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join Stalwarts against Hayes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blaine_supporters_temporarily_join_Stalwarts_against_Hayes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880_United_States_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880_United_States_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1880 United States presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880_United_States_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garfield_Administrations,_assassination,_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garfield_Administrations,_assassination,_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Garfield Administrations, assassination, aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garfield_Administrations,_assassination,_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1884:_Mugwumps_replace_Half-Breeds_as_role_of_"reformer"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1884:_Mugwumps_replace_Half-Breeds_as_role_of_"reformer""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1884: Mugwumps replace Half-Breeds as role of "reformer"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1884:_Mugwumps_replace_Half-Breeds_as_role_of_"reformer"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breed_(politics)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-Breed (politics)">Half-Breed (politics)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political faction in United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Half-Breeds</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">• <a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry L. Dawes</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Blair" title="Henry W. Blair">Henry W. Blair</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-convert_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a><sup id="cite_ref-convert_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin Smith Morrill</a><sup id="cite_ref-georgeedmundsbio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgeedmundsbio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-convert_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a><sup id="cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfieldandarthur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-convert_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• <a href="/wiki/William_H._Robertson" title="William H. Robertson">William H. Robertson</a><sup id="cite_ref-convert_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">1877</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;">• <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption#Opposition_to_corruption" title="Political corruption">Anti-corruption</a><br />• Anti-<a href="/wiki/Grantism" title="Grantism">Grantism</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• Pro-industry<br />• <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a><br />• Pro-<a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">civil service</a> reform<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />• Pro-<a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">merit system</a><br />• Anti-<a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical Liberalism</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Center</a> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">Center-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<b>Half-Breeds</b>" were a <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political faction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">United States Republican Party</a> in the late 19th century. </p><p>The Half-Breeds were a comparably moderate group, and were the opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a>, the other main faction of the Republican Party. The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was <a href="/wiki/Patronage#United_States" title="Patronage">political patronage</a>. The Stalwarts were in favor of <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>–style patronage, while the Half-Breeds, later led by <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were in favor of <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> reform and a <a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">merit system</a>. The epithet "Half-Breed" was invented in derision by the Stalwarts to denote those whom they perceived as being "only half Republican".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a> in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes era</a> is commonly attributed as the congressional Half-Breeds, although this is erroneous. Blaine's political organization during this time formed an informal coalition with the Stalwarts in opposition towards aspects of the Hayes administration,<sup id="cite_ref-banks,p.5-6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banks,p.5-6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a notion affirmed by the writings of Richard E. Welch Jr. </p><p>In spite of the faction's broad advocacy of civil service reform in their decries of corruption, several members were known to have engaged in illicit practices for personal or partisan benefits. Congressman and Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry L. Dawes</a> was revealed as a stockholder for Crédit Mobilier amidst the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">scandal</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a> of Vermont was later suspected by <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Richard F. Pettigrew</a> of being "distinctly dishonest" and a "senatorial bribe-taker."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Sherman-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/220px-John-Sherman-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/330px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/440px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would join the congressional Half-Breeds.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s policies pertaining to the Union Army were criticized by <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> as too lenient against the South. This powerful GOP bloc which included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Winter_Davis" title="Henry Winter Davis">Henry Winter Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> continuously criticized Lincoln for failing to advance as efficiently as possible, and the president's more staunch supporters were the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "moderate" Republicans Lincoln led were at odds with the Radicals and favored more conciliatory Reconstruction policies. Their ranks would later be joined during the Johnson presidency by some former Radical Republicans who were "reformers," including Sumner, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>. </p><p>Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Jenckes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Jenckes">Thomas A. Jenckes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> introduced legislation pushing for mild civil service reform,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was enacted. Jenckes, who disregarded the plight of Southern blacks facing danger from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left office before the congressional "Half-Breeds" obtained its reputation as a functioning bloc, though can be viewed as a forerunner to the faction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_leadership">Ideology and leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology and leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a>, leading member of the Half-Breed ranks from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Half-Breeds had no rigid organization as a congressional bloc and were viewed as merely a group of disgruntled Blaine supporters promoting factionalism, their influence proved to be highly significant.<sup id="cite_ref-georgefrisbiehoar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgefrisbiehoar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They viewed the term attributed negatively to them as either badges of honor or an identifying mark, a parallel to the Democratic Party's embracing of the donkey as their symbol after <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a> were dubbed "jackasses." </p><p>When accused of lacking sufficient political loyalty to the Republican Party, Half-Breeds would often accuse Stalwarts of holding excessive allegiance to their associated political machines and patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-georgefrisbiehoar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgefrisbiehoar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's ambitions, aside from moderate civil service reform,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included advocating <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial</a> strength, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> interests, higher protective tariffs,<sup id="cite_ref-levipmorton_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levipmorton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanding markets abroad, and a business-friendly currency system on the national level. </p><p>According to Professor Richard E. Welch Jr., the Half-Breeds were "party regulars" who "damned" bolters, were not uniformly independent in political nature nor advocates of the spoils system, and more intelligent than personal in comparison to the Stalwarts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, who led the faction in 1880, was personally opposed to civil service reform<sup id="cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfieldandarthur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed questionable policies pushed by President Hayes. He emerged as one of its main members largely due to sheer contempt for Stalwart <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-levipmorton_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levipmorton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pertaining to a rivalry dating back to the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sources published in the contemporary era tend to attribute leadership of the Half-Breeds to Blaine and sometimes even suggest that Blaine himself was a supporter of civil service reform, which is misleading and erroneous. Per the writings of Professor Welch:<sup id="cite_ref-p.91_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.91-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the middle of the Hayes’s administration certain politicians were already representative of the goals and prejudices of Half-Breed Republicanism. Not James G. Blaine—who at this point represented a particular wing of the Stalwarts and became a Half-Breed only with the campaign of 1880—but men like Hayes, Hoar, <a href="/wiki/George_Edmunds" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edmunds">George Edmunds</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William Wheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Blair" title="Henry W. Blair">Henry Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Evarts" class="mw-redirect" title="William Evarts">William Evarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_McCrary" class="mw-redirect" title="George McCrary">George McCrary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry Dawes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Welch, p. 91</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Viewpoints on civil rights varied among members of the Half-Breed faction. Some such as Hayes, Evarts, McCrary and Wheeler were willing to entirely abandon Reconstruction efforts and surrender the South to the <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a>, while the more pro-civil rights Hoar and Blair favored an alternative to military Reconstruction in the form of increased public education funding to elevate a large percentage of Southern blacks from illiteracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GOP_campaign,_1876"><span id="GOP_campaign.2C_1876"></span>GOP campaign, 1876</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: GOP campaign, 1876"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1876 presidential election, the Republican National Convention nominated <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford Hayes">Rutherford Hayes</a> and William Wheeler to head the party ticket for the general election. Both Hayes and Wheeler sought to peel away Democrat support from the South by voicing conciliatory tones,<sup id="cite_ref-williamwheelerbio_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwheelerbio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempting to draw support from upper-class old Southern Whigs who eventually joined the Democratic Party when the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> collapsed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/210px-William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/315px-William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/420px-William_M._Evarts_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a>, a Half-Breed involved in the Compromise of 1877.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> asked at the party convention whether delegates would continue to uphold the constitutional rights of blacks, or if they intended to "get along without the vote of the black man in the South."<sup id="cite_ref-williamwheelerbio_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwheelerbio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes and Wheeler chose the latter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hayes_presidency">Hayes presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hayes presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> that resolved the controversies and disputes of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876 presidential election</a> gave the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> to Hayes over <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>. Soon after taking office, Hayes abandoned his past <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicanism</a> and along with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> pulled federal troops from the Southern states of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mccrary_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccrary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all but ensuring a Jim Crow Democrat takeover of the region. </p><p>President Hayes also pushed for civil service reform,<sup id="cite_ref-roscoeconklingbio1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roscoeconklingbio1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aligning himself with the Half-Breeds. Seeking to curb the powers of Conkling and the latter's powerful <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> political machine, Hayes removed a number of the senator's allies from the state's <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setback_and_rebuke">Setback and rebuke</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Setback and rebuke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a> was a highly prized position, as the port functioned as a center of international trade between the United States and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-npsbasicinfo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsbasicinfo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes vainly attempted to wrest control of appointments to the position from the Conkling machine to no avail, twice failing to appoint a like-minded political figure due to the successful congressional blockade initiated by the Stalwarts. </p><p>Soon afterwards, Conkling appointed close ally and future president <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> to the post of Collector.<sup id="cite_ref-npsbasicinfo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsbasicinfo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur proved to be corrupt, giving away jobs only on the basis of party affiliation with no regard for competence and qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes then investigated the Customs House, and along with John Sherman (the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>) removed Arthur from the position.<sup id="cite_ref-npsbasicinfo_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsbasicinfo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blaine_supporters_temporarily_join_Stalwarts_against_Hayes">Blaine supporters temporarily join Stalwarts against Hayes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blaine supporters temporarily join Stalwarts against Hayes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hayes' decision to remove Arthur from the New York Customs House angered not only Stalwarts but even elicited the criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a>, who questioned the wisdom of the action and had earlier stood side-by-side with the president.<sup id="cite_ref-ucf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any remaining hopes of a party renomination for Hayes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880 presidential election</a> depended on support from potential Blaine supporters. With this needed bolstering evaporating, he faced no chance of becoming the Republican nominee for the race.<sup id="cite_ref-ucf_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Blaine_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaine organization">Blaine organization</a> instead turned to advocate a nomination of their leader, Senator Blaine.<sup id="cite_ref-npsbasicinfo_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsbasicinfo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hayes years, Blaine frequently joined Stalwarts in voting against the president's nominees, including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin Atkins Merritt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Silas_W._Burt" title="Silas W. Burt">Silas W. Burt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomination of Roosevelt Sr. was supported by Democrats and several Half-Breed leaders such as Hoar, but was defeated by the majority of Republicans under the leadership of Conkling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880_United_States_presidential_election">1880 United States presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1880 United States presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a>, the Stalwart candidate, former president <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, was pitted against <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> for the party nomination. Grant's campaign was led by Stalwart leaders <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Donald Cameron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> of New York, the state with the deepest split between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. Despite Conkling's attempts at imposing a unit-rule in the Republican National Convention by which a state's votes would be grouped together for only one candidate,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of Stalwarts went against him by vocalizing their support for Blaine. Half-Breeds and the <a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a> united to defeat the unit-rule in a vote, and elected Half-Breed <a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a> to the position as temporary chairman of the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoar was later appointed as permanent chairman of the convention. </p><p>Both sides knew there was no chance of victory for either candidate, and the Half-Breeds chose <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a> as a compromise candidate. Garfield won the party's nomination on the thirty-sixth ballot,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">general election</a> narrowly.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garfield_Administrations,_assassination,_aftermath"><span id="Garfield_Administrations.2C_assassination.2C_aftermath"></span>Garfield Administrations, assassination, aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garfield Administrations, assassination, aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="5820" /></a><figcaption>Senator James G. Blaine, a convert into the Half-Breeds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Blaine was chosen as Garfield's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, and carried heavy influence over the political appointments Garfield issued for congressional approval. After Garfield was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, a self-professed Stalwart, who proclaimed, "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur will be President,"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new Stalwart president <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Half-Breeds put through Congress the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> (authored by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>), and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16, 1883. The act put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>, at least symbolically, placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform. The act also set up the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>, banished political tests, denied jobs to alcoholics and created competitive measures for some federal positions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Senate Republicans present voted for the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to all but seven House Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary opposition thus came from Democrats who likely voted against it due to the party's Jacksonian roots.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garfieldandarthur-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pendleton Act notably did not elicit enthusiastic support from Half-Breed Blaine,<sup id="cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmundsdownfallp.130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who continued his personal antipathy towards civil service reform.<sup id="cite_ref-georgeedmundsbio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgeedmundsbio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1884:_Mugwumps_replace_Half-Breeds_as_role_of_"reformer""><span id="1884:_Mugwumps_replace_Half-Breeds_as_role_of_.22reformer.22"></span>1884: Mugwumps replace Half-Breeds as role of "reformer"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1884: Mugwumps replace Half-Breeds as role of "reformer""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884 presidential election</a>, President Arthur found insufficient support for his re-election campaign, and faced a formidable challenge from Blaine.<sup id="cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmundsdownfallp.130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformers, including future president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, pushed again to nominate Edmunds. However, the Vermont senator had no intention of seeking the presidency, stating to Hoar in a conversation at some point:<sup id="cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmundsdownfallp.130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If I know myself I have no desire to be president . . . I would say so in a public letter but I suppose the chances of my nomination are so slight that it might seem ridiculous to decline.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edmunds in a conversation with Hoar, 1884</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-George_F._Edmunds_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>Half-Breed Edmunds refused to support Blaine in 1884.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican National Convention ultimately nominated Half-Breed Blaine and former Stalwart <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> to head the party ticket. With both factions appeased, the majority of Republicans on both sides actively organized the GOP campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-johnloganbiop.186_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnloganbiop.186-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to both Blaine and Logan having a record of favoring the spoils system over civil service reform, "reformers" in the <a href="/wiki/Mugwump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugwump">Mugwump</a> faction such as <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> opposed the party ticket and instead supported the pro-civil service reform <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a> nominee, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a> figure <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, known in part for previously voting against convicting <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, denounced the Blaine/Logan ticket and stated that their potential victory would lead to "partisanship, abuses, and corruption."<sup id="cite_ref-johnloganbiop.186_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnloganbiop.186-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mugwumps in effect replaced the role of the Half-Breeds as advocates of reform who broke from party traditions. </p><p>Logan's presence on the party ticket helped draw enthusiastic support from blacks due to his record of staunchly advocating for civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnloganbiop.187-88-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the backing of abolitionist and renowned black leader <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>. Most Half-Breeds were skeptical of Logan, though supported the ticket out of party unity; this included Rutherford Hayes, who called the nomination a "blunder and misfortune" though viewed a Democrat victory as a "serious calamity."<sup id="cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnloganbiop.187-88-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half-Breed <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> expressed similar sentiment, calling Logan "coarse, suspicious, revengeful" yet voicing support for the GOP ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnloganbiop.187-88-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all Half-Breeds supported the ticket; Sen. <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a>, who believed a true Half-Breed must support civil service reform and thus distrusted Blaine,<sup id="cite_ref-levipmorton_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levipmorton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declined to give the pair any support throughout the campaign. He viewed his Maine colleague as a mere selfish opportunist and refused to support the pair, writing:<sup id="cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmundsdownfallp.130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is my deliberate opinion that Senator Blaine acts as the attorney of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>. Whenever Mr. [Allen G.] Thurman and I have settled upon legislation to bring the Pacific Railroad to terms of equity with the government, up has jumped Mr. James G. Blaine musket in hand, from behind the breastworks of Jay Gould’s lobby to fire in our faces.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edmunds, 1884</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Stalwart leader Conkling, who by this time retired from political life, still maintained his personal disdain for Blaine to such an extent that even Logan's presence on the ticket did not prompt him to campaign for the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked to bolster Blaine, he bluntly responded: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do not engage in criminal practice.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Conkling, 1884</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the general election, the Blaine/Logan ticket lost to Cleveland, particularly failing to carry the state of New York due to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Burchard_(minister)" title="Samuel D. Burchard (minister)">Samuel D. Burchard</a>, a Protestant minister associated with Blaine who attacked the Democrats as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remark was seized by Democrats, who riled up Irish Catholics to turn out against the Republicans. Following the results, Grand Army of the Republic leader Mortimer D. Leggett stated:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There would now be no doubt about the result if our ticket had been the other end up.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leggett, leader of the G.A.R.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Half-Breed and Stalwart factions both dissolved towards the end of the 1880s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_In_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican In Name Only">Republican In Name Only</a>, a contemporary designation for Republican Party members deemed insufficiently loyal to the Party or insufficiently conservative in their views.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWelch_Jr.1971" class="citation web cs1">Welch Jr., Richard E. (January 1, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674436787">"George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans"</a>. <i>Harvard.edu</i>. Harvard University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2022</span>. <q>George Frisbie Hoar (1826–1904), whose national career spans the period from the Gilded Age to the Progressive Movement, was a Radical Republican who became one of the original Half-Breed Republicans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard.edu&rft.atitle=George+Frisbie+Hoar+and+the+Half-Breed+Republicans&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft.aulast=Welch+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674436787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-Breeds+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgeedmundsbio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgeedmundsbio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgeedmundsbio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GeorgeEdmunds.pdf"><i>George Edmunds of Vermont: Republican Half-Breed</i></a>, p. 67–69. <i>Vermont History</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garfieldandarthur-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garfieldandarthur_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisberger, Bernard A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/james-garfield-and-chester-arthur">James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. 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Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/arthur-chester">Arthur, Chester A.</a> <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucf-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucf_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucf_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osushistory/chapter/the-key-political-issues-patronage-tariffs-and-gold/">The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold</a>. <i>University of Central Florida</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/45-2/s95">TO CONSENT TO THE NOMINATION OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT AS COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS AT NEW YORK.</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/45-3/s394">TO CONSENT TO THE NOMINATION OF EDWIN A. MERRITT AS COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/45-3/s395">TO CONSENT TO THE NOMINATION OF SILAS W. BURT AS NAVAL OFFICER IN THE DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkhorsesurpris00acke/page/24"><i>Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield</i></a>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkhorsesurpris00acke/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1151-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1151-5"><bdi>0-7867-1151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse%3A+The+Surprise+Election+and+Political+Murder+of+President+James+A.+Garfield&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7867-1151-5&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkhorsesurpris00acke%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-Breeds+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernon1997" class="citation book cs1">Hernon, Joseph Martin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesincharac0000hern/page/108"><i>Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990</i></a>. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesincharac0000hern/page/108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-937-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-937-5"><bdi>1-56324-937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Character%3A+Hubris+and+Heroism+in+the+U.S.+Senate%2C+1789%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe%2C+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56324-937-5&rft.aulast=Hernon&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofilesincharac0000hern%2Fpage%2F108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-Breeds+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman (2003), p. 120-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman (2003), p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman (2003), p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Patrick (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028638218"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to the American Presidents</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>: Alpha Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780028638218/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-863821-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-863821-2"><bdi>0-02-863821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+the+American+Presidents&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-02-863821-2&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780028638218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-Breeds+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sauer (2000), p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646">TO PASS S. 133.</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272">TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmundsdownfallp.130-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmundsdownfallp.130_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Benjamin (Summer–Fall 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vermonthistory.org/journal/87/VH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf">"The Downfall of Senator George F. Edmunds: The Election of 1884"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vermont History</i>. <b>87</b> (2): 130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1544-3043">1544-3043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vermont+History&rft.atitle=The+Downfall+of+Senator+George+F.+Edmunds%3A+The+Election+of+1884&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1544-3043&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvermonthistory.org%2Fjournal%2F87%2FVH8702DownfallOfEdmunds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-Breeds+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnloganbiop.186-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnloganbiop.186_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnloganbiop.186_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, James Pickett (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkCCUxeyW8C"><i>John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois</i></a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnloganbiop.187-88-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnloganbiop.187-88_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois</i>, p. 187–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois</i>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNamara, Robert (July 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-election-of-1884-1773938">The Scandalous Election of 1884</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. Retrieved February 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois</i>, p. 195.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-convert-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-convert_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-convert_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-convert_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-convert_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-convert_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This member was a convert into the Half-Breed faction as opposed to being an original member since the Hayes era.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Moderate" in this specific context refers to the degree of eagerness in war policy without regard to overall political ideology; Lincoln in this sense was "moderate" in terms of leading the Union during the Civil War even though he was quite conservative on other issues such as economics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spoils system was originally a principle of the Jacksonian Democrats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rum was a reference to saloon keepers, "Romanism" meant Catholicism, and "rebellion" referred to the Confederacy.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peskin, Allan (Winter 1984–1985). "Who Were the Stalwarts? Who Were Their Rivals? Republican Factions in the Gilded Age". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 99#4: 703–716. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150708">2150708</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&oldid=1257403102">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-Breeds_(politics)&oldid=1257403102</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Half-Breeds_(Republican_Party)" title="Category:Half-Breeds (Republican Party)">Half-Breeds (Republican Party)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Category:Assassination of James A. 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