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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Square_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red Square (disambiguation)">Red Square (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Square" title="Special:EditPage/Red Square">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red+Square%22">"Red Square"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red+Square%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red+Square%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red+Square%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red+Square%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red+Square%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Red Square</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Красная площадь</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Krasnaya ploshchad'</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈkrasnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈploɕːɪtʲ]</a></span>) is one of the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">squares</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, along the eastern walls of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a>. It is the city's most prominent landmark, with famous buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM department store</a>. It has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1990. Red Square has been the scene of executions, demonstrations, riots, parades, and speeches. Almost 73,000 square metres (800,000 square feet), it lies directly east of the Kremlin and north of the Moskva River. A moat that separated the square from the Kremlin was paved over in 1812. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_(8309148721).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg/220px-Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg/330px-Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg/440px-Red_square_Moscow_cityscape_%288309148721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iv, r ,87</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">545</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1990 (14th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Square&params=55_45_15_N_37_37_12_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.75417°N 37.62000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.75417; 37.62000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Moscow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Square is located in Central Moscow"><img alt="Red Square is located in Central Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Moscow.svg/250px-Central_Moscow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Moscow.svg/375px-Central_Moscow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Moscow.svg/500px-Central_Moscow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1278"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.053%;left:55.62%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Red Square"><img alt="Red Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">The location of Red Square in Central Moscow</div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Central Moscow</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_rel_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Square is located in Russia"><img alt="Red Square is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/250px-Russia_rel_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/375px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/500px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.068%;left:13.505%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Red Square"><img alt="Red Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Red Square (Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Square is located in Europe"><img alt="Red Square is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.101%;left:71.079%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Red Square"><img alt="Red Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Red Square (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Location"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Location</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin_and_name"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin and name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Before_the_18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Before the 18th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">18th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#19th_and_early_20th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">19th and early 20th centuries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Soviet_era_and_modern_era"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet era and modern era</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Venue_for_parades"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Venue for parades</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Buildings"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Buildings</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#State_Historical_Museum"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">State Historical Museum</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Resurrection_Gate"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Resurrection Gate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Former_government_administration"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Former government administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Kazan_Cathedral"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Kazan Cathedral</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#GUM_department_store"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">GUM department store</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Middle_Trade_Rows"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Trade Rows</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Lobnoye_Mesto"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Lobnoye Mesto</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Monument to Minin and Pozharsky</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Saint_Basil's_Cathedral"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Saint Basil's Cathedral</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Eastern_Kremlin_Wall"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern Kremlin Wall</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Lenin_Mausoleum"><span class="tocnumber">4.11</span> <span class="toctext">Lenin Mausoleum</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"><span class="tocnumber">4.12</span> <span class="toctext">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="963"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/330px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/440px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of Red Square from 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Red Square has an almost rectangular shape and is 70 meters wide and 330 meters long. It extends lengthways from northwest to southeast along part of the wall of the Kremlin that forms its boundary on the southwest side. In the northeast, the square is bounded by the GUM department store building and the old district of <a href="/wiki/Kitay-gorod" title="Kitay-gorod">Kitay-gorod</a>, in the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection Gate">Resurrection Gate</a> and in the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Street" title="Tverskaya Street">Tverskaya Street</a> begins to the northwest of the square behind the building of the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a>, and to the southeast is the so-called Basilius slope, which leads to the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva River</a>, which goes down and over a bridge to the <a href="/wiki/Zamoskvorechye_District" title="Zamoskvorechye District">Zamoskvorechye District</a>. Two streets branch off to the northeast from Red Square: <a href="/wiki/Nikolskaya_Street" title="Nikolskaya Street">Nikolskaya Street</a>, which is named after the Nikolaus Tower of the Kremlin, which is directly opposite, and the Ilyinka (Ильинка), both of which have existed since the 14th century and were once important arteries of old Moscow. Today the square itself, with the exception of the access road leading through it to the Savior Gate of the Kremlin, is a pedestrian zone. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origin_and_name">Origin and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The main squares in Russian cities, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yelets" title="Yelets">Yelets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pereslavl-Zalessky" title="Pereslavl-Zalessky">Pereslavl-Zalessky</a>, are frequently named <i>Krasnaya ploshchad</i>, or Beautiful Square. Archaically, the Russian word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:красный">красная</a> (<i>krasnaya</i>) meant 'beautiful', but now means 'red'. The current word for 'beautiful' is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:красивый">красивая</a> (<i>krasivaya</i>), which is derived from it. </p><p>In Moscow, the name <i>Red Square</i> originally described the small area between <a href="/wiki/St._Basil%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Basil's Cathedral">St. Basil's Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lobnoye_Mesto" title="Lobnoye Mesto">Lobnoye Mesto</a> herald's platform. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Mikhailovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Mikhailovich">Alexei Mikhailovich</a> officially extended the name to encompass the entire square, which had previously been called <i>Pozhar</i>, or "burnt-out place", reflecting that previous buildings occupying the site had burned down. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The history of Red Square is reflected in paintings by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Yuon" title="Konstantin Yuon">Konstantin Yuon</a> and others. The square was meant to serve as Moscow's main marketplace. It was also the site of various public ceremonies and proclamations, and occasionally a <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> for Russia's <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a> would take place. The square has been gradually built up since that point and has been used for official ceremonies by all Russian governments since it was established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_18th_century">Before the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Before the 18th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The East side of the Kremlin triangle, lying adjacent to Red Square and situated between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva</a> and the now underground <a href="/wiki/Neglinnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglinnaya River">Neglinnaya River</a> was deemed the most vulnerable side of the Kremlin to attack, since it was neither protected by the rivers, nor any other natural barriers, as the other sides were. Therefore, the Kremlin wall was built to its greatest height on this side, and the Italian architects involved in the building of these fortifications convinced <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan the Great">Ivan the Great</a> to clear the area outside of the walls to create a field for shooting. The relevant decrees were issued in 1493 and 1495. They called for the demolition of all buildings within 110 <a href="/wiki/Sazhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazhen">sazhens</a> (234 meters (768 ft)) of the wall. </p><p>From 1508 to 1516, the Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Aloisio_the_New" title="Aloisio the New">Aloisio the New</a> arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the Eastern wall, which would connect the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neglinnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglinnaya River">Neglinnaya</a> and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alevizov_moat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alevizov moat (page does not exist)">Alevizov moat</a> having a length of 541 meters (1,775 ft) and width of 36 meters (118 ft), as well as a depth of 9.5–13 m was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, 4 meters (13 ft)-thick cogged brick walls. Three square gates existed on this side of the wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, as well as Christ the Savior and St. Nicholas which hung over them). The last two are directly opposite Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral. In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Cannon" title="Tsar Cannon">Tsar Cannon</a> was located on the platform of the <a href="/wiki/Lobnoye_mesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobnoye mesto">Lobnoye mesto</a>. </p><p>The square was called <i>Veliky Torg</i> ('Great Market') or simply <i>Torg</i> ('Market'), then <i>Troitskaya</i> by the name of the small Troitskaya ('Trinity') Church, burnt down in the great fire during the Tatar invasion in 1571. After that, the square held the name <i>Pozhar</i>, which means 'burnt'. It was not until 1661–62 that it was first mentioned by its contemporary <i>Krasnaya</i> name. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> (finished 1495)</figcaption></figure> <p>Red Square was then the foremost landing stage and trading center for Moscow. Even though Ivan the Great decreed that trade should only be conducted from person to person, in time, these rules were relaxed, and permanent market buildings began appearing on the square. After a fire in 1547, Ivan the Terrible reorganized the wooden shops that lined its eastern side into market lines. The streets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyinka_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilyinka Street (page does not exist)">Ilyinka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varvarka_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varvarka Street (page does not exist)">Varvarka</a> were divided into the Upper lines (now <a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM department store</a>), Middle lines and Bottom lines, although Bottom Lines were already in <a href="/wiki/Zaryadye" title="Zaryadye">Zaryadye</a>. </p><p>After a few years, the Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, was built on the moat under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette (pyramidal roofs had not yet been built on the Kremlin towers). In 1595, the wooden market lines were replaced with stone. By that time, a brick platform for the proclamation of the tsar's edicts, known as <a href="/wiki/Lobnoye_Mesto" title="Lobnoye Mesto">Lobnoye Mesto</a>, had also been constructed. </p><p>Red Square was considered a sacred place. Various festive processions were held there, and during <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/Parading_on_donkey" title="Parading on donkey">"procession on a donkey"</a> was arranged, in which the patriarch, sitting on a donkey, accompanied by the tsar and the people went out of Saint Basil's Cathedral in the Kremlin. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">expulsion of the Polish army from Moscow in 1612</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a> entered the Kremlin through the square. In memory of this event, he built the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Kazan Cathedral, Moscow">Kazan Cathedral</a> in honor of the "Kazan Icon of the Mother of God", which had followed his army in a campaign. </p><p>At the same time (1624–1625), the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_towers#Spasskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin towers">Spasskaya tower</a> received contemporary tent roofs. This was done on the proposal and subsequent draft of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Galloway" title="Christopher Galloway">Christopher Galloway</a> from Scotland, who was summoned to design the new tower's clock and suggested the arrangement of the tent roof over the clock. In mid-century, a gilded double-headed eagle was set on top of the tower. After this, the square became known as <i>Krasivaya</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">beautiful</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>In the late 17th century (1679–1680), the square was cleared of all wooden structures. Then all Kremlin towers received tent roofs, except Nikolskaya. One tent was erected on the wall above Red Square (the so‑called Tsarskaya Tower, so that the tsar could watch from this spot the ceremonies in the square). Tent roofs were also constructed at <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Gate_and_Chapel" title="Iberian Gate and Chapel">Voskrerensky (Iberian) gates</a>, arranged in the wall of <a href="/wiki/Kitai-gorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitai-gorod">Kitai-gorod</a>. These were the fortified gates at Voskresensky Bridge over the River Neglinnaya. </p><p>In 1697 and 1699, gates on both sides of Voskresensky Bridge were rebuilt into large stone buildings: the Mint and Zemsky <a href="/wiki/Prikaz" title="Prikaz">prikaz</a> (department in charge of urban and police matters). Zemsky prikaz (on the site of current <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">Historical Museum</a>) was then known as the Main Pharmacy, founded under orders of <a href="/wiki/Peter_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter The Great">Peter The Great</a>. In 1755 the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov Moscow State University">first Russian University</a> was originally housed in the building of Zemsky prikaz, before moving to the better known building on Mokhovaya street further across <a href="/wiki/Manezhnaya_Square,_Moscow" title="Manezhnaya Square, Moscow">Manege Square</a>. At the same time the (by then already drained) Alevizov moat was used as a state Pharmacy's garden for growing medicinal plants. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="float:left;margin:0em 0em 0em 0em;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin."><noscript><img alt="17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/320px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="1278"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/320px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg" data-alt="17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin." data-width="320" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/480px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/640px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surikov_streltsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Execution of streltsy by Tsar Peter I (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)"><noscript><img alt="Execution of streltsy by Tsar Peter I (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Surikov_streltsi.jpg/295px-Surikov_streltsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 295px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Surikov_streltsi.jpg/295px-Surikov_streltsi.jpg" data-alt="Execution of streltsy by Tsar Peter I (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)" data-width="295" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Surikov_streltsi.jpg/443px-Surikov_streltsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Surikov_streltsi.jpg/590px-Surikov_streltsi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Execution of <a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">streltsy</a> by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="float:left;margin:0em 0em 0em 0em;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kniznije_lavki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Book shops at the Spassky bridge at the main gate of the Kremlin"><noscript><img alt="Book shops at the Spassky bridge at the main gate of the Kremlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/227px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/227px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg" data-alt="Book shops at the Spassky bridge at the main gate of the Kremlin" data-width="227" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/341px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/455px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Book shops at the Spassky bridge at the main gate of the Kremlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan Cathedral (1993 reconstruction, it originates back to 1612–25)"><noscript><img alt="Kazan Cathedral (1993 reconstruction, it originates back to 1612–25)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/227px-The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/227px-The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg" data-alt="Kazan Cathedral (1993 reconstruction, it originates back to 1612–25)" data-width="227" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/340px-The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/453px-The_Kazan_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Kazan Cathedral, Moscow">Kazan Cathedral</a> (1993 reconstruction, it originates back to 1612–25)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus,_survey_by_Bove,_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zemsky prikaz, town hall built 1700"><noscript><img alt="Zemsky prikaz, town hall built 1700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg/223px-Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 223px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg/223px-Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg" data-alt="Zemsky prikaz, town hall built 1700" data-width="223" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg/335px-Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg/446px-Moscow_Red_Square_rathaus%2C_survey_by_Bove%2C_1816.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zemsky prikaz, town hall built 1700</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1702, the first public <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theater</a> in Russia was built near the Nikolsky gate. It existed until 1737, when it was destroyed in a fire. In the 1730s, a new mint building, called the Gubernskoye pravlenie (Provincial Board), was built in front of the old one. </p><p>During her reign, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> decided to make improvements to the square. In 1786, the upper floor of the market lines was made of stone. This line was built on the opposite side of the square, near a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> between the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya towers. Then architect <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Kazakov" title="Matvey Kazakov">Matvey Kazakov</a> built (in the old forms) the new Lobnoye mesto of hewn stone, slightly West of the place where it was before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_centuries">19th and early 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._(%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ)._1896_t446901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg/280px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="1992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg/280px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg/420px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg/560px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%28%D1%86%D0%B2.%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA.8856_PZ%29._1896_t446901.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A view of the Red Square in 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1804, at the request of merchants, the square was paved in stone. In 1806 Nikolskaya Tower was reconstructed in the Gothic style, and received a tent roof. The new phase of improvement of the square began after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">Napoleonic invasion and fire in 1812</a>. The moat was filled in 1813 and in its place, rows of trees were planted. The market Line along the moat, dilapidated after the fire, had been demolished, and on the Eastern side, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bov%C3%A9" title="Joseph Bové">Joseph Bové</a> constructed new building of lines in the Empire style. In 1818 the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky" title="Monument to Minin and Pozharsky">Monument to Minin and Pozharsky</a>, was erected; its construction symbolized the rise in patriotic consciousness during the war. </p><p>In 1874 the historic building of Zemsky prikaz was demolished. In its place the Imperial Historical Museum was built in pseudo-Russian style. After Bové's lines were demolished, new large buildings were erected between 1888 and 1893, also in the pseudo-Russian style: upper lines (<a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM department store</a>) and middle lines. The upper lines were intended for retail sale and together in fact comprised the first <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> in Moscow. Middle lines were intended for wholesale trade. At the same time (in 1892) the square was illuminated by electric lanterns. In 1909 a tram appeared on the square for the first time. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="float:left;margin:0em 0em 0em 0em;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kremlin with Alevizov moat and Nikolskaya Tower in front. By Fyodor Alekseyev, 1800"><noscript><img alt="The Kremlin with Alevizov moat and Nikolskaya Tower in front. By Fyodor Alekseyev, 1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg/230px-Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg/230px-Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg" data-alt="The Kremlin with Alevizov moat and Nikolskaya Tower in front. By Fyodor Alekseyev, 1800" data-width="230" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg/345px-Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Nikolskaya_bashnya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kremlin with Alevizov moat and Nikolskaya Tower in front. By <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alekseyev" title="Fyodor Alekseyev">Fyodor Alekseyev</a>, 1800</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Square_in_Moscow_(1801)_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Square with St. Basil's Cathedral and Moscow Kremlin in background, by Fyodor Alekseyev, 1801"><noscript><img alt="Red Square with St. Basil's Cathedral and Moscow Kremlin in background, by Fyodor Alekseyev, 1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/230px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/230px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" data-alt="Red Square with St. Basil's Cathedral and Moscow Kremlin in background, by Fyodor Alekseyev, 1801" data-width="230" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/345px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/460px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red Square with St. Basil's Cathedral and Moscow Kremlin in background, by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alekseyev" title="Fyodor Alekseyev">Fyodor Alekseyev</a>, 1801</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left-right: Zemsky prikaz, Voskresensky gates, Provincial Board and Kazan Cathedral, 1802"><noscript><img alt="Left-right: Zemsky prikaz, Voskresensky gates, Provincial Board and Kazan Cathedral, 1802" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg/227px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg/227px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg" data-alt="Left-right: Zemsky prikaz, Voskresensky gates, Provincial Board and Kazan Cathedral, 1802" data-width="227" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg/340px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg/453px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1802.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left-right: Zemsky prikaz, Voskresensky gates, Provincial Board and Kazan Cathedral, 1802</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left-right: market lines by Bove, Saint Basil and Kremlin. View from 1816. Market lines were replaced by GUM store in 1893"><noscript><img alt="Left-right: market lines by Bove, Saint Basil and Kremlin. View from 1816. Market lines were replaced by GUM store in 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg/230px-Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="237"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg/230px-Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg" data-alt="Left-right: market lines by Bove, Saint Basil and Kremlin. View from 1816. Market lines were replaced by GUM store in 1893" data-width="230" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg/345px-Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg/460px-Krasnaya_plocshad_19_cent.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left-right: market lines by Bove, Saint Basil and Kremlin. View from 1816. Market lines were replaced by GUM store in 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minin-Pozharsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minin-Pozharsky monument from 1818 commemorating the expulsion of the Polish forces from Moscow, 19th century"><noscript><img alt="Minin-Pozharsky monument from 1818 commemorating the expulsion of the Polish forces from Moscow, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Minin-Pozharsky.jpg/229px-Minin-Pozharsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 229px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Minin-Pozharsky.jpg/229px-Minin-Pozharsky.jpg" data-alt="Minin-Pozharsky monument from 1818 commemorating the expulsion of the Polish forces from Moscow, 19th century" data-width="229" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Minin-Pozharsky.jpg/344px-Minin-Pozharsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Minin-Pozharsky.jpg/459px-Minin-Pozharsky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minin-Pozharsky monument from 1818 commemorating the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish forces</a> from Moscow, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_(Moscow_clad_in_snow).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky and Spasskaya Tower in 1908"><noscript><img alt="Saint Basil's Cathedral, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky and Spasskaya Tower in 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg/227px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 227px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg/227px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg" data-alt="Saint Basil's Cathedral, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky and Spasskaya Tower in 1908" data-width="227" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg/340px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%28Moscow_clad_in_snow%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Basil's Cathedral, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky and Spasskaya Tower in 1908</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era_and_modern_era">Soviet era and modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet era and modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era, Red Square maintained its significance, becoming a focal point for the new state. Besides being the official address of the Soviet government, it was renowned as a showcase for military parades from 1919 onward. <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a> would from 1924 onward be a part of the square complex, and also as the grandstand for important dignitaries in all national celebrations. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Kazan Cathedral, Moscow">Kazan Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Gate_and_Iverskaya_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection Gate and Iverskaya Chapel">Iverskaya Chapel with the Resurrection Gates</a> were demolished to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through the square (both were later rebuilt after the fall of the Soviet Union). There were plans to demolish Moscow's most recognized building, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, as well to make way for a larger Red Square, as well as the <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a>. The legend is that <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s associate and director of the Moscow reconstruction plan, prepared a special model of Red Square, in which the cathedral could be removed, and brought it to Stalin to show how the cathedral was an obstacle for parades and traffic. But when he jerked the cathedral out of the model, Stalin objected with his rather famous quote: "Lazar! Put it back!". However, no documented evidence exists of this encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, a group of African students organized a <a href="/wiki/1963_Moscow_protest" title="1963 Moscow protest">protest on Red Square</a> in response to the alleged murder of a medical student named Edmund Assare-Addo. This was the first recorded political protest on Red Square since the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 May 1987 a West German pilot named <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Rust" title="Mathias Rust">Mathias Rust</a> landed a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna F172P</a> light aircraft at St. Basil next to Red Square, causing a major scandal in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Defense Forces">Soviet Air Defense Forces</a>. </p><p>In 1990 the Kremlin and Red Square were among the first sites in the USSR added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red Square has also served as a venue for high-profile concerts. <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.A.T.u." title="T.A.T.u.">t.A.T.u.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, and other celebrities performed there. For the New Year 2006, 2007, and 2008 celebrations, a skating rink was set up on Red Square. Paul McCartney's performance there was a historic moment for many, as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> were banned in the Soviet Union, preventing any live performances there of any of The Beatles. The Soviet Union also banned the sales of Beatles <a href="/wiki/Music_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Music album">records</a>. While McCartney's performance was historic, he was not the first Beatle to perform in Russia. Former Beatle Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band performed at Moscow's Russia Hall in August 1998. On 4 December 2008 the <a href="/wiki/KHL" class="mw-redirect" title="KHL">KHL</a> announced they would be holding their first all-star game outdoors on 10 January at Red Square.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venue_for_parades">Venue for parades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Venue for parades" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="360° Panorama of Red Square: Kremlin (direction: SE), Saint Basil with Lenin Mausoleum (from 1930) in front, State Historical Museum (NW) and GUM store. Hardly seen are Voskresensky gates just to the right of museum, Kazan Cathedral just to the left of GUM store and the Minin-Pozharsky monument in front of Saint Basil (originally it was in front of GUM store)."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/1200px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8773" data-file-height="1452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/1200px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1200" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/1800px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/2400px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" title="File:Panorama 360 Red Square edit.jpg"> </a></div>360° Panorama of Red Square: Kremlin (direction: SE), Saint Basil with Lenin Mausoleum (from 1930) in front, State Historical Museum (NW) and GUM store. Hardly seen are Voskresensky gates just to the right of museum, Kazan Cathedral just to the left of GUM store and the Minin-Pozharsky monument in front of Saint Basil (originally it was in front of GUM store).</div></div></div> <p>Two of the most significant <a href="/wiki/Military_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Military parades">military parades</a> on Red Square were <a href="/wiki/1941_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1941 October Revolution Parade">1941 October Revolution Parade</a>, when the city was besieged by Germans and troops were leaving Red Square straight to the front lines, and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Parade_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Victory Parade of 1945">Victory Parade in 1945</a>, when the banners of defeated <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> armies were thrown at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> held many parades in Red Square for <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#Russia" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a> (until 1969), <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_Day" title="October Revolution Day">October Revolution Day</a>, which consisted of propaganda, flags, labor demonstration, marching troops, and showing off of tanks and missiles. Individual parades have been held on <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Fatherland_Day" title="Defender of the Fatherland Day">Defender of the Fatherland Day</a> (23 February 1925),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Tankmen" title="Day of Tankmen">Day of Tankmen</a> (8 September 1946),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">state funeral of Joseph Stalin</a> (9 March 1953). On Victory Day in 1945, 1965, 1985, and 1990, there were Soviet military marches and parades as well, and since 1995, the annual <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="Moscow Victory Day Parade">Moscow Victory Day Parade</a> has been held on the square, marking anniversary of the defeat of Nazi Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>In January 2008, Russia announced it would resume parading military vehicles through Red Square,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although recent restoration of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Gate_and_Iverskaya_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection Gate and Iverskaya Chapel">Iverski Gate</a> complicated this, by closing one of existing passages along <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">Historical Museum</a> for the heavy vehicles. In May 2008, Russia held its annual Victory day parade, during which for the first time since the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in 1991, Russian military vehicles paraded through the square. On 9 May 2010, to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade">65th anniversary</a> of the capitulation of Germany in 1945, the armed forces of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States marched in the Moscow Victory Day parade for the first time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="float:left;margin:0em 0em 0em 0em;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2008 Military parade marking the sixty-third anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War"><noscript><img alt="2008 Military parade marking the sixty-third anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/230px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/230px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg" data-alt="2008 Military parade marking the sixty-third anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War" data-width="230" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/345px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/460px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2008 Military parade marking the sixty-third anniversary of Victory in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade,_bayonets_fixed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Army soldiers cheer Joseph Stalin in Red Square in a scene from the 1942 film Moscow Strikes Back"><noscript><img alt="Red Army soldiers cheer Joseph Stalin in Red Square in a scene from the 1942 film Moscow Strikes Back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg/226px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg/226px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg" data-alt="Red Army soldiers cheer Joseph Stalin in Red Square in a scene from the 1942 film Moscow Strikes Back" data-width="226" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg/340px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg/453px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_11-25_cheering_Red_Army_parade%2C_bayonets_fixed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers cheer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in Red Square in a scene from the 1942 film <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A soldier during a parade on Red Square in 2017."><noscript><img alt="A soldier during a parade on Red Square in 2017." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg/230px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg/230px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg" data-alt="A soldier during a parade on Red Square in 2017." data-width="230" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg/345px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg/460px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A soldier during a parade on Red Square in 2017.</div> </li> </ul><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In the following, all of the buildings located directly on Red Square will be presented in a clockwise direction, starting with the State Historical Museum at the northwest end of the square. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Historical_Museum">State Historical Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State Historical Museum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Estatal_de_Historia,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/220px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6255" data-file-height="4681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/220px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/330px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/440px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>State Historical Museum, as seen from Red Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The striking dark red building of the State Historical Museum forms the end of Red Square from the north-western side. It was built in the years 1875–1883 and is therefore one of the younger components of the architectural ensemble of Red Square. Before it was built, the first pharmacy building in Moscow stood on this site from the beginning of the 18th century, which was rebuilt in 1755 and served as the first campus of the then newly founded <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> for two decades. </p><p>Today's museum building was built especially for the historical museum, which was newly founded in 1872, and was ceremoniously handed over to its destination in May 1883. Its architect was <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Osipovich_Sherwood" title="Vladimir Osipovich Sherwood">Vladimir Osipovich Sherwood</a>, who is considered to be one of the main representatives of the "Russian style", a variant of <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicism</a> based on traditional <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a>, which was widely used at the time. The museum building looks correspondingly "Old Russian": the facades are decorated with arched windows and ornaments reminiscent of traditional Russian Orthodox churches, several decorative towers reminiscent of some of the Kremlin towers are attached to the sides, and the shape of the roof is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Kremlin_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Kremlin Palace">Great Kremlin Palace</a> in the Kremlin, a form of the Russian mansion that was particularly preferred in the 16th and 17th centuries. </p><p>Today the Historical Museum is the largest and most famous history museum in Russia. In 16 specialist departments, it houses around 4.5 million exhibits on Russian history from almost all epochs and also organizes themed special exhibitions several times a year. In addition to the actual museum building, the historical museum complex also includes Saint Basil's Cathedral and the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a>, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection_Gate">Resurrection Gate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resurrection Gate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection Gate">Resurrection Gate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5)_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4695" data-file-height="3185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%28%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%29_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Resurrection Gate, facing southeast</figcaption></figure> <p>The Resurrection Gate forms one of the two entrances to Red Square from the northwest side. This structure, built for the first time in 1680, was initially part of the Kitai-Gorod fortifications. In its base part it consists of two arched portals, which are crowned in a symmetrical manner by two rectangular towers, the tops of which are strongly reminiscent of the Kremlin towers. Originally, the Resurrection Gate represented part of the architectural ensemble at the northern end of Red Square, which, in addition to the gate, included the affiliated building of the government administration (see below) and the no longer preserved pharmacy building, which had to give way to the History Museum at the end of the 19th century. During the times of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the gate served as a symbolic entrance gate to the heart of Moscow, especially during major celebrations: the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsars</a> always passed the gate at their coronation celebrations before the coronation was proclaimed in front of the people on Red Square. </p><p>In 1931, the new state authorities had the gate dismantled so that it would not obstruct the passage of military technology during major military parades on Red Square. Today's gate is largely a replica of the original and dates from 1996. Between the two portals on the north side of the gate, the chapel of the icon of the Mother of God of <a href="/wiki/Iviron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iviron">Iviron</a>, originally built in 1781, was rebuilt at the same time. A new copy of the icon was made for this chapel on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, where the Iviron monastery is located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_government_administration">Former government administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Former government administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4999" data-file-height="3333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg/330px-Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg/440px-Moscow_Red_Mint_asv2018-09_img1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The building in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The building standing between the Resurrection Gate and the Kazan Cathedral is one of the less conspicuous buildings on Red Square. It was built between 1733 and 1740 and since then has served as the headquarters of the administration of the city of Moscow and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a> (the latter partially corresponds to today's <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>). The government administration building was not spared from the <a href="/wiki/French_Invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Invasion of Russia">war against Napoleon in 1812</a>, in which large parts of Moscow were destroyed. In the 1810s it was then rebuilt, under the direction of the architect <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bov%C3%A9" title="Joseph Bové">Joseph Bové</a>, who was instrumental in the reconstruction of the city at that time. In the course of this reconstruction, a tower was added to the roof of the house, which for a long time served as an observation tower for a fire station. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, this tower was dismantled. </p><p>In the courtyard of the former government administration building, the old building of the state <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> has been preserved to this day. This was built in 1697 by decree of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and since then has housed a production facility for silver coins for almost a quarter of a century before the money issuing system of the tsarist Empire was essentially relocated to Saint Petersburg. After the end of minting, the lower part of the building, which had no windows, was temporarily used as a <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a> for insolvent merchants. Today, both the former government building and the old mint belong to the neighbouring historical museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazan_Cathedral">Kazan Cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kazan Cathedral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral_(Moscow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Cathedral (Moscow)">Kazan Cathedral (Moscow)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg/220px-Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg/220px-Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg/330px-Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg/440px-Kazansky_Cathedral_in_MSK.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Kazan Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kazan Cathedral is to the right of the former government administration building, on the corner of Red Square and Nikolskaya Street. Today's cathedral is a replica from 1993; originally there was a church at this site since the 1620s, initially a wooden one, then a stone one from 1636 onwards. </p><p>The Kazan Cathedral owes its name to the icon of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan" title="Our Lady of Kazan">Our Lady of Kazan</a>, which has been venerated by the believers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> for centuries. According to a legend, it was precisely this icon of the Russian People's army, led by the national heroes <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Pozharsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Pozharsky">Dmitri Pozharsky</a>, who defeated the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1612. A few years after the victory, the devout Prince Pozharsky founded the cathedral dedicated to this icon. This corresponded to the then usual Russian tradition of building churches in memory of historically important victories in Russia. </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was one of the most important Moscow places of worship and was the scene of solemn cross processions led by the patriarch and the tsar, especially on the anniversary of the victory over the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>In 1936 the cathedral, like many other Moscow places of worship, was demolished at the approval of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. It was not until the early 1990s that the reconstruction, which was called for by the public on several occasions, began and was completed in 1993. This made the Kazan Cathedral one of the first places of worship in Moscow to be destroyed during the Soviet era, to be rebuilt in the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GUM_department_store">GUM department store</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GUM department store" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM (department store)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_(25795529393).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/220px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="3169"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/220px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/330px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/440px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>GUM</figcaption></figure> <p>The GUM department store, situated at the eastern side of the square, occupies the entire section between Nikolskaya and Ilyinka streets. Due to its location directly on Red Square, and its considerable size, the sales area is around 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft). Owing to the building's striking architecture, the GUM is the best-known <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping center</a> in Russia. </p><p>Built in 1893, it replaced an <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> building that had housed the Upper Trading Ranks since 1815, which united a large part of Kitai-Gorod's trading activities under one roof. After this building began to deteriorate in the middle of the 19th century, there were plans for a building to replace it. However, due to organisational difficulties, these could only be implemented in the 1890s, for which a special company was founded and an ideas competition among architects was advertised. This was won by a project by the architecture professor Alexander Pomeranzewas, as well as the little-known engineer Vladimir Schuchow. The construction of the new trade rows lasted from 1890 to 1893. When they were ceremoniously opened on 2 December 1893, the new structure was able to impress the Russian and foreign public, not only with an unprecedented range of all kinds of consumer goods, but also with a completely new glass roof construction of the three passages, designed by Schuchow and built using around 60,000 panes of glass. The building's architectural style, like the neighbouring Historical Museum a decade earlier, was in the historical "Russian style" with a roof gable based on typical <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> palaces of the 16th century, two decorative towers based on the Kremlin and a main facade reminiscent of historical Russian buildings. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet era</a>, the new upper trading ranks had an eventful history. In 1921, they were given their current name GUM («ГУМ»), which, at the time, was the abbreviation for «Государственный Универсальный Магазин» ('State Department Store'); today it stands for «Главный Универсальный Магазин» ('Main Universal Store'). In the early 1930s, they were closed for two decades and served as office and residential buildings, and from the end of 1953, until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the store was considered a model department store in the middle of the real socialist <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a>. In the 1990s, the store was privatised and thoroughly renovated, and today, it presents itself to the locals and tourists as a noble shopping centre characterised by boutiques in the upper price ranges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Trade_Rows">Middle Trade Rows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle Trade Rows" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/220px-Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="2846"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/220px-Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/330px-Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/440px-Middle_Trade_Rows_Moscow_06-2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Middle Trade Rows</figcaption></figure> <p>The building at the easternmost point of the square, on the corner of Ilyinka Street, stands exactly where the Middle Trading Rows stood in the 17th century. These formed, along with the Upper Trading Rows, where today's GUM store is located, as part of the broader market trading area that helped shape the <a href="/wiki/Kitay-gorod" title="Kitay-gorod">Kitay-gorod</a> district, adjacent to the Red Square. This massive expanse of assorted market stalls and self-made wooden huts was for the first time replaced at the end of the 18th century, by a building complex specially built for trade, whose authorship is attributed to the Italian builder <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Quarenghi" title="Giacomo Quarenghi">Giacomo Quarenghi</a>. In the war of 1812, however, these buildings were burned down and were replaced by the Middle Trading Rows building, rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bov%C3%A9" title="Joseph Bové">Joseph Bové</a>, which has been preserved to this day and is located on Ilyinka Street a few hundred meters east of Red Square. </p><p>The Middle Trade Rows was not built until 1894, as was the GUM store. Planned from the start as a supplement to the latter, the upper rows were supposed to accommodate retail trade, while the premises to their right were reserved for the wholesale trade, which is why both of the buildings look very similar architecturally. The building's architect was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Klein" title="Roman Klein">Roman Klein</a>, who also designed numerous other well-known Moscow structures in the late 19th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a>. </p><p>After the Bolsheviks came to power, the building was no longer used as a trading house, but became the headquarters of various public bodies. Until recent times, it belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>. At the beginning of 2007, four inner structures of the former trading rows were demolished while plans were made to reconstruct the entire building true to the original to house an exclusive hotel. These plans came under criticism from both Russian and foreign media as circumventing the preservation order by cleverly exploiting a loophole in the law. Work is currently underway to set up a museum in the building's interior space, to designs by Meganom and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowadays_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowadays Office (page does not exist)">Nowadays Office</a>. The new museum is going to form a part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> protected ensemble of Moscow Kremlin Museums, and will bring a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury" title="Kremlin Armoury">Kremlin Armoury</a> collection outside the Kremlin walls.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobnoye_Mesto">Lobnoye Mesto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lobnoye Mesto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_of_Skulls_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2342"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Place_of_Skulls_%28%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lobnoye Mesto at the center</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lobnoye Mesto (Russian: Лобное место) is a round, grandstand-like structure made of white stone in the southeastern part of the square, in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. At the same time, it is one of the oldest buildings on the square that has been documented to this day. Lobnoye Mesto was first mentioned in 1549, when the then 19 year old <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_The_Terrible" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan The Terrible">Ivan The Terrible</a> gave a speech there. Thus, it must have been conceived from the beginning as a platform from which, above all, tsar decrees were announced to the people. The name <i>Lobnoye Mesto</i> could literally mean 'forehead' or 'skull' (and thus a literal translation of <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>), however, according to other hypotheses, it has nothing to do with a forehead, but with its location near the praise, as a steep river bank was called in medieval Russia. </p><p>According to tradition, the grandstand on Red Square was originally made of wood, and the current stone building with a gate made of iron grating dates from the late 1590s. In the course of time, the Lobnoye Mesto was not only used as a platform for state announcements and announcements, but also as the centre of solemn events; the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> gave speeches to the crowd here, at solemn services on Red Square. At the same time, the Lobnoye Mesto became notorious as the scene of executions, such as the one of <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Rasin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenka Rasin">Stenka Rasin</a> in 1671, and many others. Although, these executions were not carried out directly in the stand, but a few meters away. </p><p>After Saint Petersburg became Imperial Russia's capital, the Lobnoye Mesto lost its function as the tsar's tribune and has been a monument ever since. In 1786, it was rebuilt according to a design by the architect <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Kazakov" title="Matvey Kazakov">Matvey Kazakov</a>, and moved a few meters to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky">Monument to Minin and Pozharsky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Monument to Minin and Pozharsky" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky" title="Monument to Minin and Pozharsky">Monument to Minin and Pozharsky</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3082" data-file-height="4622"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Monument to Minin and Pozharsky</figcaption></figure> <p>The monument to the two Russian national heroes Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitri Poszharsky, erected between 1812 and 1818, stands directly in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. Just like the Kazan Cathedral donated by the latter at the time in the northern part of the square, this monument also commemorates the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian occupation troops in 1612, to which the popular army led by Minin and Poszharsky made a decisive contribution. </p><p>The bronze monument, which weighs 20 tons, and was financed entirely from donations at the time, was designed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Martos" title="Ivan Martos">Ivan Martos</a>. After almost 15 years of planning and construction, it was unveiled in a festive ceremony in February 1818. Since at the time, it had been five years since Russia successfully <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">stopped the French invasion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and the reconstruction of Moscow had just been completed, the monument was celebrated when it was erected as a symbol of the invincibility of Russia and the heroism of its sons. Originally, however, the sculpture did not stand in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral, but in front of today's GUM department store at the level of the main entrance. It was only moved to its current location in 1930, to make more space for military parades and large-scale demonstrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Basil's_Cathedral"><span id="Saint_Basil.27s_Cathedral"></span>Saint Basil's Cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Saint Basil's Cathedral" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg/220px-1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 335px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg/220px-1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="335" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg/330px-1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg/440px-1_Saint_Basils_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Saint Basil's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Saint Basil's Cathedral, which delimits the square on its southern side, is undoubtedly the square's most famous building, and one of Russia's cultural icons. Once, the church was the main place of worship in Moscow, but today the cathedral mainly functions as a museum that is part of the complex of the State Historical Museum in the opposite. Since the early 1990s, services have been held in the cathedral at irregular intervals. </p><p>In the middle of the 16th century, the wooden Church of the Holy Trinity, stood exactly on the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral. In 1555, Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered a monumental church to be built on the site, which was a token of the victory of Russia over the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a> three years earlier. This was according to the tradition of the time to have churches built to commemorate military victories. The wooden church was then demolished and the present cathedral was built on this site by 1561, making it one of the oldest buildings on the square. The name of the cathedral, which is still more common today, was given in memory of <a href="/wiki/Basil_Fool_for_Christ" title="Basil Fool for Christ">Basil the Blessed</a>, who was venerated by tsar Ivan at the time, and after his death in 1522, he was buried near the cathedral. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Barma" title="Ivan Barma">Ivan Barma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postnik_Yakovlev" title="Postnik Yakovlev">Postnik Yakovlev</a> were among the most popular architects of the church. </p><p>From the completion of the cathedral to the relocation of Russia's capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, it remained the most important church in the city and the venue for solemn services on all major Orthodox festivals. In its history, the cathedral was threatened with destruction several times; legend has it that Napoleon ordered the cathedral to be blown up when he withdrew from Moscow in 1812, but a sudden downpour extinguished the fuses that had already been ignited. In 1918, after the October Revolution, the cathedral was closed by the Bolsheviks and its head was executed. At the same time, there were demolition plans for the cathedral, only the personal commitment of the architect <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Baranovsky" title="Pyotr Baranovsky">Pyotr Baranovsky</a>, who was commissioned to prepare the demolition against the plans ultimately prevented their implementation. </p><p>What is particularly striking about the cathedral is its asymmetrical and unique architectural style, which greatly distinguishes it from most other Russian Orthodox church buildings. The central element of the house are its nine church towers with brightly painted onion-shaped domes, some of which are very different in size and colour. The latter also has the effect that the building does not have a main facade and therefore offers the viewer an unusual view from every side. Originally built of white stone, the cathedral was decorated in places with red bricks during a renovation in the middle of the 17th century, which gives it its striking colour heterogeneity to this day. The inside of the cathedral is also very imposing with a labyrinth-like system of corridors and galleries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Kremlin_Wall">Eastern Kremlin Wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eastern Kremlin Wall" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The eastern segment of the Kremlin wall, and the Red Square behind it, emerged on its present site in the 15th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wall and the square were separated with a wide defensive <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> filled with water diverted from the <a href="/wiki/Neglinnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglinnaya River">Neglinnaya River</a>. The moat was lined with a secondary fortress wall, and spanned by three bridges connecting the Kremlin to the <a href="/wiki/Posad" title="Posad">posad</a>. </p><p>The northernmost of the three Kremlin towers is the 70 meter high <a href="/wiki/Nikolskaya_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolskaya Tower">Nikolskaya Tower</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, whose icon originally adorned the lower part of the tower. The tower is one of the four towers of the Moscow Kremlin today that have an entrance gate to the Kremlin. It was originally built in 1491, to a design by the master builder <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari" title="Pietro Antonio Solari">Pietro Antonio Solari</a>, who as one of several Italian architects who were active in Moscow at the time, playing a key role in the construction of the Kremlin ensemble. In 1806, Nikolskaya Tower was significantly redesigned and under <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> architectural style, which was completely unusual for the Kremlin. Only a few years later, it was destroyed by the troops of Napoleon, and was finally rebuilt in 1816 with the participation of Joseph Bové. Owning its Gothic style, Nikolskaya Tower is still the most unusual of the twenty Kremlin towers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a>, is the main tower of the eastern wall of the Kremlin, and is arguably the most famous tower of all of Kremlin. It also has an entrance gate, which closes Red Square together with the neighboring Saint Basil's Cathedral from the south. Owing its name to an image of the Savior that once hung over the gate, the tower rises over 71 meters, and like Nikolskaya Tower, was also built by Pietro Antonio Solari in 1491. However, it was then about half as high as it is today. The tower has roughly the current shape since a reconstruction in the years 1624–1625, when it was supplemented by a bell tower with a large tower clock designed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Galloway" title="Christopher Galloway">Christopher Galloway</a>, which today, is the most famous architectural element of the tower. The clock's four dials, one on each side of the tower, date up to 1852, and each of them has a diameter of 6.12 meters. The high-precision clockwork occupies three floors of the tower, and a dozen bells below the top of the tower ring every quarter of an hour. </p><p>Both the Nikolskaya and the Spasskaya Tower are crowned by a three-meter-wide red star made of three-layer <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> and agate glass. These stars, were symbols of Communism, and were placed on a total of five Kremlin towers in 1937, which were previously adorned with the Imperial Russian <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a>. </p><p>The small tower at the level of Lenin's Mausoleum between the Nikolskaya and the Spasskaya Tower is the <a href="/wiki/Senatskaya_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatskaya Tower">Senatskaya Tower</a>. It was built in 1491, also by Pietro Antonio Solari, and was purely defensive in nature: it guarded the Kremlin on the Red Square side. For a long time it remained nameless. It was only in 1787, after architect <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Kazakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Matvei Kazakov">Matvei Kazakov</a> constructed the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Senate" title="Kremlin Senate">Kremlin Senate</a> on the Kremlin's territory, that it was given its present name. The dome of the Senate can be seen from Red Square. Inside the central part of the tower there are three tiers of vaulted chambers. In 1860, the flat tower was topped with a stone tent <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> crowned, in turn, with a <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_vane" title="Weather vane">weather vane</a>. The tower contains a through-passage that allows VIPs to travel from the kremlin to Red Square. Its height is 34.3 metres (113 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenin_Mausoleum">Lenin Mausoleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lenin Mausoleum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG/220px-Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2124"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG/220px-Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG/330px-Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG/440px-Moscow_LeninMausoleum_1547.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lenin's Mausoleum, as seen in front of the Kremlin</figcaption></figure> <p>An important monument of the Soviet-era is the Lenin Mausoleum, which is located in the western side of the square. It stands by the Kremlin wall at the height of the Senate Tower, almost exactly where the protective moat ran until the 18th century, and a tram line ran from 1909 to 1930. Inside the mausoleum, the lavishly embalmed corpse of Vladimir Lenin rests in an armored glass sarcophagus. To this day, the mausoleum is open to visitors on certain days. </p><p>Today's building made of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a>, was preceded by two provisional mausoleums made of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. The first of these was erected in January 1924, a few days after Lenin's death, and had a simple cube shape at a height of three meters, a second temporary arrangement was set up in the spring of 1924. The current building was erected between 1929 and 1930. From the outside, it has the shape of a multi-tiered pyramid, which should underline the character of the mausoleum as a monumental burial place based on ancient models. The author of the design was the renowned architect <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Shchusev" title="Alexey Shchusev">Alexey Shchusev</a>, who also had the two previous mausoleums built. </p><p>From the completion of the mausoleum, and until the end of the Soviet Union, the mausoleum was considered a central attraction, and a place of worship in the socialist world. During the military parades and marches on Red Square, heads of state appeared from the central stand on the roof of the mausoleum until the mid-1990s. In 1953, the body of the deceased Lenin's successor Joseph Stalin was embalmed and laid out in the mausoleum. Eight years later, however, he was removed from the mausoleum in the course of the so-called <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, which began after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, and buried at the Kremlin wall. </p><p>Today the mausoleum still attracts numerous tourists, although mostly no longer motivated by the personality cult surrounding the revolutionary leader. Notwithstanding this, the further laying out of Lenin's remains in the mausoleum is controversial. Many celebrities, including the last Soviet head of state, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, spoke out in favor of Lenin's burial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kremlin Wall Necropolis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a></div> <p>Right behind Lenin's Mausoleum, along the walls of the Kremlin, there is a large <a href="/wiki/Ehrengrab" title="Ehrengrab">cemetery of honour</a>. This was created in November 1917, when around 250 soldiers had fallen during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Moscow. They found their final resting place in two collective graves near the Senate tower. The tradition of burying revolutionaries on Red Square, the ultimate symbol of the Bolshevik Revolution, continued immediately: as early as the spring of 1919, Lenin's leading comrade <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> was buried on the Kremlin wall and received with Lenin's Mausoleum, which was completed in 1930 the burial place is its central element. Since then, the mausoleum and the surrounding cemetery have been collectively referred to as the Revolutionary Necropolis. </p><p>From the 1920s to the 1980s, hundreds of people were buried in Red Square who were considered to be the most deserving sons and daughters of the Soviet Union, that is, revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroes of the Soviet Union">heroes of the Soviet Union</a>, statesmen and military leaders of the highest order. The burial in the Kremlin wall necropolis was in fact considered the highest posthumous honour that was reserved for only a few. A total of twelve statesmen; including Sverdlov, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and Stalin, who was laid out in the mausoleum until 1961, were buried in individual graves, and a large number of the revolutionaries rest here in a total of 15 collective graves. Most of the burials here, however, are niches in the Kremlin wall, in which over 100 <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a> with the remains of revolutionaries, heroes or main ideologues are walled. The people whose urns are in the Kremlin wall include, among others, Lenin's companion <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a>, the first cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, the revolutionary writer <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, the nuclear weapon developer <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>, but also foreign politicians <a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Heckert" title="Fritz Heckert">Fritz Heckert</a>. </p><p>The necropolis on the Kremlin wall has been a memorial since 1974. After the 1985 made funeral of the head of state <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>, there have been no burials made. The tombs of the necropolis can now be visited at the same time as the mausoleum. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Garden" title="Alexander Garden">Alexander Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin towers">Kremlin towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin Wall">Kremlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Square" title="Lubyanka Square">Lubyanka Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Юрий Федосюк. Москва в кольце Садовых. М., Московский рабочий, 1991. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-239-01139-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-239-01139-7">5-239-01139-7</a></li> <li>П.В.Сытин. Из истории московских улиц (очерки). М.. Московский рабочий, 1958</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Square&params=55_45_15_N_37_37_12_E_type:landmark_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.75417°N 37.62000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.75417; 37.62000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenko2017" class="citation web cs1">Shevchenko, Nikolay (2017-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/326919-st-basil-cathedral-architect-stalin">"How did an architect convince Stalin to spare St. Basil's Cathedral from destruction?"</a>. <i>www.rbth.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rbth.com&rft.atitle=How+did+an+architect+convince+Stalin+to+spare+St.+Basil%27s+Cathedral+from+destruction%3F&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Shevchenko&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F326919-st-basil-cathedral-architect-stalin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Hessler" class="citation web cs1">Julie Hessler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=CMR_471_0033">"Death of an African Student in Moscow"</a>. CAIRN.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+an+African+Student+in+Moscow&rft.pub=CAIRN.info&rft.au=Julie+Hessler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fzen.php%3FID_ARTICLE%3DCMR_471_0033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/">"Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Kremlin+and+Red+Square%2C+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id=3745399">Sports.espn.com</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022064316/https://libraria.ua/numbers/984/83372/?PageNumber=5&ArticleId=3056403&Search=%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80">"Доступ закрито - LIBRARIA - Цифровий архів періодики"</a>. Libraria.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraria.ua/numbers/984/83372/?PageNumber=5&ArticleId=3056403&Search=%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80">the original</a> on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE+-+LIBRARIA+-+%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.pub=Libraria.ua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraria.ua%2Fnumbers%2F984%2F83372%2F%3FPageNumber%3D5%26ArticleId%3D3056403%26Search%3D%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%2520%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwNlD1AyTkw"><i>Soviet Military Parade | Day of Tankmen, 8 September 1946</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Parade+%7C+Day+of+Tankmen%2C+8+September+1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUwNlD1AyTkw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksyonov,_Pavel2008" class="citation news cs1">Aksyonov, Pavel (January 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7200669.stm">"Tanks to return to Red Square"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tanks+to+return+to+Red+Square&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft.au=Aksyonov%2C+Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7200669.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2010" class="citation news cs1">Chance, Matthew (May 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/05/09/russia.parade/">"Western troops join Russia's Victory Day parade"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Western+troops+join+Russia%27s+Victory+Day+parade&rft.date=2010-05-09&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F05%2F09%2Frussia.parade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowadaysoffice.com/en/project/27">"The Kremlin museum"</a>. <i>Nowadays</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nowadays&rft.atitle=The+Kremlin+museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowadaysoffice.com%2Fen%2Fproject%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, p. 13</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_Square" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Red Square">Red Square</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewotme.com/2012/11/plaza-roja-de-moscu-el-lugar-mas-importante-del-pais-mas-grande/">Red Square in Moscow, the most important place in the country's largest.</a> – Thewotme Travel Blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscow-life.com/moscow/red-square">Moscow-Life: A guide to Moscow's Red Square</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316075953/http://vizerra.com/portfolio/red-square/category/tourism">3D model of Red Square</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505145827/http://www.moscow.info/red-square/index.aspx">Red Square</a>", Moscow.Info – information for visitors to Red Square and the Kremlin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://round.me/tour/2883/view">360° Virtual Tour of Red Square</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415035556/https://round.me/tour/2883/view">Archived</a> April 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003105/http://bigtimemoscow.com/4-surprising-things-that-happened-on-red-square/">4 Surprising Things that Happened on Red Square</a>", BigTimeMoscow, November 12, 2015</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&oldid=1259002157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&oldid=1259002157</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Square&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="AL-wytyx" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732309898"> <span>Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 21:11</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooiplein" title="Rooiplein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooiplein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الميدان الأحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الميدان الأحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Roja" title="Plaza Roja – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plaza Roja" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okarusu_Pyt%C3%A3" title="Okarusu Pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okarusu Pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_meydan" title="Qırmızı meydan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı meydan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রেড স্কয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেড স্কয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡыҙыл майҙан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҙыл майҙан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Красная плошча (Масква) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Красная плошча (Масква)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Чырвоная плошча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чырвоная плошча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेड स्कवायर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेड स्कवायर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Червен площад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червен площад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐང་ཆེན་དམར་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐང་ཆེན་དམར་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasenn_Ruz" title="Plasenn Ruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plasenn Ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Roja" title="Plaça Roja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plaça Roja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хĕрлĕ лапам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ лапам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD" title="Rudé náměstí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudé náměstí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgw%C3%A2r_Coch" title="Sgwâr Coch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgwâr Coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_R%C3%B8de_Plads" title="Den Røde Plads – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Røde Plads" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Platz" title="Roter Platz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roter Platz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane_v%C3%A4ljak" title="Punane väljak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punane väljak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κόκκινη Πλατεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινη Πλατεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Roja" title="Plaza Roja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plaza Roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_Placo_(Moskvo)" title="Ruĝa Placo (Moskvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa Placo (Moskvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Gorria" title="Plaza Gorria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plaza Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="میدان سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میدان سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Rouge" title="Place Rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Place Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_Plein" title="Reade Plein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reade Plein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chearn%C3%B3g_Dhearg" title="An Chearnóg Dhearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chearnóg Dhearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praza_Vermella" title="Praza Vermella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Praza Vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80_%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5" title="붉은 광장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은 광장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կարմիր հրապարակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր հրապարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_trg" title="Crveni trg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni trg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_placo" title="Reda placo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reda placo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lapangan Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0a_torgi%C3%B0" title="Rauða torgið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauða torgið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Rossa" title="Piazza Rossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piazza Rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הכיכר האדומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכיכר האדומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapangan_Abrit" title="Lapangan Abrit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lapangan Abrit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წითელი მოედანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი მოედანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Қызыл алаң – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл алаң" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qada_Sor" title="Qada Sor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qada Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кызыл Аянт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кызыл Аянт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Cuecena" title="Plaza Cuecena – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Plaza Cuecena" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Pulchrum" title="Forum Pulchrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Forum Pulchrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanais_laukums" title="Sarkanais laukums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanais laukums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_aik%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Raudonoji aikštė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji aikštė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r" title="Vörös tér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös tér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Црвен плоштад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен плоштад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചുവപ്പ് ചത്വരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പ് ചത്വരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95" title="लाल चौक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल चौक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Merah" title="Dataran Merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dataran Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан талбай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан талбай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Plein" title="Rode Plein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Plein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4" title="赤の広場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤の広場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="ЦӀен майда – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀен майда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_r%C3%B8de_plass" title="Den røde plass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den røde plass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_raude_plassen" title="Den raude plassen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den raude plassen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Roja" title="Plaça Roja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plaça Roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95" title="ਲਾਲ ਚੌਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਚੌਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سرخ چوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرخ چوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plac_Czerwony_w_Moskwie" title="Plac Czerwony w Moskwie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plac Czerwony w Moskwie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_Vermelha" title="Praça Vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Praça Vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Piața Roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piața Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Красная площадь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красная площадь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshi_i_Kuq" title="Sheshi i Kuq – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sheshi i Kuq" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red Square" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A9_n%C3%A1mestie" title="Červené námestie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červené námestie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Di_trg" title="Rdeči trg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeči trg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گۆڕەپانی سوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆڕەپانی سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Црвени трг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени трг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_trg" title="Crveni trg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni trg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_tori" title="Punainen tori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen tori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_torget" title="Röda torget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda torget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செஞ்சதுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செஞ்சதுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кызыл мәйдан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кызыл мәйдан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="จัตุรัสแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จัตุรัสแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%95_%E1%8A%A3%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ቀይሕ ኣደባባይ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቀይሕ ኣደባባይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Meydan" title="Kızıl Meydan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl Meydan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Горд площадь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Горд площадь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Красна площа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Красна площа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سرخ چوک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ چوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قىزىل مەيدان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىل مەيدان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasa_Rosa" title="Piasa Rosa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piasa Rosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusked_torg" title="Rusked torg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rusked torg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Quảng trường Đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quảng trường Đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula_nga_Plaza" title="Pula nga Plaza – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pula nga Plaza" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%9C%BA" title="红场 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A0%B4" title="紅場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydano_S%C3%BBr" title="Meydano Sûr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meydano Sûr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A0%B4" title="紅場 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅場" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 21:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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