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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objects_By_Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objects_By_Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Objects By Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objects_By_Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_By_Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_By_Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Data By Value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_By_Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objects_By_Value_(OBV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objects_By_Value_(OBV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Objects By Value (OBV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objects_By_Value_(OBV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CORBA_Component_Model_(CCM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CORBA_Component_Model_(CCM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>CORBA Component Model (CCM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CORBA_Component_Model_(CCM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portable_interceptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_interceptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Portable interceptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portable_interceptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_InterORB_Protocol_(GIOP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_InterORB_Protocol_(GIOP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>General InterORB Protocol (GIOP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_InterORB_Protocol_(GIOP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VMCID_(Vendor_Minor_Codeset_ID)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VMCID_(Vendor_Minor_Codeset_ID)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>VMCID (Vendor Minor Codeset ID)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VMCID_(Vendor_Minor_Codeset_ID)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corba_Location_(CorbaLoc)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corba_Location_(CorbaLoc)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Corba Location (CorbaLoc)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corba_Location_(CorbaLoc)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Problems and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Software engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Component-based_software_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Component-based_software_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Component-based software technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Component-based_software_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_bindings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_bindings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Language bindings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_bindings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="كوربا (حاسوب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوربا (حاسوب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کوربا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوربا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%86%B5_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%9A%94%EA%B5%AC_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%90_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="공통 객체 요구 매개자 구조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공통 객체 요구 매개자 구조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="कोर्बा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोर्बा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA" title="CORBA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CORBA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Common Object Request Broker Architecture</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">CORBA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">3.4<br />February 2021<span class="noprint">; 3 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corba.org/">www<wbr />.corba<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Common Object Request Broker Architecture</b> (<b>CORBA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverse <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a>. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, and computing hardware. CORBA uses an object-oriented model although the systems that use the CORBA do not have to be object-oriented. CORBA is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Distributed_object" title="Distributed object">distributed object</a> paradigm. </p><p>While briefly popular in the mid to late 1990s, CORBA's complexity, inconsistency, and high licensing costs have relegated it to being a niche technology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CORBA enables communication between software written in different languages and running on different computers. Implementation details from specific operating systems, programming languages, and hardware platforms are all removed from the responsibility of developers who use CORBA. CORBA normalizes the method-call semantics between application objects residing either in the same address-space (application) or in remote address-spaces (same host, or remote host on a network). Version 1.0 was released in October 1991. </p><p>CORBA uses an <a href="/wiki/Interface_definition_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface definition language">interface definition language</a> (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects present to the outer world. CORBA then specifies a <i>mapping</i> from IDL to a specific implementation language like <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. Standard mappings exist for <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>. Non-standard mappings exist for <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> implemented by <a href="/wiki/Object_request_broker" title="Object request broker">object request brokers</a> (ORBs) written for those languages. Versions of IDL have changed significantly with annotations replacing some pragmas. </p><p>The CORBA specification dictates there shall be an ORB through which an application would interact with other objects. This is how it is implemented in practice: </p> <ol><li>The application initializes the ORB, and accesses an internal <i>Object Adapter</i>, which maintains things like <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>, object (and reference) instantiation policies, and object lifetime policies.</li> <li>The Object Adapter is used to register instances of the <i>generated code classes</i>. Generated code classes are the result of compiling the user IDL code, which translates the high-level interface definition into an OS- and language-specific class base for use by the user application. This step is necessary in order to enforce CORBA semantics and provide a clean user process for interfacing with the CORBA infrastructure.</li></ol> <p>Some IDL mappings are more difficult to use than others. For example, due to the nature of Java, the IDL-Java mapping is rather straightforward and makes usage of CORBA very simple in a Java application. This is also true of the IDL to Python mapping. The C++ mapping requires the programmer to learn datatypes that predate the C++ <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</a> (STL). By contrast, the C++11 mapping is easier to use, but requires heavy use of the STL. Since the C language is not object-oriented, the IDL to C mapping requires a C programmer to manually emulate object-oriented features. </p><p>In order to build a system that uses or implements a CORBA-based distributed object interface, a developer must either obtain or write the IDL code that defines the object-oriented interface to the logic the system will use or implement. Typically, an ORB implementation includes a tool called an IDL compiler that translates the IDL interface into the target language for use in that part of the system. A traditional compiler then compiles the generated code to create the linkable-object files for use in the application. This diagram illustrates how the generated code is used within the CORBA infrastructure: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orb.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the autogeneration of the infrastructure code from an interface defined using the CORBA IDL"><img alt="Illustration of the autogeneration of the infrastructure code from an interface defined using the CORBA IDL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Orb.svg/401px-Orb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="401" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Orb.svg/602px-Orb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Orb.svg/802px-Orb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the autogeneration of the infrastructure code from an interface defined using the CORBA IDL</figcaption></figure> <p>This figure illustrates the high-level paradigm for remote interprocess communications using CORBA. The CORBA specification further addresses data typing, exceptions, network protocols, communication timeouts, etc. For example: Normally the server side has the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Object_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Object Adapter">Portable Object Adapter</a> (POA) that redirects calls either to the local <a href="/wiki/Servant_(CORBA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant (CORBA)">servants</a> or (to balance the load) to the other servers. The CORBA specification (and thus this figure) leaves various aspects of distributed system to the application to define including object lifetimes (although reference counting semantics are available to applications), redundancy/fail-over, memory management, dynamic load balancing, and application-oriented models such as the separation between display/data/control semantics (e.g. see <a href="/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">Model–view–controller</a>), etc. </p><p>In addition to providing users with a language and a platform-neutral <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) specification, CORBA defines commonly needed services such as transactions and security, events, time, and other domain-specific interface models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions_history">Versions history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Versions history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table presents the history of CORBA standard versions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="60">Version </th> <th width="110">Version Date </th> <th width="400">Highlights </th> <th width="60">Corba IDL Version </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0</td> <td>October 1991</td> <td>First version, C mapping</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.1</td> <td>February 1992</td> <td>Interoperability, C++ mapping</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.2</td> <td>December 1993</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0</td> <td>August 1996</td> <td>First major update of the standard, also dubbed <b>CORBA 2</b></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.1</td> <td>August 1997</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.2</td> <td>February 1998</td> <td>Java mapping</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.3</td> <td>June 1999</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.4</td> <td>August 2000</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.5</td> <td>September 2001</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.6</td> <td>December 2001</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0</td> <td>July 2002</td> <td>Second major update of the standard, also dubbed <b>CORBA 3</b><br />CORBA Component Model (CCM)</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.1</td> <td>November 2002</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.2</td> <td>December 2002</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.3</td> <td>March 2004</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1</td> <td>January 2008</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1.1</td> <td>August 2011</td> <td>Adopted as 2012 edition of ISO/IEC 19500</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2</td> <td>November 2011</td> <td></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.3</td> <td>November 2012</td> <td>Addition of ZIOP</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4</td> <td>February 2021</td> <td>Annotations</td> <td>4.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that IDL changes have progressed with annotations (e.g. @unit, @topic) replacing some pragmas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Servants">Servants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Servants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>servant</b> is the invocation target containing methods for handling the <a href="/wiki/Remote_method_invocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote method invocation">remote method invocations</a>. In the newer CORBA versions, the remote object (on the server side) is split into the <b>object</b> <i>(that is exposed to remote invocations)</i> and <b>servant</b> <i>(to which the former part <a href="/wiki/Forwarding_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Forwarding (object-oriented programming)">forwards</a> the method calls)</i>. It can be one <i>servant</i> per remote <i>object</i>, or the same servant can support several (possibly all) objects, associated with the given <a href="/wiki/Portable_Object_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Object Adapter">Portable Object Adapter</a>. The <i>servant</i> for each <i>object</i> can be set or found "once and forever" (servant activation) or dynamically chosen each time the method on that object is invoked (servant location). Both servant locator and servant activator can forward the calls to another server. In total, this system provides a very powerful means to balance the load, distributing requests between several machines. In the object-oriented languages, both remote <i>object</i> and its <i>servant</i> are objects from the viewpoint of the object-oriented programming. </p><p><i>Incarnation</i> is the act of associating a servant with a CORBA object so that it may service requests. Incarnation provides a concrete servant form for the virtual CORBA object. Activation and deactivation refer only to CORBA objects, while the terms incarnation and etherealization refer to servants. However, the lifetimes of objects and servants are independent. You always incarnate a servant before calling activate_object(), but the reverse is also possible, create_reference() activates an object without incarnating a servant, and servant incarnation is later done on demand with a Servant Manager. </p><p>The <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Portable_Object_Adapter"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Portable Object Adapter</span></span></i> (POA) is the CORBA object responsible for splitting the server side remote invocation handler into the remote <i>object</i> and its <i>servant</i>. The object is exposed for the remote invocations, while the servant contains the methods that are actually handling the requests. The servant for each object can be chosen either statically (once) or dynamically (for each remote invocation), in both cases allowing the call forwarding to another server. </p><p>On the server side, the POAs form a tree-like structure, where each POA is responsible for one or more objects being served. The branches of this tree can be independently activated/deactivated, have the different code for the servant location or activation and the different request handling policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following describes some of the most significant ways that CORBA can be used to facilitate communication among distributed objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objects_By_Reference">Objects By Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Objects By Reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This reference is either acquired through a stringified <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL), NameService lookup (similar to <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)), or passed-in as a method parameter during a call. </p><p>Object references are lightweight objects matching the interface of the real object (remote or local). Method calls on the reference result in subsequent calls to the ORB and blocking on the thread while waiting for a reply, success, or failure. The parameters, return data (if any), and exception data are marshaled internally by the ORB according to the local language and OS mapping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_By_Value">Data By Value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data By Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CORBA Interface Definition Language provides the language- and OS-neutral inter-object communication definition. CORBA Objects are passed by reference, while data (integers, doubles, structs, enums, etc.) are passed by value. The combination of Objects-by-reference and data-by-value provides the means to enforce great data typing while compiling clients and servers, yet preserve the flexibility inherent in the CORBA problem-space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objects_By_Value_(OBV)"><span id="Objects_By_Value_.28OBV.29"></span>Objects By Value (OBV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Objects By Value (OBV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from remote objects, the CORBA and <a href="/wiki/RMI-IIOP" title="RMI-IIOP">RMI-IIOP</a> define the concept of the OBV and Valuetypes. The code inside the methods of Valuetype objects is executed locally by default. If the OBV has been received from the remote side, the needed code must be either <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> known for both sides or dynamically downloaded from the sender. To make this possible, the record, defining OBV, contains the Code Base that is a space-separated list of <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a> whence this code should be downloaded. The OBV can also have the remote methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CORBA_Component_Model_(CCM)"><span id="CORBA_Component_Model_.28CCM.29"></span>CORBA Component Model (CCM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CORBA Component Model (CCM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CORBA Component Model (CCM) is an addition to the family of CORBA definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced with CORBA 3 and it describes a standard application framework for CORBA components. Though not dependent on "language dependent <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Java_Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Java Beans">Enterprise Java Beans</a> (EJB)", it is a more general form of EJB, providing four component types instead of the two that EJB defines. It provides an abstraction of entities that can provide and accept services through well-defined named interfaces called <i>ports</i>. </p><p>The CCM has a component container, where software components can be deployed. The container offers a set of services that the components can use. These services include (but are not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Notification_system" title="Notification system">notification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a>. These are the most-used services any distributed system requires, and, by moving the implementation of these services from the software components to the component container, the complexity of the components is dramatically reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_interceptors">Portable interceptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portable interceptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portable interceptors are the "hooks", used by CORBA and <a href="/wiki/RMI-IIOP" title="RMI-IIOP">RMI-IIOP</a> to mediate the most important functions of the CORBA system. The CORBA standard defines the following types of interceptors: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Interoperable_Object_Reference" title="Interoperable Object Reference">IOR</a> interceptors mediate the creation of the new references to the remote objects, presented by the current server.</li> <li>Client interceptors usually mediate the remote method calls on the client (caller) side. If the object <a href="/wiki/Servant_(CORBA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant (CORBA)">Servant</a> exists on the same server where the method is invoked, they also mediate the local calls.</li> <li>Server interceptors mediate the handling of the remote method calls on the server (handler) side.</li></ol> <p>The interceptors can attach the specific information to the messages being sent and IORs being created. This information can be later read by the corresponding interceptor on the remote side. Interceptors can also throw forwarding exceptions, redirecting request to another target. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_InterORB_Protocol_(GIOP)"><span id="General_InterORB_Protocol_.28GIOP.29"></span>General InterORB Protocol (GIOP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General InterORB Protocol (GIOP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_Inter-ORB_Protocol" title="General Inter-ORB Protocol">General Inter-ORB Protocol</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Inter-ORB_Protocol" title="General Inter-ORB Protocol">GIOP</a> is an abstract protocol by which <a href="/wiki/Object_request_broker" title="Object request broker">Object request brokers</a> (ORBs) communicate. Standards associated with the protocol are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG). The GIOP architecture provides several concrete protocols, including: </p> <ol><li>Internet InterORB Protocol (IIOP) – The Internet Inter-Orb Protocol is an implementation of the GIOP for use over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and provides a mapping between GIOP messages and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> layer.</li> <li>SSL InterORB Protocol (SSLIOP) – SSLIOP is IIOP over <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a>, providing <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>.</li> <li>HyperText InterORB Protocol (HTIOP) – HTIOP is IIOP over <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, providing transparent proxy bypassing.</li> <li>Zipped IOP (ZIOP) – A zipped version of GIOP that reduces the bandwidth usage.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VMCID_(Vendor_Minor_Codeset_ID)"><span id="VMCID_.28Vendor_Minor_Codeset_ID.29"></span>VMCID (Vendor Minor Codeset ID)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: VMCID (Vendor Minor Codeset ID)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each standard CORBA exception includes a minor code to designate the subcategory of the exception. Minor exception codes are of type unsigned long and consist of a 20-bit "Vendor Minor Codeset ID" (VMCID), which occupies the high order 20 bits, and the minor code proper which occupies the low order 12 bits. </p><p>Minor codes for the standard exceptions are prefaced by the VMCID assigned to OMG, defined as the unsigned long constant CORBA::OMGVMCID, which has the VMCID allocated to OMG occupying the high order 20 bits. The minor exception codes associated with the standard exceptions that are found in Table 3–13 on page 3-58 are or-ed with OMGVMCID to get the minor code value that is returned in the ex_body structure (see Section 3.17.1, "Standard Exception Definitions", on page 3-52 and Section 3.17.2, "Standard Minor Exception Codes", on page 3-58). </p><p>Within a vendor assigned space, the assignment of values to minor codes is left to the vendor. Vendors may request allocation of VMCIDs by sending email to <code>tagrequest@omg.org</code>. A list of currently assigned VMCIDs can be found on the OMG website at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?vendor-tags">https://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?vendor-tags</a> </p><p>The VMCID 0 and 0xfffff are reserved for experimental use. The VMCID OMGVMCID (Section 3.17.1, "Standard Exception Definitions", on page 3-52) and 1 through 0xf are reserved for OMG use. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/98-12-01">The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification (CORBA 2.3)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corba_Location_(CorbaLoc)"><span id="Corba_Location_.28CorbaLoc.29"></span>Corba Location (CorbaLoc)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Corba Location (CorbaLoc)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corba Location (CorbaLoc) refers to a stringified object reference for a CORBA object that looks similar to a URL. </p><p>All CORBA products must support two OMG-defined URLs: "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">corbaloc:</span>" and "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">corbaname:</span>". The purpose of these is to provide a human readable and editable way to specify a location where an IOR can be obtained. </p><p>An example of corbaloc is shown below: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">corbaloc::160.45.110.41:38693/StandardNS/NameServer-POA/_root</span></dd></dl> <p>A CORBA product may optionally support the "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">http:</span>", "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ftp:</span>", and "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">file:</span>" formats. The semantics of these is that they provide details of how to download a stringified IOR (or, recursively, download another URL that will eventually provide a stringified IOR). Some ORBs do deliver additional formats which are proprietary for that ORB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CORBA's benefits include language- and OS-independence, freedom from technology-linked implementations, strong data-typing, high level of tunability, and freedom from the details of distributed data transfers. </p> <dl><dt>Language independence</dt> <dd>CORBA was designed to free engineers from limitations of coupling their designs to a particular software language. Currently there are many languages supported by various CORBA providers, the most popular being Java and C++. There are also C++11, C-only, Smalltalk, Perl, Ada, Ruby, and Python implementations, just to mention a few.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>OS-independence</dt> <dd>CORBA's design is meant to be OS-independent. CORBA is available in Java (OS-independent), as well as natively for Linux/Unix, Windows, Solaris, OS X, OpenVMS, HPUX, Android, LynxOS, VxWorks, ThreadX, INTEGRITY, and others.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Freedom from technologies</dt> <dd>One of the main implicit benefits is that CORBA provides a neutral playing field for engineers to be able to normalize the interfaces between various new and legacy systems. When integrating C, C++, Object Pascal, Java, Fortran, Python, and any other language or OS into a single cohesive system design model, CORBA provides the means to level the field and allow disparate teams to develop systems and unit tests that can later be joined together into a whole system. This does not rule out the need for basic system engineering decisions, such as threading, timing, object lifetime, etc. These issues are part of any system regardless of technology. CORBA allows system elements to be normalized into a single cohesive system model.<br /> For example, the design of a <a href="/wiki/Multitier_architecture" title="Multitier architecture">multitier architecture</a> is made simple using <a href="/wiki/Java_Servlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Servlet">Java Servlets</a> in the web server and various CORBA servers containing the business logic and wrapping the database accesses. This allows the implementations of the business logic to change, while the interface changes would need to be handled as in any other technology. For example, a database wrapped by a server can have its database schema change for the sake of improved disk usage or performance (or even whole-scale database vendor change), without affecting the external interfaces. At the same time, C++ legacy code can talk to C/Fortran legacy code and Java database code, and can provide data to a web interface.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Data-typing</dt> <dd>CORBA provides flexible data typing, for example an "ANY" datatype. CORBA also enforces tightly coupled data typing, reducing human errors. In a situation where Name-Value pairs are passed around, it is conceivable that a server provides a number where a string was expected. CORBA Interface Definition Language provides the mechanism to ensure that user-code conforms to method-names, return-, parameter-types, and exceptions.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>High tunability</dt> <dd>Many implementations (e.g. ORBexpress (Ada, C++, and Java implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OmniORB (open source C++ and Python implementation))<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have options for tuning the threading and connection management features. Not all ORB implementations provide the same features.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Freedom from data-transfer details</dt> <dd>When handling low-level connection and threading, CORBA provides a high level of detail in error conditions. This is defined in the CORBA-defined standard exception set and the implementation-specific extended exception set. Through the exceptions, the application can determine if a call failed for reasons such as "Small problem, so try again", "The server is dead", or "The reference does not make sense." The general rule is: Not receiving an exception means that the method call completed successfully. This is a very powerful design feature.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Compression</dt> <dd>CORBA marshals its data in a binary form and supports compression. IONA, Remedy IT, and <a href="/wiki/Telefonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefonica">Telefónica</a> have worked on an extension to the CORBA standard that delivers compression. This extension is called ZIOP and this is now a formal OMG standard.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_and_criticism">Problems and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Problems and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While CORBA delivered much in the way code was written and software constructed, it has been the subject of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-CORBA_trouble_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORBA_trouble-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the criticism of CORBA stems from poor implementations of the standard and not deficiencies of the standard itself. Some of the failures of the standard itself were due to the process by which the CORBA specification was created and the compromises inherent in the politics and business of writing a common standard sourced by many competing implementors. </p> <dl><dt>Initial implementation incompatibilities</dt> <dd>The initial specifications of CORBA defined only the IDL, not the on-the-wire format. This meant that source-code compatibility was the best that was available for several years. With CORBA 2 and later this issue was resolved.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Location transparency</dt> <dd>CORBA's notion of location transparency has been criticized; that is, that objects residing in the same <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> and accessible with a simple <a href="/wiki/Function_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Function call">function call</a> are treated the same as objects residing elsewhere (different processes on the same machine, or different machines). This is a fundamental design flaw,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> as it makes all object access as complex as the most complex case (i.e., remote network call with a wide class of failures that are not possible in local calls). It also hides the inescapable differences between the two classes, making it impossible for applications to select an appropriate use strategy (that is, a call with 1 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Μs">μs</a> latency and guaranteed return will be used very differently from a call with 1 s latency with possible transport failure, in which the delivery status is potentially unknown and might take 30 s to time out).</dd> <dt>Design and process deficiencies</dt> <dd>The creation of the CORBA standard is also often cited for its process of <a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">design by committee</a>. There was no process to arbitrate between conflicting proposals or to decide on the hierarchy of problems to tackle. Thus the standard was created by taking a union of the features in all proposals with no regard to their coherence.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_fall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_fall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the specification complex, expensive to implement entirely, and often ambiguous.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A design committee composed of a mixture of implementation vendors and customers created a diverse set of interests. This diversity made difficult a cohesive standard. Standards and interoperability increased competition and eased customers' movement between alternative implementations. This led to much political fighting within the committee and frequent releases of revisions of the CORBA standard that some ORB implementors ensured were difficult to use without proprietary extensions.<sup id="cite_ref-CORBA_trouble_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORBA_trouble-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less ethical CORBA vendors encouraged customer lock-in and achieved strong short-term results. Over time the ORB vendors that encourage portability took over market share. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Problems with implementations</dt> <dd>Through its history, CORBA has been plagued by shortcomings in poor ORB implementations. Unfortunately many of the papers criticizing CORBA as a standard are simply criticisms of a particularly bad CORBA ORB implementation.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>CORBA is a comprehensive standard with many features. Few implementations attempt to implement all of the specifications,<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_fall_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_fall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initial implementations were incomplete or inadequate. As there were no requirements to provide a reference implementation, members were free to propose features which were never tested for usefulness or implementability. Implementations were further hindered by the general tendency of the standard to be verbose, and the common practice of compromising by adopting the sum of all submitted proposals, which often created APIs that were incoherent and difficult to use, even if the individual proposals were perfectly reasonable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Robust implementations of CORBA have been very difficult to acquire in the past, but are now much easier to find. The SUN Java SDK comes with CORBA built-in. Some poorly designed implementations have been found to be complex, slow, incompatible, and incomplete. Robust commercial versions began to appear but for significant cost. As good quality free implementations became available the bad commercial implementations died quickly.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Firewalls</dt> <dd>CORBA (more precisely, <a href="/wiki/General_Inter-ORB_Protocol" title="General Inter-ORB Protocol">GIOP</a>) is not tied to any particular communications transport. A specialization of GIOP is the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol or IIOP. IIOP uses raw <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> connections in order to transmit data.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>If the client is behind a very restrictive firewall or <a href="/wiki/Transparent_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparent proxy">transparent proxy</a> server environment that only allows <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> connections to the outside through port 80, communication may be impossible, unless the proxy server in question allows the <a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">HTTP CONNECT</a> method or <a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a> connections as well. At one time, it was difficult even to force implementations to use a single standard port – they tended to pick multiple random ports instead. As of today, current ORBs do have these deficiencies. Due to such difficulties, some users have made increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Web_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Web services">web services</a> instead of CORBA. These communicate using <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>/<a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> via port 80, which is normally left open or filtered through a HTTP proxy inside the organization, for web browsing via HTTP. Recent CORBA implementations, though, support <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> and can be easily configured to work on a single port. Some ORBS, such as <a href="/wiki/TAO_(software)" title="TAO (software)">TAO</a>, omniORB, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=JacORB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JacORB (page does not exist)">JacORB</a> also support bidirectional GIOP, which gives CORBA the advantage of being able to use callback communication rather than the polling approach characteristic of web service implementations. Also, most modern firewalls support GIOP & IIOP and are thus CORBA-friendly firewalls.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_engineering">Software engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_object_(computing)" title="Portable object (computing)">Portable object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service-oriented architecture</a> (SOA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Component-based_software_technologies">Component-based software technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Component-based software technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> – Current <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> cross-language cross-platform object model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM) – Microsoft Windows-only cross-language object model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a> (Distributed COM) – extension making COM able to work in networks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedesktop.org" title="Freedesktop.org">Freedesktop.org</a> <a href="/wiki/D-Bus" title="D-Bus">D-Bus</a> – current open cross-language cross-platform object model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonobo_(GNOME)" title="Bonobo (GNOME)">Bonobo</a> – deprecated GNOME cross-language object model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_Object_Model" title="IBM System Object Model">IBM System Object Model</a> SOM and DSOM – component systems from IBM used in <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Communications_Engine" title="Internet Communications Engine">Internet Communications Engine</a> (ICE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Enterprise_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Platform, Enterprise Edition">Java Platform, Enterprise Edition</a> (Java EE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_remote_method_invocation" title="Java remote method invocation">Java remote method invocation</a> (Java RMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaBean" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaBean">JavaBean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> <a href="/wiki/Desktop_communication_protocol" title="Desktop communication protocol">DCOP</a> – deprecated KDE interprocess and software componentry communication system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> <a href="/wiki/KDE_Platform#KParts" class="mw-redirect" title="KDE Platform">KParts</a> – KDE component framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIR" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIR">OpenAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">Remote procedure call</a> (RPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Communications_Architecture" title="Software Communications Architecture">Software Communications Architecture</a> (SCA) – components for embedded systems, cross-language, cross-transport, cross-platform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> (WCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a> (Cross Platform Component Object Model) – developed by Mozilla for applications based on it (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla Application Suite</a>, <a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a> 1.x)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_bindings">Language bindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language bindings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">Application binary interface</a> - ABI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">Application programming interface</a> - API</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">Calling convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_application_virtual_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of application virtual machines">Comparison of application virtual machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Invocation_Interface" title="Dynamic Invocation Interface">Dynamic Invocation Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">Foreign function interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">Language binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_mangling" title="Name mangling">Name mangling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIG" title="SWIG">SWIG</a> opensource automatic interfaces bindings generator from many languages to many languages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/practice/the-rise-and-fall-of-corba/">The Rise and Fall of CORBA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/gettingstarted/history_of_corba.htm">"History of CORBA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OMG+IDL+Corba+Version&rft.pub=Object+Management+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omg.org%2Fspec%2FIDL%2FISO%2F19516%2FPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drdobbs.com/the-corba-component-model/184403888">"The CORBA Component Model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>. 1 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CORBA+Component+Model&rft.pub=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fthe-corba-component-model%2F184403888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ois.com/index.php/communications-middleware/">"ORBexpress: An Overview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORBexpress%3A+An+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ois.com%2Findex.php%2Fcommunications-middleware%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniorb.sourceforge.io/">"omniORB: Free CORBA ORB"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=omniORB%3A+Free+CORBA+ORB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniorb.sourceforge.io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CORBA_trouble-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CORBA_trouble_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CORBA_trouble_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappel1998" class="citation web cs1">Chappel, David (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidchappell.com/writing/article_Trouble_CORBA.php">"Trouble with CORBA"</a>. davidchappel.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203074323/http://www.davidchappell.com/articles/article_Trouble_CORBA.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trouble+with+CORBA&rft.pub=davidchappel.com&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Chappel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidchappell.com%2Fwriting%2Farticle_Trouble_CORBA.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldoGeoff_WyantAnn_WollrathSam_Kendall1994" class="citation journal cs1">Waldo, Jim; Geoff Wyant; Ann Wollrath; Sam Kendall (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2010/cs4210_fall/papers/smli_tr-94-29.pdf">"A Note on Distributed Computing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sun Microsystem Laboratories</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2010/cs4210_fall/papers/smli_tr-94-29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+Microsystem+Laboratories&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Distributed+Computing&rft.date=1994-11&rft.aulast=Waldo&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Geoff+Wyant&rft.au=Ann+Wollrath&rft.au=Sam+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.cc.gatech.edu%2Fclasses%2FAY2010%2Fcs4210_fall%2Fpapers%2Fsmli_tr-94-29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACM_fall-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACM_fall_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACM_fall_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning2006" class="citation journal cs1">Henning, Michi (30 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1142031.1142044">"The Rise and Fall of CORBA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Queue" title="ACM Queue">ACM Queue</a></i>. <b>4</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>: 28–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1142031.1142044">10.1145/1142031.1142044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12103742">12103742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+CORBA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=28-34&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1142031.1142044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12103742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Michi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1142031.1142044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/CORBA/">"CORBA"</a>. <i>Current</i>. Specification. <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current&rft.atitle=CORBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omg.org%2Fspec%2FCORBA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2001" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Fintan (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purecorba00fint"><i>Pure Corba</i></a></span>. Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-31812-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-31812-1"><bdi>0-672-31812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Corba&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-672-31812-1&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpurecorba00fint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroseVogelDuddy2001" class="citation book cs1">Brose, Gerald; Vogel, Andreas; Duddy, Keith (25 January 2001). <i>Java Programming with CORBA</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-37681-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-37681-7"><bdi>0-471-37681-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Programming+with+CORBA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft.isbn=0-471-37681-7&rft.aulast=Brose&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Duddy%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmonMorrissey1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harmon_(management_author)" title="Paul Harmon (management author)">Harmon, Paul</a>; Morrissey, William (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/objecttechnology00harm"><i>The Object Technology Casebook</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14717-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-14717-6"><bdi>0-471-14717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Object+Technology+Casebook&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-14717-6&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobjecttechnology00harm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmanBeznosovVinoskiFlinn2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartman, Bret; Beznosov, hartman; Vinoski, Steve; Flinn, Donald (20 April 2001). <i>Enterprise Security with EJB and CORBA</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-40131-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-40131-5"><bdi>0-471-40131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enterprise+Security+with+EJB+and+CORBA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft.isbn=0-471-40131-5&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft.au=Beznosov%2C+hartman&rft.au=Vinoski%2C+Steve&rft.au=Flinn%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenningVinoski1999" class="citation book cs1">Henning, Michi; Vinoski, Steve (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedcorbapro00henn"><i>Advanced CORBA Programming with C++</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-37927-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-37927-9"><bdi>0-201-37927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+CORBA+Programming+with+C%2B%2B&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-201-37927-9&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Michi&rft.au=Vinoski%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedcorbapro00henn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorthausSchaderAleksy2005" class="citation book cs1">Korthaus, Axel; Schader, Martin; Aleksy, Markus (22 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031102447/http://www.wifo.uni-mannheim.de/CORBA/"><i>Implementing Distributed Systems with Java and CORBA</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-24173-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-24173-6"><bdi>3-540-24173-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wifo.uni-mannheim.de/CORBA/">the original</a> on 31 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+Distributed+Systems+with+Java+and+CORBA&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft.isbn=3-540-24173-6&rft.aulast=Korthaus&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Schader%2C+Martin&rft.au=Aleksy%2C+Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wifo.uni-mannheim.de%2FCORBA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowbrayMalveau1997" class="citation book cs1">Mowbray, Thomas J.; Malveau, Raphael C. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corbadesignpatte00mowb"><i>CORBA Design Patterns</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15882-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15882-8"><bdi>0-471-15882-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORBA+Design+Patterns&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-15882-8&rft.aulast=Mowbray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Malveau%2C+Raphael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorbadesignpatte00mowb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowbrayZahavi1995" class="citation book cs1">Mowbray, Thomas J.; Zahavi, Ron (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialcorbasy00mowb"><i>The Essential Corba: System Integration Using Distributed Objects</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-10611-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-10611-9"><bdi>0-471-10611-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Corba%3A+System+Integration+Using+Distributed+Objects&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-10611-9&rft.aulast=Mowbray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Zahavi%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialcorbasy00mowb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfali1996" class="citation book cs1">Orfali, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialclients00orfa"><i>The Essential Client/Server Survival Guide</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15325-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15325-7"><bdi>0-471-15325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Client%2FServer+Survival+Guide&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-15325-7&rft.aulast=Orfali&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialclients00orfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfaliHarkeyEdwards1997" class="citation book cs1">Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan; Edwards, Jeri (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/instantcorba00orfa"><i>Instant CORBA</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-18333-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-18333-4"><bdi>0-471-18333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instant+CORBA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-18333-4&rft.aulast=Orfali&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Harkey%2C+Dan&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Jeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finstantcorba00orfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfaliHarkeyEdwards1996" class="citation book cs1">Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan; Edwards, Jeri (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialdistrib00orfa"><i>The Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-12993-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-12993-3"><bdi>0-471-12993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Distributed+Objects+Survival+Guide&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-12993-3&rft.aulast=Orfali&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Harkey%2C+Dan&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Jeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialdistrib00orfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfaliHarkey1998" class="citation book cs1">Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clientserverprog00orfa"><i>Client/Server Programming with JAVA and CORBA</i></a></span>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24578-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24578-X"><bdi>0-471-24578-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Client%2FServer+Programming+with+JAVA+and+CORBA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-471-24578-X&rft.aulast=Orfali&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Harkey%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclientserverprog00orfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenCurtis1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosen_(enterprise_architect)" title="Michael Rosen (enterprise architect)">Rosen, Michael</a>; Curtis, David (13 October 1998). <i>Integrating CORBA and COM Applications</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-19827-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-19827-7"><bdi>0-471-19827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrating+CORBA+and+COM+Applications&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998-10-13&rft.isbn=0-471-19827-7&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Curtis%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberger1998" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberger, Jeremy L. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachyourselfcor00rose"><i>Teach Yourself CORBA in 14 Days</i></a></span>. Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-31208-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-31208-5"><bdi>0-672-31208-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+CORBA+in+14+Days&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-672-31208-5&rft.aulast=Rosenberger&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteachyourselfcor00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchettinoHohmanO'Hara1998" class="citation book cs1">Schettino, John; Hohman, Robin S.; O'Hara, Liz (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corbafordummies00sche"><i>CORBA For Dummies</i></a></span>. Hungry Minds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-0308-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-0308-1"><bdi>0-7645-0308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORBA+For+Dummies&rft.pub=Hungry+Minds&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7645-0308-1&rft.aulast=Schettino&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hohman%2C+Robin+S.&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorbafordummies00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2000" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Jon (27 April 2000). <i>CORBA 3 - Fundamentals and Programming</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-29518-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-29518-3"><bdi>0-471-29518-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORBA+3+-+Fundamentals+and+Programming&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000-04-27&rft.isbn=0-471-29518-3&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2001" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Jon (7 May 2001). <i>Quick CORBA 3</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-38935-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-38935-8"><bdi>0-471-38935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quick+CORBA+3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001-05-07&rft.isbn=0-471-38935-8&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlamaGarbisRussell1999" class="citation book cs1">Slama, Dirk; Garbis, Jason; Russell, Perry (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780130839633"><i>Enterprise CORBA</i></a></span>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-083963-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-083963-9"><bdi>0-13-083963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enterprise+CORBA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-13-083963-9&rft.aulast=Slama&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Garbis%2C+Jason&rft.au=Russell%2C+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780130839633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahavi2000" class="citation book cs1">Zahavi, Ron (2000). <i>Enterprise Application Integration with CORBA: Component and Web-Based Solutions</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-32720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-32720-4"><bdi>0-471-32720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enterprise+Application+Integration+with+CORBA%3A+Component+and+Web-Based+Solutions&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-471-32720-4&rft.aulast=Zahavi&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Object+Request+Broker+Architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/CORBA_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:CORBA Programming">CORBA Programming</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/CCM/">Official OMG CORBA Components page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ditec.um.es/~dsevilla/ccm/">Unofficial CORBA Component Model page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taox11.org/documents/presentations.html">Comparing IDL to C++ with IDL to C++11</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1388786">CORBA: Gone But (Hopefully) Not Forgotten</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/CORBA/">OMG XMI Specification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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