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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Education and military service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Intelligence_Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Central Intelligence Agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Intelligence_Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 First books </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First books subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God_and_Man_at_Yale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_and_Man_at_Yale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 God and Man at Yale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_and_Man_at_Yale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McCarthy_and_His_Enemies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McCarthy_and_His_Enemies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 McCarthy and His Enemies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McCarthy_and_His_Enemies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 National Review </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_Review-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National Review subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defining_the_boundaries_of_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_the_boundaries_of_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Defining the boundaries of conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_the_boundaries_of_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_Robert_Welch_and_the_John_Birch_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Robert_Welch_and_the_John_Birch_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Robert_Welch_and_the_John_Birch_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buckley_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buckley_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Buckley rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buckley_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starr_Broadcasting_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starr_Broadcasting_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Starr Broadcasting Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starr_Broadcasting_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_commentary_and_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_commentary_and_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political commentary and action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_commentary_and_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political commentary and action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_commentary_and_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcasts_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasts_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Broadcasts and publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasts_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Americans_for_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Americans_for_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Young Americans for Freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Americans_for_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edgar_Smith_murder_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edgar_Smith_murder_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Edgar Smith murder case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edgar_Smith_murder_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayoral_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayoral_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mayoral candidacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayoral_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feud_with_Gore_Vidal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feud_with_Gore_Vidal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Feud with Gore Vidal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feud_with_Gore_Vidal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_with_liberal_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_with_liberal_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Associations with liberal politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_with_liberal_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amnesty_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amnesty_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Amnesty International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amnesty_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Political candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Race and segregation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Opposition to antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marijuana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marijuana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Marijuana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marijuana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Gay rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spy_novelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spy_novelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Spy novelist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spy_novelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_modern-day_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_modern-day_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Views on modern-day conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_modern-day_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_idiolect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_idiolect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Language and idiolect </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_and_idiolect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language and idiolect subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language_and_idiolect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhetorical_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetorical_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Rhetorical style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetorical_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">William F. Buckley Jr.</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81._%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ويليام ف. باكلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام ف. باكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ویلیام باکلی، جونیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام باکلی، جونیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_juunior" title="William F. Buckley juunior – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William F. Buckley juunior" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ویلیام باکلی، جونیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام باکلی، جونیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_F._%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="윌리엄 F. 버클리 주니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 F. 버클리 주니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Ուիլյամ Բաքլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Բաքլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckley" title="William Buckley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Buckley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ויליאם פרנק באקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם פרנק באקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81._%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89" title="ويليام ف. باكلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام ف. باكلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_jr." title="William F. Buckley jr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William F. Buckley jr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ウィリアム・バックリー・ジュニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・バックリー・ジュニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_jr." title="William F. Buckley jr. – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William F. Buckley jr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ويليم اف بکلي جينير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويليم اف بکلي جينير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Бакли, Уильям Фрэнк (младший) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бакли, Уильям Фрэнк (младший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William F. Buckley Jr." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Ф. Бакли Млађи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Ф. Бакли Млађи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." title="William F. Buckley, Jr. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William F. Buckley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr. – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William F. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American conservative author and commentator (1925–2008)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"William F. Buckley" redirects here. For his father, see <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Sr." title="William F. Buckley Sr.">William F. Buckley Sr.</a> For other persons of like name, see <a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="William Buckley (disambiguation)">William Buckley (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">William F. Buckley Jr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._Public_Domain_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buckley in an undated handout photograph"><img alt="Buckley in an undated handout photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="798" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Buckley in an undated handout photograph</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">William Francis Buckley (1925-11-24)November 24, 1925 New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">February 27, 2008(2008-02-27) (aged 82) <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Editor</li><li>author</li><li>political commentator</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley" title="Patricia Buckley">Patricia Taylor Buckley</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950; died 2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Buckley_(novelist)" title="Christopher Buckley (novelist)">Christopher Buckley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Sr." title="William F. Buckley Sr.">William F. Buckley Sr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Buckley" title="Priscilla Buckley">Priscilla Buckley</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Bozell" title="Patricia Buckley Bozell">Patricia Buckley Bozell</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Buckley" title="Reid Buckley">Reid Buckley</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._B._O%27Reilly" title="William F. B. O'Reilly">William F. B. O'Reilly</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1944–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First lieutenant (United States)">First lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> William Frank Buckley Jr. (born William Francis Buckley;<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> November 24, 1925 – February 27, 2008) was an American <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> writer, <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>, and political commentator.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Born in New York City, Buckley spoke Spanish as his first language before learning French and then English as a child.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> He served stateside in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, he attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he engaged in debate and conservative political commentary. Afterward, he worked for two years in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. In 1955, he founded <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, a magazine that stimulated the conservative movement in the United States. In addition to editorials in National Review, Buckley wrote <a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951) and more than 50 other books on diverse topics, including writing, speaking, history, politics, and sailing. His works include a series of novels featuring fictitious CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Blackford_Oakes" title="Blackford Oakes">Blackford Oakes</a> and a nationally syndicated newspaper column.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5">[4]</a> From 1966 to 1999, Buckley hosted 1,429 episodes of the public affairs television show <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_program)" title="Firing Line (TV program)">Firing Line</a>, the longest-running public affairs show with a single host in American television history, where he became known for his distinctive <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic accent</a> and wide vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-6">[5]</a> Buckley's views varied, and are considered less categorically conservative than those of most conservative intellectuals today.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> His public views on race rapidly changed from the 1950s to the 1960s, from endorsing Southern racism to eagerly anticipating the election of an African American to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-politico.com-8">[7]</a> Buckley called himself both a conservative and a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> He is widely considered one of the most influential figures in the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> William Frank Buckley Jr. was born William Francis Buckley in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on November 24, 1925, to Aloise Josephine Antonia (née Steiner) and lawyer and oil developer <a href="/wiki/William_Frank_Buckley_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Frank Buckley Sr.">William Frank Buckley Sr.</a> (1881–1958).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> His mother hailed from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and was of German, Irish, and Swiss-German descent, while his father had Irish ancestry and was born in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to Canadian parents from <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> He had five older siblings and four younger siblings. He moved as a boy with his family to Mexico<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis200129-16">[15]</a> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Connecticut" title="Sharon, Connecticut">Sharon, Connecticut</a>, then began his formal schooling in France, where he attended first grade in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. By age seven, the family had moved to England and he received his first formal English-language training at a day school in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; due to the family's movement, his first and second languages were Spanish and French.<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyJr_2004-17">[16]</a> As a boy, he developed a love for horses, hunting, music, sailing, and skiing, all of which were reflected in his later writings. He was <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooled</a> through the eighth grade using the Homeschool Curriculum developed by the <a href="/wiki/Calvert_School" title="Calvert School">Calvert School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-18">[17]</a> Just before World War II, around the ages of 12 and 13, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> preparatory school <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Beaumont_School" title="St John's Beaumont School">St John's Beaumont</a> in the English village of <a href="/wiki/Old_Windsor" title="Old Windsor">Old Windsor</a>. Buckley's father was an oil developer whose wealth was based in Mexico and became influential in Mexican politics during the military dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>, but was expelled when leftist general <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a> became president in 1920. Buckley's nine siblings included eldest sister Aloise Buckley Heath, a writer and conservative activist;<a href="#cite_note-Obituary-19">[18]</a> sister Maureen Buckley-O'Reilly (1933–1964), who married <a href="/wiki/Richardson-Vicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson-Vicks">Richardson-Vicks</a> Drugs CEO Gerald A. O'Reilly; sister <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Buckley" title="Priscilla Buckley">Priscilla Buckley</a>, author of Living It Up with National Review: A Memoir, for which Buckley wrote the foreword; sister <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Bozell" title="Patricia Buckley Bozell">Patricia Buckley Bozell</a>, who was also an author; brother <a href="/wiki/Reid_Buckley" title="Reid Buckley">Reid Buckley</a>, an author and founder of the Buckley School of Public Speaking; and brother <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a>, who became a U.S. senator from New York and a judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> for the <a href="/wiki/D.C._Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Circuit">D.C. Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103,_312–316-20">[19]</a> During the war, Buckley's family took in the English historian-to-be <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> as a child war <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuee</a>. He and Buckley remained lifelong friends. They both attended the <a href="/wiki/Millbrook_School" title="Millbrook School">Millbrook School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_New_York" title="Millbrook, New York">Millbrook, New York</a>, graduating in 1943. Buckley was a member of the American Boys' Club for the Defense of <a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a> (ABCDEF) during Flynn's trial for statutory rape in 1943. At Millbrook, Buckley founded and edited the school's yearbook, The Tamarack; this was his first experience in publishing. When Buckley was a young man, libertarian author <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a> was a frequent guest at the Buckley family house in Sharon, Connecticut.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2008-21">[20]</a> William F. Buckley Sr. urged his son to read Nock's works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201416-22">[21]</a> the best-known of which was <a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a>, in which Nock maintained that the founding fathers of the United States, at their <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787, had executed a coup d'état of the system of government established under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock1937-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> In his youth, Buckley developed many musical talents. He played the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> very well,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> later calling it "the instrument I love beyond all others",<a href="#cite_note-Bach-25">[24]</a> although he admitted he was not "proficient enough to develop [his] own style".<a href="#cite_note-aapb-26">[25]</a> He was a close friend of harpsichordist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Valenti" title="Fernando Valenti">Fernando Valenti</a>, who offered to sell Buckley his <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch#similar_terms" title="Eight-foot pitch">sixteen-foot pitch</a> harpsichord.<a href="#cite_note-aapb-26">[25]</a> Buckley was also an accomplished pianist and appeared once on <a href="/wiki/Marian_McPartland" title="Marian McPartland">Marian McPartland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> show <a href="/wiki/Piano_Jazz" title="Piano Jazz">Piano Jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> A great admirer of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bach-25">[24]</a> Buckley wanted Bach's music played at his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Buckley was raised a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> He described his faith by saying, "I grew up, as reported, in a large family of Catholics without even a decent ration of tentativeness among the lot of us about our religious faith."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley1997241-30">[29]</a> The release of his first book, God and Man at Yale, in 1951 was met with some specific criticism pertaining to his Catholicism. <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, dean of Harvard at the time, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> that "it seems strange for any Roman Catholic to undertake to speak for the Yale religious tradition". <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a>, a Yale trustee, accused Buckley's book of "being distorted by his Roman Catholic point of view" and stated that Buckley "should have attended <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham</a> or some similar institution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley199730-31">[30]</a> In his 1997 book Nearer, My God, Buckley condemned what he viewed as "the Supreme Court's war against religion in the public school" and argued that Christian faith was being replaced by "another God [...] multiculturalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley199737-32">[31]</a> He disapproved of the liturgical reforms following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Buckley also revealed an interest in the writings and revelations of the 20th century Italian writer <a href="/wiki/Maria_Valtorta" title="Maria Valtorta">Maria Valtorta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_military_service">Education and military service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education and military service">edit</a>]</div> Buckley attended the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (or <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>) until 1943. The next year, upon his graduation from the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Candidate School (U.S. Army)">Officer Candidate School</a> (OCS), he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. In his book Miles Gone By, he briefly recounts being a member of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>'s honor guard upon Roosevelt's death. He served stateside throughout the war at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, Georgia; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Gordon">Fort Gordon</a>, Georgia; and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sam_Houston" title="Fort Sam Houston">Fort Sam Houston</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis200149–50-35">[34]</a> After the war ended in 1945, Buckley enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he became a member of the secret <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> society<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-biographydotcom-37">[36]</a> and was a masterful debater.<a href="#cite_note-biographydotcom-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> He was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Political_Union#Neo-Conservative_Party_(founded_in_1996)" title="Yale Political Union">Conservative Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> and served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a> and as an informer for the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> At Yale, Buckley studied political science, history, and economics and graduated with honors in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-biographydotcom-37">[36]</a> He excelled in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Debate_Association" title="Yale Debate Association">Yale Debate Association</a>; under the tutelage of Yale professor <a href="/wiki/Rollin_G._Osterweis" title="Rollin G. Osterweis">Rollin G. Osterweis</a>, Buckley honed his acerbic style.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central Intelligence Agency">edit</a>]</div> Buckley remained at Yale working as a Spanish instructor from 1947 to 1951<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> before being recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> like many other Ivy League alumni at that time; he served for two years, including one year in Mexico City working on political action for <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-43">[42]</a> who was later imprisoned for his part in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. The two officers remained lifelong friends.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In a November 1, 2005, column for <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, Buckley recounted that while he worked for the CIA, the only CIA employee he knew was Hunt, his immediate boss. While stationed in Mexico, Buckley edited The Road to Yenan, a book by Peruvian author Eudocio Ravines.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> After leaving the CIA, he worked as an editor at <a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a> in 1952, but left after perceiving newly emerging <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> tendencies in the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-IHT-Obit-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In 1950, Buckley married <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley" title="Patricia Buckley">Patricia Buckley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Taylor, daughter of Canadian industrialist <a href="/wiki/Austin_Cotterell_Taylor" title="Austin Cotterell Taylor">Austin C. Taylor</a>. He met Taylor, a Protestant from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, while she was a student at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>. She later became a prominent fundraiser for such charitable organizations as the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center" title="Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a>, the Institute of Reconstructive <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic Surgery</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> Medical Center, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. She also raised money for Vietnam War veterans. On April 15, 2007, Pat Buckley died at age 80 of an infection after a long illness.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> After her death, Buckley seemed "dejected and rudderless", according to friend <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Little" title="Christopher Little">Christopher Little</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rbhc-48">[47]</a> William and Patricia Buckley had one son, author <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Buckley_(novelist)" title="Christopher Buckley (novelist)">Christopher Buckley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> They lived at Wallack's Point in Stamford, Connecticut, with a Manhattan duplex apartment at 73 East 73rd Street, a private entrance to <a href="/wiki/778_Park_Avenue" title="778 Park Avenue">778 Park Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Park779-50">[49]</a> Beginning in 1970, Buckley and his wife lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Rougemont,_Switzerland" title="Rougemont, Switzerland">Rougemont, Switzerland</a>, for six to seven weeks per year for more than three decades.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_books">First books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First books">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_and_Man_at_Yale">God and Man at Yale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: God and Man at Yale">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bozell%26Buckley,1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg/220px-Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg/330px-Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg/440px-Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="4269" /></a><figcaption>Buckley (right) and <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">L. Brent Bozell Jr.</a> promote their book McCarthy and His Enemies, 1954.</figcaption></figure> Buckley's first book, <a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a>, was published in 1951. Offering a critique of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, Buckley argued in the book that the school had strayed from its original mission. One critic viewed the work as miscasting the role of <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The American academic and commentator <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, a Yale graduate himself, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>: "God and Man at Yale, written by William F. Buckley, Jr., is a savage attack on that institution as a hotbed of 'atheism' and 'collectivism.' I find the book is dishonest in its use of facts, false in its theory, and a discredit to its author."<a href="#cite_note-Bundy1951-53">[52]</a> Buckley credited the attention the book received to its "Introduction" by <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">John Chamberlain</a>, saying that it "chang[ed] the course of his life" and that the famous <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine editorial writer had acted out of "reckless generosity".<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Buckley was referred to in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Condon" title="Richard Condon">Richard Condon</a>'s 1959 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate" title="The Manchurian Candidate">The Manchurian Candidate</a> as "that fascinating younger fellow who had written about men and God at Yale."<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCarthy_and_His_Enemies">McCarthy and His Enemies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: McCarthy and His Enemies">edit</a>]</div> In 1954, Buckley and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">L. Brent Bozell Jr.</a> co-authored a book, McCarthy and His Enemies. Bozell worked with Buckley at The American Mercury in the early 1950s when it was edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Huie" title="William Bradford Huie">William Bradford Huie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103-56">[55]</a> The book defended Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> as a patriotic crusader against communism, and asserted that "McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks."<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyBozell1954-57">[56]</a> Buckley and Bozell described McCarthy as responding to a communist "ambition to occupy the world". They conceded that he was often "guilty of exaggeration", but believed the cause he pursued was just.<a href="#cite_note-Buccaola202062-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Review">National Review</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Review">edit</a>]</div> Buckley founded <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> in 1955 at a time when there were few publications devoted to conservative commentary. He served as the magazine's editor-in-chief until 1990.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-flashback-60">[59]</a> During that time, National Review became the standard-bearer of <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">American conservatism</a>, promoting the <a href="/wiki/Fusionism_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusionism (politics)">fusionism</a> of traditional conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a>. Examining postwar conservative intellectual history, Kim Phillips-Fein writes:<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The most influential synthesis of the subject remains <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>'s The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 .... He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth (and even nineteenth) centuries, but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of William F. Buckley Jr. and National Review. The fusion of these different, competing, and not easily reconciled schools of thought led to the creation, Nash argued, of a coherent modern Right.</blockquote> Buckley sought out intellectuals who were ex-Communists or had once worked on the far Left, including <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willi_Schlamm" title="Willi Schlamm">Willi Schlamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> as editors and writers for National Review. When Burnham became a senior editor, he urged the adoption of a more pragmatic editorial position that would extend the influence of the magazine toward the political center. Smant (1991) finds that Burnham overcame sometimes heated opposition from other members of the editorial board (including Meyer, Schlamm, William Rickenbacker, and the magazine's publisher, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">William A. Rusher</a>), and had a significant impact on both the magazine's editorial policy and the thinking of Buckley himself.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_the_boundaries_of_conservatism">Defining the boundaries of conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Defining the boundaries of conservatism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div> Buckley and his editors used National Review to define the boundaries of conservatism and to exclude people, ideas, or groups they considered unworthy of the conservative title.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> For example, Buckley denounced <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, the John Birch Society, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, racists, white supremacists, and antisemites. When he first met Ayn Rand, according to Buckley, she greeted him with the following: "You are much too intelligent to believe in God."<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In turn, Buckley felt that "Rand's style, as well as her message, clashed with the conservative ethos".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> He decided that Rand's hostility to religion made her philosophy unacceptable to his understanding of conservatism. After 1957, he attempted to weed her out of the conservative movement by publishing <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>'s highly unfavorable review of Rand's <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In 1964, he wrote of "her desiccated philosophy's conclusive incompatibility with the conservative's emphasis on transcendence, intellectual and moral", as well as "the incongruity of tone, that hard, schematic, implacable, unyielding, dogmatism that is in itself intrinsically objectionable, whether it comes from the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ehrenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a>—or Ayn Rand."<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Other attacks on Rand were penned by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> and <a href="/wiki/M._Stanton_Evans" title="M. Stanton Evans">M. Stanton Evans</a>. Nevertheless, historian Jennifer Burns argues, Rand's popularity and influence on the right forced Buckley and his circle into a reconsideration of how traditional notions of virtue and Christianity could be integrated with all-out support for capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 1962, Buckley denounced <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> in National Review as "far removed from common sense" and urged the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> to purge itself of Welch's influence.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> He hedged the statement by insisting that among them were "some of the most morally energetic, self-sacrificing, and dedicated anti-Communists in America."<a href="#cite_note-Hemmer2016-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_Robert_Welch_and_the_John_Birch_Society">On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: On Robert Welch and the John Birch Society">edit</a>]</div> In 1952, their mutual publisher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Henry Regnery</a> introduced Buckley to Welch. Both became editors of political journals, and both had a knack for communication and organization.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[74]</a> Welch launched his publication One Man's Opinion in 1956 (renamed American Opinion in 1958), one year after the founding of The National Review. Welch twice donated $1,000 to Buckley's magazine, and Buckley offered to provide Welch "a little publicity" for his publication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[74]</a> Both believed that the United States suffered from diplomatic and military setbacks during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">early years of the Cold War</a>, and both were staunchly anti-communist.<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a> But Welch expressed doubts about Eisenhower's loyalties in 1957, and the two disagreed on the reasons for the United States' perceived failure in the Cold War's early years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-77">[76]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alvin_S._Felzenberg" title="Alvin S. Felzenberg">Alvin S. Felzenberg</a>, the disagreements between the two blossomed into "a major battle" in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[74]</a> That year, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> for his novel <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">Doctor Zhivago</a>. Buckley was impressed by the novel's vivid and depressing depictions of life in a communist society, and believed that the CIA's smuggling of the novel into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was an ideological victory.<a href="#cite_note-:2-77">[76]</a> In September 1958, Buckley ran a review of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">Doctor Zhivago</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">John Chamberlain.</a> In November 1958, Welch sent Buckley and other associates copies of his unpublished manuscript <a href="/wiki/The_Politician_(1963_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Politician (1963 book)">"The Politician"</a>, which accused Eisenhower and several of Eisenhower's appointees of involvement in a communist conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-77">[76]</a> When Buckley returned the manuscript to Welch, he commented that the allegations were "curiously—almost pathetically optimistic."<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a> On December 9, 1958, Welch founded the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> with a group of business leaders in Indianapolis.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> By the end of 1958, Welch had both the organizational and the editorial infrastructure to launch his subsequent far-right political advocacy campaigns. In 1961, reflecting on his correspondences with Welch and Birchers, Buckley told someone who subscribed to both the National Review and the John Birch Society: "I have had more discussions about the John Birch Society in the past year than I have about the existence of God or the financial difficulties of National Review."<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buckley_rule">Buckley rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buckley rule">edit</a>]</div> The Buckley rule states that National Review "will support the rightwardmost viable candidate" for a given office.<a href="#cite_note-according-79">[78]</a> Buckley first stated the rule during the 1964 Republican primary election featuring <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>. The rule is often misquoted and misapplied as proclaiming support for "the rightwardmost electable candidate", or simply the most electable candidate.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> According to National Review's <a href="/wiki/Neal_B._Freeman" title="Neal B. Freeman">Neal B. Freeman</a>, the Buckley rule meant that National Review would support "somebody who saw the world as we did. Somebody who would bring credit to our cause. Somebody who, win or lose, would conservatize the Republican party and the country. It meant somebody like Barry Goldwater."<a href="#cite_note-according-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starr_Broadcasting_Group">Starr Broadcasting Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Starr Broadcasting Group">edit</a>]</div> Buckley was the chairman of Starr Broadcasting Group, a company in which he owned a 20% stake. Peter Starr was the company's president, and his brother Michael Starr was executive vice president. In February 1979, the <a href="/wiki/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="US Securities and Exchange Commission">US Securities and Exchange Commission</a> accused Buckley and 10 other defendants of defrauding shareholders in Starr Broadcasting Group. As part of a settlement, Buckley agreed to return $1.4 million in stock and cash to shareholders in the company. The other defendants were ordered to contribute $360,000.<a href="#cite_note-Berry-81">[80]</a> In 1981, there was another agreement with the SEC.<a href="#cite_note-Magnuson-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_commentary_and_action">Political commentary and action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political commentary and action">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasts_and_publications">Broadcasts and publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Broadcasts and publications">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/150px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/225px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/300px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Buckley in 1985</figcaption></figure> Buckley's column On the Right was syndicated by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate" title="Universal Press Syndicate">Universal Press Syndicate</a> beginning in 1962. From the early 1970s, his twice-weekly column was distributed regularly to more than 320 newspapers across the country.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> He authored 5,600 editions of the column, which totaled to over 4.5 million words.<a href="#cite_note-IHT-Obit-46">[45]</a> For many Americans, Buckley's erudition on his weekly <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> show <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_program)" title="Firing Line (TV program)">Firing Line</a> (1966–1999) was their primary exposure to him and his manner of speech, often with vocabulary common in academia but unusual on television.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Throughout his career as a media figure, Buckley received much criticism—largely from the American left, but also from certain factions on the right, such as the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> and its second president, <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In 1953–1954, long before he founded Firing Line, Buckley was an occasional panelist on the conservative <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">public affairs</a> program Answers for Americans broadcast on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and based on material from the <a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunt" title="H. L. Hunt">H. L. Hunt</a>–supported publication Facts Forum.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Americans_for_Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Young Americans for Freedom">edit</a>]</div> In 1960, Buckley helped form <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a> (YAF). The YAF was guided by principles Buckley called "The <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Statement" title="Sharon Statement">Sharon Statement</a>". Buckley was proud of the successful campaign of his older brother, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">Jim Buckley</a>, on the Conservative Party ticket to capture the United States Senate seat from New York State held by incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Charles Goodell</a> in 1970, giving very generous credit to the activist support of the New York State chapter of YAF. Buckley served one term in the Senate, then was defeated by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001185–198,_311-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edgar_Smith_murder_case">Edgar Smith murder case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Edgar Smith murder case">edit</a>]</div> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Smith_(murderer)" title="Edgar Smith (murderer)">Edgar Smith</a>, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of 15-year-old high-school student Victoria Ann Zielinski in New Jersey, began a correspondence with Buckley from death row. As a result of the correspondence, Buckley began to doubt Smith's guilt. Buckley later said the case against Smith was "inherently implausible".<a href="#cite_note-multiple-88">[87]</a> An article by Buckley about the case, published in <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> in November 1965, drew national media attention:<a href="#cite_note-multiple-88">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Smith said he told [friend Don Hommell] during their brief conversation ... on the night of the murder just where he had discarded his pants. The woman who occupies property across the road from which Smith claimed to have thrown the pants ... swore at the trial that she had seen Hommell rummaging there the day after the murder. The pants were later found [by the police] near a well-travelled road .... Did Hommell find them, and leave them in the other location, thinking to discredit Smith's story, and make sure they would turn up?</blockquote> Buckley's article brought renewed media interest in Hommell, who Smith claimed was the real killer. In 1971, there was a retrial.<a href="#cite_note-multiple-88">[87]</a> Smith took a plea deal and was freed from prison that year.<a href="#cite_note-multiple-88">[87]</a> Buckley interviewed him on Firing Line soon thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-89">[88]</a> In 1976, five years after being released from prison, Smith attempted to murder another woman, this time in San Diego, California.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-89">[88]</a> After witnesses corroborated the story of Lisa Ozbun, who survived being stabbed by Smith, he was sentenced to life in prison. He admitted at the trial that he had in fact also murdered Zielinski.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-89">[88]</a> Buckley subsequently expressed great regret at having believed Smith and supported him.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-89">[88]</a> Friends of Buckley said he was devastated and blamed himself for what happened.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayoral_candidacy">Mayoral candidacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mayoral candidacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg/220px-William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg/330px-William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg/440px-William_Buckley_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2693" /></a><figcaption>Buckley with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> at Reagan's birthday celebration, 1986</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg/330px-Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg/440px-Ronald_Reagan_and_William_Buckley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2651" /></a><figcaption>Buckley with Reagan in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, 1988</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/1965_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1965 New York City mayoral election">1965</a>, Buckley ran for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York City</a> as the candidate for the new <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party</a>. He ran to restore momentum to the conservative cause in the wake of Goldwater's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He tried to take votes away from the relatively <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">liberal Republican</a> candidate and fellow Yale alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, who later became a Democrat. Buckley did not expect to win; when asked what he would do if he won the race, he responded, "Demand a recount."<a href="#cite_note-tanenhaus-92">[91]</a> He used an unusual campaign style. During one televised debate with Lindsay, Buckley declined to use his allotted rebuttal time and instead replied, "I am satisfied to sit back and contemplate my own former eloquence."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> During his campaign, Buckley supported many policies that have been perceived as uniquely and unusually progressive. He supported affirmative action, being one of the first American conservatives to endorse a "kind of special treatment [of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>] that might make up for centuries of oppression". Buckley also espoused welfare reform to emphasize job training, education and daycare. He criticized the administration of <a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">drug laws</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_override" title="Judicial override">judicial sentencing</a>, and promised to crack down on trade unions that discriminated against minorities. This is considered notable, as his political opponents on the left would have resisted anything that alienated trade union-affiliated voters.<a href="#cite_note-politico.com-8">[7]</a> To relieve traffic congestion, Buckley proposed charging drivers a <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">fee to enter the central city</a> and creating a network of <a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">bike lanes</a>. He opposed a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Civilian_Complaint_Review_Board" title="New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board">civilian review board</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a>, which Lindsay had recently introduced to control police corruption and install community policing.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Buckley finished third with 13.4% of the vote, possibly having inadvertently aided Lindsay's election by instead taking votes from Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abe Beame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tanenhaus-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feud_with_Gore_Vidal">Feud with Gore Vidal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Feud with Gore Vidal">edit</a>]</div> When asked if there was one person with whom Buckley would not share a stage, Buckley's response was <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>. Likewise, Vidal's antagonism toward Buckley was well known, even before 1968.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Buckley nevertheless appeared in a series of televised debates with Vidal during the <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 Republican National Convention</a> in Miami and the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-96">[95]</a> In their penultimate debate on August 28 of that year, the two disagreed over the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> and the protesters at the convention. In reference to the response of the police involved in supposedly taking down a <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> flag, moderator <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Smith" title="Howard K. Smith">Howard K. Smith</a> asked whether raising a Nazi flag during the Second World War would have elicited a similar response. Vidal responded that people were free to state their political views as they saw fit, whereupon Buckley interrupted and noted that people were free to speak their views but others were also free to ostracize them for holding those views, noting that in the US during the Second World War "some people were pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> and they were well [i.e. correctly] treated by those who ostracized them—and I'm for ostracizing people who egg on other people to shoot American Marines and American soldiers. I know you [Vidal] don't care because you have no sense of identification with—". Vidal then interjected that "the only sort of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Nazism">pro- or crypto-Nazi</a> I can think of is yourself" whereupon Smith interjected, "Now let's not call names". Buckley, visibly angered, rose several inches from his seat and replied, "Now listen, you <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>, stop calling me a crypto-Nazi or I'll sock you in your goddamn face, and you'll stay plastered."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-96">[95]</a> Buckley later apologized in print for having called Vidal a "queer" in a burst of anger rather than in a clinical context but also reiterated his distaste for Vidal as an "evangelist for <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>": "The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction, and in his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly. The addict is to be pitied and even respected, not the pusher."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The debates are chronicled in the 2015 documentary <a href="/wiki/Best_of_Enemies_(2015_film)" title="Best of Enemies (2015 film)">Best of Enemies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-96">[95]</a> This feud continued the next year in <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> magazine, which commissioned essays from Buckley and Vidal on the incident. Buckley's essay "On Experiencing Gore Vidal" was published in the August 1969 issue. In September, Vidal responded with his own essay, "A Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In it Vidal strongly implied that, in 1944, Buckley's unnamed siblings and possibly Buckley had vandalized a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church in their <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Connecticut" title="Sharon, Connecticut">Sharon, Connecticut</a>, hometown after the pastor's wife sold a house to a Jewish family. He also implied that Buckley was homosexual and a "racist, antiblack, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semite">anti-Semitic</a> and a pro-crypto Nazi."<a href="#cite_note-Colacello,_2009-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1972-100">[99]</a> Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel; Vidal countersued Buckley for libel, citing Buckley's characterization of Vidal's novel <a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckenridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Myra Breckenridge">Myra Breckenridge</a> as pornography. After Buckley received an out-of-court settlement from Esquire, he dropped the suit against Vidal. Both cases were dropped,<a href="#cite_note-NR-101">[100]</a> with Buckley settling for court costs paid by Esquire, which had published the piece, while Vidal, who did not sue the magazine, absorbed his own court costs. Neither paid the other compensation. Buckley also received an editorial apology from Esquire as part of the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-NR-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-round-102">[101]</a> The feud was reopened in 2003 when Esquire republished the original Vidal essay as part of a collection titled Esquire's Big Book of Great Writing. After further litigation, Esquire agreed to pay $65,000 to Buckley and his attorneys, to destroy every remaining copy of the book that included Vidal's essay, to furnish Buckley's 1969 essay to anyone who asked for it, and to publish an open letter stating that Esquire's current management was "not aware of the history of this litigation and greatly [regretted] the re-publication of the libels" in the 2003 collection.<a href="#cite_note-round-102">[101]</a> Buckley maintained a philosophical antipathy toward Vidal's other <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%AAte_noire" class="extiw" title="wikt:bête noire">bête noire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, calling him "almost unique in his search for notoriety and absolutely unequalled in his co-existence with it."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Meanwhile, Mailer called Buckley a "second-rate intellect incapable of entertaining two serious thoughts in a row."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> After Mailer's 2007 death, Buckley wrote warmly about their personal acquaintance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations_with_liberal_politicians">Associations with liberal politicians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Associations with liberal politicians">edit</a>]</div> Buckley became a close friend of liberal Democratic activist <a href="/wiki/Allard_K._Lowenstein" title="Allard K. Lowenstein">Allard K. Lowenstein</a>. He featured Lowenstein on numerous <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a> programs, publicly endorsed his candidacies for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, and delivered a eulogy at his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Buckley was also a friend of economist <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> and former senator and presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> both of whom he frequently featured or debated on Firing Line and college campuses. He and Galbraith occasionally appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Today_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Today Show">The Today Show</a>, where host <a href="/wiki/Frank_McGee_(journalist)" title="Frank McGee (journalist)">Frank McGee</a> would introduce them and then step aside and defer to their verbal thrusts and parries.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amnesty_International">Amnesty International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Amnesty International">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1960s, Buckley joined the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newark_1970-111">[110]</a> He resigned in January 1978 in protest over the organization's stance against capital punishment as expressed in its <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Declaration">Stockholm Declaration</a> of 1977, which he said would lead to the "inevitable sectarianization of the amnesty movement".<a href="#cite_note-archivaria_1995-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_candidates">Political candidates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political candidates">edit</a>]</div> In 1963 and 1964, Buckley mobilized support for the candidacy of Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, first for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nomination against New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and then for the presidency. Buckley used National Review as a forum for mobilizing support for Goldwater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001ch._10-113">[112]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-3649_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Buckley with President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Shakespeare">Frank Shakespeare</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure>In July 1971, Buckley assembled a group of conservatives to discuss some of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s domestic and foreign policies that the group opposed. In August 1969, Nixon had proposed and later attempted to enact the <a href="/wiki/Family_Assistance_Plan" title="Family Assistance Plan">Family Assistance Plan</a> (FAP), welfare legislation that would establish a national income floor of $1,600 per year for a family of four.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_B1937_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_(1976-10-21)(Gerald_Ford_Library)_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ford_B1937_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-10-21%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Ford_B1937_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-10-21%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Ford_B1937_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-10-21%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Buckley greeting President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> On the international front Nixon negotiated talks with the Soviet Union and initiated relations with China, which Buckley, as a hawk and anti-communist, opposed. The group, known as the Manhattan Twelve, included National Review's publisher <a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">William A. Rusher</a> and editors <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>. Other organizations represented were the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a>, The Conservative Book Club, <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">American Conservative Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> On July 28, 1971, they published a letter announcing that they would no longer support Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The letter said, "In consideration of his record, the undersigned, who have heretofore generally supported the Nixon Administration, have resolved to suspend our support of the Administration."<a href="#cite_note-redman-117">[116]</a> Nonetheless, in 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Administration">Nixon Administration</a> appointed Buckley as a delegate to the United Nations, about which Buckley later wrote a book.<a href="#cite_note-redman-117">[116]</a> In 1976, Buckley supported <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s presidential campaign against sitting President Gerald Ford and expressed disappointment at Reagan's narrow loss to Ford.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In 1981, Buckley informed President-elect Reagan that he would decline any official position offered to him. Reagan jokingly replied that was too bad, because he had wanted to make Buckley ambassador to (then Soviet-occupied) Afghanistan. Buckley later wrote, "When Ronald Reagan offered me the ambassadorship to Afghanistan, I said, 'Yes, but only if you give me fifteen divisions of bodyguards'."<a href="#cite_note-Feulner1998-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_segregation">Race and segregation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Race and segregation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The central question that emerges ... is whether the White community in the South is entitled to take such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally, in areas where it does not predominate numerically? The sobering answer is Yes—the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, it is the advanced race." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">William F. Buckley Jr., National Review, August 1957<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></cite></div> </div> In the 1950s and early 1960s, Buckley opposed federal civil rights legislation and expressed support for continued racial segregation in the South. In Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace, author <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">Nancy MacLean</a> states that National Review made <a href="/wiki/James_J._Kilpatrick" title="James J. Kilpatrick">James J. Kilpatrick</a>—a prominent supporter of segregation in the South—"its voice on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the Constitution, as Buckley and Kilpatrick united North and South in a shared vision for the nation that included upholding <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In the August 24, 1957, issue of National Review, Buckley's editorial "Why the South Must Prevail" spoke out explicitly in favor of temporary segregation in the South until "long term equality could be achieved". Buckley opined that temporary segregation in the South was necessary at the time because the black population lacked the education, economic, and cultural development to make racial equality possible.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001138-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Buckley claimed that the white South had "the right to impose superior mores for whatever period it takes to effect a genuine cultural equality between the races".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001138-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Buckley said white Southerners were "entitled" to disenfranchise black voters "because, for the time being, it is the advanced race."<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[127]</a> Buckley characterized blacks as distinctly ignorant: "The great majority of the Negroes of the South who do not vote do not care to vote, and would not know for what to vote if they could."<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[127]</a> Two weeks after that editorial was published, another prominent conservative writer, <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">L. Brent Bozell Jr.</a> (Buckley's brother-in-law), wrote in the National Review: "This magazine has expressed views on the racial question that I consider dead wrong, and capable of doing great hurt to the promotion of conservative causes. There is a law involved, and a Constitution, and the editorial gives White Southerners leave to violate them both in order to keep the Negro politically impotent."<a href="#cite_note-Bogus2011-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Buckley visited South Africa in the 1960s on several paid fact-finding missions in which he distributed publications that supported the South African government's policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slobodian2020-131">[130]</a> On January 15, 1963, the day after <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, the white supremacist governor of Alabama, made his <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation Forever" inaugural address</a>, Buckley published a feature essay in National Review on his recent "South African Fortnight", concluding it with these words concerning apartheid: "I know it is a sincere people's effort to fashion the land of peace they want so badly."<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal!985-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buccola2020-133">[132]</a> In his report, Buckley tried to define apartheid and came up with four axioms on which the policy stands, the fourth being "The notion that the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu</a> could participate in power on equal terms with the whites is the worst kind of ideological and social romance".<a href="#cite_note-Lulat1991-134">[133]</a> After publishing this defense of the <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a> government, Buckley wrote that he was "bursting with pride" over the West German social critic <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a>'s praise of the piece.<a href="#cite_note-Slobodian2014-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> indicates that during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, Buckley's writing grew more accommodating toward the civil rights movement. In his columns, he "ridiculed practices designed to keep African Americans off the voter registration rolls", "condemned proprietors of commercial establishments who declined service to African Americans in violation of the recently enacted 1964 Civil Rights Act", and showed "little patience" for "Southern politicians who incited racial violence and race-baited in their campaigns".<a href="#cite_note-auto-136">[135]</a> According to Politico, the turning point for Buckley was when white supremacists <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">set off a bomb in a Birmingham church</a> on September 15, 1963, which resulted in the deaths of four African American girls.<a href="#cite_note-Felzenberg-137">[136]</a> A biographer said that Buckley privately wept about it when he found out about the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Felzenberg-137">[136]</a> Buckley disagreed with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Structural_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural racism">structural racism</a> and placed a large amount of blame for lack of economic growth on the black community itself, most prominently during <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Buckley_debate" title="Baldwin–Buckley debate">a highly publicized 1965 debate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Union" title="Cambridge Union">Cambridge Union</a> with African American writer <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>, in which Baldwin carried the floor vote 544 to 164.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In a 1966 episode of <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_with_William_F._Buckley_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.">Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, "Civil Rights and Foreign Policy", guest <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bixler_McKissick" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Bixler McKissick">Floyd Bixler McKissick</a> was asked whether <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> and other concepts could damage black contributions. McKissick focused in his answer on defining black power: "first of all we mean that black people simply got to determine for themselves the rate of progress, the direction of that progress. And there are six basic ingredients to the accomplishment of black power, and black power is a direction through which you can obtain total equality. And those six points are as follows: One, black people have got to secure for themselves political power. Two, black people have to secure for themselves economic power. Three, black people have got to develop and improve self-image of themselves...Leaving that particular point and going to point four, we'll have to develop militant leadership. And five, we seek enforcement of federal laws, the abolishment of police brutality and the abolishment of police-state tactics, as is in the South. And six, and last, what we mean by black power is the building and acquiring of a black consumer block...if we do not have all basic ingredients that we have talked about we'll never achieve the road to total equality."<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[140]</a> In response to a question about McKissick's answer, Buckley said: "I endorse all six of those objectives."<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[140]</a> Buckley also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> 1968 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, debating against Wallace's platform on a January 1968 episode of <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Buckley later said he wished National Review had been more supportive of civil rights legislation in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> He grew to admire <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and supported the creation of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stnyt8-145">[144]</a> Buckley anticipated that the US could elect an African American president within a decade as of the late 1960s and said such an event would be a "welcome tonic for the American soul" that he believed would confer the same social distinction and pride upon African Americans that Catholics had felt upon John F. Kennedy's election.<a href="#cite_note-politico.com-8">[7]</a> In 2004, Buckley told <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, "I once believed we could evolve our way up from Jim Crow. I was wrong. Federal intervention was necessary."<a href="#cite_note-auto-136">[135]</a> The same year, he endeavored to clarify his earlier comments on race, saying, "[T]he point I made about white cultural supremacy was sociological." Buckley also linked his usage of the word advancement to its usage in the name <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, saying that the "call for the 'advancement' of colored people presupposes they are behind. Which they were, in 1958, by any standards of measurement."<a href="#cite_note-nytmds-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_antisemitism">Opposition to antisemitism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Opposition to antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> During the 1950s, Buckley worked to remove <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> from the conservative movement and barred antisemites from working for National Review.<a href="#cite_note-stnyt8-145">[144]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a> demanded that the conservative movement banish paleoconservative columnists <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan">Patrick Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sobran" title="Joseph Sobran">Joseph Sobran</a>, who, according to cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Jeffrey Hart</a>, had promulgated a "a neoisolationist nativism tinged with anti-Semitism", Buckley would have none of it, and wrote that Buchanan and Sobran (a colleague of Buckley and formerly a senior editor of National Review) were not antisemitic but anti-Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201484–85-147">[146]</a> In 1991, Buckley wrote a 40,000-word article criticizing Buchanan. He wrote, "I find it impossible to defend Pat Buchanan against the charge that what he did and said during the period under examination amounted to anti-Semitism",<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek1991-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> but concluded: "If you ask, do I think Pat Buchanan is an anti-Semite, my answer is he is not one. But I think he's said some anti-Semitic things."<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Conservative <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> wrote: "Buckley used the pages of the National Review to distance conservatism from antisemitism and from any other kind of racial stereotyping. The important goal, for him, was to establish a believable stance towards the modern world, in which all Americans, whatever their race or background, could be included, and which would uphold the religious and social traditions of the American people, as well as the institutions of government as the Founders had conceived them."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Buckley's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Ira Glasser</a>, a Jewish American and former executive director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, features in the 2020 film <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Ira" title="Mighty Ira">Mighty Ira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> Buckley's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> extended to support for the overthrow and replacement of leftist governments by nondemocratic forces. Buckley admired Spanish dictator General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, who led the rightist military rebellion in its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">military defeat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>, and praised him effusively in his magazine, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. In his 1957 "Letter From Spain",<a href="#cite_note-Buckley1957-154">[153]</a> Buckley called Franco "an authentic national hero",<a href="#cite_note-Buckley1957-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckley1963-155">[154]</a> who "above others" had the qualities needed to wrest Spain from "the hands of the visionaries, ideologues, Marxists and nihilists" who had been democratically elected.<a href="#cite_note-Krugman2009-156">[155]</a> Buckley also wrote: "however preferable Franco is to <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a>, or to anarchy, he is not—at least not all by himself—a legitimate governor of Spain....Franco did not, in virtue of his heroism in the thirties, earn the right to govern absolutely in the fifties."<a href="#cite_note-Buckley1957-154">[153]</a> He supported the military dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup</a> that overthrew Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>'s democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> government; Buckley called Allende "a president who was defiling the Chilean constitution and waving proudly the banner of his friend and idol, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>."<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a> uncovered documents that implicated Buckley in a media campaign by the Argentina military junta promoting the regime's image while covering up the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Buckley expressed negative views on Africa and critiqued the nationalist movements against Western colonialism occurring in the 1960s. In 1962, he called African nationalism "self-discrediting" and said "the time is bound to come when" Westerners "realize what is the nature of the beast".<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In 1961, when asked when Africans would be ready for self-government, he replied, "When they stop eating each other".<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, Buckley said, "The reality of the situation is that missions abroad to effect regime change in countries without a bill of rights or democratic tradition are terribly arduous." He added: "This isn't to say that the Iraq war is wrong, or that history will judge it to be wrong. But it is absolutely to say that conservatism implies a certain submission to reality; and this war has an unrealistic frank and is being conscripted by events."<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In a February 2006 column published at National Review Online and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Press_Syndicate" title="Universal Press Syndicate">Universal Press Syndicate</a>, Buckley wrote, "One cannot doubt that the American objective in Iraq has failed" and "it's important that we acknowledge in the inner councils of state that [the war] has failed, so that we should look for opportunities to cope with that failure."<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marijuana">Marijuana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marijuana">edit</a>]</div> Buckley supported the <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">legalization of marijuana</a> and some other drug legalization as early as his 1965 candidacy for mayor of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> But in 1972, he said that while he supported removing criminal penalties for using marijuana, he also supported cracking down on trafficking marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Buckley wrote a pro-marijuana-legalization piece for National Review in 2004 in which he called for conservatives to change their views on legalization, writing, "We're not going to find someone running for president who advocates reform of those laws. What is required is a genuine republican groundswell. It is happening, but ever so gradually. Two of every five Americans ... believe 'the government should treat marijuana more or less the same way it treats alcohol: It should regulate it, control it, tax it, and make it illegal only for children.'"<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_rights">Gay rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gay rights">edit</a>]</div> Buckley strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>, but supported the legalization of homosexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In a March 18, 1986, New York Times op-ed, Buckley addressed the AIDS epidemic. Calling it "a fact" that AIDS is "the special curse of the homosexual", he argued that people infected with HIV should marry only if they agreed to <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> and that universal testing—led by insurance companies, not the government—should be mandatory. Most controversially, he wrote: "Everyone detected with AIDS should be tattooed in the upper forearm, to protect common-needle users, and on the buttocks, to prevent the victimization of other homosexuals."<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The piece led to much criticism; some gay activists advocated boycotting Patricia Buckley's fundraising efforts for AIDS. Buckley later backtracked from the piece, but in 2004 he told <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>: "If the protocol had been accepted, many who caught the infection unguardedly would be alive. Probably over a million."<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spy_novelist">Spy novelist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spy novelist">edit</a>]</div> In 1975, Buckley recounted being inspired to write a spy novel by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Jackal" title="The Day of the Jackal">The Day of the Jackal</a>: "If I were to write a book of fiction, I'd like to have a whack at something of that nature."<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> He went on to explain that he was determined to avoid the moral ambiguity of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a>. Buckley wrote the 1976 spy novel <a href="/wiki/Saving_the_Queen" title="Saving the Queen">Saving the Queen</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Blackford_Oakes" title="Blackford Oakes">Blackford Oakes</a> as a rule-bound CIA agent, based in part on his own CIA experiences. Over the next 30 years, he would write another ten novels featuring Oakes. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> critic Charlie Rubin wrote that the series "at its best, evokes <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a> in its precise sense of place amid simmering class hierarchies".<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stained_Glass_(novel)" title="Stained Glass (novel)">Stained Glass</a>, second in the series, won a 1980 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#Miscellaneous_1980_to_1985" title="List of winners of the National Book Award">one-year category "Mystery (paperback)"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nb_a1980-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[b]</a> Buckley was particularly concerned about the view that what the CIA and the KGB were doing was morally equivalent. He wrote in his memoirs, "To say that the CIA and the KGB engage in similar practices is the equivalent of saying that the man who pushes an old lady into the path of a hurtling bus is not to be distinguished from the man who pushes an old lady out of the path of a hurtling bus: on the grounds that, after all, in both cases someone is pushing old ladies around."<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Buckley began writing on computers in 1982, starting with a <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Z-89" title="Zenith Z-89">Zenith Z-89</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shea19820913-175">[173]</a> According to his son, Buckley developed an almost fanatical loyalty to <a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a>, installing it on every new PC he got despite its growing obsolescence over the years. Buckley used it to write his last novel, and when asked why he continued using something so outdated, he answered "They say there's better software, but they also say there's better alphabets." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Later career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg/220px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg/330px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg/440px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._with_President_Bush_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Buckley shaking hands with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on October 6, 2005</figcaption></figure> In 1988, Buckley helped defeat liberal Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Weicker" title="Lowell Weicker">Lowell Weicker</a> in Connecticut. Buckley organized a committee to campaign against Weicker and endorsed his Democratic opponent, Connecticut Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lieberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lieberman">Joseph Lieberman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In 1991, Buckley received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> from President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. Upon turning 65 in 1990, he retired from the day-to-day running of the National Review.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-flashback-60">[59]</a> He relinquished his controlling shares of National Review in June 2004 to a pre-selected board of trustees. The following month, he published the memoir Miles Gone By. Buckley continued to write his syndicated newspaper column, as well as opinion pieces for National Review magazine and National Review Online. He remained the ultimate source of authority at the magazine and also conducted lectures and gave interviews.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_modern-day_conservatism">Views on modern-day conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Views on modern-day conservatism">edit</a>]</div> Buckley criticized certain aspects of policy within the modern conservative movement. Of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush's presidency</a>, he said, "If you had a European prime minister who experienced what we've experienced it would be expected that he would retire or resign."<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Jeffrey Hart</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>, Buckley had a "tragic" view of the Iraq war: he "saw it as a disaster and thought that the conservative movement he had created had in effect committed intellectual suicide by failing to maintain critical distance from the Bush administration .... At the end of his life, Buckley believed the movement he made had destroyed itself by supporting the war in Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">Iraq War troop surge of 2007</a>, however, it was noted by the editors of National Review that: "Buckley initially opposed the surge, but after seeing its early success believed it deserved more time to work."<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In his December 3, 2007, column, shortly after his wife's death, which he attributed, at least in part, to her smoking, Buckley seemed to advocate banning tobacco use in America.<a href="#cite_note-smokingban-181">[179]</a> Buckley wrote articles for <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, despite criticizing the magazine and its philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> About <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservatives</a>, he said in 2004: "I think those I know, which is most of them, are bright, informed and idealistic, but that they simply overrate the reach of U.S. power and influence."<a href="#cite_note-nytmds-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Buckley suffered from <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> in his later years. In a December 2007 column, he commented on the cause of his emphysema, citing his lifelong habit of smoking tobacco despite endorsing a legal ban of it.<a href="#cite_note-smokingban-181">[179]</a> On February 27, 2008, he died from a heart attack at his home in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, at the age of 82. Initially it was reported that he was found dead at his desk in his study, a converted garage, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Buckley_(novelist)" title="Christopher Buckley (novelist)">Christopher Buckley</a>, said, "He died with his boots on after a lifetime of riding pretty tall in the saddle."<a href="#cite_note-rbhc-48">[47]</a> But in his 2009 book Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir, he admitted this account was a slight embellishment on his part: while his father did die in his study, he was found lying on the floor.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5">[4]</a> Buckley was buried at the Saint Bernard Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Connecticut" title="Sharon, Connecticut">Sharon, Connecticut</a>, next to his wife, Patricia. Notable members of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> political establishment paying tribute to Buckley included President George W. Bush,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Bush said of Buckley, "He influenced a lot of people, including me. He captured the imagination of a lot of people."<a href="#cite_note-AP_Buckley_dies-189">[187]</a> Gingrich added, "Bill Buckley became the indispensable intellectual advocate from whose energy, intelligence, wit, and enthusiasm the best of modern conservatism drew its inspiration and encouragement ... Buckley began what led to Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> and his <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">Conscience of a Conservative</a> that led to the seizing of power by the conservatives from the moderate establishment within the Republican Party. From that emerged <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>."<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Reagan's widow, Nancy, said, "Ronnie valued Bill's counsel throughout his political life, and after Ronnie died, Bill and Pat were there for me in so many ways."<a href="#cite_note-AP_Buckley_dies-189">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/House_Minority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="House Minority Whip">House Minority Whip</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a> stated that "William F. Buckley was more than a journalist or commentator. He was the indisputable leader of the conservative movement that laid the groundwork for the Reagan Revolution. Every Republican owes him a debt of gratitude for his tireless efforts on behalf of our party and nation."<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Various organizations have awards and honors named after Buckley.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a> awards the William F. Buckley Award for Outstanding Campus Journalism.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_idiolect">Language and idiolect</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Language and idiolect">edit</a>]</div> Buckley was well known for his command of language.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> He came late to formal instruction in English, not learning it until he was seven years old and having earlier learned Spanish and French.<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyJr_2004-17">[16]</a> Michelle Tsai in <a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate</a> says that he spoke English with an <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncratic</a> accent: something between an old-fashioned, upper-class <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic English">Mid-Atlantic accent</a>, and British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, yet with a <a href="/wiki/Southern_drawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern drawl">Southern drawl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Sociologist Patricia Leavy called it "Buckley's High Church, mid-Atlantic accent (taught to actors in the Hollywood studios of the 1930s and 1940s) that was curdled by an ascendant tincture of Southern drawl that softened somewhat the supercilious inflection that very likely was spawned during his education at Yale".<a href="#cite_note-Leavy2021-197">[195]</a> Professor of political science Gerald L. Houseman wrote that Buckley's vaunted love of language did not ensure the quality of his writing, and criticized some of Buckley's work for "inappropriate metaphors and inelegant syntax" and for his habit of interjecting in his quotations of others parenthetical references to the "temperament or morals" of those being quoted.<a href="#cite_note-Houseman1982-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetorical_style">Rhetorical style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rhetorical style">edit</a>]</div> On Firing Line, Buckley had a reputation for being polite to his guests, but also occasionally softly teased his guests if they were friends.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Sometimes during heated debates, as with <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, Buckley became less polite.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Epstein (1972) says that liberals were especially fascinated by Buckley, and often wanted to debate him, in part because his ideas resembled their own, for Buckley typically formulated his arguments in reaction to left-liberal opinion, rather than being founded on conservative principles that were alien to the liberals.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Appel (1992) argues from rhetorical theory that Buckley's essays are often written in "low" burlesque in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a>'s satirical poem <a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a>. Considered as drama, such discourse features black-and-white disorder, a guilt-mongering logician, distorted clownish opponents, limited scapegoating, and a self-serving redemption.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Lee (2008) contends that Buckley introduced a new rhetorical style that conservatives often tried to emulate. The "gladiatorial style", as Lee calls it, is flashy and combative, filled with sound bites, and leads to inflammatory drama. As conservatives encountered Buckley's arguments about government, liberalism and markets, the theatrical appeal of Buckley's gladiatorial style inspired conservative imitators, becoming one of the principal templates for conservative rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Nathan J. Robinson</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a> about Buckley's role as a major conservative intellectual, says, "Buckley created a template for conservative intellectualism that is still used today: be glib, confident, and a good debater, throw in a dash of wit and some references to the Classics. Do it all with a self-satisfied smile, and the validity or invalidity of your underlying arguments will cease to be a matter of serious discussion."<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2020-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>, a historian of the modern American conservative movement, said in 2008 that Buckley was "arguably the most important public intellectual in the United States in the past half century. For an entire generation, he was the preeminent voice of American conservatism and its first great ecumenical figure."<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Conversely, political consultant <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Stevens" title="Stuart Stevens">Stuart Stevens</a>, who served as a top strategist on <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s 2012 presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-Parker2011-207">[205]</a> and later as a leading figure with <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a>, writes that "for all his well-crafted sentences and love of language, Buckley was often a more articulate version of the same deep ugliness and bigotry that is the hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Stevens2021-208">[206]</a> New York Times writer Douglas Martin wrote of him: "Mr. Buckley's greatest achievement was making conservatism not just electoral Republicanism but conservatism as a system of ideas respectable in liberal post-World War II America. He mobilized the young enthusiasts who helped nominate Barry Goldwater in 1964 and saw his dreams fulfilled when Reagan and the Bushes captured the Oval Office".<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> said of Buckley: "without Bill Buckley, no National Review. Without National Review, no Goldwater nomination. Without the Goldwater nomination, no conservative takeover of the Republican Party. Without that, no Reagan. Without Reagan, no victory in the Cold War. Therefore, Bill Buckley won the Cold War".<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> James Carden commented, "Will’s reasoning suffers, as Buckley himself might have put it, from the <a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the 1991 film <a href="/wiki/Hook_(film)" title="Hook (film)">Hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> based his vocal mannerisms as <a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a> on Buckley.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></li> <li>In the 1992 film <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genie_(Disney)" title="Genie (Disney)">Genie</a> (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a>) impersonated Buckley.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></li> <li>The 2016 film <a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse" title="X-Men: Apocalypse">X-Men: Apocalypse</a> briefly shows footage of Buckley on a TV news clip.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></li> <li>Buckley appears in <a href="/wiki/James_Graham_(playwright)" title="James Graham (playwright)">James Graham</a>'s 2021 play <a href="/wiki/Best_of_Enemies_(play)" title="Best of Enemies (play)">Best of Enemies</a>. The play is a fictionalized retelling of the 1968 Buckley-Vidal debates.</li> <li>In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a> miniseries <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a>, Buckley is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz" title="Peter Serafinowicz">Peter Serafinowicz</a>, as a friend of the family of E. Howard Hunt.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr._bibliography" title="William F. Buckley Jr. bibliography">William F. Buckley Jr. bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Blackford_Oakes_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Blackford Oakes novels">List of Blackford Oakes novels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "William Francis" in the editorial obituary "Up from Liberalism", <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, February 28, 2008, p. A16; Martin, Douglas, "William F. Buckley Jr., 82, Dies; Sesquipedalian Spark of Right", obituary, The New York Times, February 28, 2008, which reported that his parents preferred "Frank", which would make him a "Jr.", but at his christening, the priest "insisted on a saint's name, so Francis was chosen. When the younger William Buckley was five, he asked to change his middle name to Frank, and his parents agreed. At that point, he became William F. Buckley, Jr." </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> From 1980 to 1983 in <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award#History" title="National Book Award">National Book Award history</a> there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including this one. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFItalie2008" class="citation web cs1">Italie, Hillel (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kvia.com/news/2008/02/27/author-conservative-commentator-william-f-buckley-jr-dies-at-82/">"Author, Conservative Commentator William F. Buckley Jr. Dies at 82"</a>. KVIA.com. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418203637/https://kvia.com/news/2008/02/27/author-conservative-commentator-william-f-buckley-jr-dies-at-82/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Author%2C+Conservative+Commentator+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+Dies+at+82&rft.pub=KVIA.com&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkvia.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2F27%2Fauthor-conservative-commentator-william-f-buckley-jr-dies-at-82%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/spanish-speaking-william-f-buckley">"The Spanish-Speaking William F. Buckley"</a>. Dissent Magazine. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dissent+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Spanish-Speaking+William+F.+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fonline_articles%2Fspanish-speaking-william-f-buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525170517/http://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/buckley/Standard/index.html">"Cumulus.hillsdale.edu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/buckley/Standard/index.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumulus.hillsdale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcumulus.hillsdale.edu%2Fbuckley%2FStandard%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/business/media/27cnd-buckley.html">"William F. Buckley Jr. Is Dead at 82"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228001134/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/business/media/27cnd-buckley.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+Is+Dead+at+82&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F27cnd-buckley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-6"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_6-0">^</a> The Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2008, p. A16 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Perlstein,_Rick" class="mw-redirect" title="Perlstein, Rick">Perlstein, Rick</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanprospect.bluelena.io/index.php?action=social&chash=309a8e73b2cdb95fc1affa8845504e87.2674&s=ffa1b2c0a9494a1f85cd9ac759ad767a">An Implausible Mr. Buckley: A new PBS documentary whitewashes the conservative founder of National Review</a>, The Infernal Triangle, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a>, April 17, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-politico.com-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politico.com_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-politico.com_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-politico.com_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelzenberg2017" class="citation web cs1">Felzenberg, Alvin (May 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/13/william-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129">"How William F. Buckley, Jr., Changed His Mind on Civil Rights"</a>. POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved April 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.%2C+Changed+His+Mind+on+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Felzenberg&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> C-SPAN Booknotes October 23, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Buckley, William F., Jr. Happy Days Were Here Again: Reflections of a Libertarian Journalist, Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40398-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40398-1">0-679-40398-1</a>, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live-bri-dos.pantheonsite.io/essays/william-f-buckley-jr-and-the-conservative-movement/">"William F. Buckley Jr. and the Conservative Movement"</a>. Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Conservative+Movement&rft.pub=Bill+of+Rights+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flive-bri-dos.pantheonsite.io%2Fessays%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-jr-and-the-conservative-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niskanencenter.org/the-man-behind-the-modern-conservative-movement-with-sam-tanenhaus/">"The Man Behind the Modern Conservative Movement, with Sam Tanenhaus"</a>. Niskanen Center. March 17, 2021. 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Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Bill+Buckley+Is+Dead.+Has+Conservatism+Died+with+Him%3F&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Boaz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fcommentary%2Fbill-buckley-dead-has-conservatism-died-him&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wargs.com/other/buckley.html">"Ancestry of William F. Buckley"</a>. www.wargs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621055926/http://www.wargs.com/other/buckley.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wargs.com&rft.atitle=Ancestry+of+William+F.+Buckley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargs.com%2Fother%2Fbuckley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBfYAAAAMAAJ">"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time"</a>. University Microfilms. January 1, 1967 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography%3A+Being+the+History+of+the+United+States+as+Illustrated+in+the+Lives+of+the+Founders%2C+Builders%2C+and+Defenders+of+the+Republic%2C+and+of+the+Men+and+Women+who+are+Doing+the+Work+and+Moulding+the+Thought+of+the+Present+Time&rft.pub=University+Microfilms&rft.date=1967-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis200129-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis200129_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-BuckleyJr_2004-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BuckleyJr_2004_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuckleyJr_2004_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2004" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William F. Jr. (2004). Miles Gone By: A Literary Autobiography. Regnery Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miles+Gone+By%3A+A+Literary+Autobiography&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> Early chapters recount his early education and mastery of languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvert-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.calverteducation.com/calvert/william-f-buckley-jr-calvert-homeschooler/">"William F. Buckley Jr. – Calvert Homeschooler"</a>. Calvert Blog Network – Alumni. Calvert Education. January 28, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130336/http://blog.calverteducation.com/calvert/william-f-buckley-jr-calvert-homeschooler/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calvert+Blog+Network+%E2%80%93+Alumni&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+%E2%80%93+Calvert+Homeschooler&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.calverteducation.com%2Fcalvert%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-jr-calvert-homeschooler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obituary-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19670121&id=VZhJAAAAIBAJ&pg=4262,4249647">"Aloise Buckley Heath"</a>. The News and Courier. January 21, 1967. Retrieved March 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Aloise+Buckley+Heath&rft.date=1967-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2506%26dat%3D19670121%26id%3DVZhJAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4262%2C4249647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103,_312–316-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103,_312–316_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, pp. 103, 312–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley2008-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2008_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2008" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William F. Jr. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zwsu73A3yUsC&pg=PA466">Let Us Talk of Many Things: The Collected Speeches</a>. Basic Books. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2689-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-2689-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119190518/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zwsu73A3yUsC&pg=PA466">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Us+Talk+of+Many+Things%3A+The+Collected+Speeches&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2689-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwsu73A3yUsC%26pg%3DPA466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201416-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201416_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2014">Edwards 2014</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nock1937-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Nock1937_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock1937" class="citation book cs1">Nock, Albert Jay (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fllckz4IJdQC&pg=PA165">Our Enemy, the State</a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-372-9"><bdi>978-1-61016-372-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Enemy%2C+the+State&rft.pages=165-168&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-372-9&rft.aulast=Nock&rft.aufirst=Albert+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFllckz4IJdQC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/evvWbSAZtag">"William F. Buckley Jr. and the Phoenix Symphony"</a>. Firing Line. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217104648/https://www.youtube.com/embed/evvWbSAZtag">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firing+Line&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Phoenix+Symphony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FevvWbSAZtag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bach-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bach_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bach_25-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-bach.html">"Once Again, Buckley Takes on Bach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003854/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-bach.html">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>; October 25, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-aapb-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aapb_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aapb_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_80-52w3rpfz">"William F. Buckley, Jr"</a>. Mad About Music. WNYC. Retrieved September 18, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mad+About+Music&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanarchive.org%2Fcatalog%2Fcpb-aacip_80-52w3rpfz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706181429/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=10676">"Tanglewood Jazz Festival, September 1–3, 2006 in Lenox, Massachusetts"</a>. Allaboutjazz.com. August 2, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=10676">the original</a> on July 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanglewood+Jazz+Festival%2C+September+1%E2%80%933%2C+2006+in+Lenox%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Allaboutjazz.com&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Fphp%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D10676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216202858/http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2006/03/24/1/an-hour-with-editor-william-f-buckleyjr">"An Hour with Editor William F. Buckley Jr."</a>. Charlie Rose. March 24, 2006. 50:43 minutes in. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2006/03/24/1/an-hour-with-editor-william-f-buckleyjr">the original</a> on December 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlie+Rose&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlierose.com%2Fshows%2F2006%2F03%2F24%2F1%2Fan-hour-with-editor-william-f-buckleyjr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Phelan, Matthew (February 28, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/28/seymour_hersh_whowhatwhy/index.html">Seymour Hersh and the men who want him committed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302123501/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/28/seymour_hersh_whowhatwhy/index.html">Archived</a> March 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley1997241-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley1997241_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1997">Buckley 1997</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley199730-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley199730_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1997">Buckley 1997</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley199737-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley199737_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley1997">Buckley 1997</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/Archives/archive-2008-buckley.htm">"William F. Buckley on the New Mass"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617103525/http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/Archives/archive-2008-buckley.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley+on+the+New+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remnantnewspaper.com%2FArchives%2Farchive-2008-buckley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ministryvalues.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1355&Itemid=125">"William F. Buckley's Fascination with Italian Mystic Maria Valtorta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227101917/http://ministryvalues.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1355&Itemid=125">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley%27s+Fascination+with+Italian+Mystic+Maria+Valtorta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministryvalues.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1355%26Itemid%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis200149–50-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis200149–50_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, p. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Robbins" title="Alexandra Robbins">Robbins, Alexandra</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsoftombsku00robb/page/41">Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown">Little, Brown</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72091-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72091-7"><bdi>0-316-72091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Tomb%3A+Skull+and+Bones%2C+the+Ivy+League%2C+and+the+Hidden+Paths+of+Power&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-72091-7&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretsoftombsku00robb%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biographydotcom-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biographydotcom_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biographydotcom_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biographydotcom_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9230494&page=print">"Buckley, William F(rank) Jr. (1925–2008) Biography"</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buckley%2C+William+F%28rank%29+Jr.+%281925%E2%80%932008%29+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle.do%3Fid%3D9230494%26page%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174403/http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/oneItem.aspx?id=1809005&q=osterweis&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=15&qs=1&sid=0&qx=">"The Manuscripts and Archives Digital Images Database (MADID)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/oneItem.aspx?id=1809005&q=osterweis&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=15&qs=1&sid=0&qx=">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manuscripts+and+Archives+Digital+Images+Database+%28MADID%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.yale.edu%2Fmadid%2FoneItem.aspx%3Fid%3D1809005%26q%3Dosterweis%26q1%3D%26q2%3D%26qc1%3D%26qc2%3D%26qf1%3D%26qf2%3D%26qn%3D%26qo%3D%26qm%3D15%26qs%3D1%26sid%3D0%26qx%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.yale.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/yale-ydn/id/28726/rec/2">"Richard Shapiro Wins PU Debate on Aid to China"</a>. Yale Daily News. January 22, 1948. Retrieved April 28, 2018 – via Yale Daily News Historical Archive, Yale University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Richard+Shapiro+Wins+PU+Debate+on+Aid+to+China&rft.date=1948-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.yale.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fyale-ydn%2Fid%2F28726%2Frec%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Diamond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmund Diamond (page does not exist)">Diamond, Sigmund</a> (1992). Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–1955. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505382-1"><bdi>978-0-19-505382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compromised+Campus%3A+The+Collaboration+of+Universities+with+the+Intelligence+Community%2C+1945%E2%80%931955&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505382-1&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> Chapter 7 is devoted to Buckley. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912192230/http://www.yaledebate.org/osterweis/history.html">"History"</a>. Osterweis Debate Tournament. Yale Debate Association | Osterweis Tournament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaledebate.org/osterweis/history.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osterweis+Debate+Tournament&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaledebate.org%2Fosterweis%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1996" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vaughan, Sam (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1395/the-art-of-fiction-no-146-william-f-buckley-jr">"William F. Buckley Jr., The Art of Fiction No. 146"</a>. The Paris Review. Vol. Summer 1996, no. 139. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+146&rft.volume=Summer+1996&rft.issue=139&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1395%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-146-william-f-buckley-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-43"><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2007" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, William F. Jr. (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-mar-04-op-buckley4-story.html">"My friend, E. Howard Hunt"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123212/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/04/opinion/op-buckley4">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=My+friend%2C+E.+Howard+Hunt&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-mar-04-op-buckley4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Tad Szulc, Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt (New York: Viking, 1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/1999/09/03/wfb/">"William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. September 3, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927082312/https://www.salon.com/1999/09/03/wfb/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=1999-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F1999%2F09%2F03%2Fwfb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-Obit-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHT-Obit_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHT-Obit_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Douglas (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/bin/printfriendly.php?id=10482667">"William F. Buckley Jr. is dead at 82"</a>. International Herald Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525155027/http://www.iht.com/bin/printfriendly.php?id=10482667">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+is+dead+at+82&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Fbin%2Fprintfriendly.php%3Fid%3D10482667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/27/buckley.obit/index.html">CNN</a> February 27, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605201516/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/27/buckley.obit/index.html">Archived</a> June 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbhc-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbhc_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbhc_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2007" class="citation web cs1">Buck, Rinker (February 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303161159/http://www.courant.com/news/local/hc-buckleyobit0228.artfeb28,0,6920688,print.story">"William F. Buckley Jr. 1925–2008: Icon of the Right: Entertaining, Erudite Voice of Conservatism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hartford Courant">The Hartford Courant</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courant.com/news/local/hc-buckleyobit0228.artfeb28,0,6920688,print.story">the original</a> on March 3, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+1925%E2%80%932008%3A+Icon+of+the+Right%3A+Entertaining%2C+Erudite+Voice+of+Conservatism&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Rinker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fhc-buckleyobit0228.artfeb28%2C0%2C6920688%2Cprint.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/01/buckleys200901">"Bob Colacello on Pat and Bill Buckley"</a>. Vanity Fair. December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728171513/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/01/buckleys200901">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Bob+Colacello+on+Pat+and+Bill+Buckley&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F01%2Fbuckleys200901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park779-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Park779_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToy2010" class="citation news cs1">Toy, Vivian S. (March 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/realestate/21deal1.html">"A Liberal Price Cut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050623/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/21/realestate/21deal1.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Liberal+Price+Cut&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.aulast=Toy&rft.aufirst=Vivian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F21%2Frealestate%2F21deal1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/7034">"Why Do Things Work in Switzerland and Not in the U.S.A.?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217144047/https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/7034/">Archived</a> December 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_program)" title="Firing Line (TV program)">Firing Line with</a> William F. Buckley Jr., Ep. 850, February 22, 1990. Guests: <a href="/wiki/Evan_G._Galbraith" title="Evan G. Galbraith">Evan G. Galbraith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Freymond" title="Jacques Freymond">Jacques Freymond</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/234274/full">Full transcript available</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Countryman, Vern (1952). Review of "William F. Buckley, God and Man at Yale." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/793684">The Yale Law Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009132224/http://www.jstor.org/stable/793684">Archived</a> October 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 61.2: 272–283 ("Once upon a time there was a little boy named William Buckley. Although he was a very little boy, he was much too big for his britches."). </li> <li id="cite_note-Bundy1951-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bundy1951_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundy1951" class="citation magazine cs1">Bundy, McGeorge (November 1, 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1951/11/the-attack-on-yale/306724/">"The Attack on Yale"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Attack+on+Yale&rft.date=1951-11-01&rft.aulast=Bundy&rft.aufirst=McGeorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1951%2F11%2Fthe-attack-on-yale%2F306724%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain, John</a>, A Life With the Printed Word, Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Regnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnery">Regnery</a>, 1982, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCannStrauss2015" class="citation book cs1">McCann, David R.; Strauss, Barry S. (2015). War and Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Democracy%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Korean+War+and+the+Peloponnesian+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis2001103_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-BuckleyBozell1954-57"><a href="#cite_ref-BuckleyBozell1954_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley_(Jr.)Bozell1954" class="citation book cs1">Buckley (Jr.), William F.; Bozell, L. Brent (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWMXAQAAIAAJ&q=%22can%20close%20ranks%22">McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning</a>. H. Regnery Company. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-472-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-472-5"><bdi>978-0-89526-472-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthy+and+His+Enemies%3A+The+Record+and+Its+Meaning&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=H.+Regnery+Company&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-472-5&rft.aulast=Buckley+%28Jr.%29&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Bozell%2C+L.+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWMXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522can%2520close%2520ranks%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buccaola202062-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Buccaola202062_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuccola2020" class="citation book cs1">Buccola, Nicholas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5HUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">The Fire Is Upon Us: James Baldwin, William F. Buckley Jr., and the Debate Over Race in America</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21077-3"><bdi>978-0-691-21077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire+Is+Upon+Us%3A+James+Baldwin%2C+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%2C+and+the+Debate+Over+Race+in+America&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21077-3&rft.aulast=Buccola&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5HUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_59-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-1151505.html">Encyclopedia.com</a> June 10, 1990 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112173159/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-1151505.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-flashback-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flashback_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flashback_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109203640/http://www.nationalreview.com/flashback/flashback200511170846.asp">"Flashback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/flashback/flashback200511170846.asp">the original</a> on January 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Flashback&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fflashback%2Fflashback200511170846.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Phillips-Fein, Kim; "Conservatism: A State of the Field", Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) Vol. 98, No. 3, p. 729. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Nash, George H.; The Conservative Intellectual Tradition Since 1945 (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Diggins, John P.; "Buckley's Comrades: The Ex-Communist as Conservative", Dissent July 1975, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 370–386 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Smant, Kevin; "Whither Conservatism? James Burnham and National Review, 1955–1964", Continuity, No. 15 (1991), pp. 83–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Smant, Kevin; Principles and Heresies: Frank S. 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Buckley, Dies at 83"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925200743/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/24/nyregion/edgar-smith-killer-who-duped-william-f-buckley-dies-at-83.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edgar+Smith%2C+Killer+Who+Duped+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fedgar-smith-killer-who-duped-william-f-buckley-dies-at-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2022/02/19/how-a-murderer-duped-william-f-buckley-jr-into-fighting-for-release/">"How a murderer duped William F. Buckley Jr. into fighting for his release"</a>. New York Post. February 19, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219225350/https://nypost.com/2022/02/19/how-a-murderer-duped-william-f-buckley-jr-into-fighting-for-release/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=How+a+murderer+duped+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+into+fighting+for+his+release&rft.date=2022-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2022%2F02%2F19%2Fhow-a-murderer-duped-william-f-buckley-jr-into-fighting-for-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (2002) pp. 162–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-tanenhaus-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tanenhaus_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanenhaus_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenhaus2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Tanenhaus, Sam</a> (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/magazine/02buckley.html">"The Buckley Effect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924033516/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/magazine/02buckley.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Buckley+Effect&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F02%2Fmagazine%2F02buckley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20080228/having-a-beer-with-william-f-buckley-jr">"Having a beer with William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News" title="Los Angeles Daily News">Los Angeles Daily News</a>. February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Having+a+beer+with+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.com%2Fgeneral-news%2F20080228%2Fhaving-a-beer-with-william-f-buckley-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Nixonland:_The_Rise_of_a_President_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America">Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen, James (September 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/422804/long-hot-summer-68">"The Long, Hot Summer of '68"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. 67 (16): 37–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119132311/https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/422804/long-hot-summer-68">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Long%2C+Hot+Summer+of+%2768&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=37-42&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fnrd%2Farticles%2F422804%2Flong-hot-summer-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrynbaum2015" class="citation news cs1">Grynbaum, Michael M. (July 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/movies/buckley-vs-vidal-when-debate-became-bloodsport.html">"Buckley vs. Vidal: When Debate Became Bloodsport"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (New York ed.). p. 12. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095">1553-8095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522">1645522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905054036/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/movies/buckley-vs-vidal-when-debate-became-bloodsport.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021. <q>On a night of riots at the Democratic convention in Chicago, Buckley and Vidal had their own climactic on-air clash. Vidal called Buckley a "crypto-Nazi," prompting a reaction that still stuns. "Now listen, you queer," Buckley replied, "stop calling me a crypto-Nazi or I'll sock you in the goddamn face and you'll stay plastered."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Buckley+vs.+Vidal%3A+When+Debate+Became+Bloodsport&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1645522&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.eissn=1553-8095&rft.aulast=Grynbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F26%2Fmovies%2Fbuckley-vs-vidal-when-debate-became-bloodsport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Esquire (August 1969), p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal1969" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal, Gore</a> (September 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050216165523/http://www.columbia.edu/~tdk3/vidalesquire69.html">"A Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. Esquire. pp. 140–145, 150. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~tdk3/vidalesquire69.html">the original</a> on February 16, 2005. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=A+Distasteful+Encounter+with+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.pages=140-145%2C+150&rft.date=1969-09&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Gore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~tdk3%2Fvidalesquire69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colacello,_2009-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Colacello,_2009_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColacello2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Colacello, Bob (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/01/buckleys200901">"Mr. and Mrs. Right"</a>. Vanity Fair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728171513/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/01/buckleys200901">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2016. <q>In follow-up pieces in Esquire, Buckley focused on homosexual themes in Vidal's work, and Vidal responded by implying that Buckley was a homosexual and an anti-Semite, whereupon Buckley sued and Vidal countersued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Mr.+and+Mrs.+Right&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Colacello&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F01%2Fbuckleys200901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_1972-100"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1972_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124095336/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/vidal-suit.html">"Buckley Drops Vidal Suit, Settles With Esquire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. September 26, 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/vidal-suit.html">the original</a> on January 24, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016. <q>Mr. Gingrich confirmed that Esquire would publish a statement in its November issue disavowing 'the most vivid statements' of the Vidal article, calling Mr. Buckley 'racist, antiblack, anti-Semitic and a pro-crypto Nazi.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Buckley+Drops+Vidal+Suit%2C+Settles+With+Esquire&rft.date=1972-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F03%2F01%2Fhome%2Fvidal-suit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NR-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NR_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NR_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826230758/http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document200412140834.asp">"National Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document200412140834.asp">the original</a> on August 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=National+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fdocument%2Fdocument200412140834.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-round-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-round_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-round_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2004" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Jarrett (December 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2004/12/20/buckley-and-vidal-one-more-round/">"Buckley and Vidal: One More Round"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021223918/https://www.villagevoice.com/2004/12/20/buckley-and-vidal-one-more-round/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buckley+and+Vidal%3A+One+More+Round&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Jarrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2004%2F12%2F20%2Fbuckley-and-vidal-one-more-round%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YzhhYmYzNjQzM2ViYmMzZmUwNjRiZTQ4YTVmY2I1OTY=">National Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109170548/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YzhhYmYzNjQzM2ViYmMzZmUwNjRiZTQ4YTVmY2I1OTY%3D">Archived</a> January 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Douglas (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/business/media/27cnd-buckley.html?_r=1">"William F. Buckley Jr. Is Dead at 82"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701112443/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/business/media/27cnd-buckley.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+Is+Dead+at+82&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F27cnd-buckley.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Firing Line, episode 415, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView2.php?programID=843">"Allard Lowenstein: A Retrospective"</a> (May 18, 1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104063943/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView2.php?programID=843">Archived</a> November 4, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Buckley, William F., Jr., On the Firing Line: The Public Life of Our Public Figures, 1988, pp. 423–434 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The Sydney Morning Herald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/mordant-wit-perched-atop-manhattan-society/2007/04/27/1177459974997.html?page=2">"Mordant wit perched atop Manhattan society (Pat Buckley, 1926-2007)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202900/http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/mordant-wit-perched-atop-manhattan-society/2007/04/27/1177459974997.html?page=2">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; McGinness, Mark; April 28, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The Daily Beast, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2008/10/14/sorry-dad-i-was-fired.html">"Buckley Bows Out of National Review"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721033158/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2008/10/14/sorry-dad-i-was-fired.html">Archived</a> July 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Christopher Buckley, October 14, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> C-SPAN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/80308-1">"Conservative v. Liberal Ideology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222936/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/80308-1">Archived</a> November 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Debate: William F. Buckley v. George S. McGovern), Southeast Missouri State University, April 10, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Hoover Institute, Stanford University, Library and Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline">The Firing Line Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423135750/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/">Archived</a> April 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-newark_1970-111"><a href="#cite_ref-newark_1970_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1970" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">Buckley, William F.</a> (April 13, 1970). "Amnesty International". Newark Advocate. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newark+Advocate&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1970-04-13&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivaria_1995-112"><a href="#cite_ref-archivaria_1995_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1995" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, Bruce P. (Spring 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12073/13055">"Archiving Human Rights: The Records of Amnesty International USA"</a>. Archivaria (39): 108–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801233453/http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12073/13055">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivaria&rft.atitle=Archiving+Human+Rights%3A+The+Records+of+Amnesty+International+USA&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=108-131&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bruce+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sfu.ca%2Farchivar%2Findex.php%2Farchivaria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12073%2F13055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001ch._10-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis2001ch._10_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, ch. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Small, Melvin (1999). The Presidency of Richard Nixon. University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0973-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0973-3">0-7006-0973-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Laurence Jurdem. October 25, 2016. When National Review Finally Had Enough of Richard Nixon: A Chorus of Disapproval: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://laurencejurdem.com/2016/10/when-national-review-finally-had-enough-of-richard-nixon-a-chorus-of-disapproval/">http://laurencejurdem.com/2016/10/when-national-review-finally-had-enough-of-richard-nixon-a-chorus-of-disapproval/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312144232/http://laurencejurdem.com/2016/10/when-national-review-finally-had-enough-of-richard-nixon-a-chorus-of-disapproval/">Archived</a> March 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Tad Szulc. July 29, 1971. 11 Conservatives criticize Nixon New York Times. page 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/29/archives/11-conservatives-criticize-nixon-headed-by-william-buckley-they.html">https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/29/archives/11-conservatives-criticize-nixon-headed-by-william-buckley-they.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312144658/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/29/archives/11-conservatives-criticize-nixon-headed-by-william-buckley-they.html">Archived</a> March 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-redman-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redman_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redman_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman" class="citation web cs1">Redman, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-un.html">"William Buckley Reports on a Tour of Duty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+Buckley+Reports+on+a+Tour+of+Duty&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F07%2F16%2Fspecials%2Fbuckley-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2010/04/buckley-and-reagan-fighting-good-fight-lee-edwards/">"Buckley and Reagan, Fighting the Good Fight"</a>. National Review. April 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124203413/https://www.nationalreview.com/2010/04/buckley-and-reagan-fighting-good-fight-lee-edwards/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Buckley+and+Reagan%2C+Fighting+the+Good+Fight&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fbuckley-and-reagan-fighting-good-fight-lee-edwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feulner1998-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Feulner1998_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeulner1998" class="citation book cs1">Feulner, Edwin J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFYvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22fifteen%20divisions%20of%20bodyguards%22">The March of Freedom: Modern Classics in Conservative Thought</a>. Spence Publishing Company. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9653208-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9653208-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9653208-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Freedom%3A+Modern+Classics+in+Conservative+Thought&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Spence+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9653208-8-7&rft.aulast=Feulner&rft.aufirst=Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFYvAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522fifteen%2520divisions%2520of%2520bodyguards%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/opinion/recalling-an-ugly-time.html">"Recalling an Ugly Time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. February 24, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113041/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/opinion/recalling-an-ugly-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Recalling+an+Ugly+Time&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F24%2Fopinion%2Frecalling-an-ugly-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> MacLean, Nancy; Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace (2008) p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Wilentz, Sean; The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (HarperCollins, 2009) p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudis2001138-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis2001138_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudis2001138_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudis2001">Judis 2001</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1957" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, William F. (August 24, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adamgomez.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/whythesouthmustprevail-1957.pdf">"Why the South Must Prevail"</a> (PDF). National Review. Vol. 4. pp. 148–149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327054726/https://adamgomez.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/whythesouthmustprevail-1957.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Why+the+South+Must+Prevail&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=1957-08-24&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadamgomez.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fwhythesouthmustprevail-1957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Whitfield, Stephen J.; A death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till (Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lott, Jeremy; William F. Buckley Jr. (2010) p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Crespinon, Joseph; In Search of another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Princeton University Press, 2007) pp. 81–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mississippifreepress.org/11009/mississippi-elections-chief-warns-biden-may-register-uninformed-woke-college-voters/">"Mississippi Elections Chief Warns Biden May Register 'Woke,' 'Uninformed' College Voters"</a>. Mississippi Free Press. April 6, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407215006/https://www.mississippifreepress.org/11009/mississippi-elections-chief-warns-biden-may-register-uninformed-woke-college-voters/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Mississippi+Elections+Chief+Warns+Biden+May+Register+%27Woke%2C%27+%27Uninformed%27+College+Voters&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mississippifreepress.org%2F11009%2Fmississippi-elections-chief-warns-biden-may-register-uninformed-woke-college-voters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogus2011-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogus2011_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogus2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogus, Carl T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvGHFnwPljAC&pg=PT75">Buckley: William F. Buckley Jr. and the Rise of American Conservatism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-355-4"><bdi>978-1-60819-355-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Rise+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-355-4&rft.aulast=Bogus&rft.aufirst=Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvGHFnwPljAC%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowndes2008" class="citation book cs1">Lowndes, Joseph E. (October 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bp15_FjIadgC">From the New Deal to the New Right: Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14828-2"><bdi>978-0-300-14828-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+New+Deal+to+the+New+Right%3A+Race+and+the+Southern+Origins+of+Modern+Conservatism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14828-2&rft.aulast=Lowndes&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbp15_FjIadgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slobodian2020-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Slobodian2020_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlobodian2020" class="citation book cs1">Slobodian, Quinn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIPWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24484-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24484-9"><bdi>978-0-674-24484-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalists%3A+The+End+of+Empire+and+the+Birth+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24484-9&rft.aulast=Slobodian&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIPWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumenthal!985-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal!985_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal1985" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Sidney (August 28, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/08/28/us-conservatives-ambivalent-on-s-africa/d0bb639e-4486-469d-bc95-04975f6c07da/">"U.S. Conservatives Ambivalent on S. Africa"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Conservatives+Ambivalent+on+S.+Africa&rft.date=1985-08-28&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1985%2F08%2F28%2Fus-conservatives-ambivalent-on-s-africa%2Fd0bb639e-4486-469d-bc95-04975f6c07da%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buccola2020-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Buccola2020_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuccola2020" class="citation book cs1">Buccola, Nicholas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5HUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190">The Fire Is Upon Us: James Baldwin, William F. Buckley Jr., and the Debate Over Race in America</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21077-3"><bdi>978-0-691-21077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire+Is+Upon+Us%3A+James+Baldwin%2C+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%2C+and+the+Debate+Over+Race+in+America&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21077-3&rft.aulast=Buccola&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5HUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lulat1991-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Lulat1991_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLulat1991" class="citation book cs1">Lulat, Y. G.-M. 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Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7747-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-7747-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Relations+with+South+Africa%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography%3A+Volume+Two%3A+Periodical+Literature+and+Guide+to+Sources+of+Current+Information&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-7747-6&rft.aulast=Lulat&rft.aufirst=Y.+G.-M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kDIBjoglMwC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slobodian2014-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Slobodian2014_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlobodian2014" class="citation journal cs1">Slobodian, Quinn (November 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7140178">"The World Economy and the Color Line: Wilhelm Röpke, Apartheid and the White Atlantic"</a>. Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Supplement (10): 62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327223951/https://www.academia.edu/7140178">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+German+Historical+Institute+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+World+Economy+and+the+Color+Line%3A+Wilhelm+R%C3%B6pke%2C+Apartheid+and+the+White+Atlantic&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.aulast=Slobodian&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7140178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelzenberg2017" class="citation web cs1">Felzenberg, Alvin (May 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/13/william-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129">"How William F. Buckley, Jr., Changed His Mind on Civil Rights"</a>. POLITICO Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324065039/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/13/william-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.%2C+Changed+His+Mind+on+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Felzenberg&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felzenberg-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felzenberg_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felzenberg_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelzenberg2017" class="citation web cs1">Felzenberg, Alvin (May 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/13/william-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129">"How William F. Buckley, Jr., Changed His Mind on Civil Rights"</a>. POLITICO Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324065039/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/05/13/william-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.%2C+Changed+His+Mind+on+Civil+Rights&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Felzenberg&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-civil-rights-215129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/books/review/the-fire-is-upon-us-nicholas-buccola.html">"When James Baldwin Squared Off Against William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903065211/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/books/review/the-fire-is-upon-us-nicholas-buccola.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+James+Baldwin+Squared+Off+Against+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-fire-is-upon-us-nicholas-buccola.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFeoS41xe7w">"James Baldwin Debates William F. Buckley (1965)"</a>. The Riverbends Channel. October 27, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521025146/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFeoS41xe7w">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2015 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Baldwin+Debates+William+F.+Buckley+%281965%29&rft.pub=The+Riverbends+Channel&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoFeoS41xe7w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2015" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Kevin M. (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAqdBAAAQBAJ&q=buckley+and+mailer&pg=PT23">Buckley and Mailer: The Difficult Friendship That Shaped the Sixties</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24823-4"><bdi>978-0-393-24823-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley+and+Mailer%3A+The+Difficult+Friendship+That+Shaped+the+Sixties&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015-06&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24823-4&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAqdBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbuckley%2Band%2Bmailer%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover_Institution_Library_&_Archives1966" class="citation web cs1">Hoover Institution Library & Archives, Digital Collections (August 22, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/5957/civil-rights-and-foreign-policy">"Civil Rights and Foreign Policy"</a>. Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Retrieved August 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution+Library+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=1966-08-22&rft.aulast=Hoover+Institution+Library+%26+Archives&rft.aufirst=Digital+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.hoover.org%2Fobjects%2F5957%2Fcivil-rights-and-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2017/03/06/resisting-trump-the-william-f-buckley-jr-way-rich-barlow">"Anatomy of a Takedown: William F. Buckley Jr. vs. George Wallace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WBUR.org" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR.org">WBUR.org</a>. March 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324072322/https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2017/03/06/resisting-trump-the-william-f-buckley-jr-way-rich-barlow">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WBUR.org&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Takedown%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+vs.+George+Wallace&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fcognoscenti%2F2017%2F03%2F06%2Fresisting-trump-the-william-f-buckley-jr-way-rich-barlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0xnUtqt_7Q">"Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: The Wallace Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. January 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/c0xnUtqt_7Q">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firing+Line+with+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%3A+The+Wallace+Crusade&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dc0xnUtqt_7Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelzenberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_S._Felzenberg" title="Alvin S. Felzenberg">Felzenberg, Alvin S.</a> (2017). A Man and His Presidents: The Political Odyssey of William F. Buckley Jr. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. pp. 159–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16384-1"><bdi>978-0-300-16384-1</bdi></a>. <q>I once believed we could evolve our way up from Jim Crow. I was wrong. Federal intervention was necessary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+and+His+Presidents%3A+The+Political+Odyssey+of+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.place=New+Haven%2FLondon&rft.pages=159-60&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16384-1&rft.aulast=Felzenberg&rft.aufirst=Alvin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stnyt8-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stnyt8_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stnyt8_145-1">b</a> Tanenhaus, Sam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papercuts.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/qa-with-sam-tanenhaus-on-william-f-buckley/">on William F. Buckley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604073529/http://papercuts.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/qa-with-sam-tanenhaus-on-william-f-buckley/">Archived</a> June 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paper Cuts blog at The New York Times website, February 27, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-nytmds-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytmds_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytmds_146-1">b</a> Sanger, Deborah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/magazine/11QUESTIONS.html?ei=5070&en=a78be4479c624bcf&ex=1204952400">"Questions for William F. Buckley: Conservatively Speaking"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118191236/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/magazine/way-we-live-now-7-11-04-questions-for-william-f-buckley-conservatively-speaking.html">Archived</a> November 18, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>, July 11, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201484–85-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201484–85_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2014">Edwards 2014</a>, p. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek1991-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek1991_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/1991/12/23/is-pat-buchanan-anti-semitic.html">"Is Pat Buchanan anti-semitic?"</a>. Newsweek. December 22, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231006/http://www.newsweek.com/1991/12/23/is-pat-buchanan-anti-semitic.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Is+Pat+Buchanan+anti-semitic%3F&rft.date=1991-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F1991%2F12%2F23%2Fis-pat-buchanan-anti-semitic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer2000" class="citation news cs1">Glazer, Nathan (July 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/specials/buckley-anti.html">"The Enmity Within"</a>. The New York Times. 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Basic Books. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4672-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-4672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unlikely+Conservative%3A+The+Transformation+Of+An+Ex-liber&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-4672-9&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcwk5DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2018" class="citation book cs1">Scruton, Roger (June 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition</a>. 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Interviewed by Solomon, Deborah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118191236/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/11/magazine/way-we-live-now-7-11-04-questions-for-william-f-buckley-conservatively-speaking.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Way+We+Live+Now%2C+7%2F11%2F04%3A+Questions+for+William+F.+Buckley&rft.date=2004-07-11&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F11%2Fmagazine%2Fway-we-live-now-7-11-04-questions-for-william-f-buckley-conservatively-speaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation interview cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/viewinterview.php/prmMID/1395">"The Art of Fiction No. 146: William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. The Paris Review (Interview). Interviewed by Vaughan, Sam. November 24, 1925. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+146%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=1925-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fviewinterview.php%2FprmMID%2F1395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/17/books/review/17RUBINL.html?ex=1279339200&en=845293053a63c725&ei=5088">'Last Call for Blackford Oakes': Cocktails With Philby</a>, Charlie Rubin, The New York Times, July 17, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-nb_a1980-172"><a href="#cite_ref-nb_a1980_172-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980">"National Book Awards – 1980"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426083421/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980/">Archived</a> April 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. Retrieved February 28, 2012. (With essay by Harold Augenbraum from the Awards' 60-year anniversary blog.) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgesCoyne2007" class="citation book cs1">Bridges, Linda; Coyne, John R. Jr. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strictlyrightwil0000brid">Strictly Right: William F. Buckley Jr. and the American Conservative Movement</a>. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-75817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-75817-4"><bdi>978-0-471-75817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strictly+Right%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+American+Conservative+Movement&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-75817-4&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Coyne%2C+John+R.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrictlyrightwil0000brid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shea19820913-175"><a href="#cite_ref-shea19820913_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea1982" class="citation news cs1">Shea, Tom (September 13, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26">"Buckley finds word processing on Z-89 'liberating'"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 26. Retrieved January 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Buckley+finds+word+processing+on+Z-89+%27liberating%27&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1982-09-13&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NGEwNmYxYjRhZmRkZjA4MmM1YzE5MDIzMzJlYjExNmU=">National Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109212724/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NGEwNmYxYjRhZmRkZjA4MmM1YzE5MDIzMzJlYjExNmU%3D">Archived</a> January 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3387080">"A Life on the Right: William F. Buckley"</a>. NPR. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429203327/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3387080">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Life+on+the+Right%3A+William+F.+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D3387080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/buckley-bush-not-a-true-conservative/">"Buckley: Bush Not a True Conservative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. July 22, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104145455/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/22/eveningnews/main1826838.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Buckley%3A+Bush+Not+a+True+Conservative&rft.date=2006-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbuckley-bush-not-a-true-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Right at the end, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>, March 24, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033709/http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YzllM2IwOGRmODM5YzFhZDEyYjk5MDEwNzBmMTk3MmE%3D">"National Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YzllM2IwOGRmODM5YzFhZDEyYjk5MDEwNzBmMTk3MmE=">the original</a> on July 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrd.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F%3Fq%3DYzllM2IwOGRmODM5YzFhZDEyYjk5MDEwNzBmMTk3MmE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smokingban-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smokingban_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smokingban_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2007" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, William F. Jr. (December 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/article/67349">"My Smoking Confessional"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304080756/http://www.nysun.com/article/67349">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Smoking+Confessional&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysun.com%2Farticle%2F67349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/07/whefb_bill_buckley_playboy_and.html">"W-Hef-B: Bill Buckley, Playboy, and the Struggle for the Soul of America"</a>. Real Clear Politics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127195524/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/07/whefb_bill_buckley_playboy_and.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Clear+Politics&rft.atitle=W-Hef-B%3A+Bill+Buckley%2C+Playboy%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+America&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F07%2Fwhefb_bill_buckley_playboy_and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212011402/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/videodir/asx2/2299.asx">"Video of Buckley debating James Baldwin, October 26, 1965, Cambridge University; digitized by UC Berkeley"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/videodir/asx2/2299.asx">the original</a> on December 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+of+Buckley+debating+James+Baldwin%2C+October+26%2C+1965%2C+Cambridge+University%3B+digitized+by+UC+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.berkeley.edu%2Fvideodir%2Fasx2%2F2299.asx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2008/02/28/the-collected-controversies-of-william-f-buckley/">"The Collected Controversies of William F. Buckley"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206002041/http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2008/02/28/the-collected-controversies-of-william-f-buckley/">Archived</a> December 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, February 28, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305130558/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQ4Y2VmNjNmZjhiZTEwOThmNTA3NGY1Y2UwNTE4ZDM=">"Where does one Start? A Guide to Reading WFB"</a>. National Review. February 29, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQ4Y2VmNjNmZjhiZTEwOThmNTA3NGY1Y2UwNTE4ZDM=">the original</a> on March 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Where+does+one+Start%3F+A+Guide+to+Reading+WFB&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.nationalreview.com%2F%3Fq%3DOWQ4Y2VmNjNmZjhiZTEwOThmNTA3NGY1Y2UwNTE4ZDM%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2008" class="citation web cs1">Johns, Michael (March 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com/2008/03/walking-road-that-buckley-built.html">"Michael Johns: Walking the Road that Buckley Built"</a>. Michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226065258/http://michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com/2008/03/walking-road-that-buckley-built.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Johns%3A+Walking+the+Road+that+Buckley+Built&rft.pub=Michaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaeljohnsonfreedomandprosperity.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F03%2Fwalking-road-that-buckley-built.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Bush, George W. (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080227-4.html">"Statement by the President on Death of William F. Buckley"</a> (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary, the White House. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+President+on+Death+of+William+F.+Buckley&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary%2C+the+White+House&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2008%2F02%2F20080227-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Reagan, Nancy (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orangecounty.cox.net/cci/newslocal/local?_mode=view&view=LocalNewsArticleView&articleId=3238791&_action=validatearticle">"Nancy Reagan Reacts to Death of William F. Buckley"</a> (Press release). The Office of Nancy Reagan. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nancy+Reagan+Reacts+to+Death+of+William+F.+Buckley&rft.pub=The+Office+of+Nancy+Reagan&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forangecounty.cox.net%2Fcci%2Fnewslocal%2Flocal%3F_mode%3Dview%26view%3DLocalNewsArticleView%26articleId%3D3238791%26_action%3Dvalidatearticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_Buckley_dies-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_Buckley_dies_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_Buckley_dies_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie2008" class="citation news cs1">Italie, Hillele (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301212442/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080227/ap_on_re_us/obit_buckley">"Conservative author Buckley dies at 82"</a>. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080227/ap_on_re_us/obit_buckley">the original</a> on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conservative+author+Buckley+dies+at+82&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20080227%2Fap_on_re_us%2Fobit_buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingrich" class="citation web cs1">Gingrich, Newt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306012440/http://newt.org/tabid/102/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3207/Default.aspx">"Before there was Goldwater or Reagan, there was Bill Buckley"</a>. Newt.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newt.org/tabid/102/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3207/Default.aspx">the original</a> on March 6, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+there+was+Goldwater+or+Reagan%2C+there+was+Bill+Buckley&rft.pub=Newt.org&rft.aulast=Gingrich&rft.aufirst=Newt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewt.org%2Ftabid%2F102%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F3207%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302211115/https://www.foxbusiness.com/article/blunt-statement-passing-william-f-buckley-jr_497862_1.html">"Blunt Statement on Passing of William F. Buckley, Jr"</a>. Fox Business. February 7, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/article/blunt-statement-passing-william-f-buckley-jr_497862_1.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+Business&rft.atitle=Blunt+Statement+on+Passing+of+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Farticle%2Fblunt-statement-passing-william-f-buckley-jr_497862_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2019/10/10/the-william-f-buckley-prize-is-an-award-im-unable-to-reject/">"The William F. Buckley Prize Is an Award I'm Unable to Reject"</a>. rushlimbaugh.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222125547/https://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2019/10/10/the-william-f-buckley-prize-is-an-award-im-unable-to-reject/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rushlimbaugh.com&rft.atitle=The+William+F.+Buckley+Prize+Is+an+Award+I%27m+Unable+to+Reject&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rushlimbaugh.com%2Fdaily%2F2019%2F10%2F10%2Fthe-william-f-buckley-prize-is-an-award-im-unable-to-reject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cei.org/content/8th-annual-buckley-awards">"The 8th Annual Buckley Awards"</a>. cei.org. Competitive Enterprise Institute. November 15, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cei.org&rft.atitle=The+8th+Annual+Buckley+Awards&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcei.org%2Fcontent%2F8th-annual-buckley-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231083008/https://upennstatesman.org/2018/12/07/the-upenn-statesman-wins-award-for-outstanding-campus-reporting/">"The UPenn Statesman Wins Award for 'Outstanding Campus Reporting'"</a>. The UPenn Statesman. December 7, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upennstatesman.org/2018/12/07/the-upenn-statesman-wins-award-for-outstanding-campus-reporting/">the original</a> on December 31, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+UPenn+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+UPenn+Statesman+Wins+Award+for+%27Outstanding+Campus+Reporting%27&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupennstatesman.org%2F2018%2F12%2F07%2Fthe-upenn-statesman-wins-award-for-outstanding-campus-reporting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> See Schmidt, Julian. (June 6, 2005) <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> Notes & asides. (Letter to the Editor) Volume 53; Issue 2. p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2008" class="citation web cs1">Tsai, Michelle (February 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2185368/">"Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229222958/http://www.slate.com/id/2185368">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Why+Did+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+talk+like+that%3F&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2185368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leavy2021-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Leavy2021_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavy2021" class="citation book cs1">Leavy, Patricia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBk5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA362">Popularizing Scholarly Research: The Academic Landscape, Representation, and Professional Identity in the 21st Century</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 362–363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008522-3"><bdi>978-0-19-008522-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popularizing+Scholarly+Research%3A+The+Academic+Landscape%2C+Representation%2C+and+Professional+Identity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=362-363&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-008522-3&rft.aulast=Leavy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBk5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houseman1982-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Houseman1982_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouseman1982" class="citation book cs1">Houseman, Gerald L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEImAAAAMAAJ&q=%22love%20of%20language%22">City of the Right: Urban Applications of American Conservative Thought</a>. Greenwood Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23181-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23181-0"><bdi>978-0-313-23181-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102034039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EEImAAAAMAAJ&q=%22love%20of%20language%22">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2022. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327005334/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-27cndbuckley.10511692.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+Buckley+Jr.+is+dead+at+82&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F28iht-27cndbuckley.10511692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind" class="citation news cs1">Lind, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/buckley-vs-vidal-the-real-story-121673">"Buckley vs. Vidal: The Real Story"</a>. POLITICO Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327005338/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/buckley-vs-vidal-the-real-story-121673/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Buckley+vs.+Vidal%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2015%2F08%2Fbuckley-vs-vidal-the-real-story-121673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/6077/vietnam-and-the-intellectuals">"Vietnam and the Intellectuals"</a>. digitalcollections.hoover.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418221856/https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/6077/vietnam-and-the-intellectuals">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2022. 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Lee, "WFB: The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation", Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Summer 2010, Vol. 13 Issue 2, pp. 43–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2020-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2020_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Robinson, Nathan J. (September 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentaffairs.org/2020/09/how-to-be-a-respectable-public-intellectual">"How To Be A Respectable Public Intellectual"</a>. Current Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517113604/https://www.currentaffairs.org/2020/09/how-to-be-a-respectable-public-intellectual">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=YmZkMTRmN2MyZjcwYWVhYWI4YjhkNjE5YTA5NmY3ODg">the original</a> on March 3, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simply+Superlative%3A+Words+for+Buckley&rft.pub=National+Review+Online&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.nationalreview.com%2Fprint%2F%3Fq%3DYmZkMTRmN2MyZjcwYWVhYWI4YjhkNjE5YTA5NmY3ODg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker2011-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker2011_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Ashley (September 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/us/politics/stuart-stevens-redefining-romneys-presidential-run.html">"An Unconventional Strategist Reshaping Romney"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921024245/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/us/politics/stuart-stevens-redefining-romneys-presidential-run.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Unconventional+Strategist+Reshaping+Romney&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fstuart-stevens-redefining-romneys-presidential-run.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens2021-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2021_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2021" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Stuart (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJxFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">It was All a Lie: How the Republican Party Became Donald Trump</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08097-9"><bdi>978-0-593-08097-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119190515/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJxFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2023. 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Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+Is+Dead+at+82&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F27cnd-buckley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/03/william-f-buckley-jr-lasting-legacies/">"The Legacies of William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. National Review. March 30, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Legacies+of+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-jr-lasting-legacies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> James Carden, "PBS on William F. Buckley: Not quite getting it ‘right’" Responsible Statecraft April 26, 2024 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblestatecraft.org/william-buckley-foreign-policy/">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1992" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Ryan (January 5, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-01-05-1992005112-story.html">"Dustin Hoffman takes all roles seriously -- Hook, too"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181228/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-01-05-1992005112-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Dustin+Hoffman+takes+all+roles+seriously+--+Hook%2C+too&rft.date=1992-01-05&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1992-01-05-1992005112-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Daly, Steve (December 4, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/1992/12/04/aladdin-gamble/">"The Aladdin gamble"</a>. Entertainment Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114726/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312562,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Aladdin+gamble&rft.date=1992-12-04&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F1992%2F12%2F04%2Faladdin-gamble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempley1992" class="citation news cs1">Kempley, Rita (November 25, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/aladdingkempley_a0a32e.htm">"'Aladdin'"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Aladdin%27&rft.date=1992-11-25&rft.aulast=Kempley&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fmovies%2Fvideos%2Faladdingkempley_a0a32e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2016" class="citation news cs1">Bradshaw, Peter (May 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/09/x-men-apocalypse-review-marvel-jennifer-lawrence-oscar-isaac">"X-Men: Apocalypse review – lots of bangs for your bucks but loopiness is lost"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111183953/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/09/x-men-apocalypse-review-marvel-jennifer-lawrence-oscar-isaac">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=X-Men%3A+Apocalypse+review+%E2%80%93+lots+of+bangs+for+your+bucks+but+loopiness+is+lost&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2016%2Fmay%2F09%2Fx-men-apocalypse-review-marvel-jennifer-lawrence-oscar-isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Singer, Bryan. (2016) X-Men: Apocalypse, 00:43:55 to 00:43:56. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1997" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, William F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nearermygodautob00buck">Nearer, My God: An Autobiography of Faith</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47818-2"><bdi>978-0-385-47818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nearer%2C+My+God%3A+An+Autobiography+of+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47818-2&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnearermygodautob00buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2014" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Lee (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yU46AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84">William F. Buckley Jr.: The Maker of a Movement</a>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-2076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-2076-6"><bdi>978-1-4976-2076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%3A+The+Maker+of+a+Movement&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-2076-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyU46AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudis2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Judis" title="John Judis">Judis, John B.</a> (2001). William F. Buckley Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-45494-4"><bdi>978-0-671-45494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.%3A+Patron+Saint+of+the+Conservatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-671-45494-4&rft.aulast=Judis&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1999" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Reid (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strictlyspeaking0000buck">Strictly Speaking</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-134610-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-134610-4"><bdi>0-07-134610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strictly+Speaking&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-07-134610-4&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrictlyspeaking0000buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dunn, Betty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVMEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA71&pg=RA1-PA34">"The Buckleys of Great Elm."</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>, Vol. 69, No. 25, December 18, 1970, pp. 34–45.</li> <li>Farber, David. The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History (2010) pp. 39–76</li> <li>Gottfried, Paul (1993). The Conservative Movement. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-9749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-9749-1">0-8057-9749-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2001" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booknotesstories00lamb">Booknotes: Stories from American History</a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-083-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-083-9"><bdi>1-58648-083-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booknotes%3A+Stories+from+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58648-083-9&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooknotesstories00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lee, Michael J. "WFB: The Gladiatorial Style and the Politics of Provocation", Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Summer 2010, Vol. 13, Issue 2, pp. 43–76</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Miller (author)">Miller, David</a> (1990). Chairman Bill: A Biography of William F. Buckley Jr.. New York</li> <li>Nash, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchell1984" class="citation book cs1">Winchell, Mark Royden (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamfbuckleyj0452winc">William F. Buckley Jr</a>. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7431-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-7431-9"><bdi>0-8057-7431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8057-7431-9&rft.aulast=Winchell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Royden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamfbuckleyj0452winc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sarchett, Barry W. "Unreading the Spy Thriller: The Example of William F. Buckley Jr.", <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Popular_Culture" title="The Journal of Popular Culture">Journal of Popular Culture</a>, Fall 1992, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp. 127–139, theoretical literary analysis</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus1997" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Tamara (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literaryalmanac00mjfb">The Literary Almanac: The Best of the Printed Word: 1900 to the Present</a>. New York: High Tide Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56731-328-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56731-328-0"><bdi>1-56731-328-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Almanac%3A+The+Best+of+the+Printed+Word%3A+1900+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=High+Tide+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56731-328-0&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteraryalmanac00mjfb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2002" class="citation book cs1">McManus, John (July 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shopjbs.org/william-f-buckley-jr-pied-piper-for-the-establishment">William F. Buckley, Jr.: Pied Piper for the Establishment</a>. Wisconsin: John Birch Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881919-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-881919-06-4"><bdi>1-881919-06-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518212319/https://shopjbs.org/william-f-buckley-jr-pied-piper-for-the-establishment">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.%3A+Pied+Piper+for+the+Establishment&rft.place=Wisconsin&rft.pub=John+Birch+Society&rft.date=2002-07-15&rft.isbn=1-881919-06-4&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshopjbs.org%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-jr-pied-piper-for-the-establishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?170896-1%2Fwritings-kirk-buckley">"Writings of Kirk and Buckley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203021430/https://www.c-span.org/video/?170896-1%2Fwritings-kirk-buckley">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Writers%3A+A+Journey+Through+History&rft.atitle=Writings+of+Kirk+and+Buckley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F170896-1%252Fwritings-kirk-buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinkopf1999" class="citation web cs1">Weinkopf, Chris (September 3, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/09/03/wfb/">"William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206174319/http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/09/03/wfb">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.date=1999-09-03&rft.aulast=Weinkopf&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fpeople%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F09%2F03%2Fwfb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2007" class="citation news cs1">Hickman, John (April 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/040607Hickman.shtml">"Happy is the Columnist who has no History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Chronicle" title="Baltimore Chronicle">Baltimore Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429032741/http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/040607Hickman.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Happy+is+the+Columnist+who+has+no+History&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaltimorechronicle.com%2F2007%2F040607Hickman.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+F.+Buckley+Jr." class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> William F. Buckley Jr. at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="extiw" title="c:Category:William F. Buckley, Jr.">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Journalist_William_F._Buckley_dies_at_age_82" class="extiw" title="n:Journalist William F. Buckley dies at age 82">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." class="extiw" title="q:William F. Buckley Jr.">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?4425">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0118702/">William F. Buckley</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buckleyprogram.com/">The William F. Buckley, Jr. Program</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0576">William F. Buckley, Jr., papers (MS 576)</a> Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/Buckley/">Buckley Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531134324/https://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/Buckley/">Archived</a> May 31, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a complete guide to the writings William F. Buckley at <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li>William F. Buckley's <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> files, hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-1">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Buckley_William_F.-HQ-2">part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFeoS41xe7w">Historic debate between James Baldwin and William F. Buckley Jr. at Cambridge University (1965)</a> on the question: "Is the American Dream at the expense of the American Negro?"</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of New York">Conservative Party</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> 1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Marchi" title="John J. Marchi">John Marchi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Blackford_Oakes_series_by_William_F._Buckley_Jr." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blackford_Oakes" title="Template:Blackford Oakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blackford_Oakes" title="Template talk:Blackford Oakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blackford_Oakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blackford Oakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Blackford_Oakes_series_by_William_F._Buckley_Jr." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Blackford_Oakes" title="Blackford Oakes">Blackford Oakes</a> series by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William F. Buckley Jr.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saving_the_Queen" title="Saving the Queen">Saving the Queen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_Glass_(novel)" title="Stained Glass (novel)">Stained Glass</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_on_First_(novel)" title="Who's on First (novel)">Who's on First</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo,_If_You_Can" title="Marco Polo, If You Can">Marco Polo, If You Can</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Henri_Tod" title="The Story of Henri Tod">The Story of Henri Tod</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/See_You_Later,_Alligator_(novel)" title="See You Later, Alligator (novel)">See You Later, Alligator</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Jinx" title="High Jinx">High Jinx</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoose_R.I.P." title="Mongoose R.I.P.">Mongoose R.I.P.</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker%27s_Last_Stand" title="Tucker's Last Stand">Tucker's Last Stand</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Private_Plot" title="A Very Private Plot">A Very Private Plot</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Call_for_Blackford_Oakes" title="Last Call for Blackford Oakes">Last Call for Blackford Oakes</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackford_Oakes_Reader" title="The Blackford Oakes Reader">The Blackford Oakes Reader</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blackford_Oakes_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Blackford Oakes novels">List of Blackford Oakes novels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christopher_Buckley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christopher_Buckley" title="Template:Christopher Buckley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christopher_Buckley" title="Template talk:Christopher Buckley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher_Buckley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher Buckley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christopher_Buckley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Buckley_(novelist)" title="Christopher Buckley (novelist)">Christopher Buckley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The White House Mess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking_(novel)" title="Thank You for Smoking (novel)">Thank You for Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_My_Broker" title="God Is My Broker">God Is My Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Green_Men_(novel)" title="Little Green Men (novel)">Little Green Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Way_to_Treat_a_First_Lady" title="No Way to Treat a First Lady">No Way to Treat a First Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Arabia" title="Florence of Arabia">Florence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomsday_(novel)" title="Boomsday (novel)">Boomsday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courtship" title="Supreme Courtship">Supreme Courtship</a></li> <li>They Eat Puppies, Don't They?: A Novel</li> <li>The Relic Master: A Novel</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking" title="Thank You for Smoking">Thank You for Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley" title="Patricia Buckley">Patricia Buckley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frank_Buckley_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Frank Buckley Sr.">William Frank Buckley Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Cotterell_Taylor" title="Austin Cotterell Taylor">Austin Cotterell Taylor</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121023576">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73943799">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1897692/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymwcht84Ythwfcp6vyh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119187523">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065205">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12428470r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12428470r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8c0c3785-a5c3-4364-830b-ed0ae787dacc">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1230658">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050608819">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582104">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6718qdf">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&oldid=1258720316">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_F._Buckley_Jr.&oldid=1258720316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="Category:William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_births" title="Category:1925 births">1925 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_deaths" title="Category:2008 deaths">2008 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_novelists" title="Category:20th-century American novelists">20th-century American novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_classical_musicians" title="Category:20th-century American classical musicians">20th-century American classical musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFScruton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShea1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlobodian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlobodian2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanenhaus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidal1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinkopf1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinchell1984\"] = 1,\n [\"The_Buckley_Rule\"] = 1,\n [\"Young_Americans_for_Freedom_and_Goldwater\"] = 1,\n [\"reason=Confusing_original_heading_name;_may_have_incoming_links.\"] = 1,\n [\"reason=Over-capitalized_original_heading_name;_may_have_incoming_links.\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blackford Oakes\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Christopher Buckley\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n 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Jr.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","25.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","11.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::entityExists","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.0"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.0"],["date","40","3.0"],["[others]","240","17.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-v8npv","timestamp":"20241130110733","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"William F. Buckley Jr.","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_F._Buckley_Jr.","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q378098","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q378098","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-20T02:07:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T06:33:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d3\/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"American public intellectual, conservative author and political commentator (1925\u20132008)"}</script> </body> </html>