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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_to_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_to_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foundation to 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_to_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_onward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_onward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1900 onward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_onward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat-of-arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat-of-arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coat-of-arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat-of-arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Popular beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Subparts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Søgne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Søgne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Søgne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Søgne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songdalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songdalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Songdalen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songdalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_streets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_streets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Notable streets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_streets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Municipal council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mayors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sørlandsparken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sørlandsparken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sørlandsparken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sørlandsparken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Minors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_distances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_distances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Travel distances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_distances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_schools_in_Kristiansand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_schools_in_Kristiansand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>List of schools in Kristiansand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_schools_in_Kristiansand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Service_and_public_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Service_and_public_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Public Service and public thinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Service_and_public_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>The Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristiansand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كريستيانساند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستيانساند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Крысціянсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крысціянсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Крыстыянсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыстыянсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кристиансан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристиансан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_(munisipyo)" title="Kristiansand (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kristiansand (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κρίστιανσαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίστιανσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کریستیان‌ساند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستیان‌ساند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansands_kommuna" title="Kristiansands kommuna – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kristiansands kommuna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%88%EC%82%B0" title="크리스티안산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스티안산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্রিস্টিয়ানসান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ক্রিস্টিয়ানসান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Кристиансанн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кристиансанн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristj%C3%A1nssandur" title="Kristjánssandur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristjánssandur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קריסטיאנסנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קריסטיאנסנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiani_munitio" title="Christiani munitio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christiani munitio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisj%C4%81nsannas_kom%C5%ABna" title="Krisjānsannas komūna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krisjānsannas komūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansandas" title="Kristiansandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristiansandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_k%C3%B6zs%C3%A9g" title="Kristiansand község – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristiansand község" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3" title="クリスチャンサン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスチャンサン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_kommune" title="Kristiansand kommune – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristiansand kommune" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommun_Kristiansand" title="Kommun Kristiansand – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kommun Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Кристиансанн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристиансанн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кристијансанд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристијансанд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansands_kommun" title="Kristiansands kommun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristiansands kommun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரிஷ்டியன்சான்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிஷ்டியன்சான்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Кристиансанн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кристиансанн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="คริสเตียนซันน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสเตียนซันน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Крістіансанн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістіансанн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کریستیانسان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کریستیانسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E6%A1%91" title="克里斯蒂安桑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里斯蒂安桑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kristiansand" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%97st%C4%93nsands" title="Krėstēnsands – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Krėstēnsands" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E6%A1%91" title="克里斯蒂安桑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里斯蒂安桑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kristiansand&params=58_8_50_N_7_59_50_E_region:NO_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°8′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°59′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.14722°N 7.99722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">58.14722; 7.99722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Agder, Norway</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kristiansund" title="Kristiansund">Kristiansund</a>, a city in Møre og Romsdal, western Norway.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Kristiansand municipality underwent a municipal merger on 1 January 2020.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Norway</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kristiansand Municipality</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="no">Kristiansand kommune</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:266px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvadraturen-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kvadraturen"><img alt="Kvadraturen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kvadraturen-01.jpg/266px-Kvadraturen-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kvadraturen-01.jpg/399px-Kvadraturen-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kvadraturen-01.jpg/532px-Kvadraturen-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="838" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bystranda"><img alt="Bystranda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG/266px-Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG" decoding="async" width="266" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG/399px-Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG/532px-Bystranda_2014-07-21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="2383" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flekkeroy-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flekkerøy"><img alt="Flekkerøy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flekkeroy-01.jpg/132px-Flekkeroy-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flekkeroy-01.jpg/198px-Flekkeroy-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flekkeroy-01.jpg/264px-Flekkeroy-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varoddbrua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Varoddbrua"><img alt="Varoddbrua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Varoddbrua.jpg/132px-Varoddbrua.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Varoddbrua.jpg/198px-Varoddbrua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Varoddbrua.jpg/264px-Varoddbrua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="838" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvadraturen,_Kristiansand,_Norway_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kvadraturen"><img alt="Kvadraturen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/266px-Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/399px-Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/532px-Kvadraturen%2C_Kristiansand%2C_Norway_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4782" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kristiansand Municipality"><img alt="Flag of Kristiansand Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png/100px-Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png/150px-Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png/200px-Former_flag_of_Kristiansand.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1937" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_komm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kristiansand Municipality"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kristiansand Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kristiansand_komm.svg/120px-Kristiansand_komm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kristiansand_komm.svg/180px-Kristiansand_komm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kristiansand_komm.svg/240px-Kristiansand_komm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kristiansand">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Port of Norway</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kristiansand Municipality"><img alt="Location of Kristiansand Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg/250px-NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg/375px-NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg/500px-NO_4204_Kristiansand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kristiansand Municipality is located in Norway"><img alt="Kristiansand Municipality is located in Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/250px-Norway_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/375px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/500px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:96.063%;left:14.172%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kristiansand Municipality"><img alt="Kristiansand Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kristiansand Municipality</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Norway</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kristiansand&params=58_8_50_N_7_59_50_E_region:NO_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">58°8′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°59′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">58.14722°N 7.99722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">58.14722; 7.99722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kristiansand</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Region" title="Kristiansand Region">Kristiansandregionen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mathias Bernander (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">428.21 km<sup>2</sup> (165.33 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25.03 km<sup>2</sup> (9.66 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,892.8 km<sup>2</sup> (730.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">115,569 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">125,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,000/km<sup>2</sup> (13,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">155,648</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">82/km<sup>2</sup> (210/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Municipality/Urban rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">6th</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Norway_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Norway by population">8th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_of_Norway" title="Metropolitan regions of Norway">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kristiansander,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristiansandar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/">www<wbr />.kristiansand<wbr />.kommune<wbr />.no</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kristiansand</b> is a city and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a> county, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The city is the fifth-largest and the municipality is the sixth-largest in Norway, with a population of around 116,000 as of January 2020, following the incorporation of the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a> into the greater Kristiansand municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the city itself, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a> count four other densely populated areas in the municipality: Skålevik in <a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a> with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough, <a href="/wiki/Strai" title="Strai">Strai</a> with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough, <a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a> with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a> with a population of 1,396 (as of January 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) in the Oddernes borough. Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs; -<a href="/wiki/Grim,_Vest-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Vest-Agder">Grim</a>, which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000; <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>, which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200; <a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a>, the second largest borough; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a>, with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020; <a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a>, a borough located in the west; and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a>, the largest borough with a population of 36,000, located in the southwest. </p><p>Kristiansand is connected by four main roads: <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">European Route E18</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a>, covering the easternmost parts of Kristiansand; <a href="/wiki/European_route_E39" title="European route E39">European route E39</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord" title="Flekkefjord">Flekkefjord</a> and the coastal towns and villages in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_9" title="Norwegian National Road 9">Norwegian National Road 9</a> from <a href="/wiki/Evje" title="Evje">Evje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdal</a> and Grim; and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_41" title="Norwegian National Road 41">Norwegian National Road 41</a> from <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, northern Aust-Agder, <a href="/wiki/Birkeland,_Aust-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkeland, Aust-Agder">Birkeland</a>, Tveit and the airport <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik</a>. Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a>, which stretches over <a href="/wiki/Topdalsfjorden" title="Topdalsfjorden">Topdalsfjorden</a>. </p><p>Tourism is important in Kristiansand, and the summer season is the most popular for tourists. <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Zoo_and_Amusement_Park" title="Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park">Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park</a> is the largest zoo in Norway. It receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen; Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand. Hamresanden Camping is a popular family aciivity during the summer season. The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime. Outside the city is the industrial park <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandsparken" title="Sørlandsparken">Sørlandsparken</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandssenteret" title="Sørlandssenteret">Sørlandssenteret</a>, Norway's largest mall. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is named after the Dano-Norwegian King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">King Christian IV</a>, who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second part of the city's name, <i>sand</i>, comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandr#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:sandr">sandr</a></i> which means "sand" or "sandy ground". This refers to the sandy headland upon which the city was originally built. (See also: <a href="/wiki/Lillesand#Name" title="Lillesand">Lillesand#Name</a>) </p><p>Historically, the name was usually written <i>Christianssand</i> until 1877, although the map of the <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">mapmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontoppidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan</a> from 1785 spelled the name <i>Christiansand</i> (with a single 's'). In 1877, an official spelling reform aimed at bringing city names into line with regular Norwegian orthography changed it to <i>Kristianssand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)" title="Kristiansund (town)">Kristiansund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Kristiania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>), also had their spellings changed under the same reform. Despite that, a number of businesses and associations retain the "Ch" spelling. The name was again changed to its present form, <i>Kristiansand</i> (single "s"), in 1889. </p><p>In 2012, the city's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Grundekj%C3%B8n" title="Arvid Grundekjøn">Arvid Grundekjøn</a>, proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand, arguing that "Kristiansand" is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG/220px-Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG/330px-Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG/440px-Oddernes_kirke_B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oddernes_Church" title="Oddernes Church">Oddernes Church</a> in Lund, Kristiansand, erected around 1040</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg/220px-Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg/330px-Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg/440px-Kristiansand_JW_Edy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Kristiansand in summer 1800, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Edy" title="John William Edy">J. W. Edy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_early_history">Prehistory and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the well-preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> in western Kristiansand. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago. Grauthelleren (<i>Grathelleren</i>), located on Fidjane, is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure (a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>) was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c. 3400 BC. Archaeological excavations to the east of <a href="/wiki/Oddernes_Church" title="Oddernes Church">Oddernes Church</a> have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">common era</a>. Together with a corresponding discovery in <a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a>, these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context; isolated farms, rather than villages, were the norm in ancient Norway. Other discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Grave_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave mound">grave mounds</a> around the church, in the Lund section of the city, indicate habitation beginning c. 400 AD, and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older. One of the largest <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">pre-Christian</a> burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church. A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040. </p><p>Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden <a href="/wiki/Post_church" title="Post church">post churches</a> are believed to have stood on the same spot. A few years ago, excavations were carried out under and around the runestone when it was moved to the church porch; the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. </p><p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port and a small village on the <a href="/wiki/Otra" title="Otra">Otra</a> at the lowest point of today's Lund neighbourhood (Lahelle). Another important element in the development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of <a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a>, which was the most important on the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian III of Denmark and Norway">Christian III</a> in 1555. In 1635, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> ordered his <a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">feudal seigneur</a>, Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_to_1900">Foundation to 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation to 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG/220px-Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG/330px-Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG/440px-Monument_King_Christian_IV_Kristianssand_Noreg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Monument of King Christian IV, located in the Festningsgaten (The Fortress Street), Kristiansand. The plaque reads: "Christian IV Grunnla Vår By Anno 1641" - "Christian IV Founded Our City Anno 1641".</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian IV (renowned for having founded many towns) visited the location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of <i>Christianssand</i> on the "sand" on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva (Otra). The town was laid out in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> style on a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> (the central section now known as <i>Kvadraturen</i> = The Quarters), and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town. In return, they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and a ten-year tax exemption. </p><p>In 1666, Christianssand became a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> town and was heavily fortified. In 1682, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian V">Christian V</a> decided to relocate the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Agder_og_Telemark" title="Diocese of Agder og Telemark">bishopric</a> there from <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>. Hence, the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift. </p><p>Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734, which was devastating to the city. Later in the 18th century, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the town's shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> and blockade struck a severe blow to Kristiansand's overseas trade. <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> supported France in the conflict, and as a result Norwegian ports including Kristiansand became subject to a British naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>, as recounted in <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Terje_Vigen" title="Terje Vigen">Terje Vigen</a></i>. Only in the 1830s did the town's economy begin to recover, and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Kristiansand. It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished, a major resource for the country's shipbuilding industry. Large numbers of lobsters were collected off the coast and sent to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> during the mid-19th century. The population of Kristiansand was about 12,000 people by 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1838, the new <a href="/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt" title="Formannskapsdistrikt">formannskapsdistrikt</a> law went into effect. This new law granted municipal self-government throughout Norway. As a city, it formed its own municipal government and it was surrounded by the rural municipality of <a href="/wiki/Oddernes_(municipality)" title="Oddernes (municipality)">Oddernes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dag_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odder%C3%B8y_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderøy Island (page does not exist)">Odderøy Island</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> patients that opened in 1804. The city had far fewer deaths than the surrounding area, largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital. For example, during the period of 1833–1866, <a href="/wiki/Drammen" title="Drammen">Drammen</a> had 544 cholera patients, of which 336 died. During this same period, Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kart_over_Kristiansand_(1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg/220px-Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg/330px-Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg/440px-Kart_over_Kristiansand_%281887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="3795" /></a><figcaption>Map of downtown Kristiansand from 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of <i>Eg Sindssygeasyl</i>, the second central psychiatric institution in Norway (after <a href="/wiki/Gaustad" title="Gaustad">Gaustad</a>). The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to the city and also provided many jobs for women. </p><p>The most recent major fire, in 1892, left half the original section of the city in ashes. It burned buildings as far as <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">the cathedral</a>, which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_onward">1900 onward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1900 onward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the development of <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> in southern Norway, the city gradually developed an industrial base, particularly with the establishment in 1910 of the nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS (later Falconbridge Nikkelverk, now Glencore Nikkelverk). From an economic perspective, the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> was a good time for Kristiansand, as a neutral shipping city. The crises that followed with the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> politics of the 1920s and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">world economic crisis</a> of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand. </p><p>On 1 July 1921, the city of Kristiansand got larger by annexing a part of the neighboring municipality of <a href="/wiki/Oddernes_(municipality)" title="Oddernes (municipality)">Oddernes</a>, gaining 2,164 more residents along with more land for the growing city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dag_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The labour movement had important pioneers in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand. <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland" title="Arnulf Øverland">Arnulf Øverland</a> took him from <a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hellesund" title="Ny-Hellesund">Ny-Hellesund</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals, especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932. </p><p>Kristiansand was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">German naval forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a> on 9 April 1940. The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Odder%C3%B8ya" title="Odderøya">Odderøya</a>. Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of the <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">Kristiansand Cathedral</a> was hit by accident. The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late. The city was occupied by a force of 800 men. </p><p>During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the <a href="/wiki/Schei_Committee" title="Schei Committee">Schei Committee</a>. On 1 January 1965, the city of Kristiansand (population: 27,100) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Randesund_(municipality)" title="Randesund (municipality)">Randesund</a> (population: 1,672), <a href="/wiki/Tveit_(municipality)" title="Tveit (municipality)">Tveit</a> (population: 2,802), and <a href="/wiki/Oddernes_(municipality)" title="Oddernes (municipality)">Oddernes</a> (population: 18,668) to create a much larger Kristiansand Municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-Dag_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-war construction included further development of the Lund section, and in the 1960s and 1970s <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> to the west was developed into a section with 20,000 inhabitants. In the 1980s, industry and business in the city declined, in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Caledonien_fire" title="Hotel Caledonien fire">1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien</a>. But beginning in the second half of the 1990s, business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment, security technology and drilling. </p><p>The older municipal archives for Kristiansand (and the former municipalities) are currently held at the Inter-Municipal Archives in Vest-Agder (IKAVA). This includes documents concerning, for example, local councils, chairmanships, poor boards, school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records, tax records, and also school records. </p><p>On 1 January 2020, the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand, <a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> were merged to form one large municipality called <i>Kristiansand</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat-of-arms">Coat-of-arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coat-of-arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on the oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway#Golden_lion" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Norwegian lion</a> and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows a tree with leaves and what look like pine cones.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for <i>Regna Firma Pietas</i>, "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>. Around the seal of the city is its motto, <i>Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona</i>, "A good cause prevails in the end".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg/220px-Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg/330px-Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg/440px-Posebyen_i_Kristiansand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>The Posebyen section of old Kristiansand is Northern Europe's longest sequence of attached wooden buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristiansand is strategically located on the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>, and until the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Canal" title="Kiel Canal">Kiel Canal</a> between the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> was very important militarily and geopolitically. This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold, first as <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a>'s royal residence, then as a Danish-Norwegian fortress, and later as a garrison town. Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent, with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway. Geologically, this part of Agder is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Baltic Shield</a>, and consists of two main geological formations of <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenies</a>, with significant <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> during the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a substrate of 1,600–1,450 million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a> with some <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorite</a> (in general 1,250–1,000 million years old, in some places 1,550–1,480 million years old). The <i>Bamblefelt</i> geological area starts to the east of the municipality and extends to <a href="/wiki/Grenland" title="Grenland">Grenland</a>. </p><p>The last Swedo-Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite. There are also incidences of <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>, less commonly <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> did not affect this area. Faults run southwest–northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times there was a volcano off <a href="/wiki/Flekkeroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flekkeroy">Flekkeroy</a>, which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand, on the site of the estate of Eg, now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_Southern_Norway" title="Hospital of Southern Norway">Hospital of Southern Norway</a>. </p><p>Near the city, there are deep woods. In <a href="/wiki/Baneheia" title="Baneheia">Baneheia</a> and at the former <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> fortress on <a href="/wiki/Odder%C3%B8ya" title="Odderøya">Odderøya</a>, there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> users. </p><p>Two major rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Otra" title="Otra">Otra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tovdalselva" title="Tovdalselva">Tovdalselva</a>, flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristiansand has a temperate oceanic climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>). The coastal parts of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> coast, which includes Kristiansand, is the sunniest part of Norway. Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February; it may be heavy (the snow record at <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kjevik airport</a> is 170 centimetres (67 in)) but rarely stays long on the coast; see <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Norway" title="Climate of Norway">Climate of Norway</a>. Due to warming in the more recent decades, snow often melts after a few days. In the summer most locals go to the <a href="/wiki/Fiskebrygga,_Kristiansand" title="Fiskebrygga, Kristiansand">Fiskebrygga</a>, the archipelago opposite the city, and Hamresanden Beach, which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport. People from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels. </p><p>The all-time high 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) at Kristiansand airport was recorded August 1975. The all-time low at the airport −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) was recorded January 1982. The temperature seldom reaches 30 °C (86 °F), but most days in July reaches 21 °C (70 °F) or more. The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21.6 °C (71 °F) at an earlier weather station (<i>Kristiansand S - Eg</i>). The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24-hr average 19.9 °C (68 °F) and average daily high 25.8 °C (78 °F). July 2018 was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours, and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours - despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand. The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours (2007). Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February (153 sunhrs in 1986), sunniest April (323 hrs in 2021), sunniest August (343 hrs in 1995) and sunniest September (241 hrs in 1959). The wettest month on record was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation, and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kristiansand Airport Kjevik 1991–2020 (12 m, extremes 1946–2021, sunhrs 1961–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.8<br />(39.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.2<br />(−18.8) </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.9<br />(−18.2) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.7<br />(−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.8<br />(−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.2<br />(−18.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #23FF23; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.2<br />(5.80) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.2<br />(3.87) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.5<br />(3.44) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8<br />(2.55) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3<br />(3.16) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5<br />(3.37) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6<br />(3.17) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.7<br />(4.75) </td> <td style="background: #30FF30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.3<br />(5.29) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.7<br />(6.68) </td> <td style="background: #06FF06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.3<br />(6.35) </td> <td style="background: #1DFF1D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.4<br />(5.96) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,381.5<br />(54.39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">142 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #525252; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 </td> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Seklima<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kristiansand (1960–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.6<br />(44.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.3<br />(−17.1) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.0<br />(−2.2) </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−27.3<br />(−17.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #25FF25; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #0AFF0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,380<br />(54.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.5<br />(19.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">129 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.8 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.6 </td> <td style="background: #5E5E5E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.0 </td> <td style="background: #3B3B3B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.6 </td> <td style="background: #C5C507; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,793.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=908">[1]</a>, The Weather Network,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kristiansand<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_beaches">Popular beaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular beaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bystranda,_Kristiansand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png/220px-Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png/330px-Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png/440px-Bystranda%2C_Kristiansand.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bystranda" title="Bystranda">Bystranda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamresanden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hamresanden.png/220px-Hamresanden.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hamresanden.png/330px-Hamresanden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hamresanden.png/440px-Hamresanden.png 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamresanden" title="Hamresanden">Hamresanden</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bystranda" title="Bystranda">Bystranda</a> is a beach located at the city centre. It is east on Kvadraturen and at Tangen. Nearby the beach is the swimming complex Aquarama with both outdoor and indoor pools. Aquarama is next door to the "<a href="/wiki/Scandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandic">Scandic</a> Hotel Bystranda", which is <a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a>'s largest hotel. Some of Kristiansand's most expensive apartments are located east of the beach and near to Tangen. Some of Bystranda's facilities are beach volleyball, playgrounds, skateparks, stairs to the water at deeper ground and its easy design for handicapped people and children. In the middle of the bay, there is a sculpture in the water. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmesus (page does not exist)">Palmesus</a> is a yearly beach festival held on Bystranda, it is <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>'s largest beach festival.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamresanden" title="Hamresanden">Hamresanden</a> is located between <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a> and the airport <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik</a>. It is 3 km (2 mi) long which makes it the longest beach in Kristiansand. There are three camping places and an apartment hotel at the beach. The name comes from the nearby subpart Hamre.</li> <li>Sømstranda is a nudist beach in Kristiansand located at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kristiansand#Missing_citations_for_boroughs_in_Kristiansand" title="Talk:Kristiansand">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kristiansand" title="Special:EditPage/Kristiansand">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kristiansand%22">"Kristiansand"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kristiansand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kristiansand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kristiansand%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kristiansand%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kristiansand%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg/220px-V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg/330px-V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg/440px-V%C3%A5gsbygd-kristiansand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Vågsbygd</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Kristiansand boroughs area (city-parts) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nr</th> <th>Boroughs</th> <th>Parts</th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slettheia" title="Slettheia">Slettheia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiebyen" title="Voiebyen">Voiebyen</a></td> <td>36,281 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellemyr" title="Hellemyr">Hellemyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosby,_Norway" title="Mosby, Norway">Mosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strai" title="Strai">Strai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinnheia" title="Tinnheia">Tinnheia</a></td> <td>16,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eg_(Kristiansand)" title="Eg (Kristiansand)">Eg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a></td> <td>5,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund_(Kristiansand)" title="Lund (Kristiansand)">Lund</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimlekollen" title="Gimlekollen">Gimlekollen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lefj%C3%A6r" title="Ålefjær">Ålefjær</a></td> <td>30,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a></td> <td>19,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>West </td> <td>Vågsbygd, Grim, Kvadraturen </td> <td>57,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>East </td> <td>Lund, Randesund </td> <td>49,910 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts">Parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatleft sortable"> <caption>Kristiansand parts area<sup id="cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nr</th> <th>Parts</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a></td> <td>3,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiebyen" title="Voiebyen">Voiebyen</a></td> <td>6,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a></td> <td>22,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slettheia" title="Slettheia">Slettheia</a></td> <td>4,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellemyr" title="Hellemyr">Hellemyr</a></td> <td>2,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia" title="Tinnheia">Tinnheia</a></td> <td>3,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a></td> <td>5,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a></td> <td>5,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a></td> <td>10,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimlekollen" title="Gimlekollen">Gimlekollen</a></td> <td>5,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strai" title="Strai">Strai</a></td> <td>1,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosby,_Norway" title="Mosby, Norway">Mosby</a></td> <td>2,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a></td> <td>2,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lefj%C3%A6r" title="Ålefjær">Ålefjær</a></td> <td>410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a></td> <td>2,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a></td> <td>4,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a></td> <td>9,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a></td> <td>2,480 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts. Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs. </p><p>Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand. The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim, and was a sandy plain covered with forest, and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen. Settlements were before the city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund, along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by <a href="/wiki/Odder%C3%B8ya" title="Odderøya">Odderøya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flekkeroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flekkeroy">Flekkeroy</a> port. <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian IV">Christian IV</a>'s town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets. It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor, which was built first. Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen/Eg, which has (as of 1 January 2005) 5510 inhabitants. The area <a href="/wiki/Posebyen" title="Posebyen">Posebyen</a> in Kvadraturen is Northern Europe's longest continuous wooden buildings. In the parts are among others <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">Kristiansand Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_City_Hall" title="Kristiansand City Hall">Kristiansand City Hall</a>, Wergeland Park, and the terminal for ferries to <a href="/wiki/Hirtshals" title="Hirtshals">Hirtshals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Station">Kristiansand Station</a> is located in the parts western corner. Vågsbygd has considerable industry, who has survived major changes. The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a>, which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiskå Verk. On <a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya" title="Andøya">Andøya</a> it established a significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andøya Industrial Park. <a href="/wiki/Amfi_V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Amfi Vågsbygd">Amfi Vågsbygd</a> is a major shopping center in Vågsbygd. Outside of Andøya in Vågsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre, a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard. Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture, and a drydock with considerable capacity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kristiansand.png/220px-Kristiansand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Kristiansand.png 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Streets of Lund during the night.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9,000 inhabitants in 2012. 14 June 1921 was the first 2.75 km<sup>2</sup> of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation. In Lund, there are traces of humans dating back to the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> until the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> various locations. There has been a settlement here since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. During the Viking Age there was a great man's farm here. A Runestone at <a href="/wiki/Oddernes_Church" title="Oddernes Church">Oddernes church</a> provides a connection to this farm. A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church, and may also be associated with this farm. In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund. This is mentioned in two letters located in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives">National Archives</a>. The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties. No one know who the robbers were, but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen. The name suggests that he and his crew came from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. </p><p>Indre and Ytre <a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a> is located between Kvåsefjorden in Høvåg and the Topdalsfjord in Oddernes. Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund, among them Randøya and Herøya, both popular with summer tourists. The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island, Randøen (now known as Randøya). The first part of the name is rand (Old Norse: rǫnd) which means "boundary" or "edge" and the last part of the name is sund which means "strait". The name was previously spelled Randøsund. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a> is a village and a former municipality in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a> county. It is located in the present-day municipality of Kristiansand. Tveit is home to <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik</a>. Tveit is located along the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Tovdalselva" title="Tovdalselva">Tovdalselva</a> river, known as Topdalselva from the border with <a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a>. The population of Tveit is approximately 2,900 (2014).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grim-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grim-20.jpg/220px-Grim-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grim-20.jpg/330px-Grim-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Grim-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia" title="Tinnheia">Tinnheia</a> is a part in the <a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> borough</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg/220px-Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg/330px-Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg/440px-Kj%C3%B8ita_ved_Nedre_Lund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>Nedre Lund</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subparts">Subparts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subparts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuholmen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuholmen2.jpg/220px-Kuholmen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuholmen2.jpg/330px-Kuholmen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kuholmen2.jpg/440px-Kuholmen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kuholmen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg/220px-H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg/330px-H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg/440px-H%C3%B8ivoldbrygge1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Hamreheia</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most populous basic unions in the following boroughs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a></b> <ul><li>Berge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindeb%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindebø (page does not exist)">Lindebø</a></li> <li>Mebø</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5levik" title="Skålevik">Skålevik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85shavn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åshavn (page does not exist)">Åshavn</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Voiebyen" title="Voiebyen">Voiebyen</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_(Vest-Agder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya (Vest-Agder)">Andøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A5vann" title="Bråvann">Bråvann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroodden" title="Kroodden">Kroodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8vika_(Kristiansand)" title="Løvika (Kristiansand)">Løvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8vik" title="Møvik">Møvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8viklia" class="mw-redirect" title="Møviklia">Møviklia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5dyr_(Kristiansand)" title="Rådyr (Kristiansand)">Rådyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skutevika" title="Skutevika">Skutevika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinneren" title="Spinneren">Spinneren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steindalen" title="Steindalen">Steindalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternevig" title="Ternevig">Ternevig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voie" title="Voie">Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voietun" title="Voietun">Voietun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voielia" title="Voielia">Voielia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voie%C3%A5sen" title="Voieåsen">Voieåsen</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augland" title="Augland">Augland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglandsbukta" title="Auglandsbukta">Auglandsbukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglandskollen" title="Auglandskollen">Auglandskollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglandslia" title="Auglandslia">Auglandslia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B8rklia_(Kristiansand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjørklia (Kristiansand) (page does not exist)">Bjørklia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Furulia">Furulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granlia" title="Granlia">Granlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjerrheia" title="Kjerrheia">Kjerrheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjos_Haveby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjos Haveby">Kjos Haveby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjosneset" title="Kjosneset">Kjosneset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_(Kristiansand)" title="Lumber (Kristiansand)">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordtj%C3%B8nn%C3%A5sen" title="Nordtjønnåsen">Nordtjønnåsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyllingsheia" title="Skyllingsheia">Skyllingsheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiebrygga" title="Smiebrygga">Smiebrygga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storenes" title="Storenes">Storenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd_sentrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vågsbygd sentrum">Vågsbygd sentrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85sane_(Kristiansand)" title="Åsane (Kristiansand)">Åsane</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Slettheia" title="Slettheia">Slettheia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B8rstad" title="Blørstad">Blørstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisk%C3%A5tangen" title="Fiskåtangen">Fiskåtangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gislemyr" title="Gislemyr">Gislemyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gislemyrkollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gislemyrkollen">Gislemyrkollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartheia" title="Kartheia">Kartheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuss" title="Karuss">Karuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugde_(Kristiansand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugde (Kristiansand)">Rugde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slettheitoppen" title="Slettheitoppen">Slettheitoppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trane_(Kristiansand)" title="Trane (Kristiansand)">Trane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekanten_(Kristiansand)" title="Trekanten (Kristiansand)">Trekanten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vre_Slettheia" class="mw-redirect" title="Øvre Slettheia">Øvre Slettheia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hellemyr" title="Hellemyr">Hellemyr</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breimyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breimyr (page does not exist)">Breimyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidjemoen" title="Fidjemoen">Fidjemoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjellro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjellro">Fjellro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellemyrtoppen" title="Hellemyrtoppen">Hellemyrtoppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rige_(Kristiansand)" title="Rige (Kristiansand)">Rige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solkollen" title="Solkollen">Solkollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestheiene" title="Vestheiene">Vestheiene</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia" title="Tinnheia">Tinnheia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigevannskollen" title="Eigevannskollen">Eigevannskollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannevika" title="Hannevika">Hannevika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannevik%C3%A5sen" title="Hannevikåsen">Hannevikåsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koboltveien" title="Koboltveien">Kobolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolsberg" title="Kolsberg">Kolsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kols%C3%A5sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolsåsen (page does not exist)">Kolsåsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia_s%C3%B8rvest" title="Tinnheia sørvest">Tinnheia sørvest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia_torv" title="Tinnheia torv">Tinnheia torv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia_nord" title="Tinnheia nord">Tinnheia nord</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Vest-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Vest-Agder">Grim</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillerivollen" title="Artillerivollen">Artillerivollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_(Kristiansand)" title="Bellevue (Kristiansand)">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalane_(Kristiansand)" title="Dalane (Kristiansand)">Dalane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrum_(Kristiansand)" title="Enrum (Kristiansand)">Enrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagervoll" title="Fagervoll">Fagervoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grim_torv" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim torv">Grim torv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimsmyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimsmyra">Grimsmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisenh%C3%B8y" title="Elisenhøy">Elisenhøy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idda_(Kristiansand)" title="Idda (Kristiansand)">Idda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klappane" title="Klappane">Klappane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krossen_(Kristiansand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krossen (Kristiansand)">Krossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8llevann" class="mw-redirect" title="Møllevann">Møllevann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradis_(Kristiansand)" title="Paradis (Kristiansand)">Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suldalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suldalen">Suldalen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kvadraturen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baneheia" title="Baneheia">Baneheia</a></li> <li>Byskogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eg_(Kristiansand)" title="Eg (Kristiansand)">Eg</a></li> <li>Eik</li> <li>Gravane</li> <li>Gyldengården</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markens_gate" title="Markens gate">Markens</a></li> <li>Nybyen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odder%C3%B8ya" title="Odderøya">Odderøya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posebyen" title="Posebyen">Posebyen</a></li> <li>Strandrponomaden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangen_(Kristiansand)" title="Tangen (Kristiansand)">Tangen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lund</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agder_All%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agder Allé (page does not exist)">Agder Allé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertesbukta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertesbukta (page does not exist)">Bertesbukta</a></li> <li>Freyasdalen</li> <li>Gimle</li> <li>Gimlemoen</li> <li>Gimlevang</li> <li>Hamreheia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8ivold_Brygge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Høivold Brygge (page does not exist)">Høivold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8ita" title="Kjøita">Kjøita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuholmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuholmen (page does not exist)">Kuholmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongsg%C3%A5rd_All%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongsgård Allé (page does not exist)">Kongsgård Allé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvisenlund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvisenlund (page does not exist)">Louvisenlund</a></li> <li>Lund torv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvika" title="Marvika">Marvika</a></li> <li>Narviga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddemarka" title="Oddemarka">Oddemarka</a></li> <li>Prestevik</li> <li>Skaugo</li> <li>Steinkleiva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8dal" title="Sødal">Sødal</a></li> <li>Tobienborg</li> <li>Vallhalla</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vige,_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vige, Norway (page does not exist)">Vige</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gimlekollen" title="Gimlekollen">Gimlekollen</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagerholt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagerholt (page does not exist)">Fagerholt</a></li> <li>Gimlekollen midtre</li> <li>Gimlekollen vest</li> <li>Gimlekollen øst</li> <li>Hestnestangen</li> <li>Prestheia</li> <li>Tretjønn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vollevannet" title="Vollevannet">Vollevannet</a></li> <li>Volleåsen</li> <li>Vige</li> <li>Øvre Kongsgård</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strai" title="Strai">Strai</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Aukland</li> <li>Gangdalslia</li> <li>Haslevollen</li> <li>Kulia</li> <li>Sagebekk</li> <li>Straismoen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridal" title="Torridal">Torridal</a></li> <li>Ytre Strai</li> <li>Øvre Strai</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mosby,_Norway" title="Mosby, Norway">Mosby</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Hauslia</li> <li>Høie</li> <li>Høielia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ietun" title="Høietun">Høietun</a></li> <li>Kiledalen</li> <li>Lillefjell</li> <li>Ravnåsen</li> <li>Rismoen</li> <li>Saga</li> <li>Ytre Mosby</li> <li>Øvre Mosby</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Gjustvik</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Havlimyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havlimyra (page does not exist)">Havlimyra</a></li> <li>Justlia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justnes (page does not exist)">Justnes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A6rnesheia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jærnesheia (page does not exist)">Jærnesheia</a></li> <li>Kvernhusheia</li> <li>Skinnerheia</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lefj%C3%A6r" title="Ålefjær">Ålefjær</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Bjåvannet</li> <li>Einerhaven</li> <li>Kostøl</li> <li>Ålefjær</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Bliksheia</li> <li>Fuglevik</li> <li>Gudbrandslia</li> <li>Haumyrheia</li> <li>Kjellevik</li> <li>Knarrevik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsvik" title="Korsvik">Korsvik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane,_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane, Norway (page does not exist)">Liane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordlia_(Kristiansand)" title="Nordlia (Kristiansand)">Nordlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_(Kristiansand)" title="Rona (Kristiansand)">Rona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltbustad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltbustad (page does not exist)">Saltbustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B8mme" title="Strømme">Strømme</a></li> <li>Sømslia</li> <li>Torsvik</li> <li>Torsvikkleiva</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vard%C3%A5sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vardåsen (page does not exist)">Vardåsen</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brattvollshei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brattvollshei (page does not exist)">Brattvollshei</a></li> <li>Boen</li> <li>Drangsholt</li> <li>Dønnestad</li> <li>Foss</li> <li>Hamre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamresanden" title="Hamresanden">Hamresanden</a></li> <li>Kråkebumoen</li> <li>Moneheia</li> <li>Ryen</li> <li>Solsletta</li> <li>Ve</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Bjørndalen</li> <li>Brattbakken</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovikheia" title="Grovikheia">Grovikheia</a></li> <li>Heståsen</li> <li>Hånestangen</li> <li>Hånni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauv%C3%A5sen" title="Lauvåsen">Lauvåsen</a></li> <li>Nedre Hånes</li> <li>Nedre Timenes</li> <li>Ronsbukta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B8msdalen" title="Strømsdalen">Strømsdalen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timenes (page does not exist)">Timenes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Bjørkestøl</li> <li>Butangen</li> <li>Drange</li> <li>Drangeskauen</li> <li>Dvergsnes</li> <li>Eftevåg</li> <li>Fidje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frikstad" title="Frikstad">Frikstad</a></li> <li>Hestehagen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holte" title="Holte">Holte</a></li> <li>Kirkevik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongshavn" title="Kongshavn">Kongshavn</a></li> <li>Kvarnes</li> <li>Lykkedrag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odderhei" title="Odderhei">Odderhei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbersvik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbersvik (page does not exist)">Rabbersvik</a></li> <li>Skaupemyr</li> <li>Sommerro</li> <li>Stangenes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8mmerst%C3%B8" title="Tømmerstø">Tømmerstø</a></li> <li>Tømmeråsen</li> <li>Vadvik</li> <li>Vrånes</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Søgne"><span id="S.C3.B8gne"></span>Søgne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Søgne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a></div> <p>Søgne is a former municipality, located west of Kristiansand. The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of <a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a> and the city of Kristiansand on 1 January 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songdalen">Songdalen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Songdalen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a></div> <p>Songdalen is a former municipality, located northwest of Kristiansand. The municipality was merged into a large municipality with the former municipality of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> and the city of Kristiansand on 1 January 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_streets">Notable streets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable streets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markens_gate-2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Markens_gate-2013.JPG/220px-Markens_gate-2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Markens_gate-2013.JPG/330px-Markens_gate-2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Markens_gate-2013.JPG/440px-Markens_gate-2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Markens Pedestrian Street</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongens_gate,_Kristiansand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/220px-Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/330px-Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/440px-Kongens_gate%2C_Kristiansand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Kongens gate</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Dronningens gate (Queens street) is a street that has its run from Havnegata Vestre harbor to Lund Bridge and is 980 meters long. 86 properties are matrikulert<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the street. The street had in the 1700s the name Sand Alley.</li> <li>Elvegata (River street) has its run from Østre Strandgate to Tordenskjolds gate. It has a mix of newer business and residential buildings schools and nursing homes as well as a large percentage of older residential buildings in wood and masonry. On the south side of Østre Strandgate called extension of Elvegata for Tangen. 70 meters of the street, in the quarter between Dronningens gate and Tollbodgata is designated county road 26.</li> <li>Festningsgata is a street in Kvadraturen. The name is connected with <a href="/wiki/Christiansholm_Fortress" title="Christiansholm Fortress">Christiansholm Fortress</a> from 1672 located in the street race extension towards the east harbor. The street stretches from Østre Strandgate to Tordenskjoldsgate and originally had the name Northern gate. The extension of the street during north of Tordenskjolds street is named Stener Heyerdahl street. The park south of Tordenskjolds street called Stener Heyerdahl park. This street stump and Festningsgata from Tordenskjolds street to Dronningens gate is part of the county road 28. From Vestre Strandgata to Tollbodgata buildings are listed by the walled green was introduced immediately after the fire in 1892 and forward.</li> <li>Henrik Wergelands gate is a street in Kvadraturen in Kristiansand. The street has its run from Vestre Strandgate to Elvegata. 118 properties are matrikulert to the street. It had previously named Consumer Julia Street. The street is named in honor of Norwegian poet <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a>. In 1808 he had his early childhood in the town until he at nine moved with her family to <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvold</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollbodgata" title="Tollbodgata">Tollbodgata</a> (Tollbooth street) has its run from Senior wharf at Vestre port to Elvegata by <a href="/wiki/Otra" title="Otra">Otra</a> and is identical with Route 27 in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>. 77 properties are matrikulert to the street. The street has previously had the name Sten Alley. Tolbooth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestre_Strandgate" title="Vestre Strandgate">Vestre Strandgate</a> (Western Beach Street) is a street that has its run from Gravane to roundabout at Gartnerløkka where it meets <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a> and continue to run in Rv9 (<a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdalsveien</a>). It is part of the county road 471 from the roundabout at Gartnerløkka the junction with Dronnings gata. From Rådhusgata to Gravane has two parallel paths, an extension of Fv471 and a container that separates the harbor from including Tolbooth. The street has a number of key meeting places and city functions in terms of <a href="/wiki/Radisson_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson Hotel">Radisson Hotel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agder_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agder Theater">Agder Theater</a>, cinema, <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarion Hotel">Clarion Hotel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Bus_Terminal" title="Kristiansand Bus Terminal">Kristiansand Bus Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Station">Kristiansand Station</a>. The street is characterized by restaurants, pubs and eating places, a number of shops and offices and a few apartments.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG/220px-Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG/330px-Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG/440px-Kristiansand_Raadhus_murbyen_IMG_1787.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_City_Hall" title="Kristiansand City Hall">Kristiansand City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristiansand Municipality is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> (through 10th grade), outpatient <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">senior citizen</a> services, <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, and municipal <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> and utilities. The municipality is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal council (Norway)">municipal council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a> representatives. The <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> is <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> by a vote of the municipal council.<sup id="cite_ref-ks_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristiansand has no local parliamentary government, but is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal council (Norway)">municipal council</a> and an executive committee. The <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> is the spokesman for the city, head of the council and leader of the executive committee. In Kristiansand the mayor has represented the center-right parties since the late 1940s. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Agder_District_Court" title="Agder District Court">Agder District Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agder_Court_of_Appeal" title="Agder Court of Appeal">Agder Court of Appeal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_council">Municipal council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Municipal council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal council (Norway)">municipal council</a> <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Bystyre)</i></span> of Kristiansand is made up of 57 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: medium;">Kristiansand bystyre 2023–2027 <small><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #0065F1; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>17</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #01B0CF; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Industry_and_Business_Party" title="Industry and Business Party">Industry and Business Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Industri‑ og Næringspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #2E316F; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_(Norwegian_political_party)" title="Conservative (Norwegian political party)">The Conservatives</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Konservativt)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>7</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #D63D2D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Center_Party_(Norway)" title="Center Party (Norway)">The Center Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Partiet Sentrum)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #EA0000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (Norway)">Red Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rødt)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Kleppe List</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kleppelista)</i></span></small></td><td>1</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>57</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 2019–2023 <small><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #2E316F; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Christians_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christians (Norway)">The Christians Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Partiet De Kristne)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #001F5A; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democrats (Norway)">The Democrats</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Demokratene)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #EA0000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (Norway)">Red Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rødt)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Cross-party people's list for all Kristiansand<br /></a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Tverrpolitisk Folkeliste For Hele Kristiansand)</i></span></small></td><td>4</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>71</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 2015–2019 <small><sup id="cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb_valg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>15</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #001F5A; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democrats (Norway)">The Democrats</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Demokratene)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #EA0000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (Norway)">Red Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rødt)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 2011–2015 <small><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #001F5A; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democrats (Norway)">The Democrats</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Demokratene)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #EA0000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (Norway)">Red Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rødt)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 2007–2011 <small><sup id="cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb_valg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #001F5A; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democrats (Norway)">The Democrats</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Demokratene)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #d4001a; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Electoral_Alliance" title="Red Electoral Alliance">Red Electoral Alliance</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rød Valgallianse)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 2003–2007 <small><sup id="cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb_valg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #001F5A; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democrats (Norway)">The Democrats</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Demokratene)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1999–2003 <small><sup id="cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb_valg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>15</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1995–1999 <small><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #6A9325; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #d4001a; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Electoral_Alliance" title="Red Electoral Alliance">Red Electoral Alliance</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rød Valgallianse)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>53</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1991–1995 <small><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>19</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #d4001a; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Electoral_Alliance" title="Red Electoral Alliance">Red Electoral Alliance</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Rød Valgallianse)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6A9325 50%, #FFFFFF 50%);; width: 3px;"> </td> <td>Joint list of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a> and Kristiansand city and environmental protection list <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Miljøpartiet De Grønne/Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1987–1991 <small><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>15</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>17</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #8098CE; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)" title="Pensioners' Party (Norway)">Pensioners' Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Pensjonistpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>8</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Kristiansand city and environmental protection list<br /></a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)</i></span></small></td><td>6</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1983–1987 <small><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>22</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>25</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>15</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Kristiansand city and environmental protection list<br /></a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)</i></span></small></td><td>2</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1979–1983 <small><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Fremskrittspartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>27</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>16</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: purple; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1972)" title="Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972)">New People's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Nye Folkepartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td><td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Kristiansand city and environmental protection list<br /></a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kristiansand By og Miljøvernliste)</i></span></small></td><td>4</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1975–1979 <small><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #004F80; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Lange%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Lange's Party">Anders Lange's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Anders Langes parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>19</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: purple; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1972)" title="Liberal People's Party (Norway, 1972)">New People's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Nye Folkepartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #B5317C; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Venstreparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1971–1975 <small><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>24</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #dc0028; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist People's Party (Norway)">Socialist People's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1967–1971 <small><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>26</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #dc0028; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist People's Party (Norway)">Socialist People's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>23</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>77</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1963–1967 <small><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>25</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #dc0028; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist People's Party (Norway)">Socialist People's Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Sosialistisk Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>61</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1959–1963 <small><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>23</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #990000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kommunistiske Parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #00843D; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Senterpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>61</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1955–1959 <small><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>24</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #990000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kommunistiske Parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>1</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>19</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>61</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1951–1955 <small><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>23</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #990000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kommunistiske Parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>2</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Local List(s)</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Lokale lister)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1947–1951 <small><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>21</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #990000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kommunistiske Parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #ffd959; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian Democratic Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Kristelig Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>5</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Local List(s)</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Lokale lister)</i></span></small></td> <td>6</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1945–1947 <small><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>24</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #990000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Kommunistiske Parti)</i></span></small></td> <td>3</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr><td style="background-color: white; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bygdeliste" title="Bygdeliste">Local List(s)</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Lokale lister)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1937–1941* <small><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px;"><td colspan="3" style="background-color: #F0F0F0;"><small><i><b>Note:</b> Due to the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.</i></small></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1934–1937 <small><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>19</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>21</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1931–1934 <small><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr> <td style="width: 3px; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #87add7 50%, #808080 50%); line-height:1;"> </td> <td>Joint list of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small> and the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party" title="Free-minded Liberal Party">Free-minded People's Party</a></span> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Frisinnede Folkeparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>13</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1928–1931 <small><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>21</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #87add7; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small></td> <td>17</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>10</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1925–1928 <small><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>12</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #FF5050; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_of_Norway" title="Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway">Social Democratic Labour Party</a><br /><small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>7</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>9</td></tr><tr> <td style="width: 3px; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #87add7 50%, #808080 50%); line-height:1;"> </td> <td>Joint list of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small> and the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party" title="Free-minded Liberal Party">Free-minded Liberal Party</a></span> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Frisinnede Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1922–1925 <small><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #FF5050; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_of_Norway" title="Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway">Social Democratic Labour Party</a><br /><small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)</i></span></small></td> <td>4</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="width: 3px; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #87add7 50%, #808080 50%); line-height:1;"> </td> <td>Joint list of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small> and the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party" title="Free-minded Liberal Party">Free-minded Liberal Party</a></span> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Frisinnede Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>20</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; max-width: 625px; width: 100%;}"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: small;">Kristiansand bystyre 1919–1922 <small><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>   </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party name <small><i>(in Norwegian)</i></small></th> <th>Number of<br />representatives </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #D70926; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Arbeiderpartiet)</i></span></small></td> <td>14</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #9df000; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">Temperance Party</a> <small>(<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Avholdspartiet</i></span>)</small></td> <td>17</td></tr><tr> <td style="background-color: #006666; width: 3px;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a> <small><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">(Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>11</td></tr><tr> <td style="width: 3px; background:linear-gradient(135deg, #87add7 50%, #808080 50%); line-height:1;"> </td> <td>Joint list of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Høyre)</i></span></small> and the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Liberal_Party" title="Free-minded Liberal Party">Free-minded Liberal Party</a></span> <small><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">(Frisinnede Venstre)</i></span></small></td> <td>18</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="height:20px; font-weight: bold"> <td colspan="2"><i>Total number of members:</i></td><td><i>60</i></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayors">Mayors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mayors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Scandinavia" title="Mayor">mayors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">ordfører</i>) of Kristiansand:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1838-1838: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_von_der_Lippe" title="Jacob von der Lippe">Jacob von der Lippe</a></li> <li>1838-1839: Mathias Andreas Boye</li> <li>1840-1840: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_von_der_Lippe" title="Jacob von der Lippe">Jacob von der Lippe</a></li> <li>1841-1843: Isaach Willoch</li> <li>1844-1844: Jacob Andreas Falch</li> <li>1845-1845: Paul Brodahl Lassen</li> <li>1846-1846: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Carl_Hartmann" title="Anton Carl Hartmann">Anton Carl Hartmann</a></li> <li>1847-1847: Niels Wisløw Rogstad</li> <li>1848-1848: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Carl_Hartmann" title="Anton Carl Hartmann">Anton Carl Hartmann</a></li> <li>1849-1849: Anthon Wilhelm Manthey</li> <li>1850-1851: Jens Nicolai Heyerdahl</li> <li>1851-1853: <a href="/wiki/Oluf_Steen_Julius_Berner" title="Oluf Steen Julius Berner">Oluf Steen Julius Berner</a></li> <li>1854-1854: Michael Rolfsen</li> <li>1855-1855: Niels Wisløw Rogstad</li> <li>1856-1856: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Carl_Hartmann" title="Anton Carl Hartmann">Anton Carl Hartmann</a></li> <li>1857-1857: Michael Rolfsen</li> <li>1858-1858: Niels Wisløw Rogstad</li> <li>1859-1860: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1861-1862: Claus Christian Olroy</li> <li>1863-1863: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1864-1864: Claus Christian Olroy</li> <li>1865-1865: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1866-1866: Michael Rolfsen</li> <li>1867-1868: Einar Tambeskjælver Rosenqvist</li> <li>1869-1873: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1874-1874: Peder Ferdinand Reinhardt</li> <li>1875-1875: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1876-1876: Peter Lorentz Stabel</li> <li>1877-1879: Hans Maartmann Fleischer</li> <li>1880-1892: Peter Lorentz Stabel</li> <li>1892-1894: Arne Vogt</li> <li>1895-1904: Carl Arnesen (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1905-1907: E.A. Gundersen (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1908-1910: Mathias Hansen (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1911-1911: Bernt Reinhardt (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1912-1912: Christian Reinhardt Bergsland (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1913-1913: Henrik J. Tellefsen (<a href="/wiki/Temperance_Party_(Norway)" title="Temperance Party (Norway)">AvH</a>)</li> <li>1914-1919: <a href="/wiki/Einar_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Einar Jørgensen">Einar Jørgensen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1920-1922: Nicolay Eckhoff (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1923-1924: Carl Christiansen (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1925-1925: Bernt Reinhardt (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1926-1926: Nicolay Eckhoff (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1927-1928: William Dahl-Hansen (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1929-1931: Johan Øydegard (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Ap</a>)</li> <li>1932-1937: <a href="/wiki/Einar_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Einar Jørgensen">Einar Jørgensen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1938-1940: Rudolf Peersen (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1941-1945: O.A. Fosby (<a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">NS</a>)</li> <li>1945-1945: Rudolf Peersen (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1946-1947: Karl Rosenløv (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Ap</a>)</li> <li>1948-1952: Aage Grønningsæter (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1953-1955: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Seland" title="Johannes Seland">Johannes Seland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1956-1963: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tallaksen" title="Leo Tallaksen">Leo Tallaksen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1964-1965: Alfred Netland (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1966-1971: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tallaksen" title="Leo Tallaksen">Leo Tallaksen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1972-1975: Einar Hansen (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a>)</li> <li>1976-1977: <a href="/wiki/Harald_Synnes" title="Harald Synnes">Harald Synnes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">KrF</a>)</li> <li>1978-1991: Paul Otto Johnsen (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>1991-2003: Bjørg Wallevik (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>2003-2007: Jan Oddvar Skisland (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">KrF</a>)</li> <li>2007-2011: Per Sigurd Sørensen (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>2011-2015: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Grundekj%C3%B8n" title="Arvid Grundekjøn">Arvid Grundekjøn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>2015-2019: Harald Furre (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)</li> <li>2019-2023: Jan Oddvar Skisland (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Ap</a>)</li> <li>2023-present: Mathias Bernander (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Minority populations in Kristiansand by country of origin as of 1 January 2013</b><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Ancestry </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>1,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>1,390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>1,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>1,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>1,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>840 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>420 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td> <td>360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Other countries</td> <td>5,880 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kristiansand has the third largest <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> community in Norway. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slettheia-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slettheia-10.jpg/220px-Slettheia-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slettheia-10.jpg/330px-Slettheia-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slettheia-10.jpg/440px-Slettheia-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Slettheia has most immigrants in Kristiansand</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The five districts with the highest proportion of immigrants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nr</th> <th>District</th> <th>Percent<sup id="cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slettheia" title="Slettheia">Slettheia</a></td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a></td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a></td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellemyr" title="Hellemyr">Hellemyr</a></td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinnheia" title="Tinnheia">Tinnheia</a></td> <td>19% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg/220px-Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg/330px-Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg/440px-Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a> has fewest immigrants, but the most Christians</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The five districts with the lowest proportion of immigrants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nr</th> <th>District</th> <th>Percent<sup id="cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a></td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a></td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimlekollen" title="Gimlekollen">Gimlekollen</a></td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a></td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a></td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg/220px-Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg/330px-Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg/440px-Domkirken_Kristiansand_NORWAY_nygotisk_Thrap-Meyer_1885_Cathedral_Neo-Gothic_church_2023-10-18_Torvet_T%C3%A5rn_tower_Kveld_h%C3%B8st_Night_IMG_4091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5364" data-file-height="7152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">Kristiansand Cathedral</a>, rebuilt in brick in 1885 after several fires ravaged the city in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">Kristiansand Cathedral</a> is the largest church in Kristiansand. It is located in Kvadraturen with the town hall and Wergelandsparken. The church was built in 1885 and have the capacity of 1500 people. The church is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Agder_and_Telemark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Agder and Telemark">Bishop of Agder and Telemark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>. Grim Church was built in 1969 and has a capacity of 750 people. Vågsbygd Church is the church of Vågsbygd, it is located in the centrum of Vågsbygd and was built in 1967 and has a capacity of 650. Lund Church was built in 1987 and has a capacity of 600 people. Søm Church was built in 2004 and has a capacity of 600. The church was Kristiansand municipality 1000 year building and is the largest church in Oddernes. The windows of Søm Church was designed by <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Nupen" title="Kjell Nupen">Kjell Nupen</a>. </p><p>There are also churches located at <a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_Church" title="Flekkerøy Church">Flekkerøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellemyr_Church" title="Hellemyr Church">Hellemyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes_Church" title="Hånes Church">Hånes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justvik_Church" title="Justvik Church">Justvik</a>, Oddemarka (<a href="/wiki/Oddernes_Church" title="Oddernes Church">Oddernes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Randesund_Church" title="Randesund Church">Randesund</a>, Strai (<a href="/wiki/Torridal_Church" title="Torridal Church">Torridal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tveit_Church_(Vest-Agder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tveit Church (Vest-Agder)">Tveit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voie_Church" title="Voie Church">Voie</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">chapeaus</a> all over the city. Christianity are strongest in Flekkerøy and Søm, even though <a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a> is called the Norwegian Bible belt, Christianity doesn't play a big part in the rest of the city. </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> church in Kvadraturen, <a href="/wiki/St._Ansgar%27s_Church" title="St. Ansgar's Church">St. Ansgar's Church</a>. At Slettheia, there is a <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saint</a> church and at Tinnheia, there is an <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Norway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Orthodoxy in Norway (disambiguation)">Orthodox church</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> has twelve parishes (<i>sokn</i>) within the municipality of Kristiansand. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_domprosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand domprosti">Kristiansand</a> arch-<a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deanery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Agder_og_Telemark" title="Diocese of Agder og Telemark">Diocese of Agder og Telemark</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="font-size:medium"><b>Churches in Kristiansand</b> <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parish <i>(Sokn)</i></th> <th>Church Name</th> <th>Location of the Church</th> <th>Year Built </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Kristiansand domkirke</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral" title="Kristiansand Cathedral">Kristiansand Cathedral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a></td> <td>1884 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Flekkerøy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_Church" title="Flekkerøy Church">Flekkerøy Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Flekkerøya">Flekkerøya</a></td> <td>1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Grim</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim_Church" title="Grim Church">Grim Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim_(Kristiansand)" title="Grim (Kristiansand)">Grim</a></td> <td>1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Hellemyr</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellemyr_Church" title="Hellemyr Church">Hellemyr Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellemyr" title="Hellemyr">Hellemyr</a></td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Hånes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes_Church" title="Hånes Church">Hånes Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a></td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Lund</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund_Church_(Vest-Agder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund Church (Vest-Agder)">Lund Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund_(Kristiansand)" title="Lund (Kristiansand)">Lund</a></td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Oddernes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justvik_Church" title="Justvik Church">Justvik Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a></td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes_Church" title="Oddernes Church">Oddernes Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a></td> <td>c. 1040 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Randesund</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Randesund_Church" title="Randesund Church">Randesund Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a></td> <td>1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m_Church" title="Søm Church">Søm Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a></td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Torridal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torridal_Church" title="Torridal Church">Torridal Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aukland,_Torridal" title="Aukland, Torridal">Aukland</a></td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Tveit</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tveit_Church_(Vest-Agder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tveit Church (Vest-Agder)">Tveit Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a></td> <td>c. 1100 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Voie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voie_Church" title="Voie Church">Voie Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voie" title="Voie">Voie</a></td> <td>1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Vågsbygd</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd_Church" title="Vågsbygd Church">Vågsbygd Church</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a></td> <td>1967 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></div> <p>There is a Buddhist centre in Vågsbygd with <a href="/wiki/Ternevig" title="Ternevig">Ternevig</a>. There is also a Buddhist meditation centre located in the neighbouring municipality <a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Islam in Norway</a></div> <p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Kvadraturen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg/220px-Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg/330px-Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg/440px-Kj%C3%B8ita_Park_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8ita" title="Kjøita">Kjøita Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianssands_Bryggeri" title="Christianssands Bryggeri">Christianssands Bryggeri</a> is a producer of beer and soft drinks with a long history in the city. The brewery was established in 1859, and all products are made with <a href="/wiki/Spring_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring water">spring water</a> from the company's own spring, called <i>Christian IVs kilde</i> (Christian IV's spring). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hennig-Olsen_Iskremfabrikk" title="Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk">Hennig-Olsen</a> is an ice cream factory with headquarters and manufacturing facilities in Kristiansand. The factory opened in 1960, but the Hennig-Olsen family has produced ice cream in Kristiansand since 1924, when Sven Hennig-Olsen started doing so in the back of his tobacco kiosk. </p><p>Glencore Nikkelverk (nickel factory) was founded in 1910 as Kristiansand Nikkelraffineringsverk A/S. The company is owned by the Anglo-Swiss company <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a> and has about 500 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Korsvik" title="Korsvik">Korsvik</a> industrial area on the east side of the Kristiansandsfjord is home to companies working on drilling technology, cranes, winches and other equipment for the worldwide petroleum industry, among them <a href="/wiki/National_Oilwell_Varco" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oilwell Varco">National Oilwell Varco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aker_Solutions" title="Aker Solutions">Aker MH</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elkem" title="Elkem">Elkem</a>, owned by China National Bluestar since 2011, operated a refining plant for <a href="/wiki/Ferrosilicon" title="Ferrosilicon">ferrosilicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsilica">microsilica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fisk%C3%A5,_Rogaland" title="Fiskå, Rogaland">Fiskå</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> for many years and was replaced in the beginning of the 20th century by Elkem Solar which produces <a href="/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon" title="Polycrystalline silicon">polycrystalline silicon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafers</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a> industry. It has about 225 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Sørlandschips</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chip</a> brand. The potatoes often come from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. Sørlandschips owned by Scandza AS and is one of Norway's most popular potato chip brands today. It has a variety of tastes and spices. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannevika,_Kristiansand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/220px-Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/330px-Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg/440px-Hannevika%2C_Kristiansand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Hannevika with <a href="/wiki/Hennig-Olsen_Iskremfabrikk" title="Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk">Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dampbageriet</b> is a large bakery chain based in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>, it was established in Kristiansand in 1862 and has 4 stores in Kristiansand. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sparebanken_S%C3%B8r" title="Sparebanken Sør">Sparebanken Sør</a> is a savings bank serving <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>. It was established in 1824 when <b>Christiansand Sparebank</b> opened up, it was one of the first in Norway. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hennig-Olsen_Iskremfabrikk" title="Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk">Hennig-Olsen Iskremfabrikk</a> is a major Norwegian ice-cream company based and started up in Kristiansand. The factory is located in <b>Hannevika</b>. </p><p>As a relatively large shipping town, Kristiansand was a profitable location for shipbuilders Kristiansands Mekaniske Verksted and P. Høivolds Mekaniske Verksted. At one time, shipping companies were the backbone of the local economy, but not many survive. The Rasmussen Group, previously a shipping firm, is now an investment company.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristiansand continues to have major shipbuilding and repair facilities that support Norway's North Sea oil industry. The <a href="/wiki/Static_inverter_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Static inverter plant">static inverter plant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/HVDC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVDC">HVDC</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-Skagerrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Skagerrak">Cross-Skagerrak</a> is located near Kristiansand. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Dyrepark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Dyrepark">Kristiansand Dyrepark</a> is the zoo that sells most <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg/770px-Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="770" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg/1155px-Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg/1540px-Kj%C3%B8ita-panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Kjøita Park with <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a> main offices for Southern Norway to the left and Kristiansand Roklubb in the center and apartments to the right</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sørlandsparken"><span id="S.C3.B8rlandsparken"></span>Sørlandsparken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sørlandsparken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandsparken" title="Sørlandsparken">Sørlandsparken</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG/220px-S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG/330px-S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG/440px-S%C3%B8rlandssenteret.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Sørlandssenteret is Norway's largest mall</figcaption></figure> <p>Sørlandsparken (The Southern Norway Park) is an industrial shopping park outside of Kristiansand city in the municipality. The park is also 17 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Lillesand" title="Lillesand">Lillesand</a>. The park has an area of 670,000 m<sup>2</sup> (7,211,820 sq ft) and over 5,000 workplaces. </p><p>The main part of the industrial park is in Kristiansand, including the mall <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandssenteret" title="Sørlandssenteret">Sørlandssenteret</a> with 195 stores and Kristiansand Zoo, it is the largest mall and zoo in Norway. The racetrack of Southern Norway is also located in Kristiansand while <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a> is located technically in Lillesand municipality. </p><p>Others large chainstores is also located around the mall. </p><p>There are two hotels located in Sørlandsparken and some resorts nearby the zoo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a> goes past Sørlandsparken before continuing to downtown Kristiansand. Buses are available 6-8 times in the hours all day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg/220px-Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg/330px-Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg/440px-Kilden_teater_og_konserthus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kilden_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="Kilden Performing Arts Centre">Kilden Performing Arts Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaptein_SV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kaptein_SV.jpg/220px-Kaptein_SV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kaptein_SV.jpg/330px-Kaptein_SV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kaptein_SV.jpg/440px-Kaptein_SV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Kaptein Sabeltann world in <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Zoo_and_Amusement_Park" title="Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park">Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra">Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra</a>, Chamber Orchestra and Wind Ensemble merged in 2003. The orchestra now performs at the <a href="/wiki/Kilden_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="Kilden Performing Arts Centre">Kilden Performing Arts Centre</a>, which opened in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the new home of <a href="/wiki/Agder_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Agder Theatre">Agder Theatre</a>, founded in 1991. </p><p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandets_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sørlandets Art Museum">Sørlandets Art Museum</a> is in the centre of Kristiansand, in the former buildings of the cathedral school. It was established in 1995 building on the former collection of Christiansands billedgalleri, and is the second-largest regional art museum in Norway. It includes both fine art and crafts and runs an extensive programme of activities that includes exhibitions of the permanent collection, temporary exhibitions of contemporary art, and touring exhibitions to schools and child-care facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianssands Kunstforening, now renamed Kristiansand Kunsthall, is one of the oldest and largest art associations in Norway, founded in 1881, and has approximately 650 square metres (7,000 sq ft) of exhibition space for contemporary art in central Kristiansand. The association began assembling a permanent collection in 1902; this is now housed in Sørlandets Art Museum. </p><p>Cultiva, a local foundation, was established to ensure a portion of the profits made from selling shares in Agder Energy Ltd have lasting benefits to the community, focusing on art, culture, creativity and building competence; it supported projects in Kristiansand until the financial crisis forced cut-backs in 2011. In addition the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_for_Cultural_Heritage" title="Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage">Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage</a> endowed a cultural free port, Porto Rico, as one of the pilot projects of its "value creation project" in the 2000s. </p><p>In 2007 Kristiansand was awarded the designation Norges kulturkommune (Norway's culture municipality), a distinction awarded every other year by the Norwegian Culture Forum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiskebrygga,_Kristiansand" title="Fiskebrygga, Kristiansand">Fiskebrygga</a> is a former fish landing on either side of the Gravane Canal, which separates the city centre from <a href="/wiki/Odder%C3%B8ya" title="Odderøya">Odderøya</a>; it was refurbished in the 1990s and now has wood-fronted buildings housing restaurants and shops including a fish market. It is very popular in summer, when the canal is also heavily used by boats. </p><p>The island of Odderøya is a former <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarantine_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarantine station">quarantine station</a>, now used for recreation and excursion purposes. At times there are also concerts and festivals on the island. </p><p>The municipality millennium is Tresse - Retranchement, the city party space in front of <a href="/wiki/Christiansholm_Fortress" title="Christiansholm Fortress">Christiansholm Fortress</a>, bottom Festningsgata the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The millennium was celebrated here include a large sign. A small sign to mark the Millennium for the future are made, but per. 2011 not installed in anticipation of the festival grounds shall be given a facelift. It should also dug a channel within the fortress, so this again is left on an island. These projects are waiting for political consideration and funding. Tusenårstreet were planted on the lawn between the festival grounds and playground/ice rink in Tresse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_stadion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kristiansand_stadion.jpg/220px-Kristiansand_stadion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kristiansand_stadion.jpg/330px-Kristiansand_stadion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kristiansand_stadion.jpg/440px-Kristiansand_stadion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Stadion" title="Kristiansand Stadion">Kristiansand Stadion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's best known <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team, <a href="/wiki/IK_Start" title="IK Start">IK Start</a>, moved in 2007 to a new home stadium, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r_Arena" title="Sør Arena">Sør Arena</a>. The city is also home to other football teams, including <a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_IL" title="Flekkerøy IL">Flekkerøy IL</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Vig%C3%B8r" title="FK Vigør">FK Vigør</a>, <a href="/wiki/IK_V%C3%A5g" title="IK Våg">IK Våg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FK_Donn" title="FK Donn">FK Donn</a>. </p><p>Kristiansand is also known for its handball teams (<a href="/wiki/Kristiansands_IF" title="Kristiansands IF">Kristiansands IF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vipers_Kristiansand" title="Vipers Kristiansand">Vipers Kristiansand</a>), ice hockey (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand_Ishockeyklubb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristiansand Ishockeyklubb (page does not exist)">Kristiansand Ishockeyklubb</a>), basketball (Kristiansand Pirates) and volleyball (Grim VBK) clubs and has a baseball team (Kristiansand Suns). </p><p>The Idda Arena (opened on 3 September 2011) is a multi-purpose hall that consists of ice hockey, curling, a sports hall, martial arts, fencing dance and a gym. Adjacent to the Arena, is a skate park and football pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced the Idda Idrettsplassen, an outdoor sports field used for skating, football (first used in 1924) and athletics.<sup id="cite_ref-KK_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KK-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Stadion" title="Kristiansand Stadion">Kristiansand Stadion</a> is a multi-use stadium and former ground of IK Start, the stadium hosted important athletics competitions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Motorcycle speedway</a> has had a long association with the city, covering three venues. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Individual_Speedway_Championship" title="Norwegian Individual Speedway Championship">Norwegian Championship</a> was held at Idda Idrettsplassen in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-KK_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KK-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a semi final was held at the Kristiansand Stadion in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later a new venue Sørlandsparken Speedwaybane was built by the speedway club NMK Kristiansand, out of the city, west in Sørlandsparken, off Skibåsen. This has since held the Norwegian Championships in 2012 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_Marina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kristiansand_Marina.jpg/220px-Kristiansand_Marina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kristiansand_Marina.jpg/330px-Kristiansand_Marina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kristiansand_Marina.jpg/440px-Kristiansand_Marina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Kristiansand Marina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg/220px-Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg/330px-Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg/440px-Faithless_live_at_Palmesus_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faithless" title="Faithless">Faithless</a> in concert at Palmesus, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>'s largest beach festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristiansand is a summer <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kristiansand" class="extiw" title="voy:Kristiansand">tourist destination</a>, attracting many visitors in particular to its zoo, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Zoo_and_Amusement_Park" title="Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park">Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park</a>, just east of the city. This is the second most visited attraction in Norway, after <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen" title="Holmenkollen">Holmenkollen</a>, and had 925,000 visitors in 2012. Its animals, most of which are housed in natural habitats, include <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, tigers, lions and the <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a>. The zoo is open 365 days a year, while the amusement park is open during the summer season only. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quart_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Quart festival">Quart festival</a> was an annual music festival that took place in Kristiansand over five days in early July. There were large stages on Odderøya and smaller venues around the city. Founded in 1991 as Qvadradurmusivalen, the festival changed its name to the more catchy Quart Festival the following year. It included internationally known performers and was also known for booking acts that later became internationally known. For several years it was the largest music festival in Norway, but beginning in summer 2007 it was challenged by the Hovefestivalen on <a href="/wiki/Trom%C3%B8ya" title="Tromøya">Tromøya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a>, and some Oslo-based festivals. In early June 2008 the organization declared bankruptcy; the festival returned in 2009 under the name Quart, but again went bankrupt. </p><p>Kristiansand is home to many other festivals as well, running throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-krsfest_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krsfest-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestfestival" title="Protestfestival">Protestfestival</a>, held in September, was launched in 2000 and aims to address apathy and indifference in politics, and includes debates, concerts and lectures combined with performance art and documentaries. Protestfestival claims to attract anarchists, communists, <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a> as well as conservative Christians and capitalists and to encourage communication among these radically different groups.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include Southern Discomfort, also in September, the <a href="/wiki/Bragd%C3%B8ya" title="Bragdøya">Bragdøya</a> Blues Festival in June, the Dark Season Festival in October, and Cultural Night and the <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_International_Children%27s_Film_Festival" title="Kristiansand International Children's Film Festival">International Children's Film Festival</a> in April. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg/170px-Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg/255px-Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg/340px-Courthouse_in_Kristiansand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_District_Court" title="Kristiansand District Court">Courthouse in Kristiansand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kristiansand has three police stations. The one in the city center, the main one for Southern Norway, <a href="/wiki/Agder_Police_District" title="Agder Police District">Agder Police District</a>. While on less serious crimes only covers some these parts of Kristiansand, <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a>. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> police station covers the Vågsbygd district while <a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a> police station covers Randesund, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tveit" title="Tveit">Tveit</a>. </p><p>Most crim-cases reported in Kristiansand takes place on <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>. In south of <a href="/wiki/Markens_gate" title="Markens gate">Markens gate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tollbodgata" title="Tollbodgata">Tollbodgata</a> and Dronningens gate which host stores that are open 24 hours as well as many nightclubs. In 2014 it was most reported cases there in the entire city. </p><p>There were over 56 cases reported in this area and 123 on Kvadraturen in 2013, a decrease from 150 cases in 2012 reported on Kvadraturen. In the Vågsbygd police district it was reported that there were over 50 cases, going down 27% since 2012. At Randesund police station it was 61 cases reported, so had gone down 9% from 2012 to 2013. Outside of Kvadraturen, Vågsbygd and Randesund there were 110 cases reported in the municipality, mostly from Grim. </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were over 350 cases reported for all of Kristiansand. Of these, 34% were committed by minors on Kvadraturen. Most cases on Kvadraturen are narcotics, violence and nonprofit crimes; the majority being shop lifting. Six of the violent crime cases were against police and most violent acts were performed with knives. <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minors">Minors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Minors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG/220px-Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG/330px-Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG/440px-Krsand_tinghus_IMG_3501.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agder_Police_District" title="Agder Police District">Agder Police District</a> headquarter in Kristiansand</figcaption></figure> <p>In crime performed by people under 18, there were most reported 16-year-old boys in 2013. Although adding the numbers of boys and girls together, the largest number of crime for the age was 14. It is simultaneously more that reports a mixed sex image where girls show an equal activity as boys. Some Instead there are also girls who are leading the way. Several executives tells increased used of bullying, intimidation and violence among girls. It looks including out that girls make greater use of social media such behavior. Some also report increased cannabis use among girls. The figures from the police show that nearly one in three young people who commit crimes have minority backgrounds. Of the 163 youths who embarked offense first half is 47 immigrants or Norwegian-born to immigrant parents. This represents 29% of the total number. The decline in the number of young offenders apply primarily the oldest group from 15 to 17 years. Kristiansand has several 14-year-olds than 17-year-olds who commit offenses. Girls make up more current through increased use of threats and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact from <a href="/wiki/Voiebyen" title="Voiebyen">Voiebyen</a>, Vågsbygd, Grim, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a> and Lund expressed concern about boys who challenge them with their behavior by breaking rules, commit vandalism, threaten classmates and try out various drugs. One of the schools have also been several incidents of violence against teachers and classmates. It is composed issues related to several of these students and they have various reasons major challenges in adapting to school requirements and expectations. Several executives from schools stated that they experience an increase in the number of pupils, both boys and girls, who are struggling mentally. They mention students with depression, social anxiety, eating disorder, self-mutilation and sleep problems. This worries them and they fear that some of these students, as a result of their poor mental health, are more vulnerable to make choices that can lead them into the environment with drugs and crime. To meet these challenges and provide these young people needed and customized follow-up, it is crucial to have a holistic focus and a good interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSK-hovedinngang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SSK-hovedinngang.JPG/220px-SSK-hovedinngang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SSK-hovedinngang.JPG/330px-SSK-hovedinngang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SSK-hovedinngang.JPG/440px-SSK-hovedinngang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandet_Hospital_Kristiansand" title="Sørlandet Hospital Kristiansand">Sørlandet Hospital Kristiansand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sørlandet Sykehus HF is a hospital group in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a>, they have three hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord" title="Flekkefjord">Flekkefjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a> and the main one on Eg in Kristiansand. It is only a 6 minutes drive from the city centrum Kvadraturen. The headquarter of Sørlandet Sykehus HF is also located in Kristiansand. The hospital has departments in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a>. </p><p>Eg hospital is an asylum/psychiatric hospital next to Sørlandet hospital. It was opened in 1881 by dr. Axel H. Lindboe, this became Norway's third insane asylum. </p><p>St. Josef hospital was a catholic hospital located at <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>, it was opened in 1885 and driven by his sisters. The hospital closed down in 1967. </p><p>There are 11 retirement homes in Kristiansand and most of them are located on Kvadraturen. One rehabilitation center, ca 15 fitness centers, 20 dentist offices, 10 medical centers and around 25 pharmacies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg/220px-V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg/330px-V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg/440px-V%C3%A5gsbygdveien10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption>Highway <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_456" title="Norwegian County Road 456">Fv456</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> by <a href="/wiki/Trekanten_(Kristiansand)" title="Trekanten (Kristiansand)">Trekanten</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg/220px-Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg/330px-Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg/440px-Kristiansand_bus_Slettheia1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>A city bus in <a href="/wiki/Vestre_Strandgate" title="Vestre Strandgate">Vestre Strandgate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristiansand_lufthavn,_Kjevik_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG/220px-Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG/330px-Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG/440px-Kristiansand_lufthavn%2C_Kjevik_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kristiansand is an important transport and communications node, connected to continental Europe by air and sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Maritim videregående skole Sørlandet operated passenger and cargo vessel: <a href="/wiki/MS_Lofoten" title="MS Lofoten">MS Lofoten</a></div> <p>From the city centre, the ferry harbour has routes to <a href="/wiki/Hirtshals" title="Hirtshals">Hirtshals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>) operated by both <a href="/wiki/Color_Line_(ferry_operator)" title="Color Line (ferry operator)">Color Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fjord_Line" title="Fjord Line">Fjord Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color Line operates their <a href="/wiki/MS_Superspeed_1" title="MS Superspeed 1">MS <i>Superspeed 1</i></a>, which entered into service in 2008 and spends approximately 3 hours and 15 minutes on the crossing. The route operates year-round with two crossings each way in one day. Fjord Line operates <a href="/wiki/HSC_Fjord_Cat" class="mw-redirect" title="HSC Fjord Cat">HSC <i>Fjord Cat</i></a>, which is a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> covering the route in around 2 hours and 15 minutes. The ship was built between 1997 and 1998, and has sailed under several different operators on many different routes. It only operates during the high season in the summer. </p><p>A new catamaran built by Australian shipbuilding company <a href="/wiki/Austal" title="Austal">Austal</a> will enter service at the start of summer 2020 and replace <i>Fjord Cat</i>. The new ship should double the capacity, while retaining the same travel duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. Fjord Line also aims for the new ship to address complaints with seaworthiness and stability from its predecessor. </p><p>On 7 April 2022, a direct cruise-ferry service began with <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven</a>, Netherlands, operated by startup company <a href="/wiki/Holland_Norway_Lines" title="Holland Norway Lines">Holland Norway Lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">European Road 18</a> is the largest highway in Kristiansand. It starts after E39 goes to Denmark before the city bridge on <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>. E18 continues out Kristiansand municipality and through <a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and ends in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_route_E39" title="European route E39">European Road 39</a> starts in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> and has it course through <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a> before following the coastal municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>. When E39 comes to Kristiansand, it goes to the harbor and continues through Denmark. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_9" title="Norwegian National Road 9">Norwegian National Road 9</a> is a road starting in Kristiansand, through <a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> and then through <a href="/wiki/Vennesla" title="Vennesla">Vennesla</a> municipality before leaving Vest-Agder. The national road ends in <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> at Haukeli, and is the most important road connection for Setesdalen and the surrounding regions. </p><p>Norwegian National Road 41 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_41" title="Norwegian National Road 41">Norwegian National Road 41</a> starts in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5nes" title="Hånes">Hånes</a>. It is the road out to <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik</a>, it continues to <a href="/wiki/Birkenes" title="Birkenes">Birkenes</a> and ends in <a href="/wiki/Kviteseid" title="Kviteseid">Kviteseid</a>, Telemark. County road 401 is the old E18 before it got upgraded. It starts on <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8m" title="Søm">Søm</a> and ends in <a href="/wiki/Lillesand" title="Lillesand">Lillesand</a>, it goes via <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8v%C3%A5g" title="Høvåg">Høvåg</a>. County road 452 is the old road to <a href="/wiki/Vennesla" title="Vennesla">Vennesla</a> city centrum. It starts on <a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a>, then goes through <a href="/wiki/Justvik" title="Justvik">Justvik</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lefj%C3%A6r" title="Ålefjær">Ålefjær</a> before Vennesla municipality. County road 456 is the main road in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> and afterwards ending in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a>. County road 457 takes up from 456 in <a href="/wiki/Voiebyen" title="Voiebyen">Voiebyen</a> and ends at <a href="/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y" title="Flekkerøy">Flekkerøy</a>. County road 471 is the largest road in downtown Kristiansand. It ends at <a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> and goes besides the university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buses in the city and surrounding region are operated by <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Norge" title="Boreal Norge">Boreal Buss AS</a>, who won the tender from Agder Kollektivtrafikk in 2018 to operate routes for seven years, with an option to extend the period by three years. Previously, <a href="/wiki/Nettbuss" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettbuss">Nettbuss</a> Sør (South) operated buses in the region for eight years from 2010 to 2018. All regional bus lines goes through three stops in <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a>. Some bus lines goes vice versa from the west coast to the east coast of the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Bus_Terminal" title="Kristiansand Bus Terminal">Kristiansand Bus Terminal</a> or Kristiansand Rutebilstasjon is the main bus terminal for the city, and also acts as a hub for express-buses connecting to Oslo, Stavanger and Haukeli. It is located by the train station <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Station">Kristiansand S</a>. The bus terminal has local, regional and long-distance bus routes. A new bus terminal was constructed in 2019, replacing the old and outdated building from 1960. The old terminal will be demolished and replaced by a small park and green-space. </p><p>The local city buses in Kristiansand has their main stop in Kvadraturen with city terminals in the streets Henrik Wergelands gate (eastbond or end for westbound) and <a href="/wiki/Tollbodgata" title="Tollbodgata">Tollbodgata</a> (westbound or end for eastbound), both streets crosses <a href="/wiki/Markens_gate" title="Markens gate">Markens gate</a>. City bus lines 01, A1 starts in Kvadraturen and goes by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Agder" title="University of Agder">UiA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rona_(Kristiansand)" title="Rona (Kristiansand)">Rona</a>. M1, M2, M3, 12, goes by Vågsbygd centrum. 17, 18 joins M1, M2, M3 and 12 for Hannevika. 40, 42, 50 and 45, 46 goes only <a href="/wiki/Hannevika" title="Hannevika">Hannevika</a>. Line 40, 42, 45, 46 and 50 stops in Kristiansand Bus Terminal expect in the rush hours, while M1, M2, M3, 12, 17 and 18 continues to Henrik Wergelands gate, UiA, Rona, then their destinations. Line 13, 15, 19, 32 and 30 comes north for Kvadraturen and goes by Grim torv. Line 22, 23 only goes by UiA. Line 31 goes Line 35, 36 and 37 goes by Ve, Rona, UiA, Tollbodgata and ends in Kristiansand Bus Terminal. There are also local buses in some of the boroughs like Vågsbygd: Line 51, 52 and 55 goes from neighbourhoods in the borough to Vågsbygd centrum collaborating with M1 or M2 at selective times. Line 57 goes from east to west on the main road in Flekkerøy. Line 58 goes locally in Randesund to Rona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Station">Kristiansand Station</a> opened in 1895 and is located in the city centre, close to the ferry terminal. It is owned by <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Rail_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian National Rail Administration">Norwegian National Rail Administration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandet_Line" title="Sørlandet Line">Sørlandet Line</a> goes through small towns in <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a> counties. Express trains go east to <a href="/wiki/Oslo_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo S">Oslo S</a>. Regional lines goes to <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg/220px-E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg/330px-E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg/440px-E18_Kristiansand_Vollevannet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>E18 in Kristiansand by <a href="/wiki/Vollevannet" title="Vollevannet">Vollevannet</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local airport, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik">Kjevik</a>, is located 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the city centre and has routes to European and Norwegian cities. A new one-storey parking garage was constructed in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_distances">Travel distances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Travel distances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distance from Kristiansand to other cities:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandal,_Norway" title="Mandal, Norway">Mandal</a> 36 kilometers (23 miles) (considerably shortened when new E39 opens in 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje" title="Evje">Evje</a> 49 kilometers (30 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a> 55 kilometers (34 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord" title="Flekkefjord">Flekkefjord</a> 81 kilometers (50 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> 160 kilometers (100 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> 250 kilometers (155 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> 292 kilometers (181 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> 601 kilometers (373 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a> 1382 kilometers (859 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> 391 kilometers (243 miles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> 768 kilometers (477 miles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG/220px-Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG/330px-Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG/440px-Hogskolen_i_Agder_Gimlemoen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Agder" title="University of Agder">University of Agder</a></figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Agder" title="University of Agder">University of Agder</a> was established in 2007, based on Agder College, which had been founded in 1994 by the amalgamation of six previous institutions: Kristiansand Teacher Training College, Agder District College, Kristiansand College of Nursing, Arendal College of Nursing, Agder Engineering and District College (<a href="/wiki/Grimstad" title="Grimstad">Grimstad</a>) and Agder Conservatory of Music. The university has about 10,000 students, of whom 7,500 are in Kristiansand and the remaining 2,500 in Grimstad. In Kristiansand it is housed on a campus on the former parade ground of Gimlemoen in the Lund section. The university offers a wide range of studies at all levels, organised into five faculties: Humanities and Education, Engineering and Science, Health and Sport, Economics and Social Sciences, and Fine Arts. Gimlemoen is also the site of Sørlandet kunnskapspark, a research park built with funds from sources including the Cultiva foundation that houses a number of companies with a degree of professional affiliation with the university, such as Agderforskning, a social science research institute that is part of the publishing company <a href="/wiki/Cappelen_Damm" title="Cappelen Damm">Cappelen Damm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Noroff">Noroff</a> University College was established in 2012 and is a private university offering specialised degrees two in Interactive media (Games or Animation) and Applied Data Science and in Digital Forensics. The University College builds on Noroff's existing vocational school which originally opened in 1987. In addition to the Kristiansand Campus Noroff has facilities in Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger. Noroff has considerable experience in offering online courses and all of the degree courses offered at the University College are available online. </p><p>Kristiansand was a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> and cathedral town from 1664; <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral_School" title="Kristiansand Cathedral School">Kristiansand Cathedral School</a> was founded in 1684 and a <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin school</a> in 1734. There are currently four public <a href="/wiki/High_school_(upper_secondary)" class="mw-redirect" title="High school (upper secondary)">senior secondary schools</a>: Kristiansand Cathedral School Gimle,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> High School, <a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_skolesenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvadraturen skolesenter">Kvadraturen skolesenter</a> and Tangen High School </p><p>Private senior secondary schools include Sonans utdanning (education). The private school Sørlandets Maritime Senior Secondary School is also based in Kristiansand. This school offers two courses of study, Technology and Industrial Production and maritime subjects. It is a boarding school; students live and undergo training aboard the training ship MS Sjøkurs, a steamer that previously operated on the <a href="/wiki/Hurtigruten" title="Hurtigruten">Hurtigruten</a>. </p><p>Kristiansand is also host to an International School on Kongsgård Alle in Lund. The School opened in January 2008 to provide an international education through English to students from grade 1 to grade 10. This IB authorised school moved into a brand new purpose-built building in Summer 2014, to house the expanding school which now has over 100 students. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_schools_in_Kristiansand">List of schools in Kristiansand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: List of schools in Kristiansand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg/220px-Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg/330px-Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg/440px-Kvadraturen_skolesenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_skolesenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvadraturen skolesenter">Kvadraturen skolesenter</a> is the largest High School in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grim_Skole.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grim_Skole.JPG/220px-Grim_Skole.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grim_Skole.JPG/330px-Grim_Skole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grim_Skole.JPG/440px-Grim_Skole.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Grim Junior High is the largest junior high</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg/220px-M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg/330px-M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg/440px-M%C3%B8vig_skole1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8vik" title="Møvik">Møvik</a> Junior High and Møvik sports hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg/220px-Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg/330px-Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg/440px-Karljohan_memorial_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Johan">Karl Johan</a> Memorial School, an elementary school at Tinnheia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg/220px-V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg/330px-V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg/440px-V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Vågsbygd High School</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Name<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Type</a> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_of_Kristiansand" title="List of boroughs of Kristiansand">District</a> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Students </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dvergsnes skole </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elementary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary education">Elementary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>360 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fagerholt skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisk%C3%A5_skole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiskå skole (page does not exist)">Fiskå skole</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Junior_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior High">Junior High</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flekkerøy skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grim_Junior_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grim Junior High (page does not exist)">Grim skole</a> </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haumyrheia skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Havlimyra skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hellemyr skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Holte skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hånes skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Justvik skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Johan">Karl Johan</a> minneskole (<a href="/wiki/Memorial" title="Memorial">memorial</a>) </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karuss skole </td> <td>Elementary and Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kongsgård skolesenter </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>900 </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kringsjå skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Randesund" title="Randesund">Randesund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krossen skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Cathedral_School" title="Kristiansand Cathedral School">Kristiansand Cathedral School</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="High School">High School</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>1,360 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kristiansand International School </td> <td>Elementary and Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_skolesenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvadraturen skolesenter">Kvadraturen skolesenter</a> </td> <td>High School </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a> </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lindebøskauen skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lovisenlund skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosby skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosby,_Norway" title="Mosby, Norway">Mosby</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Møvig skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>NLA Mediehøgskolen Gimlekollen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>130 </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oddemarka skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prestheia skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sjøstrand skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slettheia skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solholmen skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steinerskolen </td> <td>Elementarty and Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strømme skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>370 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sørlandets maritime videregående skole </td> <td>High School </td> <td>MS "Sjøkurs" </td> <td>60 </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tangen_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangen High School">Tangen vidergående</a> </td> <td>High School </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tordenskjoldsgate skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvadraturen_(Kristiansand)" title="Kvadraturen (Kristiansand)">Kvadraturen</a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torkelsmyra skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torridal skole </td> <td>Elementary and Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grim,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim, Kristiansand">Grim</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Agder">Universitetet i Agder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>11,500 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vardåsen skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>350 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ve skole </td> <td>Elementary and Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vigvoll skole </td> <td>Junior High </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oddernes" title="Oddernes">Oddernes</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voiebyen skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vågsbygd skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>270 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Vågsbygd High School">Vågsbygd vidergående</a> </td> <td>High School </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> Minneskole (memorial) </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lund,_Kristiansand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lund, Kristiansand">Lund</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Øvre Slettheia skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Åsane skole </td> <td>Elementary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Public </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg/220px-F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg/330px-F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg/440px-F%C3%A6drelandsvennen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6drelandsvennen" title="Fædrelandsvennen">Fædrelandsvennen</a> office building in Henrik Wergelands gate</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6drelandsvennen" title="Fædrelandsvennen">Fædrelandsvennen</a> is the main news paper in Kristiansand and the <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Region" title="Kristiansand Region">Kristiansand Region</a>. The paper has around 116 000 readers every day and was founded in 1875. From 2006, the newspaper went from broadsheet to tabloid. Fædrelandsvennen was located at Rådhusgata with Wergelandsparken (A park named after <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a>) until 02.27.192 when someone blew up the building and it burned down to the ground. Nobody lost their lives in the incident. The newspaper relocated to <a href="/wiki/Fisk%C3%A5tangen" title="Fiskåtangen">Fiskåtangen</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd" title="Vågsbygd">Vågsbygd</a> where it located until 2015 when it moved back downtown to Henrik Wergelands gate. Fædrelandsvennen have ownership in many Southern Norway based newspapers, TV-Channels radio stations and other companies. </p><p>Kristiansand Avis (Kristiansand Newspaper) is a free newspaper paid by ads, and is delivered to all households in the region except Lillesand, Birkenes and Iveland. The newspaper is focused on staying closed to the local people. It comes out each Thursday and had 45 000 readers in 2014. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK Sørlandet</a> has their main office in Kristiansand. It is the district office for the national broadcasting channel NRK. NRK Sørlandet covers Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder County. They produce 6 hours of radio and one and a half hour of television, in addition to their own website for news for Southern Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kristiansand" title="Category:People from Kristiansand">Category:People from Kristiansand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg/140px-Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg/210px-Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg/280px-Camilla_Collett_by_Nicolai_Wergeland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Camilla Collett</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG/140px-Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG/210px-Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG/280px-Jan_Vincents_Johannessen_IMG_7214.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Jan Vincents Johannessen, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mette_Marit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mette_Marit2.jpg/140px-Mette_Marit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mette_Marit2.jpg/210px-Mette_Marit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mette_Marit2.jpg/280px-Mette_Marit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mette-Marit,_Crown_Princess_of_Norway" title="Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway">Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_2">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haldur_Gr%C3%BCner" title="Haldur Grüner">Haldur Grüner</a> (1818–1858), business school founder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Service_and_public_thinking">Public Service and public thinking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Public Service and public thinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syvert_Omundsen_Eeg" title="Syvert Omundsen Eeg">Syvert Omundsen Eeg</a> (1757–1838) farmer and rep. the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constitutional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Constitutional Assembly">Norwegian Constitutional Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gj%C3%B8e_Rosenkrantz" title="Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz">Marcus Gjøe Rosenkrantz</a> (1762–1838) a Government Minister and Member of Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Wergeland" title="Nicolai Wergeland">Nicolai Wergeland</a> (1780–1848) a Norwegian priest, writer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Lauritz_Arup" title="Jens Lauritz Arup">Jens Lauritz Arup</a> (1793–1874) a Norwegian bishop and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Petersen" title="Hans Christian Petersen">Hans Christian Petersen</a> (1793–1862) de facto <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> 1858 to 1861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_von_der_Lippe" title="Jacob von der Lippe">Jacob von der Lippe</a> (1797–1878) a Norwegian politician and priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Collett" title="Camilla Collett">Camilla Collett</a> (1813–1895) said to be Norway's first feminist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wedel_Major" title="Herman Wedel Major">Herman Wedel Major</a> (1814–1854) psychiatrist, founded the <a href="/wiki/Gaustad_Hospital" title="Gaustad Hospital">Gaustad Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Frantz_Oscar_Wergeland" title="Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland">Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland</a> (1815–1895) military officer, cartographer and skiing pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Rosenqvist" title="Einar Rosenqvist">Einar Rosenqvist</a> (1817–1885) a Norwegian naval officer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Knudsen" title="Valdemar Knudsen">Valdemar Knudsen</a> (1819–1898) sugarcane plantation pioneer on West <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Peter_Broch" title="Jens Peter Broch">Jens Peter Broch</a> (1819–1886) an orientalist and linguist in Semitic languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofus_Arctander" title="Sofus Arctander">Sofus Arctander</a> (1845–1924) a politician, acting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a>, 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brede_Kristensen" title="William Brede Kristensen">William Brede Kristensen</a> (1867–1953) Dutch theologian, professor and church historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Theo Sørensen">Theo Sørensen</a> (1873–1959) a missionary, worked in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_St%C3%B8ren" title="Finn Støren">Finn Støren</a> (1893–1962) a businessperson and civil servant for <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_G._Hansen" title="Arvid G. Hansen">Arvid G. Hansen</a> (1894–1966) a politician, associated first with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway" title="Communist Party of Norway">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Langfeldt" title="Gabriel Langfeldt">Gabriel Langfeldt</a> (1895–1983) a Norwegian psychiatrist and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Bernt Balchen</a> (1899–1973) pioneer polar aviator, navigator & aircraft mechanical engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Wehus" title="Ole Wehus">Ole Wehus</a> (1909–1947) a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a> police official</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tallaksen" title="Leo Tallaksen">Leo Tallaksen</a> (1908–1983) a politician, twice Mayor of Kristiansand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Egge" title="Bjørn Egge">Bjørn Egge</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> (1918–2007) a <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vincents_Johannessen" title="Jan Vincents Johannessen">Jan Vincents Johannessen</a> (born 1941) a physician, cancer researcher, painter and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Fuglevik" title="Tor Fuglevik">Tor Fuglevik</a> (born 1950) a Norwegian radio and TV executive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Berit_Andersen" title="Anne Berit Andersen">Anne Berit Andersen</a> (born 1951) a Norwegian politician, Mayor of Søgne 1991 to 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terje_G._Simonsen" title="Terje G. Simonsen">Terje G. Simonsen</a> (born 1963) a Norwegian historian and nonfiction author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Furre" title="Harald Furre">Harald Furre</a> (born 1964) an economist and Mayor of Kristiansand 2015–2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Benedicte_Bj%C3%B8rnland" title="Marie Benedicte Bjørnland">Marie Benedicte Bjørnland</a> (born 1965) head of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">Norwegian Police Security Service</a> 2012/2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Tangen" title="Nicolai Tangen">Nicolai Tangen</a> (born 1966), hedge fund manager and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mette-Marit,_Crown_Princess_of_Norway" title="Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway">Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway</a> (born 1972), the crown princess of Norway, married <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Haakon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Haakon">Crown Prince Haakon</a> in 2001.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg/140px-Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg/210px-Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg/280px-Wergeland_blds_00303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Henrik Wergeland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg/140px-46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg/210px-46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg/280px-46_-_Selvportrett_-_olje_p%C3%A5_panel_29X36_-_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>Eva Margot, self-portrait, 1976</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg/140px-Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg/210px-Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg/280px-Bj%C3%B8rn.O.Rasch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Bjørn Ole Rasch, 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arts">The Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: The Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> (1808–1845) writer, poet, playwright, polemicist, historian and linguist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Weggeland" title="Dan Weggeland">Dan Weggeland</a> (1827–1918) an artist and teacher, the <i>"Father of Utah Art"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_J%C3%B6rgen_Andersen" title="Anton Jörgen Andersen">Anton Jörgen Andersen</a> (1845–1926) a Norwegian composer and cellist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_Sperati_(actress)" title="Octavia Sperati (actress)">Octavia Sperati</a> (1847–1918) a Norwegian actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schjelderup" title="Gerhard Schjelderup">Gerhard Schjelderup</a> (1859–1933) a Norwegian composer of operas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Textorius" title="Oskar Textorius">Oskar Textorius</a> (1864–1938) a Swedish actor, singer and theater director<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Hald" title="Nils Hald">Nils Hald</a> (1897–1963) a Norwegian actor<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Isefi%C3%A6r" title="Ellen Isefiær">Ellen Isefiær</a> (1899–1985) a Norwegian actress and stage director<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Bj%C3%B8rneboe" title="Jens Bjørneboe">Jens Bjørneboe</a> (1920–1976), a novelist, writer and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Marie_Jakobsen" title="Else Marie Jakobsen">Else Marie Jakobsen</a> (1927–2012), a textile artist and designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Benestad" title="Finn Benestad">Finn Benestad</a> (1929–2012) a Norwegian musicologist, music critic and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Margot" title="Eva Margot">Eva Margot</a> (1944–2019), a painter used realism, symbolism and abstract styles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terje_Formoe" title="Terje Formoe">Terje Formoe</a>, (born 1949) a singer, songwriter and actor<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_L%C3%B8vland" title="Rolf Løvland">Rolf Løvland</a> (born 1955) a Norwegian composer, lyricist, arranger and pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terje_Dragseth" title="Terje Dragseth">Terje Dragseth</a> (born 1955) a Norwegian poet, author and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Nupen" title="Kjell Nupen">Kjell Nupen</a> (1955–2014) a contemporary artist; painter, sculptor and graphic artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilde_Hefte" title="Hilde Hefte">Hilde Hefte</a> (born 1956), a jazz singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Ole_Rasch" title="Bjørn Ole Rasch">Bjørn Ole Rasch</a> (born 1959) a keyboard performer, composer, arranger and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_K%C3%B8hn" title="Sigurd Køhn">Sigurd Køhn</a> (1959–2004) a Norwegian jazz saxophonist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Hjeltnes" title="Arne Hjeltnes">Arne Hjeltnes</a> (born 1963) a Norwegian writer and TV personality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Fronth" title="Per Fronth">Per Fronth</a> (born 1963), a visual artist, photographer and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarte_Tj%C3%B8stheim" title="Bjarte Tjøstheim">Bjarte Tjøstheim</a> (born 1967) a Norwegian comedian, radio host and actor<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Elise_Bergum" title="Lene Elise Bergum">Lene Elise Bergum</a> (born 1971) a Norwegian actress<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarte_Breiteig" title="Bjarte Breiteig">Bjarte Breiteig</a> (born 1974) a Norwegian short story writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_(singer)" title="Annie (singer)">Anne Lilia Berge Strand</a> (born 1977) known as <i>"Annie"</i>, a singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hugo" title="Tom Hugo">Tom Hugo</a> (born 1979) a Norwegian singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Kittelsen" title="Agnes Kittelsen">Agnes Kittelsen</a> (born 1980), an actress<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Aasen" title="Frida Aasen">Frida Aasen</a>, (born 1994) a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Fashion_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion model">fashion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Sofie_Loch_N%C3%A6ss" title="Thea Sofie Loch Næss">Thea Sofie Loch Næss</a> (born 1996) a Norwegian actress<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Abildsnes" class="extiw" title="no:Helene Abildsnes">Helene Abildsnes, (Norwegian Wiki)</a> (born 1998) <a href="/wiki/Miss_Norway" title="Miss Norway">Miss Universe Norway 2019</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg/140px-Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg/210px-Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg/280px-Andreas_Thorkildsen_2008_cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Andreas Thorkildsen, 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_Margit_Andreassen" title="Gunn Margit Andreassen">Gunn Margit Andreassen</a> (born 1973) a former biathlete, twice Olympic relay team medallist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinar_Pedersen" title="Steinar Pedersen">Steinar Pedersen</a> (born 1975) a former Norwegian footballer with 426 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrine_Lunde" title="Katrine Lunde">Katrine Lunde</a> (born 1980) a handball goalkeeper, 305 caps with <a href="/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_handball_team" title="Norway women's national handball team">Norway women</a></li> <li>twins <a href="/wiki/Katrine_Lunde" title="Katrine Lunde">Katrine Lunde</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kristine_Lunde-Borgersen" title="Kristine Lunde-Borgersen">Kristine Lunde-Borgersen</a>, (born 1980) handball players, twice Olympic champions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Thorkildsen" title="Andreas Thorkildsen">Andreas Thorkildsen</a> (born 1982), a javelin thrower, Olympic gold medallist in 2004 and 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristoffer_H%C3%A6stad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristoffer Hæstad">Kristoffer Hæstad</a> (born 1983) a former footballer with over 300 club caps and 27 for <a href="/wiki/Norway_national_football_team" title="Norway national football team">Norway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Norway" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway">List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway</a></div> <p>Kristiansand is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava">Kerava</a>, Finland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a>, Iceland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan_Municipality" title="Trollhättan Municipality">Trollhättan</a>, Sweden</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, Namibia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Kristiansand" title="Fortifications of Kristiansand">Fortifications of Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansands_Stiftsavis_og_Adressekontors-Efterretninger" title="Kristiansands Stiftsavis og Adressekontors-Efterretninger">Kristiansands Stiftsavis og Adressekontors-Efterretninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_of_Kristiansand" title="List of boroughs of Kristiansand">List of boroughs of Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Norway" title="List of lighthouses in Norway">List of lighthouses in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sørlandet">Sørlandet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Written using <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Written using <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nynorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Nynorsk">Norwegian Nynorsk</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/">"Innbyggjarnamn"</a> [Demonyms]. <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Språkrådet</a></i> (in Norwegian Nynorsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Innbyggjarnamn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2Fsprakhjelp%2FSkriverad%2Fnavn-pa-steder-og-personer%2FInnbyggjarnamn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2013-11-21?fane=tabell#content">"Folkemengd og kvartalsvise befolkningsendringar, 3. kvartal 2013"</a> (in Norwegian). 21 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224335/http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2013-11-21?fane=tabell#content">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folkemengd+og+kvartalsvise+befolkningsendringar%2C+3.+kvartal+2013&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssb.no%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkendrkv%2Fkvartal%2F2013-11-21%3Ffane%3Dtabell%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://befolkningen.com/norge/kristiansand/justvik">"Justvik - landsby i kommunen Kristiansand. Befolkningen - hvor mange mennesker Justvik"</a>. Befolkningen.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201103/http://befolkningen.com/norge/kristiansand/justvik">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justvik+-+landsby+i+kommunen+Kristiansand.+Befolkningen+-+hvor+mange+mennesker+Justvik&rft.pub=Befolkningen.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbefolkningen.com%2Fnorge%2Fkristiansand%2Fjustvik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/sorlandet/1.7981794">"Kristiansand eller Christianssand? - Sørlandet - NRK Nyheter"</a>. Nrk.no. 3 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205040015/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/sorlandet/1.7981794">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kristiansand+eller+Christianssand%3F+-+S%C3%B8rlandet+-+NRK+Nyheter&rft.pub=Nrk.no&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Fsorlandet%2F1.7981794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol IV</i> (First ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Vol+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pages=526&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dag-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dag_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dag_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dag_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukvam1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jukvam, Dag (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf"><i>Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistisk sentralbyrå</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788253746845" title="Special:BookSources/9788253746845"><bdi>9788253746845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historisk+oversikt+over+endringer+i+kommune-+og+fylkesinndelingen&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788253746845&rft.aulast=Jukvam&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Femner%2F00%2F90%2Frapp_9913%2Frapp_9913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorstveitVesterhus2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torstveit, L.; Vesterhus, P. (15 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tidsskriftet.no/2005/12/medisinsk-historie/kolera-og-karantene-i-kristiansand">"Kolera og karantene i Kristiansand"</a> [Cholera and quarantine in Kristiansand]. <i>Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen</i> (in Norwegian and English). <b>125</b> (24): 3490–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357901">16357901</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174226/https://tidsskriftet.no/2005/12/medisinsk-historie/kolera-og-karantene-i-kristiansand">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskr+Nor+Laegeforen&rft.atitle=Kolera+og+karantene+i+Kristiansand&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=3490-3&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16357901&rft.aulast=Torstveit&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Vesterhus%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftidsskriftet.no%2F2005%2F12%2Fmedisinsk-historie%2Fkolera-og-karantene-i-kristiansand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfeldt2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langfeldt, Jan G. (2004). <i>Langfeldt-slektens og Ny-Hellesunds historie</i> (in Norwegian). J.G. Langfeldt. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-994591-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/82-994591-2-5"><bdi>82-994591-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langfeldt-slektens+og+Ny-Hellesunds+historie&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=J.G.+Langfeldt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=82-994591-2-5&rft.aulast=Langfeldt&rft.aufirst=Jan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901160910/https://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/nye-kristiansand/">"Nye Kristiansand"</a> (in Norwegian). Kristiansand kommune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/nye-kristiansand/">the original</a> on 1 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nye+Kristiansand&rft.pub=Kristiansand+kommune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.kommune.no%2Fnye-kristiansand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorske_Kommunevåpen1990" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norske Kommunevåpen (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/k/kristian.htm">"Nye kommunevåbener i Norden"</a> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715090151/http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/k/kristian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nye+kommunev%C3%A5bener+i+Norden&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Norske+Kommunev%C3%A5pen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngw.nl%2Fint%2Fnor%2Fk%2Fkristian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225223222/http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/PageFiles/16611/Regler%20for%20bruk%20av%20byv%C3%A5penet.pdf">"Regler om bruk av Kristiansands byvåpen og segl i ikke kommunalt øyemed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Municipality of Kristiansand. 23 August 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/PageFiles/16611/Regler%20for%20bruk%20av%20byv%C3%A5penet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regler+om+bruk+av+Kristiansands+byv%C3%A5pen+og+segl+i+ikke+kommunalt+%C3%B8yemed&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Kristiansand&rft.date=1989-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.kommune.no%2FPageFiles%2F16611%2FRegler%2520for%2520bruk%2520av%2520byv%25C3%25A5penet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivar B. Ramberg <i>et al</i>., <i>Landet blir til – Norges geologi</i>, Norsk geologisk forening 2006 (2007), p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngu.no/kart/bg250/">Berggrunnskart over Norge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118033550/http://www.ngu.no/kart/bg250/">Archived</a> 18 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Geological Survey">Norwegian Geological Survey</a>, 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">seklima.met.no</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Norway/CSV/?C=D;O=A">"NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+WMO+normals+Norway+1991-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FNorway%2FCSV%2F%3FC%3DD%3BO%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yr.no">"Climate Statistics for Kristiansand-Duekniben, Norway (2013-2014)"</a>. 26 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310071423/http://www.yr.no/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Statistics+for+Kristiansand-Duekniben%2C+Norway+%282013-2014%29&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yr.no&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yr.no/sted/Norge/Vest-Agder/Kristiansand/Kristiansand/statistikk.html">"Yr - Været som var"</a>. yr.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129123005/http://www.yr.no/sted/Norge/Vest-Agder/Kristiansand/Kristiansand/statistikk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yr+-+V%C3%A6ret+som+var&rft.pub=yr.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yr.no%2Fsted%2FNorge%2FVest-Agder%2FKristiansand%2FKristiansand%2Fstatistikk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristiansand.climatemps.com/sunlight.php">"Yr - Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Kristiansand, Norway"</a>. yr.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012093532/http://www.kristiansand.climatemps.com/sunlight.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yr+-+Sunshine+%26+Daylight+Hours+in+Kristiansand%2C+Norway&rft.pub=yr.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.climatemps.com%2Fsunlight.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Befolkning_i_Kristiansand_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/182517?_ts=1469108bb18">"Befolkning i Kristiansand"</a>. ssb.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016191831/http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/182517?_ts=1469108bb18">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Befolkning+i+Kristiansand&rft.pub=ssb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fbefolkning%2Fartikler-og-publikasjoner%2F_attachment%2F182517%3F_ts%3D1469108bb18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radissonblu.com/en/hotel-kristiansand">Radisson Blu Hotel Caledonien</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505133139/https://www.radissonblu.com/en/hotel-kristiansand">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordicchoicehotels.com/clarion/clarion-hotel-ernst/">Clarion Hotel Ernst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024624/https://www.nordicchoicehotels.com/clarion/clarion-hotel-ernst/">Archived</a> 9 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ks-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ks_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenVabo2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/kommunestyre">"kommunestyre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget" title="Kunnskapsforlaget">Kunnskapsforlaget</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kommunestyre&rft.btitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fkommunestyre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valgresultat.no/valg/2023/ko/agder/kristiansand#seats">"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Agder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valgdirektoratet" class="mw-redirect" title="Valgdirektoratet">Valgdirektoratet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalg+2023+-+Agder&rft.pub=Valgdirektoratet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalgresultat.no%2Fvalg%2F2023%2Fko%2Fagder%2Fkristiansand%23seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valgresultat.no/valg/2019/ko/agder/kristiansand#seats">"Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Agder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valgdirektoratet" class="mw-redirect" title="Valgdirektoratet">Valgdirektoratet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalg+2019+%E2%80%93+Agder&rft.pub=Valgdirektoratet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalgresultat.no%2Fvalg%2F2019%2Fko%2Fagder%2Fkristiansand%23seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssb_valg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_valg_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/04813/">"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)"</a> (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419034538/https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/04813/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+04813%3A+Members+of+the+local+councils%2C+by+party%2Felectoral+list+at+the+Municipal+Council+election+%28M%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Norway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fstatbank%2Ftable%2F04813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valgresultat.no/valg/2011/ko/vest-agder/kristiansand#seats">"Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Vest-Agder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valgdirektoratet" class="mw-redirect" title="Valgdirektoratet">Valgdirektoratet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalg+2011+%E2%80%93+Vest-Agder&rft.pub=Valgdirektoratet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalgresultat.no%2Fvalg%2F2011%2Fko%2Fvest-agder%2Fkristiansand%23seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_c342.pdf">"Kommunestyrevalget 1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920122018/http://ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_c342.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalget+1995&rft.place=Oslo-Kongsvinger&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_c342.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_c057.pdf">"Kommunestyrevalget 1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522201730/http://ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_c057.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalget+1991&rft.place=Oslo-Kongsvinger&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_c057.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b765.pdf">"Kommunestyrevalget 1987"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019115549/http://ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b765.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalget+1987&rft.place=Oslo-Kongsvinger&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_b765.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b450.pdf">"Kommunestyrevalget 1983"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019091914/http://ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b450.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalget+1983&rft.place=Oslo-Kongsvinger&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_b450.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b093.pdf">"Kommunestyrevalget 1979"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929113607/http://ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_b093.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunestyrevalget+1979&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_b093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a769.pdf">"Kommunevalgene 1975"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315223921/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a769.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+1975&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_a769.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a457.pdf">"Kommunevalgene 1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421043257/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a457.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+1972&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_a457.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a214.pdf">"Kommunevalgene 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421035823/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_a214.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+1967&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_a214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_138.pdf">"Kommunevalgene 1963"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421050701/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_138.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+1963&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_xii_138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317152829/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1959&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_xii_022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214033802/https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1955&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_xi_252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317192202/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1951&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_xi_120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316182828/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1947&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_x_165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825102312/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1945&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_x_133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080913/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1937&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_ix_133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_057.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031248/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_057.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1934&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_ix_057.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_viii_186.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1931"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1932. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421021925/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_viii_186.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1931&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_viii_186.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_viii_093.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1928"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1929. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421045123/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_viii_093.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1928&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_viii_093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vii_192.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1925"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825102236/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vii_192.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1925&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_vii_192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vii_078.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1922"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1923. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421054735/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vii_078.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1922&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_vii_078.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vi_189.pdf">"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1919"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1920. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305140350/http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_vi_189.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kommunevalgene+og+Ordf%C3%B8rervalgene+1919&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fa%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_vi_189.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065359/http://www.ordforeren.no/sider/artikler.asp?type=profil&tittel=Ordf%F8rere%20i%20Kristiansand&kat=Ordf%F8rer&mal=historikk&submeny=ingen&niv2=">"Ordførere i Kristiansand"</a>. <i>Ordføreren.no</i> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordforeren.no/sider/artikler.asp?type=profil&tittel=Ordf%F8rere%20i%20Kristiansand&kat=Ordf%F8rer&mal=historikk&submeny=ingen&niv2=">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordf%C3%B8reren.no&rft.atitle=Ordf%C3%B8rere+i+Kristiansand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordforeren.no%2Fsider%2Fartikler.asp%3Ftype%3Dprofil%26tittel%3DOrdf%25F8rere%2520i%2520Kristiansand%26kat%3DOrdf%25F8rer%26mal%3Dhistorikk%26submeny%3Dingen%26niv2%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandve2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sandve, Elisabeth (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/mathias-bernander-_h_-blir-ordforer-i-kristiansand-1.16553683">"Mathias Bernander (H) blir ordfører i Kristiansand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a></i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=Mathias+Bernander+%28H%29+blir+ordf%C3%B8rer+i+Kristiansand&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.aulast=Sandve&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fsorlandet%2Fmathias-bernander-_h_-blir-ordforer-i-kristiansand-1.16553683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231145/http://kristiansand.kommune.no/Documents/Nyheter%202014/Trendrapport_ungdom%20og%20kriminalitet2014_a4_web.pdf?epslanguage=no">"Ungdom og kriminalitet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. kristiansand.kommune.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/Documents/Nyheter%202014/Trendrapport_ungdom%20og%20kriminalitet2014_a4_web.pdf?epslanguage=no">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ungdom+og+kriminalitet&rft.pub=kristiansand.kommune.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.kommune.no%2FDocuments%2FNyheter%25202014%2FTrendrapport_ungdom%2520og%2520kriminalitet2014_a4_web.pdf%3Fepslanguage%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirken.no/language=no">"Den Norske Kirke"</a>. kirken.no<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Den+Norske+Kirke&rft.pub=kirken.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirken.no%2Flanguage%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xstratanickel.no/NO/Sider/Hjem.aspx">Velkommen til Glencore Nikkelverk AS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908081924/http://www.xstratanickel.no/NO/Sider/Hjem.aspx">Archived</a> 8 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> XtrataNickel.no. Retrieved 20 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peder Qvale (12 September 2012)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu.no/industri/2012/09/12/har-tapt-22-milliarder-pa-tre-ar">Lite solskinn for Elkem Solar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234246/http://www.tu.no/industri/2012/09/12/har-tapt-22-milliarder-pa-tre-ar">Archived</a> 30 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Teknisk Ukeblad. Retrieved 29 December 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Berglihn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.no/forsiden/naringsliv/article2153668.ece">"Rasmussengruppen reddet av aksjer og finans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234718/http://www.dn.no/forsiden/naringsliv/article2153668.ece">Archived</a> 30 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dagens_N%C3%A6ringsliv" title="Dagens Næringsliv">Dagens Næringsliv</a></i>, 31 May 2011, retrieved 20 November 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/Rasmussengruppen_AS">Rasmussengruppen AS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233854/http://snl.no/Rasmussengruppen_AS">Archived</a> 30 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rasmussengruppen.no. Retrieved 29 December 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilden.com/english">Kilden Performing Arts Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130074846/http://kilden.com/english">Archived</a> 30 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skmu.no/english/#1">"Sørlandets Kunstmuseum, Homepage in English"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229012250/http://skmu.no/english/#1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8rlandets+Kunstmuseum%2C+Homepage+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskmu.no%2Fenglish%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/navigasjon/kultur-og-fritid/idrett/idrettsanlegg-og-haller/idda-arena-ishall/">"Idda Arena ice rink"</a>. <i>Kristiansand Commune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kristiansand+Commune&rft.atitle=Idda+Arena+ice+rink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.kommune.no%2Fnavigasjon%2Fkultur-og-fritid%2Fidrett%2Fidrettsanlegg-og-haller%2Fidda-arena-ishall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KK-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KK_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KK_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/contentassets/7d2e282dabd9476590033319a847ae0f/kulturminner-i-kristiansand.pdf">"Kulturminner Ksitiansand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kristiansand Kommune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kristiansand+Kommune&rft.atitle=Kulturminner+Ksitiansand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristiansand.kommune.no%2Fcontentassets%2F7d2e282dabd9476590033319a847ae0f%2Fkulturminner-i-kristiansand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GC_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC4T9V1">"Idda og Møllevannet"</a>. <i>Geocaching</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geocaching&rft.atitle=Idda+og+M%C3%B8llevannet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocaching.com%2Fgeocache%2FGC4T9V1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyspeedway.nstrefa.pl/indmnorwegii.php">"Individual Speedway Norwegian Championship"</a>. <i>Historia Sportu Zuzlowego</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+Sportu+Zuzlowego&rft.atitle=Individual+Speedway+Norwegian+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyspeedway.nstrefa.pl%2Findmnorwegii.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmk-kristiansand.no/">"Welcome"</a>. <i>NMK Kristiansand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NMK+Kristiansand&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmk-kristiansand.no%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krsfest-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krsfest_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitnorway.com/places-to-go/southern-norway/kristiansand/whats-on/">What's on in Kristiansand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095000/https://www.visitnorway.com/places-to-go/southern-norway/kristiansand/whats-on/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.visitnorway.com <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protest.no/default_eng.asp">Protestfestivalen (English)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317121618/http://protest.no/default_eng.asp">Archived</a> 17 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231145/http://kristiansand.kommune.no/Documents/Nyheter%202014/Trendrapport_ungdom%20og%20kriminalitet2014_a4_web.pdf?epslanguage=no">"Kriminalitet i Kristiansand kommune"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. kristiansand.kommune.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/Documents/Nyheter%202014/Trendrapport_ungdom%20og%20kriminalitet2014_a4_web.pdf?epslanguage=no">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eapc2020-cpc.no&rft.atitle=Kristiansand+%E2%80%93+A+creative+city+with+ambitions&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feapc2020-cpc.no%2Fmedia%2F1072%2Fleaflet-about-kristiansand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kristiansand#Q2415" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kristiansand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Christiansand" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christiansand">Christiansand</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kristiansand" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssb.no/kommunefakta/kristiansand">Municipal fact sheet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitnorway.com/places-to-go/southern-norway/kristiansand/whats-on/">What's on in Kristiansand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095000/https://www.visitnorway.com/places-to-go/southern-norway/kristiansand/whats-on/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualnorge.com">Kristiansand Virtual Tour, 360* Panoramic Pictures (QTVR) </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christiansand"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Christiansand">"Christiansand" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christiansand&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristiansand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Kristiansand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Kristiansand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindesnes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindesnes Municipality">Lindesnes Municipality</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vennesla_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vennesla Municipality">Vennesla Municipality</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Lindesnes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindesnes Municipality">Lindesnes Municipality</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Kristiansand</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Birkenes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkenes Municipality">Birkenes Municipality</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lillesand_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillesand Municipality">Lillesand Municipality</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></i></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agder_county,_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agder" title="Template:Agder"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agder" title="Template talk:Agder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agder_county,_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a> county, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a></li> <li>Capitals: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristiansand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a></li> <li>County government: <a href="/wiki/Agder_County_Municipality" title="Agder County Municipality">Agder County Municipality</a></li> <li>County lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_County_Governors_of_Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="List of County Governors of Agder">County Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Agder" title="List of villages in Agder">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Agder_og_Telemark" title="List of churches in Agder og Telemark">Churches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/80px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/120px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/160px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Towns and cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad_(town)" title="Grimstad (town)">Grimstad</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8r_(town)" title="Risør (town)">Risør</a> (1630)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristiansand</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord_(town)" title="Flekkefjord (town)">Flekkefjord</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal,_Norway" title="Mandal, Norway">Mandal</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsund_(town)" title="Farsund (town)">Farsund</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillesand_(town)" title="Lillesand (town)">Lillesand</a> (1830-1961; 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvedestrand_(town)" title="Tvedestrand (town)">Tvedestrand</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleen" title="Alleen">Lyngdal</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stre_Agder" title="Østre Agder">Østre Agder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froland" title="Froland">Froland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjerstad" title="Gjerstad">Gjerstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad" title="Grimstad">Grimstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8r" title="Risør">Risør</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvedestrand" title="Tvedestrand">Tvedestrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veg%C3%A5rshei" title="Vegårshei">Vegårshei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85mli" title="Åmli">Åmli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bygland" title="Bygland">Bygland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bykle" title="Bykle">Bykle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje_og_Hornnes" title="Evje og Hornnes">Evje og Hornnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle,_Norway" title="Valle, Norway">Valle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Region" title="Kristiansand Region">Kristiansand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkenes" title="Birkenes">Birkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveland" title="Iveland">Iveland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillesand" title="Lillesand">Lillesand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennesla" title="Vennesla">Vennesla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lister_Region" title="Lister Region">Lister</a> and Mandal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farsund" title="Farsund">Farsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord" title="Flekkefjord">Flekkefjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6gebostad" title="Hægebostad">Hægebostad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvinesdal" title="Kvinesdal">Kvinesdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindesnes" title="Lindesnes">Lindesnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngdal" title="Lyngdal">Lyngdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirdal" title="Sirdal">Sirdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85seral" title="Åseral">Åseral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Former_Municipalities_in_Agder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of former municipalities of Norway">Former Municipalities in Agder</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/30px-Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/45px-Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/60px-Aust-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austre_Moland" title="Austre Moland">Austre Moland</a> (1838-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbu,_Norway" title="Barbu, Norway">Barbu</a> (1878-1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dypv%C3%A5g" title="Dypvåg">Dypvåg</a> (1838-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eide,_Aust-Agder" title="Eide, Aust-Agder">Eide</a> (1838-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje" title="Evje">Evje</a> (1877-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje_og_Vegusdal" title="Evje og Vegusdal">Evje og Vegusdal</a> (1838-1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A6re" title="Fjære">Fjære</a> (1846-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flosta" title="Flosta">Flosta</a> (1902-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vdal" title="Gjøvdal">Gjøvdal</a> (1908-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefoss_(municipality)" title="Herefoss (municipality)">Herefoss</a> (1838-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His%C3%B8y" title="Hisøy">Hisøy</a> (1881-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt,_Aust-Agder" title="Holt, Aust-Agder">Holt</a> (1838-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornnes" title="Hornnes">Hornnes</a> (1886-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornnes_og_Iveland" title="Hornnes og Iveland">Hornnes og Iveland</a> (1838-1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylestad" title="Hylestad">Hylestad</a> (1915-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8v%C3%A5g" title="Høvåg">Høvåg</a> (1865-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landvik" title="Landvik">Landvik</a> (1838-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moland" title="Moland">Moland</a> (1962-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykland_(municipality)" title="Mykland (municipality)">Mykland</a> (1876-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokken" title="Stokken">Stokken</a> (1919-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ndeled" title="Søndeled">Søndeled</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovdal" title="Tovdal">Tovdal</a> (1908-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trom%C3%B8y" title="Tromøy">Tromøy</a> (1878-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegusdal" title="Vegusdal">Vegusdal</a> (1877-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestre_Moland" title="Vestre Moland">Vestre Moland</a> (1838-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98yestad" title="Øyestad">Øyestad</a> (1838-1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/30px-Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/45px-Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/60px-Vest-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audnedal" title="Audnedal">Audnedal</a> (1964-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austad_(municipality)" title="Austad (municipality)">Austad</a> (1909-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakke,_Norway" title="Bakke, Norway">Bakke</a> (1838-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelland_(municipality)" title="Bjelland (municipality)">Bjelland</a> (1902-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelland_og_Grindum" title="Bjelland og Grindum">Bjelland og Grindum</a> (1838-1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiken,_Norway" title="Eiken, Norway">Eiken</a> (1916-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feda_(municipality)" title="Feda (municipality)">Feda</a> (1900-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsland_(municipality)" title="Finsland (municipality)">Finsland</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjotland_(municipality)" title="Fjotland (municipality)">Fjotland</a> (1838-1841, 1858-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greipstad" title="Greipstad">Greipstad</a> (1913-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindheim" title="Grindheim">Grindheim</a> (1902-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyland_(municipality)" title="Gyland (municipality)">Gyland</a> (1838-1839, 1893-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halse_og_Harkmark" title="Halse og Harkmark">Halse og Harkmark</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herad" title="Herad">Herad</a> (1838-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidra,_Vest-Agder" title="Hidra, Vest-Agder">Hidra</a> (1893-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holum" title="Holum">Holum</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6geland_(municipality)" title="Hægeland (municipality)">Hægeland</a> (1896-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsmo_(municipality)" title="Konsmo (municipality)">Konsmo</a> (1911-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A5s_(municipality)" title="Kvås (municipality)">Kvås</a> (1909-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudal_(municipality)" title="Laudal (municipality)">Laudal</a> (1899-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista" title="Lista">Lista</a> (1838-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_(municipality)" title="Mandal (municipality)">Mandal</a> (1964-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnardal" title="Marnardal">Marnardal</a> (1964-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nes,_Vest-Agder" title="Nes, Vest-Agder">Nes</a> (1893-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nes_og_Hidra" title="Nes og Hidra">Nes og Hidra</a> (1838-1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Audnedal" title="Nord-Audnedal">Nord-Audnedal</a> (1845-1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddernes_(municipality)" title="Oddernes (municipality)">Oddernes</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randesund_(municipality)" title="Randesund (municipality)">Randesund</a> (1893-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songdalen" title="Songdalen">Songdalen</a> (1964-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangereid" title="Spangereid">Spangereid</a> (1889-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spind" title="Spind">Spind</a> (1893-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8gne" title="Søgne">Søgne</a> (1838-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Audnedal" title="Sør-Audnedal">Sør-Audnedal</a> (1845-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonstad_(municipality)" title="Tonstad (municipality)">Tonstad</a> (1905-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tveit_(municipality)" title="Tveit (municipality)">Tveit</a> (1838-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undal" title="Undal">Undal</a> (1838-1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigmostad_(municipality)" title="Vigmostad (municipality)">Vigmostad</a> (1911-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vre_Sirdal" title="Øvre Sirdal">Øvre Sirdal</a> (1905-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vreb%C3%B8_(municipality)" title="Øvrebø (municipality)">Øvrebø</a> (1838-1865, 1896-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vreb%C3%B8_og_H%C3%A6geland" title="Øvrebø og Hægeland">Øvrebø og Hægeland</a> (1865-1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ysleb%C3%B8_(municipality)" title="Øyslebø (municipality)">Øyslebø</a> (1899-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ysleb%C3%B8_og_Laudal" title="Øyslebø og Laudal">Øyslebø og Laudal</a> (1838-1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_areas_of_Southern_Norway" title="Template:Metropolitan areas of Southern Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_areas_of_Southern_Norway" title="Template talk:Metropolitan areas of Southern Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_areas_of_Southern_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan areas of Southern Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Norway" title="Southern Norway">Southern Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">County</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a> <ul><li>Former counties: <a href="/wiki/Aust-Agder" title="Aust-Agder">Aust-Agder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/70px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/105px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg/140px-Agder_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad_(town)" title="Grimstad (town)">Grimstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal,_Norway" title="Mandal, Norway">Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsund_(town)" title="Farsund (town)">Farsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord_(town)" title="Flekkefjord (town)">Flekkefjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillesand_(town)" title="Lillesand (town)">Lillesand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleen" title="Alleen">Lyngdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8r_(town)" title="Risør (town)">Risør</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvedestrand_(town)" title="Tvedestrand (town)">Tvedestrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger urban areas<br /><small>(not towns or cities)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vennesla_(village)" title="Vennesla (village)">Vennesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangvall" title="Tangvall">Søgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakstad,_Aust-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blakstad, Aust-Agder">Blakstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkeland,_Aust-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkeland, Aust-Agder">Birkeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje_(village)" title="Evje (village)">Evje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liknes" title="Liknes">Liknes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodeland" title="Nodeland">Nodeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanse" title="Vanse">Vanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigeland,_Norway" title="Vigeland, Norway">Vigeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestbygd,_Vest-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestbygd, Vest-Agder">Vestbygda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonstad" title="Tonstad">Tonstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira,_Norway" title="Sira, Norway">Sira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangereid" title="Spangereid">Spangereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra,_Norway" title="Myra, Norway">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85mli_(village)" title="Åmli (village)">Åmli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6geland" title="Hægeland">Hægeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vreb%C3%B8" title="Øvrebø">Øvrebø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikeland" title="Eikeland">Eikeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovden,_Aust-Agder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovden, Aust-Agder">Hovden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byglandsfjord" title="Byglandsfjord">Byglandsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8v%C3%A5g_(village)" title="Høvåg (village)">Høvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_(village)" title="Valle (village)">Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bykle_(village)" title="Bykle (village)">Bykle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjerstad_(village)" title="Gjerstad (village)">Gjerstad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal" title="Arendal">Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audnedal" title="Audnedal">Audnedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkenes" title="Birkenes">Birkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bygland" title="Bygland">Bygland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bykle" title="Bykle">Bykle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evje_og_Hornnes" title="Evje og Hornnes">Evje og Hornnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsund" title="Farsund">Farsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flekkefjord" title="Flekkefjord">Flekkefjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froland" title="Froland">Froland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjerstad" title="Gjerstad">Gjerstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad" title="Grimstad">Grimstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6gebostad" title="Hægebostad">Hægebostad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveland" title="Iveland">Iveland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvinesdal" title="Kvinesdal">Kvinesdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillesand" title="Lillesand">Lillesand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindesnes" title="Lindesnes">Lindesnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngdal" title="Lyngdal">Lyngdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8r" title="Risør">Risør</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirdal" title="Sirdal">Sirdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvedestrand" title="Tvedestrand">Tvedestrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle,_Norway" title="Valle, Norway">Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veg%C3%A5rshei" title="Vegårshei">Vegårshei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennesla" title="Vennesla">Vennesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85mli" title="Åmli">Åmli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85seral" title="Åseral">Åseral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Region" title="Kristiansand Region">Kristiansand Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lister_Region" title="Lister Region">Lister Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setesdal" title="Setesdal">Setesdal Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stre_Agder" title="Østre Agder">Østre Agder Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Template:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Norway_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Norway by population">Most populous urban areas of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>As of 1 January 2023, according to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (1,082,575)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> (269,548)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sandnes_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandnes (town)">Sandnes</a> (234,757)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a> (196,948)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a> (122,955)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrikstad (town)">Fredrikstad</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarpsborg (town)">Sarpsborg</a> (120,332)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn_(town)" title="Porsgrunn (town)">Porsgrunn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Skien_(town)" title="Skien (town)">Skien</a> (95,793)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a> (66,576)</li><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tønsberg (town)">Tønsberg</a> (55,387)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)" title="Ålesund (town)">Ålesund</a> (55,386)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Moss_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss (town)">Moss</a> (49,428)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sandefjord_(town)" title="Sandefjord (town)">Sandefjord</a> (46,453)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Haugesund_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugesund (town)">Haugesund</a> (46,359)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a> (44,856)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a> (42,831)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a> (41,915)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamar" title="Hamar">Hamar</a> (29,605)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_(town)" title="Gjøvik (town)">Gjøvik</a> (28,494)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Larvik_(town)" title="Larvik (town)">Larvik</a> (27,136)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Halden_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halden (town)">Halden</a> (26,126)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8y" title="Askøy">Askøy</a> (24,280)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jessheim" title="Jessheim">Jessheim</a> (23,918)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsberg (town)">Kongsberg</a> (23,529)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Molde_(town)" title="Molde (town)">Molde</a> (21,854)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ski,_Norway" title="Ski, Norway">Ski</a> (21,434)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harstad_(town)" title="Harstad (town)">Harstad</a> (21,289)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_(town)" title="Lillehammer (town)">Lillehammer</a> (21,263)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Horten_(town)" title="Horten (town)">Horten</a> (20,859)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Korsvik" title="Korsvik">Korsvik</a> (19,405)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_i_Rana" title="Mo i Rana">Mo i Rana</a> (18,755)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tromsdalen" title="Tromsdalen">Tromsdalen</a> (18,202)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)" title="Kristiansund (town)">Kristiansund</a> (18,103)</li><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss" title="Hønefoss">Hønefoss</a> (16,844)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a> (15,931)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elverum_(town)" title="Elverum (town)">Elverum</a> (15,632)</li><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5holt" title="Råholt">Råholt</a> (15,319)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Askim" title="Askim">Askim</a> (15,089)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%B8yro" title="Osøyro">Osøyro</a> (14,621)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Leirvik" title="Leirvik">Leirvik</a> (14,507)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad_(town)" title="Grimstad (town)">Grimstad</a> (14,390)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a> (14,051)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vennesla_(village)" title="Vennesla (village)">Vennesla</a> (13,803)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8bak" title="Drøbak">Drøbak</a> (13,628)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rdalshalsen" title="Stjørdalshalsen">Stjørdalshalsen</a> (13,596)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nesoddtangen" title="Nesoddtangen">Nesoddtangen</a> (13,363)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bryne" title="Bryne">Bryne</a> (13,151)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Steinkjer_(town)" title="Steinkjer (town)">Steinkjer</a> (12,929)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kongsvinger_(town)" title="Kongsvinger (town)">Kongsvinger</a> (12,338)</li></ol></div></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25_most_populous_municipalities_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:25_largest_municipalities_of_Norway" title="Template:25 largest municipalities of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:25_largest_municipalities_of_Norway" title="Template talk:25 largest municipalities of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:25_largest_municipalities_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:25 largest municipalities of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25_most_populous_municipalities_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">25 most populous municipalities of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>As of 1 January 2024, according to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06913/">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div><ol start="1"><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Municipality">Oslo</a> (717,710)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Municipality">Bergen</a> (291,940)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim Municipality">Trondheim</a> (214,565)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stavanger_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger Municipality">Stavanger</a> (149,048)</li><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bærum Municipality">Bærum</a> (130,921)</li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div><ol start="6"><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand Municipality">Kristiansand</a> (116,986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Drammen_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen Municipality">Drammen</a> (104,487)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Asker_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Asker Municipality">Asker</a> (98,815)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillestrøm Municipality">Lillestrøm</a> (94,201)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrikstad Municipality">Fredrikstad</a> (85,230)</li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandnes Municipality">Sandnes</a> (83,702)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø</a> (78,745)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sandefjord_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandefjord Municipality">Sandefjord</a> (66,231)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nordre_Follo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordre Follo Municipality">Nordre Follo</a> (63,560)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarpsborg Municipality">Sarpsborg</a> (59,771)</li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div><ol start="16"><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_Municipality" title="Tønsberg Municipality">Tønsberg</a> (59,174)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ålesund Municipality">Ålesund</a> (58,509)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Skien_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Skien Municipality">Skien</a> (56,619)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_Municipality" title="Bodø Municipality">Bodø</a> (53,712)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss Municipality">Moss</a> (52,051)</li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Larvik_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvik Municipality">Larvik</a> (48,715)</li><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8renskog_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Lørenskog Municipality">Lørenskog</a> (48,188)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indre_%C3%98stfold_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Indre Østfold Municipality">Indre Østfold</a> (47,006)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Arendal Municipality">Arendal</a> (46,355)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ullensaker_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullensaker Municipality">Ullensaker</a> (43,814)</li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Template talk:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:50_most_populous_Nordic_urban_settlements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:50 most populous Nordic urban settlements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50_most_populous_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of urban areas in the Nordic countries">50 most populous urban areas in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="padding:0.1em; font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b></i></td><td> 1,605,030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 2.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b></i></td><td> 1,330,993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 3.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b></i></td><td> 1,268,296</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 4.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b></i></td><td> 1,019,513</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 5.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></td><td> 599,011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 6.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></td><td> 339,313</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 7.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></td><td> 334,112</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 8.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></td><td> 280,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 9.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></td><td> 259,958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 10.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></td><td> 252,468</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 11.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sandnes" title="Sandnes">Sandnes</a></td><td> 237,369</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 12.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b></i></td><td> 228,231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 13.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td><td> 208,939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 14.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></td><td> 186,364</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 15.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a></td><td> 180,302</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 16.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></td><td> 177,074</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 17.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upplands_V%C3%A4sby_och_Sollentuna" class="extiw" title="sv:Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna">Upplands Väsby och Sollentuna</a></td><td> 149,461</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 18.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a></td><td> 140,897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 19.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a></td><td> 128,534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 20.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a></td><td> 126,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 21.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></td><td> 119,068</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 22.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></td><td> 117,974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 23.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a></td><td> 116,373</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 24.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></td><td> 115,672</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 25.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a></td><td> 113,816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 26.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a></td><td> 111,633</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 27.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a></td><td> 109,416</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 28.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a></td><td> 100,259</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 29.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a></td><td> 97,854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 30.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a></td><td> 94,393</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 31.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn" title="Porsgrunn">Porsgrunn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a></td><td> 93,778</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 32.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></td><td> 90,412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 33.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></td><td> 88,520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 34.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a></td><td> 84,026</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 35.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a></td><td> 77,586</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 36.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje" title="Södertälje">Södertälje</a></td><td> 75,773</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 37.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s" title="Borås">Borås</a></td><td> 73,980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 38.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Esbjerg" title="Esbjerg">Esbjerg</a></td><td> 72,398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 39.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</a></td><td> 71,316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 40.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a></td><td> 71,009</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding:0.5em 0.5em;width:10em;"><div> <table style="white-space:nowrap; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 41.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a></td><td> 70,342</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 42.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a></td><td> 67,811</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 43.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a></td><td> 65,856</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 44.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a></td><td> 65,414</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 45.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a></td><td> 62,482</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 46.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a></td><td> 61,121</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 47.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a></td><td> 59,449</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 48.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a></td><td> 58,807</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 49.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vejle" title="Vejle">Vejle</a></td><td> 57,655</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 50.</td><td style="text-align:left"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></td><td> 55,743</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Settlements_founded_by_Christian_IV_of_Denmark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_founded_by_Christian_IV" title="Template:Cities founded by Christian IV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_founded_by_Christian_IV" title="Template talk:Cities founded by Christian IV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_founded_by_Christian_IV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities founded by Christian IV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Settlements_founded_by_Christian_IV_of_Denmark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements founded by <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianshavn" title="Christianshavn">Christianshavn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianspris" title="Christianspris">Christianspris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Kristiania</a> (Oslo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristianopel" title="Kristianopel">Kristianopel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristiansand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristianstad" title="Kristianstad">Kristianstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongsberg" title="Kongsberg">Kongsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_(town)" title="Røros (town)">Røros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404747697">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240182577">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCQvpxQg6gJW4PYpBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4259336-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kristiansand (Norsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1035006&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/289e716f-c682-413c-a0b2-22c1dbebbaab">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0f1c9802-8254-4fff-aa81-71a60b1a613c">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045066">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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