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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fionnachtain_agus_Bunús_na_Micribitheolaíochta." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fionnachtain_agus_Bunús_na_Micribitheolaíochta."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fionnachtain agus Bunús na Micribitheolaíochta.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fionnachtain_agus_Bunús_na_Micribitheolaíochta.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cineálacha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cineálacha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cineálacha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cineálacha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tairbhí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tairbhí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tairbhí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tairbhí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagairtí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagairtí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tagairtí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagairtí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Féach_freisin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Féach_freisin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Féach freisin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Féach_freisin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naisc_sheachtracha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naisc_sheachtracha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Naisc sheachtracha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naisc_sheachtracha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagairtí_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagairtí_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tagairtí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagairtí_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Clár ábhair" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Micribhitheolaíocht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – Afracáinis" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afracáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbioloch%C3%ADa" title="Microbiolochía – Aragóinis" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Microbiolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="علم الأحياء الدقيقة – Araibis" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء الدقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Araibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D9%89" title="مايكربيولوچى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكربيولوچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান – Asaimis" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolox%C3%ADa" title="Microbioloxía – Astúiris" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microbioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologiya" title="Mikrobiologiya – Asarbaiseáinis" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Asarbaiseáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="میکروبیولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میکروبیولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Baiscíris" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baiscíris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікрабіялогія – Bealarúisis" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікрабіялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Bealarúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікрабіялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікрабіялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Bulgáiris" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অণুজীববিজ্ঞান – Beangáilis" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণুজীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Beangáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – Boisnis" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boisnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – Catalóinis" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میکرۆبناسی – Coirdis Lárnach" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میکرۆبناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Coirdis Lárnach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – Seicis" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Seicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Микробиологи – Suvaisis" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Микробиологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Suvaisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbioleg" title="Microbioleg – Breatnais" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Microbioleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Breatnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Danmhairgis" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danmhairgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie – Gearmáinis" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μικροβιολογία – Gréigis" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικροβιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Gréigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology – Béarla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Microbiology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Béarla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologio" title="Mikrobiologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolog%C3%ADa" title="Microbiología – Spáinnis" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microbiología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spáinnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobioloogia" title="Mikrobioloogia – Eastóinis" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mikrobioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – Bascais" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bascais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میکروب‌شناسی – Peirsis" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکروب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Peirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – Fionlainnis" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fionlainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1verul%C3%ADvfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Smáverulívfrøði – Faróis" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Smáverulívfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faróis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – Fraincis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fraincis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiolox%C3%ADa" title="Microbioloxía – Gailísis" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microbioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Gailísis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght" title="Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght – Manainnis" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin_halittu" title="Ilimin halittu – Hásais" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimin halittu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hásais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיקרוביולוגיה – Eabhrais" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Eabhrais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सूक्ष्मजैविकी – Hiondúis" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूक्ष्मजैविकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hiondúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – Cróitis" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Cróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Mikrobiológia – Ungáiris" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանրէաբանություն – Airméinis" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանրէաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Airméinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Indinéisis" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indinéisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolohia" title="Mikrobiolohia – Ileacáinis" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mikrobiolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ileacáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologio" title="Mikrobiologio – Ídis" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mikrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ídis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rverufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örverufræði – Íoslainnis" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örverufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Íoslainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – Iodáilis" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Iodáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – Seapáinis" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Seapáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Iáivis" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Iáivis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკრობიოლოგია – Seoirsis" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკრობიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Seoirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Casaicis" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಜೀವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Cannadais" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಜೀವ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Cannadais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="미생물학 – Cóiréis" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Cóiréis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBrj%C3%AEnewernas%C3%AE" title="Hûrjînewernasî – Coirdis" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hûrjînewernasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Coirdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Cirgisis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – Laidin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laidin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiulug%C3%ACa" title="Microbiulugìa – Lombairdis" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Microbiulugìa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombairdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – Liotuáinis" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Liotuáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolo%C4%A3ija" title="Mikrobioloģija – Laitvis" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikrobioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Laitvis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान – Maitilis" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микробиологија – Macadóinis" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микробиологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macadóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സൂക്ഷ്മജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Mailéalaimis" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂക്ഷ്മജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Mailéalaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सूक्ष्मजीवशास्त्र – Maraitis" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूक्ष्मजीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Maraitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Malaeis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaeis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အဏုဇီဝဗေဒ – Burmais" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဏုဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान – Neipeailis" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Neipeailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="माइक्रोबायोलोजी – Néamharais" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माइक्रोबायोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Néamharais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – Ollainnis" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Ollainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Nua-Ioruais" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nua-Ioruais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Bocmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bocmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – Ocsatáinis" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsatáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miikrobiologii" title="Miikrobiologii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Miikrobiologii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia – Polainnis" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مائکروبیالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائکروبیالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="مایکرو بیولوژي – Paistis" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مایکرو بیولوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paistis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia – Portaingéilis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microbiologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portaingéilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27i%C3%B1i_kawsay_yachay" title="Ch'iñi kawsay yachay – Ceatsuais" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'iñi kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Ceatsuais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie – Rómáinis" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rómáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Rúisis" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مائڪرو بائيولاجي – Sindis" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مائڪرو بائيولاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – Seirbea-Chróitis" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Seirbea-Chróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ක්‍ෂුද්‍රජීව විද්‍යාව – Siolóinis" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂුද්‍රජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Siolóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Microbiology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Mikrobiológia – Slóvaicis" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slóvaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija – Slóivéinis" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slóivéinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologjia" title="Mikrobiologjia – Albáinis" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikrobiologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микробиологија – Seirbis" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микробиологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Seirbis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Sundais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi – Sualainnis" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mikrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sualainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiolojia" title="Mikrobiolojia – Svahaílis" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mikrobiolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahaílis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நுண்ணுயிரியல் – Tamailis" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுண்ணுயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సూక్ష్మజీవ శాస్త్రం – Teileagúis" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూక్ష్మజీవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teileagúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Taidsícis" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Taidsícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="จุลชีววิทยา – Téalainnis" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุลชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Téalainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – Tagálaigis" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagálaigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyoloji" title="Mikrobiyoloji – Tuircis" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikrobiyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tuircis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология – Tatairis" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Микробиология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatairis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікробіологія – Úcráinis" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікробіологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Úcráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خردوبینی حیاتیات – Urdúis" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خردوبینی حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiologiya" title="Mikrobiologiya – Úisbéiceastáinis" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Úisbéiceastáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vi sinh vật học – Vítneaimis" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi sinh vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vítneaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterolodjeye" title="Bacterolodjeye – Vallúnais" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bacterolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Vallúnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobiyolohiya" title="Mikrobiyolohiya – Uairéis" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mikrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Uairéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – Sínis Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Sínis Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკრობიოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიკრობიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מיקראביאלאגיע – Giúdais" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיקראביאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Giúdais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学 – Sínis" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="微生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE-seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Sínis Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Sínis Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物學 – Cantainis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="微生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Athraigh na naisc idirtheanga" class="wbc-editpage">Athraigh naisc</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ainmspásanna"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Féach ar an leathanach ábhair [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Alt</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Athsheolta ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribitheola%C3%ADocht&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Micribitheolaíocht">Micribitheolaíocht</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ga" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/330px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg/440px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Baictéir ag fás ar ghlóthach <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agair</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/330px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/440px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir_Ghram-dhi%C3%BAltacha" title="Baictéir Ghram-dhiúltacha">bachaillíní Gram-dhiúltach</a>a</figcaption></figure> <p>Is í an <b>mhicribhitheolaíocht</b> an chraobh den <a href="/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Bitheolaíocht">bhitheolaíocht</a> a bhíonn ag plé leis na <a href="/wiki/Miocrorg%C3%A1nach" title="Miocrorgánach">miocrorgánaigh</a>, is é sin, neacha beo nach féidir a aithint gan dul i muinín mhicreascóip. Orgánaigh aoncheallacha iad na miocrorgánaigh de ghnáth, ach tá orgánaigh mhicreascópacha ilcheallacha ann freisin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mar sin, déanann an <a href="/wiki/Micribhitheola%C3%AD" title="Micribhitheolaí">mhicribhitheolaí</a> taighde ar <a href="/wiki/Eocar%C3%B3t" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocarót">eocaróit</a> áirithe, cosúil le <a href="/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas">fungais</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3taisteach" title="Prótaisteach">prótaistigh</a>, chomh maith le <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3car%C3%B3t" title="Prócarót">prócaróit</a> ar nós <a href="/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ar" class="mw-redirect" title="Baictéar">baictéir</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Airc%C3%A9ach" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircéach">aircéigh</a>. Cé nach neacha beo iad na <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADreas" title="Víreas">víris</a> i gciall cheart an fhocail, déanann na micribhitheolaithe taighde orthusan chomh maith. </p><p>Craobhacha den mhicribhitheolaíocht iad <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADreola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Víreolaíocht (níl an leathanach ann)">an víreolaíocht</a>, nó an taighde ar na víris, an <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADceola%C3%ADocht" title="Míceolaíocht">míceolaíocht</a> a bhíonn ag plé le <a href="/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas">fungais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seadeola%C3%ADocht" title="Seadeolaíocht">an tseadeolaíocht</a> a dhéanann taighde ar na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sead%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seadán (níl an leathanach ann)">seadáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baict%C3%A9areola%C3%ADocht" title="Baictéareolaíocht">an bhaictéareolaíocht</a> agus a lán eile. Tugtar micribhitheolaí ar eolaí proifisiúnta a dhéanann staidéar ar mhiocrorgánaigh. </p><p>Bíonn miocrorgánaigh <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">eocarótacha</a> scannáncheangailte agus cuimsíonn siad fungais agus <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3taisteach" title="Prótaisteach">prótaistigh</a>, cé go mbíonn orgánaigh prócarótacha iad go léir ina mhiocrorgánaigh, rangaítear iad go traidisiúnta mar orgánaidí nach bhfuil scannáncheangailte agus cuimsíonn siad Baictéir agus Aircéigh.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhí micribhitheolaithe ag brath go traidisiúnta ar saothrú, ruaimnigh, agus micreascópacht chun miocrorgánaigh a haonrú agus a shainaithint. Mar sin féin, is féidir níos lú ná 1% de na miocrorgánaigh atá i dtimpeallachtaí coitianta a shaothrú ina n-aonar ag baint úsáide as modhanna reatha.<sup id="cite_ref-Amann1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amann1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le teacht chun cinn na biteicneolaíochta, bíonn micribhitheolaithe ag brath faoi láthair ar uirlisí <a href="/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach" title="Bitheolaíocht mhóilíneach">bitheolaíochta móilíneach</a>, cosúil le sainaithint bunaithe ar sheicheamh ADN, mar shampla, seicheamh na géine 16S rARN a úsáidtear chun baictéir a aithint. </p><p>Aicmíodh víris ar shlite éagsúla mar orgánaigh,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mar gur measadh iad mar mhiocrorgánaigh an-simplí nó móilíní an-chasta. Rinne víreolaithe imscrúdú ar phrióin, nár measadh riamh mar mhiocrorgánaigh, mar sin féin, de réir mar a toimhdíodh na héifeachtaí cliniciúla a leagadh orthu ar dtús mar gheall ar ionfhabhtaithe víreasacha ainsealacha, ghlac víreolaithe "próitéiní tógálacha" a bhí ag nochtadh cuardaigh. Níor measadh riamh gur miocrorgánaigh iad na prióin. Nuair a shíl dochtúirí ar dtús gur ionfhabhtaithe víreasacha fadtéarmacha ba chúis le tinneas leanúnach, thosaigh víreolaithe ag lorg freagraí. An rud a fuair siad ná "próitéiní tógálacha. Scaipeann na próitéiní seo agus bíonn siad ina gcúis le galair cosúil le víris. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stair">Stair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Stair" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Stair"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Níor cuireadh an chéad sonrú sna miocrorgánaigh ach sa 17ú haois, ach mar sin féin, bhí teoiricí agus hipitéisí ag lucht an léinn go bhféadfadh a leithéidí a bheith ann agus iad in ann galair a iompar. 600 bliain roimh bhreith Chríost, scríobh an máinlia Indiach Susruta ina leabhar <i>Susruta Samshita</i> gur chreid sé go raibh neacha beaga beo den chineál seo ann, gurb iad ba chúis lena lán galar, agus go raibh siad in ann taisteal a dhéanamh san aer agus san uisce, nó léim a thógáil ó dhuine go duine trí theagmháil chraicinn. Scríobh an scoláire Rómhánach Marcus Terentius Varro leabhar faoi chúrsaí talmhaíochta, agus ansin, d'áitigh sé ar an ábhar feirmeora nár chóir dó a fheirm a thógáil in aice le portach nó corcach, <i>ó bíonn neacha beaga dofheicthe ag clannú ina leithéidí d'áiteanna agus iad in ann dul ar foluain san aer agus teacht isteach i bpolláirí na sróine nó tríd an mbéal agus galar a tharraingt ort mar sin</i>. Tugann na focail seo le fios go raibh leithéidí Terentius Varro in ann an chonclúid a bhaint as a raibh ar eolas acu go raibh na galair á leathadh ag neacha beo dofheicthe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht"><span id="R.C3.A9amh-mhicribitheola.C3.ADocht"></span>Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Réamh-mhicribitheolaíocht"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fionnachtain_agus_Bunús_na_Micribitheolaíochta."><span id="Fionnachtain_agus_Bun.C3.BAs_na_Micribitheola.C3.ADochta."></span>Fionnachtain agus Bunús na Micribitheolaíochta.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Fionnachtain agus Bunús na Micribitheolaíochta." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fionnachtain agus Bunús na Micribitheolaíochta."><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cineálacha"><span id="Cine.C3.A1lacha"></span>Cineálacha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Cineálacha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Cineálacha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tairbhí"><span id="Tairbh.C3.AD"></span>Tairbhí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tairbhí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tairbhí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tagairtí"><span id="Tagairt.C3.AD"></span>Tagairtí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tagairtí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tagairtí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Féach_freisin"><span id="F.C3.A9ach_freisin"></span>Féach freisin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Féach freisin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Féach freisin"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naisc_sheachtracha">Naisc sheachtracha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Naisc sheachtracha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Naisc sheachtracha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tagairtí_2"><span id="Tagairt.C3.AD_2"></span>Tagairtí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tagairtí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micribhitheola%C3%ADocht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tagairtí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1086221">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tá ort na shonrú'<b> 'teideal =</b><i> agus'<b> 'url =</b></i> nuair a úsáideann {{<a href="/wiki/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Lua_idirl%C3%ADn" title="Teimpléad:Lua idirlín"> lua idirlín</a>}}."".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "Brock Biology of Microorganisms"  (2006). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Education (níl an leathanach ann)">Pearson Education</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.date=2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria"  (2015). John Wiley and Sons. doi:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118960608">10.1002/9781118960608</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bergey%27s+Manual+of+Systematics+of+Archaea+and+Bacteria&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F9781118960608"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "Time for a change" (as En)  (May 2006). <i>Nature</i> <b>441</b> (7091): 289. doi:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F441289a">10.1038/441289a</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710401?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16710401</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (níl an leathanach ann)">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..289P">2006Natur.441..289P</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Time+for+a+change&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=May+2006&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7091&rft.pages=289&rft_id=info:pmid/16710401&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F441289a"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amann1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amann1995_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=239358">Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation</a>"  (March 1995). <i>Microbiological Reviews</i> <b>59</b> (1): 143–169. doi:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2Fmr.59.1.143-169.1995">10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995</a></span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7535888?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7535888</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+identification+and+in+situ+detection+of+individual+microbial+cells+without+cultivation&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+Reviews&rft.date=March+1995&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143%E2%80%93169&rft_id=info:pmid/7535888&rft_id=info:pmc/239358&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2Fmr.59.1.143-169.1995"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tá ort na shonrú'<b> 'teideal =</b><i> agus'<b> 'url =</b></i> nuair a úsáideann {{<a href="/wiki/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Lua_idirl%C3%ADn" title="Teimpléad:Lua idirlín"> lua idirlín</a>}}."".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129611">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style><table class="box-Síol plainlinks fmbox fmbox-editnotice" role="presentation" style="clear:both; 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