Climate Change

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class="breadcrumbs__item"><a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues" class="breadcrumbs__link">Learn the Issues</a></li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="pageHeader__title">Climate Change</h1> <div class="blurb pageHeader__blurb"><p>Some effects of climate change鈥攔ising seas, warming water temperatures and prolonged periods of extreme weather鈥攁re already being observed in the Bay region.</p></div> </div> </header> <section class="l-master__main l-twoColumn" id="" > <div class="l-twoColumn__main" id="two-column-main"> <figure class="figure"> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/693212830?h=12a936f59f&app_id=122963" width="1920" height="1080" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen title="Bay 101: Climate Change"></iframe> </div> <figcaption class="figure__caption">Experts describe the challenges that climate change presents, as well as efforts to adapt to climate change and mitigate its worst effects. <strong>Produced by:</strong> Will Parson/Chesapeake Bay Program</figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p dir="ltr">A changing climate will affect the Chesapeake Bay. Some effects鈥攍ike rising seas, warming water temperatures and prolonged periods of extreme weather鈥攈ave already been observed in the region. Other impacts include a rise in coastal flooding and shoreline erosion and changes in wildlife abundance and migration patterns.<br /></p> <h2 id="how-is-climate-change-affecting-the-chesapeake-bay">How is climate change affecting the Chesapeake Bay?</h2> <p dir="ltr">The Chesapeake Bay is one of the most vulnerable regions in the nation to the effects of climate change. Some of these effects鈥攊ncluding rising water temperatures and sea levels鈥攈ave already been observed, and the region is expected to experience further shifts in environmental conditions.<br /></p> <h3 id="rising-seas">Rising seas</h3> <p>According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), two factors have contributed to sea level rise around the world: thermal expansion caused by the warming of the oceans, and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets. Over the past century, Bay waters have risen about one foot, and are <a href="http://www.conservationfund.org/projects/climate-change-and-the-chesapeake-bay/">predicted</a> to rise another 1.3 to 5.2 feet over the next 100 years. This is faster than the global average, because the land around the Bay is sinking through a process called subsidence.</p> <aside class="numberCallout"> <h3 id="1-3-5-2-feet" class="numberCallout__title">1.3 - 5.2 feet</h3> <p class="numberCallout__body">Predicted rise of Bay waters over the next 100 years</p> </aside> <p>As water levels rise, so will coastal flooding and erosion. Marshes and wetlands will be inundated with saltwater and will disappear faster than wetland plants can populate higher ground. A loss of marshes and <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/wetlands">wetlands</a> will mean a loss of the habitat that traps pollution and provides food and shelter to fish, shellfish and birds.</p> <h3 id="warming-temperatures">Warming temperatures</h3> <figure id="986b3a18-8cd1-485c-9c4b-7116f7bd3852" class="responsiveMedia figure mediaLeft"> <img class="responsiveMedia__image figure__image" src="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/_900xAUTO_crop_center-center_100_none/climate-change-info-1.gif" srcset="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/_1800xAUTO_crop_center-center_100_none/climate-change-info-1.gif 2x" width="900" height="417" alt="Animated infographic shows how water temperature in the Chesapeake Bay region's rivers and streams has increased since 1960."><figcaption class="figure__caption"> As air temperatures rise, so do water temperatures. Warmer waters place stress on aquatic plants and animals like brook trout. These native trout can only survive in clean, cool water. (Data provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.) <details class="accordion figure__longdesc" style="--mt:2"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link">Show image description</summary> <div class="accordion__body" style="--accordionBodyBlockSpacing:.1em"> <p>The animated infographic shows a river habitat that contains aquatic plants and fish. On the right side of the graphic, an old-fashioned glass thermometer contains red liquid. At the beginning of the animation, the plants are green, the river contains plentiful brook trout, and the liquid in the thermometer indicates that in 1960, the water temperature was 68.3 degrees Fahrenheit. As the animation progresses, the plants turn brown, the brook trout disappear and the liquid in the thermometer rises. By the end of the animation, the plants are dead, there are only two brook trout remaining and the liquid in the thermometer indicates that in 2014, the water temperature was 69.5 degrees.</p> </div> </details> </figcaption> </figure> <p>According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), <a href="https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators">average temperatures</a> across the northeastern United States rose almost 2 degrees Fahrenheit (F) between 1895 and 2011. Projections indicate warming of 4.5 to 10 degrees in the region by the 2080s.</p> <aside class="numberCallout"> <h3 id="1-2" class="numberCallout__title">1.2</h3> <p class="numberCallout__body">The degrees, in Fahrenheit, that water temperature in the region's rivers and streams increased between 1960 and 2014</p> </aside> <p dir="ltr">Warmer air means warmer water, and warmer water means a change in aquatic habitats. Eelgrass, for instance, becomes stressed when waters are warmer than 86 degrees Fahrenheit for long periods of time; a loss of eelgrass would affect the fish, crabs and waterfowl that use grass beds for food and shelter. According to a study by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), warming water temperatures have been recorded in <a href="http://www.umces.edu/research-highlights/chesapeake-bay-surface-water-temperature-increasing-over-time">more than 92 percent</a> of the Bay's waters. And a <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/news/blog/rising_air_temperatures_lead_to_warming_streams_in_chesapeake_bay_region">study by USGS</a> found an overall increase of 1.98 degrees F in air temperatures and 2.52 degrees in stream temperatures in the Chesapeake Bay region from 1960 to 2010. Warmer waters are also less able to hold oxygen. A drop in <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/ecosystem/dissolved_oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> means a rise in the dead zones that suffocate marine life.</p> <h3 id="extreme-weather">Extreme weather</h3> <p>According to the EPA, between 1958 and 2012, the northeastern United States saw a more than 70 percent increase in the amount of rainfall measured during heavy precipitation events鈥攎ore than any other region in the nation. Strong rain and snow storms can damage crops, erode soil and increase flooding. Floods can damage ports, marinas and historical monuments and threaten buildings, sewer systems, roads and tunnels.</p> <h3 id="ocean-acidification">Ocean acidification</h3> <p dir="ltr">As the amount of carbon dioxide in the air rises, so does the amount of carbon dioxide in our oceans. When oceans absorb carbon dioxide, the chemical compound reacts with seawater to produce carbonic acid. This raises acidity levels and lowers carbonate ion levels, making it harder for oysters and other shellfish to produce the calcium carbonate needed to form their shells. A loss of oysters and their reefs would affect water quality and habitat.<br /></p> <h3 id="changes-in-wildlife">Changes in wildlife</h3> <p dir="ltr">Climate change is altering the abundance of wildlife and their migration patterns. The timing of leaf growth and flower blooms, for instance, has changed across the United States. North American birds鈥攊ncluding the ducks, geese and other waterfowl that spend cold months in the Bay鈥檚 marshes and wetlands鈥攈ave shifted their wintering grounds northward and farther from the coast. And data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) show 60 percent of the northeast鈥檚 major fish stocks have shifted toward colder northern waters since the mid-twentieth century. Warming air and water temperatures could also favor the introduction of new, potentially <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/invasive_species">invasive</a> species.<br /></p> <h2 id="how-do-extreme-weather-events-impact-the-chesapeake-bay">How do extreme weather events impact the Chesapeake Bay?</h2> <p dir="ltr">Under normal weather conditions, fresh water flowing from rivers and streams makes up about half of the Bay鈥檚 entire water volume. But extremes in rainfall鈥攚hether too much or too little鈥攃an have varying effects on the Bay ecosystem.</p> <p dir="ltr"> </p> <p dir="ltr">During large rain events, river flow increases, pouring more fresh water into the Bay and decreasing the Bay鈥檚 salinity. Stormwater runoff pushes nutrients, sediment and other pollutants off of the land and into rivers and streams.</p> <p dir="ltr"> </p> <p dir="ltr">During periods of little rainfall or drought, river flow decreases, reducing the amount of fresh water flowing into the Bay. Prolonged periods of low fresh water flow can allow saltier ocean water to move further up the Bay, affecting the behavior of several aquatic species. Some <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/whats-at-risk/underwater-grasses">underwater grasses</a> cannot survive in saltwater, and while oyster spat sets can be higher in saltier waters, so, too, can the prevalence of two common oyster diseases.</p> <p dir="ltr"> </p> <p dir="ltr">Changes in water temperature can affect the reproduction and behavior of fish, crabs and oysters, as well as underwater plants. Because the Chesapeake is the southernmost reach of eelgrass鈥檚 Atlantic growing range, higher than average water temperatures can impact this vital grass species. In 2005, too-warm water temperatures caused a large-scale loss of eelgrass in Tangier Sound.</p> <p dir="ltr"> </p> <p>Hot summer months can help algae flourish, and the resulting algae blooms can block sunlight from reaching underwater grass beds. Algae blooms can also produce toxins that cause widespread fish kills and lead to low-oxygen dead zones that suffocate marine life. Temperature also plays a critical role in determining the amount of <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/ecosystem/dissolved_oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> in Bay waters. The cooler the water, the more oxygen it can hold.</p> <h2 id="how-you-can-help">How you can help</h2> <p>To combat climate change in the Bay watershed, consider lowering <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/air_pollution">air pollution</a> by walking, biking or taking public transportation when possible; or using electric or manual lawn mowers and yard tools instead of gas-powered machines.</p> <aside class="callout callout--progress"> <h2 class="callout__title">Partnership goals<span class="appendedIcon">&zwj;<img src="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/assets/images/progress-logo--icon.svg" width="84" height="37" alt=""></span></h2> <p>The Chesapeake Bay Program is committed to reducing the impacts of climate change through two outcomes: <a href="https://www.chesapeakeprogress.com/climate-change/climate-adaptation">Climate Adaptation</a> and <a href="https://www.chesapeakeprogress.com/climate-change/climate-monitoring-and-assessment">Climate Monitoring and Assessment</a>. Through these outcomes, the partnership pursues projects that protect communities and aquatic ecosystems of the Bay from the impacts of coastal erosion, coastal flooding, more intense and more frequent storms and sea level rise, as well as monitor and assess the trends and likely impacts of changing climatic and sea level conditions. </p> <a href="https://www.chesapeakeprogress.com/climate-change/climate-adaptation" class="pageLink--inverse" target="_blank">Track our work at ChesapeakeProgress.com<span class="appendedIcon">&zwj;<i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></span></a> </aside> </div> <div class="l-twoColumn__asides" id="two-column-asides"> <aside class="panel loboOwl"> <h2 class="h4">FAQ</h2> <div class="ladder"> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link"><h3 class="u-step-0">How will climate change affect the Chesapeake Bay?</h3></summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p> Climate change, sometimes called global warming, has led to sea-level rise and <a href="/state/climate_change">increased temperatures</a> in the Chesapeake Bay and around the world. Other predicted effects of climate change include prolonged periods of extreme weather and changes in ocean chemistry, wildlife abundance and wildlife migration patterns.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link"><h3 class="u-step-0">How rapidly is sea level rising in the Chesapeake Bay?</h3></summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p> Over the past century, Chesapeake Bay waters have risen about one foot, and are predicted to rise another 1.3 to 5.2 feet over the next 100 years. This is faster than the global average because the land around the Bay is sinking through a process called subsidence.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link"><h3 class="u-step-0">What is ocean acidification?</h3></summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>Ocean acidification occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to produce carbonic acid. This raises surrounding acidity levels and lowers carbonate ion levels, making it harder for oysters and other shellfish to produce the calcium carbonate needed to form their shells.</p> </div> </details> <div> <a href="/discover/faq" class="pageLink">More FAQs<span class="appendedIcon">&zwj;<i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></span></a> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="panel loboOwl"> <h2 class="h4">Terms</h2> <div class="ladder"> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Dead zone</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>A condition where no oxygen is present in the water. Dead zones are often caused by the decomposition of algae blooms.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Dissolved oxygen (DO)</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>The amount of oxygen that is present in the water. It is measured in units of milligrams per liter (mg/L), or the milligrams of oxygen dissolved in a liter of water. Just like humans, all of the Bay's living creatures need oxygen to survive.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Erosion</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>The disruption or movement of soil by wind, water or ice, occurring naturally or as a result of land use practices.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Migration</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Precipitation</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>Rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls to the ground.</p> </div> </details> <details class="accordion"> <summary class="accordion__handle accordion__handle--link u-bold">Wetland</summary> <div class="accordion__body"> <p>A transitional zone between land and water that is periodically flooded. For example, marshes, swamps and bogs are all wetlands.</p> </div> </details> <div> <a href="/discover/glossary" class="pageLink">All Terms<span class="appendedIcon">&zwj;<i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></span></a> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="loboOwl" style="--mt:8"> <h2 class="h3">Related Issues</h2> <div class="xScroll xScroll--cards xScroll--cancelForTabletUp"> <div class="xScroll__items"> <article class="card card--cta xScroll__item"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/threats-to-the-bay/dead-zone" class="card__link">The Dead Zone</a> </h3> </div> <figure class="card__imageCont"> <img class="card__image" src="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_431x287_crop_center-center_none/9.19_dead-zone_thumbnail.jpg" width="431" height="287" srcset="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_862x574_crop_center-center_none/9.19_dead-zone_thumbnail.jpg 2x" alt="Dead fish wash up on a beach." /> </figure> </article> <article class="card card--cta xScroll__item"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/threats-to-the-bay/nutrient-runoff" class="card__link">Nutrient Runoff</a> </h3> </div> <figure class="card__imageCont"> <img class="card__image" src="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_431x287_crop_center-center_none/06.17_nutrients_issues_image.jpg" width="431" height="287" srcset="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_862x574_crop_center-center_none/06.17_nutrients_issues_image.jpg 2x" alt="Algae growth is seen in a polluted stream." /> </figure> </article> <article class="card card--cta xScroll__item"> <div class="card__body"> <h3 class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/issues/threats-to-the-bay/air-pollution" class="card__link">Air Pollution</a> </h3> </div> <figure class="card__imageCont"> <img class="card__image" src="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_431x287_crop_center-center_none/06.17_airpollution_issues_image.jpg" width="431" height="287" srcset="https://www.chesapeakebay.net/files/images/content/_862x574_crop_center-center_none/06.17_airpollution_issues_image.jpg 2x" alt="Two smokestacks releasing emissions." /> </figure> </article> </div> </div> <div> <a href="/issues" class="pageLink">View All Issues<span class="appendedIcon">&zwj;<i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></span></a> </div> </aside> </div> </section> </article> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__callout"> <div class="contentContainer"> <h2 class="footer__calloutHeader">Connect with us. 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