and traffic jam waiting time has been reduced by 40% at the intersections it has been installed.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_2">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air</a> Force (RAAF) <a href="/wiki/Air_and_Space_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Air and Space Operations Center">Air Operations Division</a> (AOD) uses AI for <a href="/wiki/Expert_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert systems">expert systems</a>. AIs operate as surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission management aids, support systems for tactical decision making, and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> Aircraft simulators use AI for training aviators. Flight conditions can be simulated that allow pilots to make mistakes without risking themselves or expensive aircraft. Air combat can also be simulated. AI can also be used to operate planes analogously to their control of ground vehicles. Autonomous drones can fly independently or in <a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">swarms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> AOD uses the Interactive Fault Diagnosis and Isolation System, or IFDIS, which is a rule-based expert system using information from <a href="/wiki/TF-30" class="mw-redirect" title="TF-30">TF-30</a> documents and expert advice from mechanics that work on the TF-30. This system was designed to be used for the development of the TF-30 for the <a href="/wiki/F-111C" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111C">F-111C</a>. The system replaced specialized workers. The system allowed regular workers to communicate with the system and avoid mistakes, miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized workers. <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> allows traffic controllers to give verbal directions to drones. Artificial intelligence supported design of aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> or AIDA, is used to help designers in the process of creating conceptual designs of aircraft. This program allows the designers to focus more on the design itself and less on the design process. The software also allows the user to focus less on the software tools. The AIDA uses rule-based systems to compute its data. This is a diagram of the arrangement of the AIDA modules. Although simple, the program is proving effective. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA">NASA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: NASA">edit</a>]</div> In 2003 a <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a> project created software that could enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a safe landing can be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> The software compensated for damaged components by relying on the remaining undamaged components.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The 2016 Intelligent Autopilot System combined <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_learning" title="Apprenticeship learning">apprenticeship learning</a> and behavioral cloning whereby the autopilot observed low-level actions required to maneuver the airplane and high-level strategy used to apply those actions.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Maritime">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">Neural networks</a> are used by <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situational awareness</a> systems in ships and boats.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> There also are <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">autonomous boats</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_monitoring">Environmental monitoring</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Environmental monitoring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></div> Autonomous ships that monitor the ocean, AI-driven satellite data analysis, <a href="/wiki/Passive_acoustics" title="Passive acoustics">passive acoustics</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> and other applications of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a> make use of machine learning.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-esaai-189">[189]</a> For example, "Global Plastic Watch" is an AI-based <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite#Environmental_monitoring" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite monitoring</a>-platform for analysis/tracking of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> sites to help <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">prevention</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a> – primarily <a href="/wiki/Ocean_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean pollution">ocean pollution</a> – by helping identify who and where mismanages plastic waste, dumping it into oceans.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early-warning_systems">Early-warning systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Early-warning systems">edit</a>]</div> Machine learning can be used to <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">spot early-warning signs</a> of disasters and environmental issues, possibly including natural <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">pandemics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> earthquakes,<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> landslides,<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> heavy rainfall,<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> long-term water supply vulnerability,<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> tipping-points of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_collapse" title="Ecosystem collapse">ecosystem collapse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacterial_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacterial bloom">cyanobacterial bloom</a> outbreaks,<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> and droughts.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Computer science">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_assistance">Programming assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Programming assistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming environment">Programming environment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AI-powered_code_assisting_tools">AI-powered code assisting tools</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: AI-powered code assisting tools">edit</a>]</div> AI can be used for real-time code completion, chat, and automated test generation. These tools are typically integrated with editors and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Development_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Development Environment">IDEs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Plugin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugin (computing)">plugins</a>. They differ in functionality, quality, speed, and approach to privacy.<a href="#cite_note-Code_Assistant_Comparisson_Article-388">[388]</a> Code suggestions could be incorrect, and should be carefully reviewed by software developers before accepted. <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a> is an artificial intelligence model developed by <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> that is able to autocomplete code in multiple programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> Price for individuals: $10/mo or $100/yr, with one free month trial. <a href="/wiki/Tabnine" title="Tabnine">Tabnine</a> was created by Jacob Jackson and was originally owned by Tabnine company. In late 2019, Tabnine was acquired by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codota (page does not exist)">Codota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> Tabnine tool is available as <a href="/wiki/Plugin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugin (computing)">plugin</a> to most popular <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Development_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Development Environment">IDEs</a>. It offers multiple pricing options, including limited "starter" free version.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CodiumAI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CodiumAI (page does not exist)">CodiumAI</a> by CodiumAI, small startup in Tel Aviv, offers automated test creation. Currently supports Python, JS, and TS.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replit_Ghostwriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replit Ghostwriter (page does not exist)">Ghostwriter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Replit" title="Replit">Replit</a> offers code completion and chat.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> They have multiple pricing plans, including a free one and a "Hacker" plan for $7/month. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CodeWhisperer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CodeWhisperer (page does not exist)">CodeWhisperer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> collects individual users' content, including files open in the IDE. They claim to focus on security both during transmission and when storing.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> Individual plan is free, professional plan is $19/user/month. Other tools: SourceGraph Cody, CodeCompleteFauxPilot, Tabby<a href="#cite_note-Code_Assistant_Comparisson_Article-388">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neural_network_design">Neural network design</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Neural network design">edit</a>]</div> AI can be used to create other AIs. For example, around November 2017, Google's AutoML project to evolve new neural net topologies created <a href="/wiki/NASNet" class="mw-redirect" title="NASNet">NASNet</a>, a system optimized for <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a> and POCO F1. NASNet's performance exceeded all previously published performance on ImageNet.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantum_computing">Quantum computing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Quantum computing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Chemistry_and_biology">§ Chemistry and biology</a></div> Machine learning has been used for noise-cancelling in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">quantum technology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Quantum_sensor" title="Quantum sensor">quantum sensors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> Moreover, there is substantial research and development of using quantum computers with machine learning algorithms. For example, there is a prototype, photonic, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>quantum <a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">memristive device</a> for <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">neuromorphic (quantum-)computers</a> (NC)/<a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a> and NC-using quantum materials with some variety of potential neuromorphic computing-related applications,<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">quantum machine learning</a> is a field with some variety of applications under development. AI could be used for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">quantum simulators</a> which may have the application of solving physics and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">chemistry</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> problems as well as for <a href="/wiki/Quantum_annealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum annealer">quantum annealers</a> for training of neural networks for AI applications.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> There may also be some usefulness in chemistry, e.g. for drug discovery, and in materials science, e.g. for materials optimization/discovery (with possible relevance to quantum materials manufacturing<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43246-021-00209-z-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1002/adma.202109892-225">[225]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_contributions">Historical contributions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Historical contributions">edit</a>]</div> AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered AI. All of the following were originally developed in AI laboratories:<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Time sharing">Time sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interactive interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> environments</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a> data structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_storage_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic storage management">Automatic storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">Symbolic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">Dynamic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">Constraint satisfaction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business">Business</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Services">§ Services</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_extraction">Content extraction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Content extraction">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character reader</a> is used in the extraction of data in business documents like invoices and receipts. It can also be used in business contract documents e.g. <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment agreements</a> to extract critical data like employment terms, delivery terms, termination clauses, etc.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture" title="Artificial intelligence in architecture">Artificial intelligence in architecture</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This media piece is an animated image showing a hand sketch being converted into a rendered image using AI technology. The image is then converted into a 3D model using depth map AI technology." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif/220px-Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif/330px-Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif/440px-Coorlas_Architecture_-_AI_Architecture_Workflow.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>AI Architecture utilizing sketch to image to 3D model workflow</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture" title="Artificial intelligence in architecture">Artificial intelligence in architecture</a> describes the use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> in automation, design and planning in the architectural process or in assisting human skills in the field of architecture. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> is thought to potentially lead to and ensue major changes in architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:0-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:4-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:1-410">[410]</a> AI's potential in optimization of design, planning and productivity have been noted as accelerators in the field of architectural work. The ability of AI to potentially amplify an architect's design process has also been noted. Fears of the replacement of aspects or core processes of the architectural profession by Artificial Intelligence have also been raised, as well as the philosophical implications on the profession and creativity.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:0-408">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:4-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:1-410">[410]</a></div></div>AI in architecture has created a way for architects to create things beyond human understanding. AI implementation of machine learning text-to-render technologies, like DALL-E and stable Diffusion, gives power to visualization complex.<a href="#cite_note-Dezeen-2022-411">[411]</a> AI allows designers to demonstrate their creativity and even invent new ideas while designing. In future, AI will not replace architects; instead, it will improve the speed of translating ideas sketching.<a href="#cite_note-Dezeen-2022-411">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_applications">List of applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: List of applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (December 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">Handwriting recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Face recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_media" title="Synthetic media">Synthetic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_creativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial creativity">Artificial creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">video manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)">Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">strategic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Game artificial intelligence">Game artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_game_bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game bot">computer game bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chatterbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatterbot">chatterbots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_control" title="Nonlinear control">Nonlinear control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotics</a></li> <li>Chatbots and assistant apps like Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li>To transcribe music</li> <li>Law related services</li> <li>Healthcare</li> <li>Education and Learning Disabilities related issues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_activity_monitoring" title="User activity monitoring">User activity monitoring</a>, personalized targeted promotion and marketing via ads</li> <li>Humanoids</li> <li>Games like DeepBlue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">Artificial life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Automated reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Automated theorem proving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">Proof assistants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-inspired_computing" title="Bio-inspired computing">Bio-inspired computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a> filtering</li> <li>Filtering <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>, and other unwanted content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-based_robotics" title="Behavior-based robotics">Behavior-based robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_robotics" title="Cognitive robotics">Cognitive robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental robotics</a> (epigenetic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-robot_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-robot interaction">Human-robot interaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_control" title="Intelligent control">Intelligent control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence_to_legal_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications of artificial intelligence to legal informatics">Applications of artificial intelligence to legal informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_deep_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications of deep learning">Applications of deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_machine_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications of machine learning">Applications of machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence#Applications" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence § Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">List of artificial intelligence projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">Timeline of computing 2020–present</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2024-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=AI+is+coming+for+architecture&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe0ba1b34-ddc9-4b42-941e-6f8114ba41c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:4-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:4_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:4_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-zigurat.com/en/blog/ai-in-architecture-guide/">"AI in Architecture: The Key to Enhancing Design Efficiency and Gaining a Competitive Edge"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AI+in+Architecture%3A+The+Key+to+Enhancing+Design+Efficiency+and+Gaining+a+Competitive+Edge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-zigurat.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fai-in-architecture-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:1-410">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:1_410-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_intelligence_in_architecture_:1_410-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archdaily.com/1007802/will-artificial-intelligence-replace-architects">"Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Architects?"</a>. ArchDaily. 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2024-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArchDaily&rft.atitle=Will+Artificial+Intelligence+Replace+Architects%3F&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archdaily.com%2F1007802%2Fwill-artificial-intelligence-replace-architects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dezeen-2022-411">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dezeen-2022_411-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dezeen-2022_411-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2022/11/16/ai-design-architecture-product/">"How AI software will change architecture and design"</a>. Dezeen. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2024-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dezeen&rft.atitle=How+AI+software+will+change+architecture+and+design&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Fai-design-architecture-product%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, A.M.; Haenlein, M. (2018). "Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence". Business Horizons. 62 (1): 15–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004">10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736">158433736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Horizons&rft.atitle=Siri%2C+Siri+in+my+Hand%2C+who%27s+the+Fairest+in+the+Land%3F+On+the+Interpretations%2C+Illustrations+and+Implications+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158433736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft.au=Haenlein%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil, Ray</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/singularityisnea00kurz">The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Near%3A+When+Humans+Transcend+Biology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03384-3&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingularityisnea00kurz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRC1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundingrevolutio00nati">"Developments in Artificial Intelligence"</a>. Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06278-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06278-7"><bdi>978-0-309-06278-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246584055">246584055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developments+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.btitle=Funding+a+Revolution%3A+Government+Support+for+Computing+Research&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246584055&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06278-7&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundingrevolutio00nati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoghaddamSoleymaniFarsi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moghaddam, M. J.; Soleymani, M. R.; Farsi, M. A. (2015). "Sequence planning for stamping operations in progressive dies". Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 26 (2): 347–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10845-013-0788-0">10.1007/s10845-013-0788-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7843287">7843287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intelligent+Manufacturing&rft.atitle=Sequence+planning+for+stamping+operations+in+progressive+dies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-357&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10845-013-0788-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7843287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moghaddam&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Soleymani%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Farsi%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelten2016" class="citation web cs1">Felten, Ed (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence">"Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preparing+for+the+Future+of+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Felten&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fblog%2F2016%2F05%2F03%2Fpreparing-future-artificial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApplications+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFBaomarBentley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaranDziechZeja2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkoutsosGkritsisOllitraultSokolov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatraZornFoilMinerali2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxThorpeRomanov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBean2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBijunTing2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolakhe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourhnaneAbidLghoulZine-Dine2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowlingBurchJohansonTammelin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrieferSypherdLinhartLeliveld2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrynjolfssonMitchell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyMozur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgerMaffettoneGusevAitchison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurySujithPavithranScheffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusby2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallawayLester2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanavilhas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardosoSaleiroBizarro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelliMassaniLepri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCetinicShe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmersMacKenzieCarter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangKaoMashruwalaSorensen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenHuangRaghupathiChandratreya2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenLiang1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenLiuShanZhong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiaramellaCiaramella2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongressional_Research_Service2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooleyDispatch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCovaVitorinoFerreiraNunes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroft2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowlHuntHein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesMcKernanSabbagh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDina_Bass2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDragicevicWheelerBlaabjerg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurkin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDönertaşFuentealbaPartridgeThornton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfthimionPayneProferes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEule\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadelli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairhead2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFauvelBalouek-ThomertMelgarSilva2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlukeJacobs2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuLiuGaoWard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Jones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadzhimagomedovaPashkovKirsanovaSoldatov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajjarSiemionCroftBrzycki2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalego_HernandesFloretCardozo_De_AlmeidaDa_Silva2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalily2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambhireShaikh_Mohammad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGershgorn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGianatti2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlavinAjayanKar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGritz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuanPerduePesahSchuld2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutowskaScrineyMcCarren2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallerbachXiaEberleKoester2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamParkHwangKim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanHuangLiuTowey2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHansenMarkelloVogelSeidlitz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinBaxter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinoBenamiBrooks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuberViereHorschutz_NemotoJaroudi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInglesePatelLinton-ReidLoreto2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIraqi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslamLiuWangXu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_LarsonJulia_Angwin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLairdNielsenCoulter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJáñez-MartinoAlaiz-RodríguezGonzález-CastroFidalgo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Mandal,_G._S._Pradeep_Ghantasala,_Firoz_Khan,_R._Sathiyaraj,_B._Balamurugan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKafre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaganKitchenTranParker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantJohannsen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanwalKhanMuhammad_Ali2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapanSora_Gunal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaurSood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKermanyGoldbaumCaiValentim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanSachindraShahidAhmed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleider-OffuttStevensMickesBoogert2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongthonSangkeettrakarnKongyoungHaruechaiyasak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauhausenKoutsourasMelianasKeene2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrok\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzweil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutePradhanShuklaAlamri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangOmmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangenKatzDempsey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLareyreLêBallaithAdam2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiMeierHaukssonZhan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWangWuXu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuChangWangLiu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiundiDarmaGunarsoWarnars2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaass2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalatya_Turgut_Ozal_University,_Malatya,_TurkeyIsguzarFendogluMalatya_Turgut_Ozal_University,_Malatya,_Turkey2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantovanNanni2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarti2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwalaHurwitz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzKosinskiNaveStillwell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerchantBatznerSchoenholzAykol2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirzaeiFurxhiMurphyMullins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMnihKavukcuogluSilverRusu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoghaddamSoleymaniFarsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohanTejaswi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohantyJenaPadhy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohseniRagan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollentzeBabayanStreicker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondalBertranpetitLao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonKimLeeMoon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorenoGuzmánDemyda2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunokoBrown-LiburdVasarhelyi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNRC1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandaV2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawazGomes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsonBrownPhillips1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuñez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNygaardMartinTorresenGlette2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOntanonSynnaeveUriarteRichoux2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPablo_CarbonellTijana_RadivojevicHéctor_García_Martín*2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmanabhanJohnson_Premkumar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaijmansBrandsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParisi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkLeeShinChon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkOhParkSuh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulSanapShenoyKalyane2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeplow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiferIida2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilotoWeinsteinBattagliaBotvinick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoltronieriHänska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPultarova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPumplunFechoWahlPeters2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuach\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadivojevićCostelloWorkmanGarcia_Martin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanathan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandhawaSoltysiakRozSouza2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandrianasolo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReedReedFritzson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRequenaSánchezCorzo-HiguerasReyes-Alvarado2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicciRokachShapira2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedlBulitko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonCohenHerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoose2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoperAbdel-RehimHubbardCarpenter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowinski,_Dan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahilSoodMehmiDogra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvaterra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSample2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez-LengelingAspuru-Guzik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSara_Ashley_O\u0026#039;Brien2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarLieberthPavlouFrank2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtMarquesBottiMarques2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrittwieserAntonoglouHubertSimonyan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenatorGoldbergWootonCottini1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSennaar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenthilingam,_Meera2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaoLouWangMao2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShekhtman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinKimvan_OpheusdenGriffiths2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverHubertSchrittwieserAntonoglou2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlyusar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmer-BarretoQuintanillaElliotDawson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpagnoloMorrisPiacentiniAntesberger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanevChoudharyKusnePaglione2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_BorowiecTracey_Lien2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockerCsányiReuterMargraf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuttonHoltArnold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalapatraBolukiDuongQian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalaviyaShahPatelYagnik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTantiBerruyerTafforeauMuscat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeemu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeyssou2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThirugnanamRameshRangan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuguiDanciulescuSubtirelu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVo_ngocHuangCassidyMedrano2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLisanzaJuergensTischer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebbSiordiaBertkeBartlett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsLamontChapuisHarding2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWołosKoszelewskiRoszakSzymkuć2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWołosRoszakŻądło-DobrowolskaBeker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanamandraChenXuMac2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYannakakis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeYehXueWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoritaKubota2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapata_TrujilloSymeRowellBurns2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangGajjarFosterSiemion2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangGuoUllahMelagraki2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhaoZhangXuSun2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhavoronkovIvanenkovAliperVeselov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhavoronkovMamoshinaVanhaelenScheibye-Knudsen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZlatanovPopesku2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFadmin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFjackclarkSF2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFnair2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠimalčík2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Hospitals_and_medicine\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Additional citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Artificial intelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTDECADE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite bioRxiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 135,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 89,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 127,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Emerging technologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 19,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pn\"] = 3,\n [\"Prose\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Relevance inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Russell Norvig 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See above\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 15,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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