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open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Social class in the United States refers to the idea of grouping Americans by some measure of social status, typically by economic status. However, it could also refer to social status and/or location.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The idea that American society can be divided into social classes is disputed, and there are many competing class systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_monument_of_working_class.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/A_monument_of_working_class.JPG/220px-A_monument_of_working_class.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/A_monument_of_working_class.JPG/330px-A_monument_of_working_class.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/A_monument_of_working_class.JPG/440px-A_monument_of_working_class.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_Tilden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas Tilden">Douglas Tilden</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanics_Monument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanics Monument">monument</a> to the working and supporting classes along <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Market Street (San Francisco)">Market 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Many Americans believe in a social class system that has three different groups or classes: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extreme_affluence" title="Affluence in the United States">American rich</a> (upper class), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">American middle class</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty in the United States">American poor</a>. More complex models propose as many as a dozen class levels, including levels such as high upper class, upper class, upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, working class, and lower class,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4">[4]</a> while others disagree with the American construct of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class">social class</a> completely.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5">[5]</a> Most definitions of a class structure group its members according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income in the United States">income</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">education</a>, type of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Employment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Employment">occupation</a>, and membership within a hierarchy, specific subculture, or social network. Most concepts of American social class do not focus on race or ethnicity as a characteristic within the stratification system, although these factors are closely related.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Sociologists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, William Thompson, Joseph Hickey, and James Henslin have proposed class systems with six distinct social classes. These class models feature an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_upper_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American upper class">upper or capitalist class</a> consisting of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extreme_affluence" title="Affluence in the United States">rich</a> and powerful, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional%E2%80%93managerial_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional–managerial class">upper middle class</a> consisting of highly educated and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affluence in the United States">affluent</a> professionals, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a> consisting of college-educated individuals employed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> industries, a lower middle class composed of semi-professionals with typically some college education, a working class constituted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerk_(position)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk (position)">clerical</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_collar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a> workers, whose work is highly routinized, and a lower class, divided between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_poor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working poor">working poor</a> and the unemployed underclass.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Markers">1 Markers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Social_status">1.1 Social status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Income">1.2 Income</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dual_income_controversy">1.2.1 Dual income controversy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">1.3 Education</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">2 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Studies">2.1 Studies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Social_norms">2.2 Social norms</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Academic_models">3 Academic models</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gilbert_model_(2018)">3.1 Gilbert model (2018)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)">3.1.1 Capitalist class (Top 1%)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)">3.1.2 Upper middle class (Next 14%)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)">3.1.3 Lower middle class (Next 30%)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Working_class_(Next_25%)">3.1.4 Working class (Next 25%)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)">3.1.5 Working-poor class (Next 15%)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Underclass_(Bottom_15%)">3.1.6 Underclass (Bottom 15%)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Older_models_(2000s)">3.2 Older models (2000s)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Upper_class">4 Upper class</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_of_wealth">4.1 Sources of wealth</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inherited_wealth">4.1.1 Inherited wealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Private_companies">4.1.2 Private companies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Corporate_elite">4.1.3 Corporate elite</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Categories_of_wealth">4.2 Categories of wealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Upper_class_versus_rich">4.3 Upper class versus rich</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Main_classes">5 Main classes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Upper_middle_class">5.1 Upper middle class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Middle_class">5.2 Middle class</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Traditional_middle_class">5.2.1 Traditional middle class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lower_middle_class">5.2.2 Lower middle class</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Working_class_and_lower_class">5.3 Working class and lower class</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Occupations">6 Occupations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples_of_laborers">6.1 Examples of laborers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples_of_trades">6.2 Examples of trades</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples_of_professions">6.3 Examples of professions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Class_and_health">7 Class and health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Class_and_politics">8 Class and politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings">9 Existence of distinct class groupings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Markers">Markers</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/300px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/300px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/450px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/600px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Though the 10th percentile of American households have zero net worth, the 90th percentile has $1.6 million of household wealth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-9">[9]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10">[10]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Some definitions of class look only at numerical measures, such as wealth or income. Others take into account qualitative factors, such as education, culture, and social status. There is no consensus on which of these variables is essential and which are merely common correlates. Social class is sometimes presented as a description of how members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American society">society</a> have sorted themselves along a continuum of positions varying in importance, influence, prestige, and compensation. It is disputed whether sharp lines can be drawn for social classes. One point of view in the debate is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> A stratified society is one marked by inequality, by differences among people that are regarded as being higher or lower…it is logically possible for a society to be stratified in a continuous gradation between high and low without any sharp lines…in reality…there is only a limited number of types of occupations…People in similar positions…grow similar in their thinking and lifestyle…they form a pattern, and this pattern creates social class. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure, 1998<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Social_status">Social status</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Social status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-11">[11]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> It is impossible to understand people's behavior…without the concept of social stratification, because class position has a pervasive influence on almost everything…the clothes we wear…the television shows we watch…the colors we paint our homes in and the names we give our pets…Our position in the social hierarchy affects our health, happiness, and even how long we will live. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>William Thompson and Joseph Hickey, Society in Focus, 2005<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> In some models, certain occupations are considered to be desirable and influential, while others are considered to be menial, repetitive, and unpleasant. (In some cases, non-occupational roles such as a parent or volunteer mentor, are also considered.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a>) Generally, the higher the ranking on such a scale, the higher the skill and education levels required to perform it. Some sociologists consider the higher income and prestige of higher ranked jobs to simply be incentives to encourage members of society to obtain the skills necessary to perform important work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12">[12]</a> This is an important mechanism in the economic theory of capitalism and is compatible with the notion that class is mutable and determined by a combination of choices and opportunities. In other cases, class or status is inherited. For example, being the son or daughter of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affluence in the United States">wealthy individual</a>, may carry a higher status and different cultural connotations than being a member of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_riche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a> ("new money") or have a planned path of positive freedom.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Those taking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structural_functionalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structural functionalism">functionalist</a> approach to sociology and economics view social classes as components essential for the survival of complex societies, such as American society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assortative_mating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assortative mating">Assortative mating</a> in humans has been widely observed and studied. It includes the tendency of humans to prefer to mate within their socio-economic peers, that is, those with similar social standing, job prestige, educational attainment, or economic background as they themselves. This tendency has always been present in society: there was no historical area when most of the individuals preferred to sort, and had actually sorted, negatively into couples or matched, randomly, along these traits.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This trend is evidenced by the search criteria of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_dating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online dating">online dating</a> site users.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A 2022 study suggested that factors that contribute to low levels of intergenerational mobility in the United States include a disparity in returns to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human capital">human capital</a>, low levels of public investment in the human capital of low-income children, high levels of socioeconomic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residential segregation</a>, and low levels of progressiveness in the tax-and-transfer system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Income">Income</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Income" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption> Median household income by selected characteristics <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">Type of household</th> <th colspan="4">Race and Hispanic origin</th> <th colspan="4">Region</th> </tr> <tr> <th>All households</th> <th>Family households</th> <th>Nonfamily households</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic White">Non-Hispanic White</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino American">Hispanic</a> (of any race)</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeastern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midwestern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern United States">South</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western United States">West</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>$70,784</td> <td>$91,162</td> <td>$41,797</td> <td>$101,418</td> <td>$77,999</td> <td>$57,981</td> <td>$48,297</td> <td>$77,422</td> <td>$71,129</td> <td>$63,368</td> <td>$79,430</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption> Median household income by selected characteristics cont. </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">Age of Householder</th> <th colspan="2">Nativity of Householder</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Statistical Area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> (MSA) Status</th> <th colspan="4">Educational Attainment of Householder*</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Under 65 years</th> <th>65 years and older</th> <th>Native-born</th> <th>Foreign-born</th> <th>Inside MSA</th> <th>Outside MSA</th> <th>No high school diploma</th> <th>High school, no college</th> <th>Some college</th> <th>Bachelor's degree or higher</th> </tr> <tr> <td>$80,734</td> <td>$47,620</td> <td>$71,522</td> <td>$66,043</td> <td>$73,823</td> <td>$53,750</td> <td>$30,378</td> <td>$50,401</td> <td>$64,378</td> <td>$115,456</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"> *Householders aged 25 and older. In 2021, the median household income for this group was $72,046.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption> Median earnings by work status and sex (Persons, aged 15 years and older with earnings) </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total workers</th> <th colspan="3">Full-Time, year-round workers</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Both sexes</th> <th>Male</th> <th>Female</th> <th>Both sexes</th> <th>Male</th> <th>Female</th> </tr> <tr> <td>$45,470</td> <td>$50,983</td> <td>$39,201</td> <td>$56,473</td> <td>$61,180</td> <td>$51,226</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption> 2020 Median earnings & household income by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Measure</th> <th>Overall</th> <th>Less than 9th grade</th> <th>Some High School</th> <th>High school graduate</th> <th>Some college</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associate%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate's degree">Associate's degree</a></th> <th>Bachelor's degree or higher</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctorate">Doctorate degree</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$46,985</td> <td>$25,162</td> <td>$26,092</td> <td>$34,540</td> <td>$39,362</td> <td>$42,391</td> <td>$66,423</td> <td>$60,705</td> <td>$71,851</td> <td>$102,741</td> <td>$101,526</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Male, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$52,298</td> <td>$30,089</td> <td>$31,097</td> <td>$40,852</td> <td>$47,706</td> <td>$52,450</td> <td>$80,192</td> <td>$71,666</td> <td>$91,141</td> <td>$126,584</td> <td>$121,956</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Female, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$40,392</td> <td>$18,588</td> <td>$19,504</td> <td>$27,320</td> <td>$31,837</td> <td>$36,298</td> <td>$57,355</td> <td>$51,154</td> <td>$62,522</td> <td>$92,780</td> <td>$85,551</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Persons, age 25+, employed full-time</td> <td>$59,371</td> <td>$33,945</td> <td>$34,897</td> <td>$42,417</td> <td>$50,640</td> <td>$52,285</td> <td>$77,105</td> <td>$71,283</td> <td>$82,183</td> <td>$130,466</td> <td>$119,552</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Household</td> <td>$69,228</td> <td>$29,609</td> <td>$29,520</td> <td>$47,405</td> <td>$60,392</td> <td>$68,769</td> <td>$106,936</td> <td>$100,128</td> <td>$114,900</td> <td>$151,560</td> <td>$142,493</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">*Total work experience</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption> Household income distribution </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>10th percentile</th> <th>20th percentile</th> <th>30th percentile</th> <th>40th percentile</th> <th>50th percentile</th> <th>60th percentile</th> <th>70th percentile</th> <th>80th percentile</th> <th>90th percentile</th> <th>95th percentile</th> </tr> <tr> <td>≤ $15,700</td> <td>≤ $28,000</td> <td>≤ $40,500</td> <td>≤ $55,000</td> <td>$70,800</td> <td>≤ $89,700</td> <td>≤ $113,200</td> <td>≤ $149,100</td> <td>≤ $212,100</td> <td>≤ $286,300</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;">Source: US Census Bureau, 2021; income statistics for the year 2021</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income in the United States">Income in the United States</a> is most commonly measured by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> in terms of either household or individual and remains one of the most prominent indicators of class status. As 82% of all households, 16% of those in the top <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_quintiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">quintiles</a>, had two income earners the discrepancy between household and personal income is quite considerable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_household_income_2006-21">[21]</a> while the median personal income (including only those above the age of 25) was $32,140.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_median_income_of_persons_age_or_older-22">[22]</a> Per capita household income, the income a household is able to allocate to each member of the household is also an important variable in determining a given household's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_of_living?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. A high household income may be offset by a large household size; thus, resulting in a low per capita household income.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> It should be stressed...that a position does not bring power and prestige because it draws a high income. Rather, it draws a high income because it is functionally important and the available personnel are for one reason or another scarce. It is therefore superficial and erroneous to regard high income as the cause of a man's power and prestige, just as it is erroneous to think that a man's fever is the cause of his disease...The economic source of power and prestige is not income primarily, but the ownership of capital goods (including patents, good will, and professional reputation). Such ownership should be distinguished from the possession of consumers' goods, which is an index rather than a cause of social standing. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, Some Principles of Stratification, 1945<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DavisMoore1945-23">[23]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> In the passage above, Davis and Moore argue that income is one of the most prominent features of social class; it is not one of its causes. In other words, income does not determine the status of an individual or household but rather reflects on that status. Some say that income and prestige are the incentives provided by society in order to fill needed positions with the most qualified and motivated personnel possible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12">[12]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> has used income quintiles to define class. It has assigned the quintiles from lowest to highest as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_lower_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American lower class">lower class</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>, middle class, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a>, and upper class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-New_York_Times_definition_of_class_according_to_the_quintiles-24">[24]</a> These definitions equate class with income, permitting people to move from class to class as their income changes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Dual_income_controversy">Dual income controversy</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Dual income controversy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Two_or_more_income_earners.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/220px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/220px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/330px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/440px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Percentage of 2+ income households in each of the quintiles (1/5 of the population)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25">[25]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household income in the United States">Income</a> is one of the most commonly used attributes of a household to determine its class status. The relationship between income, which mostly arises from the scarcity of a certain skill, may however, prove to be more complex than initially perceived.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12">[12]</a> While the idea is that income reflects status, household income may just be the product of two or more incomes. In 2005, 42% of American households had two or more income earners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25">[25]</a> The vast majority (77%) of households in the top <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_quintiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">quintile</a> had two or more income earners. This means that the majority of household income in the top quintile are the result of two income earners pooling their resources, establishing a close link between perceived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a> and the number of income earners in a given household.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25">[25]</a> This raises the question of whether or not the combination of incomes results in higher social status. Of course, there is no definite answer as class is a vague sociological concept.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The parade of income earners with height representing income suggest that the relationship between the distribution of income and the class structure is...blurred in the middle...we saw dual-income working class marchers looking down on single-income upper-middle class marchers. In sum, the class structure as we have defined it...does not exactly match the distribution of household income. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure, 1998<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Sociologist Dennis Gilbert states that it is possible for households to out-earn other households over higher class standing through increasing their number of income earners. He furthermore states that household size also played an essential role, as the standard of living for two persons living off one upper middle class personal income may very well be higher than that of a household with four members living off two working class personal incomes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> The combination of two or more incomes allows for households to increase their income substantially without moving higher on the occupational ladder or attaining higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational degrees</a>. The favorable economic position of households in the top two quintiles is in some cases the result of combined income, rather than demand for a single worker.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/250px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/250px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/375px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/500px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10">[10]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Education-2013.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/250px-Education-2013.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="804"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/250px-Education-2013.png" data-width="250" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/375px-Education-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/500px-Education-2013.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment in 2013. The data is for persons age 25 and over. Earnings are for full-time wage and salary workers. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higher education in the United States">Tertiary education</a> (or "higher education") is required for many middle-class professions, depending on how the term middle class is to be defined. Tertiary education is rarely free, but the costs vary, widely. Tuition at elite private colleges often exceeds $200,000 for a four-year program, although financial aid may be significant. On the other hand, public colleges and universities typically charge much less, particularly for state residents. Also, scholarships offered by universities and government do exist, and low-interest loans are available. Still, the average cost of education, by all accounts, is increasing. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment of post-secondary and graduate degrees</a> is, perhaps, the most important feature of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">middle and upper middle class</a> person, with the university being regarded as the most essential institution and gatekeeper of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Managerial_Class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional middle class</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-26">[26]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a> is also directly linked to income. Per the table below in this section, as of 2018 less than 40% of American adults over the age of 25 had a Bachelor's degree or higher. Although 90% of the population has graduated from high school, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Average_Joe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Average Joe">average American</a> does not have a college degree but has likely attended college for some time. Overall, educational attainment serves, perhaps, as the most essential class feature of most Americans, being directly linked to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal income in the United States">income</a> and occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Educational attainment in the United States (2018)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Education</th> <th>Age 25 and over</th> <th>Age 25-30</th> </tr> <tr> <td>High school diploma or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Educational_Development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Educational Development">GED</a></td> <td align="right">89.80%</td> <td align="right">92.95%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Some college</td> <td align="right">61.28%</td> <td align="right">66.34%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Associate degree</td> <td align="right">45.16%</td> <td align="right">46.72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's degree</td> <td align="right">34.98%</td> <td align="right">36.98%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Master's degree</td> <td align="right">13.04%</td> <td align="right">9.01%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Professional degree</td> <td align="right">3.47%</td> <td align="right">2.02%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Doctorate</td> <td align="right">2.03%</td> <td align="right">1.12%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Socioeconomic mobility in the United States</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working class in the United States">Working class in the United States</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/330px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/330px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/495px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/660px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EconomicStratification-29">[29]</a> However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EconomicStratification-29">[29]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Broadly speaking, the United States aspires to be an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egalitarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> country with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_mobility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Dream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> includes the idea from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> that "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>" and have the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unalienable_right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable right">unalienable right</a>" to "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>". The phrase "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second-class_citizen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizen</a>" has a strong negative connotation in national politics. In practice, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">socioeconomic mobility in the United States</a> is relatively low, compared to Nordic countries and Canada, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality in the United States</a> is relatively high.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Educational attainment and income are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Income" title="Educational attainment in the United States">strongly correlated</a>, but relatively low funding for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K-12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12">K-12</a> schools in poor neighborhoods raises concerns about a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle of poverty">cycle of poverty</a>. These apparent contradictions lead to divergent views on whether American society is divided into distinct classes or should be analyzed that way.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> According to a 2021 study, in the United States, 50% of a father's income position is inherited by his son. In contrast, the amount in Norway and Canada is less than 20%. Moreover, in the U.S. 8% of children raised in the bottom 20% of the income distribution are able to climb to the top 20% as adults, while the figure in Denmark is nearly double at 15%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> According to an academic study on why Americans overestimate class mobility, "research indicates that errors in social perception are driven by both informational factors—such as the lack of awareness of statistical information relevant to actual mobility trends—and motivational factors—the desire to believe that society is meritocratic."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-33">[33]</a> Americans are more inclined to believe in meritocracy out of the prospect that they will one day join the elite or upper class. Scholars have paralleled this belief to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Steinbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s notable quote that "the poor see themselves not as an exploited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> but as temporarily embarrassed millionaires.”<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Explanations for the relatively low level of social mobility in the US include: the better access of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affluence in the United States">affluent</a> children to superior schools and preparation for schools, which is important in an economy where pay is tilted toward educated workers; high levels of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immigration_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in the United States">immigration</a> of unskilled laborers and low rate of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labor unions in the United States">unionization</a>, which leads to lower wages among the least skilled; public health problems, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obesity in the United States">obesity</a> and diabetes, which can limit education and employment;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DeParle-35">[35]</a> the sheer size of the income gap between the rich which makes it harder to climb the proverbial income ladder when the rungs are farther apart;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Noah-36">[36]</a> and poverty, since those with low income have significantly lower rates of mobility than middle and higher income individuals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Drum-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Top1percentIncomePiketty.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/220px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="766"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/220px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/330px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/440px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Income inequality as measured by the income of the top 1% in several countries. Inequality tended to drop in the middle of the 20th century but has increased in the past several decades.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cooper-38">[38]</a> </figcaption> </figure> In 2012, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> described what he saw as the economic divide and social bifurcation of Americans that has occurred since 1960 in his book, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coming_Apart_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coming Apart (book)">Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010</a>. Murray described diverging trends between upper and lower class white Americans in the half century, after the death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. He focused on white Americans to argue that economic decline in that period was not experienced solely by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">minorities</a>, whom he brings into his argument in the last few chapters of the book. He argued that class strain had cleaved white Americans into two distinct, highly segregated strata: "an upper class, defined by educational attainment, and a new lower class, characterized by the lack of it." Much of his argument is centered on a notion of self-selective sorting that began in the 1960s and 1970s, when people overwhelmingly began <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homogamy (sociology)">marrying</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Residential segregation in the United States">living in areas</a> surrounded largely by people of similar socioeconomic characteristics, leading to not only an exacerbation of existing economic divides, but an unprecedented socio-cultural divide that had not existed before in America.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> French economist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Piketty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> specializes in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_inequality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> by taking a historic and statistical approach. Piketty's 2019 book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_and_Ideology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital and Ideology">Capital and Ideology</a> argues that inequality is a social phenomenon, driven by human institutions. Institutional change, in turn, reflects the ideology that dominates society: "Inequality is neither economic nor technological; it is ideological and political." In one example, Piketty highlights how during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> (1871-1914) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Third_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, economic inequality was just as high as during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a> before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, despite the monarchy being abolished and France industrializing. It was only after the world wars that France adopted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welfare_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krugman-40">[40]</a> In 2019, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Markovits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Markovits">Daniel Markovits</a> published the book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meritocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Meritocracy_Trap" title="Meritocracy">The Meritocracy Trap</a>, in which he argued that meritocracy was the center of rising <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_inequality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and social and political dysfunction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Myth-42">[42]</a> Markovits argued that "meritocracy excludes people outside of the elite, excludes middle class people and working class people from schooling, from good jobs, and from status and income, and then insults them by saying that the reason they’re excluded is that they don’t measure up, rather than that there’s a structural block to their inclusion."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Myth-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, Markovits explicitly denounces the myth of the purported "American meritocracy", which for him "has become precisely what it was invented to combat: a mechanism for the dynastic transmission of wealth and privilege across generations."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The minority of individuals who manage to overcome structural conditions and achieve upward class mobility are used as examples to support the idea that meritocracy exists, which is an example of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Survivorship_bias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Survivorship bias">survival bias</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Social_norms">Social norms</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Social norms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Once defined, social classes can be considered to feature their own sub-cultures, including different ways of socializing children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a> Social classes form <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social group">social groups</a> so large that they feature considerable diversity within and any statement regarding a given social class' culture needs to be seen as a broad generalization. Parental views are, perhaps, the most essential factor in determining the socialization process which shapes new members of society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a> The values and standards used in child rearing are commonly closely related to the parent's occupational status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> The strongest cultural differences seem to run along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class conflict">professional middle class-working class divide</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A recent increase in residential class segregation and the overall tendency of individual to associate mostly with those of equal standing as themselves has further strengthened class differences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-45">[45]</a> Parents from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Managerial_Class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional class</a> tend to raise their children to become curious, independent thinkers, while working-class parents raise their children to have a more communal perspective, with a strong respect for authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> Middle-class parents tend to emphasize internal standards and values, while working-class parents emphasize external values.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> Sociologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a> uses a list of values identified by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin Kohn</a> to be typical of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Managerial_Class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional middle</a> and working class. Middle-class parents' values for their children and themselves included: "Consideration of Others, Self-Control, Curiosity, Happiness, Honesty, Tolerance of <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nonconformity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/nonconformity">Nonconformity</a>, Open to Innovation, Self-Direction." This contrasted with surveyed working class individuals, who reported: "Manners, Obedience, Neatness, Cleanliness, Strong Punishment of Deviant Behavior, Stock to Old Ways, People not Trustworthy, Strict Leadership" as values for themselves and their children. There is a strong correlation between these values and the occupational activities of the respondents. The job characteristics of middle class respondents included: "Work Independently, Varied Tasks, Work with People or Data," versus working-class parents of reported "Close Supervision and Repetitive Work."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Not once in a professional middle-class home did I see a young boy shake his father's hand in a well-taught manly gesture...Not once did I hear a middle-class parent scornfully-or even sympathetically-call a crying boy a sissy or in any way reprimand him for his tears...even as young as six or seven, the working-class boys seemed more emotionally controlled-more like miniature men-than those in the middle-class families. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lillian_Rubin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillian Rubin">Lillian Rubin</a>, Worlds of Pain, 1976<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rubin1976-46">[46]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_roles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> are also viewed differently by those in the higher and lower social classes. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">Middle class</a> individuals, who were more open towards "nonconformity" and emphasized individual self-direction as well as critical thinking, were also less stringent in their application of gender roles. Working class individuals, on the other hand, emphasized gender roles. While working-class people have more and more assimilated to middle class culture regarding their view and application of gender roles, differences remain. Professional class people are more likely to have an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egalitarianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> distribution of work in their household with both spouses being equals in heterosexual marriages. According to Dennis Gilbert, "College life, generally a prologue to upper-middle class careers, delays marriage and encourages informal, relatively egalitarian association between men and women."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8">[8]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Academic_models">Academic models</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Academic models" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In a 2018 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallup,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll, 2% of Americans self-identified as upper class, 16% as upper-middle class, 43% as middle class, 30% as working class, and 9% as lower class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gallup-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gilbert_model_(2018)">Gilbert model (2018)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gilbert model (2018)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a> </div> The six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_classes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social classes">social classes</a> that provide the basis for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a> are determined based on the assumption of how <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_structure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Class structure">class structure</a> develops out of the economic system. They are delineated by household income, and characterized by factors such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Job_control_(workplace)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Job control (workplace)">workplace autonomy</a> and educational attainment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-American_Class_Structure-48">[48]</a> Although the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_hierarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> is most obvious at the extremes, the differences between classes begin to become blurred when moving away from one of the extremes and towards the centre to where the lower middle and working classes are. Gilbert instead argues that the cleavage of the top two "privileged classes" from the bottom four classes is the most important division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)">Capitalist class (Top 1%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Capitalist class (Top 1%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-net-worth_individual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/300px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 208px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/300px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" data-width="300" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/450px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/600px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Income inequality, by percentile class, logarithmic scale </figcaption> </figure> (Typical income: $1.5 million, mostly from assets) These include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inheritance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inheritance">heirs</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporate title">top executives of large corporations</a>, and owners of large, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privately_held_companies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately held companies">privately held companies</a>. They primarily earn income from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Assets">assets</a> that they directly control, such as by being on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> of their businesses. Even though the capitalist class is a very small class of super-rich capitalists at the top of the hierarchy, its impact on the economy and society is far beyond their numbers. These people contribute their money to political parties and are often owners of newspapers or television stations. They have investments that affect millions of people in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a>. They tend to only associate with other people from their own class, rarely interacting with people with below-average incomes. Even their children are usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Residential_segregation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Residential segregation">segregated</a>, attending only the most elite preparatory schools and universities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)">Upper middle class (Next 14%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Upper middle class (Next 14%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper middle class in the United States</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10">[10]</a> </figcaption> </figure> (Typical income $200,000; for Working rich $500,000) Gilbert describes the growing segment of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_riche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau riche">working rich</a>" as still part of the upper middle class, consisting of affluent professionals (i.e. law and medicine) and highly successful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small_business?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Small business">small business</a> owners. These are the next 14%, and are not considered part of the capitalist class because they still primarily earn income from employment in their jobs, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partner_(business_rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partner (business rank)">partnership</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-employment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-employment">self-employment</a> in their businesses, not asset ownership. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a> is the group in society most shaped by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higher education in the United States">higher education</a>. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> is usually required, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postgraduate_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postgraduate education">graduate studies</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a> are becoming increasingly required. People in this class include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professionals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionals">professionals</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle management">managers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Officials">officials</a>, and small business owners. Children in high school strive to prepare themselves for upper-middle-class jobs because these types of jobs are symbols of success. Upper-middle-class people are able to purchase status symbols such as spacious homes. They are convinced that they deserve what they have achieved and are mostly satisfied that they have achieved a proper share of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Dream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Dream">American dream</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The upper middle class has grown... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper-middle-class is the growing importance of educational certification... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people... who earn the right credentials. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Dennis Gilbert, The American Class Structure, 1998.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)">Lower middle class (Next 30%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lower middle class (Next 30%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (Typical income $85,000) Almost all in the middle class have attended an institute of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertiary_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, though some didn't graduate with degrees. The most educated will become semi-professionals (i.e. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teachers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers">teachers</a>), or have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supervisor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supervisor">low-level managerial</a> jobs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Skilled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technician">technicians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a> are also included in this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class">social class</a>. Their jobs require significant skill, are somewhat supervised, and are fairly well paid. Gilbert estimates that about a third of the population is lower middle class. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Working_class_(Next_25%)">Working class (Next 25%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Working class (Next 25%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (Typical income $40,000) The core of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working class">working class</a> is made up of semi-skilled machine operators, low-paid craftsmen, clerical workers, and retail salespeople. These include both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pink-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar</a> jobs. A high school diploma is usually required, and some attended but did not graduate from college. Their tasks are habitual and mechanized, with brief on-the-job training, and are closely supervised. It is estimated that this class includes roughly one-fourth of the population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)">Working-poor class (Next 15%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Working-poor class (Next 15%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (Typical Income: $25,000) The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_poor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working poor">working poor</a> class includes unskilled labourers, many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pink-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar jobs</a>, and lower-paid factory workers. Income depends on the number of workers in the family and the number of weeks that they work. Some have not finished high school. Unable to save money and when retired the working poor depend heavily on their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> pensions to live. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Underclass_(Bottom_15%)">Underclass (Bottom 15%)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Underclass (Bottom 15%)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (Typical Income $15,000) These people are under-employed. They suffer from low education, low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Employability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Employability">employability</a>, and/or low income. Some can not work because of their age or disability. Hard times might be magnified because they belong to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minority_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minority group">minority group</a> who suffers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discrimination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in the workforce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Older_models_(2000s)">Older models (2000s)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Older models (2000s)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following are reported income-, education-, and occupation-based terms for specific classes commonly used by sociologists. Note that income levels are from the 2000s, and not adjusted for inflation. <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:60px;"> <caption> Academic class models </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, 2002</th> <th colspan="2">William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonard_Beeghley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonard Beeghley">Leonard Beeghley</a>, 2004</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Typical characteristics</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Typical characteristics</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Typical characteristics</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Capitalist class (1%)</th> <td>Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common.</td> <th>Upper class (1%)</th> <td>Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common.</td> <th>The super-rich (0.9%)</th> <td>Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $3.5 million or more; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a> (15%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy.</td> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a> (15%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000.</td> <th rowspan="1">The rich (5%)</th> <td rowspan="1">Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Middle class (plurality/ majority?; ca. 46%)</th> <td rowspan="3">College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Lower middle class (30%)</th> <td>Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar.</td> <th rowspan="2">Lower middle class (32%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (30%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (32%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education.</td> <th rowspan="3">Working class (ca. 40–45%)</th> <td rowspan="3">Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working poor (13%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Lower class (ca. 14–20%)</th> <td rowspan="2">Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Underclass (12%)</th> <td>Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education.</td> <th>The poor (ca. 12%)</th> <td>Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> <dl> <dd> References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534541100?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0534541100">0534541100</a>. (see also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_Model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Model">Gilbert Model</a>); </dd> <dd> Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon. </dd> <dd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_Social_class_in_the_US1">1</a> The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins. </dd> </dl></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange."> <noscript> <img alt="Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png" data-alt="Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." data-width="300" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/450px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/600px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S1501_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-51">[51]</a> Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange."> <noscript> <img alt="States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png" data-alt="States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[51] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/450px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/600px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S1501_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-51">[51]</a> States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange. </div></li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png" data-alt="Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_states_by_per_capita_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png" data-alt="States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/450px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/600px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" data-alt="Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" data-alt="States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/450px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/600px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_counties_by_median_family_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png" data-alt="Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_states_by_median_family_income.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."> <noscript> <img alt="States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png" data-alt="States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[52] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/450px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/600px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate-52">[52]</a> States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green. </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Upper_class">Upper class</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Upper class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_upper_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American upper class">American upper class</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png" data-alt="" data-width="267" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/401px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/534px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Both income growth and the decline in the progressivity of the tax code for the wealthy affect income, with the wealthiest earners seeing their effective tax rates decline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WashPost_20191209-53">[53]</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" data-alt="" data-width="267" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/401px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/534px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Same data<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WashPost_20191209-53">[53]</a> as adjacent chart, but plotted on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logarithmic_scale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a> to show absolute dollar amounts. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The term upper class is applied to a wide array of elite groups existing in the United States of America. Because there is no defined lower threshold for the upper class it is difficult, if not outright impossible, to determine the exact number or percentage of American households that could be identified as being members of the upper-class(es). Most sociologists use the richest 1% of the population, but others use different benchmarks and characteristics. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household income in the United States">Income</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a> statistics may serve as a helpful guideline as they can be measured in a more objective manner. Members of the upper class control and own significant portions of corporate America, and may exercise indirect power through the investment of capital. The high salaries and the potential for amassing great wealth through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stock_options?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock options">stock options</a> have greatly increased the power and visibility of the "corporate elite". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources_of_wealth">Sources of wealth</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources of wealth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence in the United States</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Inherited_wealth">Inherited wealth</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inherited wealth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Yet another important feature of the upper class is that of inherited privilege. While most Americans, including those in the upper-middle class, need to actively maintain their status, some upper class persons do not need to work in order to maintain their status. Status tends to be passed on from generation to generation without each generation having to re-certify its status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-26">[26]</a> Overall, the upper class is financially the best compensated and one of the most influential socio-economic classes in American society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Private_companies">Private companies</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Private companies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The upper class also includes owners of large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privately_held_company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privately held company">private companies</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_equity_firm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private equity firm">private equity</a> companies. Privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">transparency</a> than publicly traded companies do, thus making information about the income and wealth of their owners less well-known.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Corporate_elite">Corporate elite</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Corporate elite" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The high salaries and, especially, the potential wealth through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stock_option?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock option">stock options</a>, has supported the term corporate elite or corporate class. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_pay_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive pay in the United States">Top executives</a>, including Chief Executive Officers, are among the financially best compensated occupations in the United States. Top corporate executives of publicly traded companies receive most of their compensation by owning <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Share_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Option_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Option (finance)">stock options</a> in their companies, on top of their substantial salaries. They are also on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporate_governance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporate governance">direct influence</a> over their companies, not merely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investor">retail investors</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Categories_of_wealth">Categories of wealth</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Categories of wealth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="theader"> Net personal wealth in the U.S. since 1962 </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 217px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="217" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/326px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/434px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The average personal wealth of people in the top 1% is more than a thousand times that of people in bottom 50%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WID_through_2021-55">[55]</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 217px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="217" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/326px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/434px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The logarithmic scale shows how wealth has increased for all percentile groups, though moreso for wealthier people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WID_through_2021-55">[55]</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Wealth is commonly measured in terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Net_worth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Net worth">net worth</a>, which is the sum of all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asset">assets</a> minus all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liability_(accounting)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability (accounting)">liabilities</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a> can contribute to wealth,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> but high-net worth individuals have their net worth primarily concentrated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Market_liquidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Market liquidity">illiquid</a> assets such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bond_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Share_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporation">corporations</a> whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valuation_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valuation (finance)">valuations</a> are estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-investopedia.com-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Individuals with considerable net worth are described in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial services">financial services</a> industry as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-net-worth_individual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-net-worth individual">high-net-worth individuals</a>, very-high-net-worth individuals, and ultra high-net-worth individuals: <ul> <li>High-net-worth individuals (HNWI) are defined as holding financial assets (excluding their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_residence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primary residence">primary residence</a>) valued <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millionaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millionaire">over US$1 million</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-investopedia.com-57">[57]</a></li> <li>A very-high-net-worth individual (VHNWI) refers to someone with a net worth of at least US$5 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-investopedia.com-57">[57]</a></li> <li>An ultra-high-net-worth individual (UHNWI), holds US$30 million in investible assets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-investopedia.com-57">[57]</a></li> </ul> The two charts in this section show the average net worth of individuals in the top 1%, top 10%, 50th to 90th percentile, and bottom half of the population from 1962 to 2021. As of 2021, the average person in the top 10% is a HNWI, while the average person in the top 1% is a VHNWI. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Upper_class_versus_rich">Upper class versus rich</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Upper class versus rich" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In some academic models, the rich are considered to constitute 5% of U.S. households, and their wealth is largely in the form of financial assets, such as stocks, bonds, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privately_held_company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privately held company">private businesses</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Upper_Class-59">[59]</a> Sociologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a> calls them the "working rich", and argues that this group is not part of the upper class but rather part of the upper middle class, as its standard of living is largely derived from occupation-generated income and its affluence falls far short of that attained by the top 1%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-American_Class_Structure-48">[48]</a> Sociologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonard_Beeghley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonard Beeghley">Leonard Beeghley</a> considers total wealth to be the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and refers to the upper class simply as "the rich."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-60">[60]</a> Beeghley divides the rich into two sub-groups: the rich and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-net-worth_individual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-net-worth individual">super-rich</a>. The super-rich, according to Beeghley, are those able to live off their wealth without depending on occupation-derived income. This demographic constitutes roughly 1% of American households. Beeghley's definition of the super-rich is congruent with the definition of upper class used by most other sociologists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Main_classes">Main classes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Main classes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Upper_middle_class">Upper middle class</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Upper middle class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Professional/Managerial_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class § The Professional/Managerial middle class</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_(3).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/310px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="4326"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 194px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/310px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png" data-width="310" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/465px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/620px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Median U.S. household income per County in 2021, showing the distribution of income geographically in the United States </figcaption> </figure> The upper middle class consists of highly educated salaried professionals and small business owners whose work is largely self-directed. Many have advanced graduate degrees, and members of this class commonly value higher education. They are often involved with personal and professional networks, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional organization">professional organizations</a>. The upper middle class tends to have great influence over the course of society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> Occupations which require high educational attainment are usually well compensated and held in high public esteem. Physicians, lawyers, accountants, engineers, scientists and professors are largely considered to be upper middle class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-26">[26]</a> The very well educated are seen as trendsetters; the anti-smoking, pro-fitness, and organic food movements, as well as environmentalism, are largely indigenous to this socio-economic grouping. Education serves as perhaps the most important value and also the most dominant entry barrier of the upper middle class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-45">[45]</a> Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, Willam Thompson, and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population (or roughly three in every twenty persons). The hallmark of this class is its high educational attainment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Middle_class">Middle class</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Middle class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Middle_class_shrinkage.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The middle class shrinkage"> <noscript> <img alt="The middle class shrinkage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/350px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="1812"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/350px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png" data-alt="The middle class shrinkage" data-width="350" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/525px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/700px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The middle class shrinkage </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">middle class</a> is perhaps the most vaguely defined of the social classes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4">[4]</a> The term can be used either to describe a relative elite of professionals and managers<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-26">[26]</a> – also called the upper middle class – or it can be used to describe those in-between the extremes of wealth, disregarding considerable differences in income, culture, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a>, influence, and occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As with all social classes in the United States, there are no definite answers as to what is and what is not middle class. Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert, James Henslin, William Thompson, and Joseph Hickey have brought forth class models in which the middle class is divided into two sections that combined constitute 47% to 49% of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-60">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> The upper middle or professional class constitutes the upper end of the middle class which consists of highly educated, well-paid professionals with considerable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Work_autonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Work autonomy">work autonomy</a>. The lower end of the middle class – called either lower middle class or just middle class – consists of semi-professionals, craftsmen, office staff, and sales employees who often have college degrees and are very loosely supervised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8">[8]</a> <blockquote> Everyone wants to believe they are middle class. For people on the bottom and the top of the wage scale the phrase connotes a certain Regular Joe cachet. But this eagerness to be part of the group has led the definition to be stretched like a bungee cord. — Dante Chinni, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Christian_Science_Monitor,_What_is_middle_class?-63">[63]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Traditional_middle_class">Traditional middle class</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Traditional middle class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Average_Joe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Statistical_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class § Statistical middle class</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/200px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1162"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/200px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/300px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/400px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Many primary and secondary level teachers in the United States are in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American middle class">middle class</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Those households more or less at the center of society may be referred to as being part of the American middle or middle-middle class in vernacular language use. In the academic models featured in this article, however, the middle class does not constitute a strong majority of the population. Those in the middle of the socio-economic strata—the proverbial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Average_Joe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a>—are commonly in the area where the working and lower middle class overlap. The most prominent academic models split the middle class into two sections. Yet, it remains common for the term middle class to be applied for anyone in between either extreme of the socio-economic strata. The middle class is then often sub-divided into an upper-middle, middle-middle, and lower-middle class. In colloquial descriptions of the class system the middle-middle class may be described as consisting of those in the middle of the social strata. Politicians and television personalities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lou_Dobbs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lou Dobbs">Lou Dobbs</a> have used the term middle class in this manner, especially when discussing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle-class_squeeze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle-class squeeze">middle-class squeeze</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-64">[64]</a> The wide discrepancy between the academic models and public opinions that lump highly educated professionals together in the same class with secretaries may lead to the conclusion that public opinion on the subject has become largely ambiguous.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lower_middle_class">Lower middle class</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lower middle class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/250px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/250px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/375px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/500px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welder">welder</a> is a skilled tradesperson. </figcaption> </figure> The lower middle class is, as the name implies, generally defined as those who occupy the lower portion of the middle class. People in this class commonly work in supporting occupations that are closely supervised but require significant training, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sales_agents" title="Sales">sales agents</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semiprofession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semiprofession">semiprofessionals</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <dl> <dd> The terms "skilled worker," "craftsman," "artisan," and "tradesman" were used in senses that overlap. All describe people with specialized training in the skills needed for a particular kind of work. ... Skilled workers in the building trades (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpentry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, masons, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plumber">plumbers</a>, painters, plasterers, glaziers) were also referred to by one or another of these terms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </dd> </dl> Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson, and Joseph Hickey, however, only divide the middle class into two groups. In their class modes the middle class only consists of an upper and lower middle class. The upper middle class, as described above, constitutes roughly 15% of the population with highly educated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> professionals. Semi-professionals and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a> with some college degrees constitute the lower middle class. Their class models show the lower middle class positioned slightly above the middle of the socio-economic strata.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Working_class_and_lower_class">Working class and lower class</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Working class and lower class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Definitions of the term "working class" vary greatly. Michael Zweig, an economist for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stony_Brook_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, argued in 2001 that the working class constitutes the majority of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Working_Class_Majority:_America's_Best_Kept_Secret-67">[67]</a> Economists and pollsters in the United States generally define working class adults as those lacking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertiary_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> degrees.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-packer-31-10-2016-68">[68]</a> This is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxymoron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> when applied to those lacking degrees but are unemployed or retired, and therefore not working. According to Frank Newport, "for some, working class is a more literal label; namely, an indication that one is working."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Generally, those in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue-collar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pink-collar_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar</a> occupations are referred to as working class in the class models referred to in this article. Dennis Gilbert places 13% of households among the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_poor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working poor">working poor</a>" with 12% being in the "underclass". Thompson & Hickey place roughly 17% to 20% of households in the lower classes. The lower classes constituting roughly a fifth to a quarter of American society consists mainly of low-rung retail and service workers as well as the frequently unemployed and those not able to work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8">[8]</a> Overall, 13% of the population fall below the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_threshold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger and food insecurity</a> were present in the lives of 3.9% of American households, while roughly twenty-five million Americans (ca. 9%) participated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamp</a> program.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Results,_Center_on_Hunger_and_Poverty,_hunger_and_poverty_statistics_for_the_United_States-70">[70]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Occupations">Occupations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Occupations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Some sociologists attempt to draw a distinction between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laborer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laborer">laborers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional">professionals</a>, when creating class systems. <ul> <li>Laborers such as bus drivers, truck drivers, cleaning laborers, and landscapers "rely heavily on physical exertion," while those in the skilled trades rely on and are known for "specific knowledge, skills, and abilities."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CampbellRamos-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradespeople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradespeople">Tradespeople</a> usually gain their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skill">skills</a> through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Work_experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Work experience">work experience</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On-the-job_training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On-the-job training">on-the-job training</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apprenticeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> program, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_certification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional certification">certification</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional">Professionals</a> require substantial education, typically at least a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> and often <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postgraduate_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postgraduate education">graduate degrees</a>, and have a higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duty_of_care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> They routinely make decisions "on the basis of expertise and ability in complex situations, where there may be no, or little, previous history."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples_of_laborers">Examples of laborers</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples of laborers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unskilled blue-collar labor includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warehouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warehouse">warehousing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digging">excavation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">custodial work</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">farming</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commercial_fishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commercial fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landscaping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pest_control?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roughneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roughneck">oil field</a> work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanitation_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanitation worker">waste collection and disposal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction_worker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Construction worker">construction</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shipping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Driving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Driving">driving</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truck_driver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truck driver">trucking</a>. Unskilled pink-collar labor includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hairstylist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairstylist">hairstylists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmetology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmetology">cosmetology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waiting_staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waiting staff">waiting staff</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domestic_workers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic workers">domestic workers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Receptionist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Receptionist">receptionist</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_work?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social work">social work</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretarial_work?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretarial work">secretarial work</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Child_care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Child care">child care</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples_of_trades">Examples of trades</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples of trades" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technician">Technician</a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpentry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodworking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Framing_(construction)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Framing (construction)">framing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Door?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Door">doors</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Window?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Window">windows</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drywall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drywall">drywall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Building_insulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flooring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flooring">flooring</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siding_(construction)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a>, finishing work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furniture">furniture</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plumbing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plumbing_fixture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plumbing fixture">plumbing fixtures</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">piping and plumbing fitting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_heating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water heating">water heater</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steamfitter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamfitter">steamfitter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GreenPlumbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GreenPlumbers">GreenPlumbers</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drain_cleaner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drain cleaner">drain cleaner</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrician">Electrician</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring">wiring</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Light_fixture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_appliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major appliance">major appliance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar power">solar power</a> installation, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_motor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_generator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric generator">generator</a> technician, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electronics_technician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electronics technician">electronics technician</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welding">Welding</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas metal arc welding">MIG</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">TIG</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shielded metal arc welding">stick</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welding_joint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welding joint">welding joints</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_and_conventions_used_in_welding_documentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbols and conventions used in welding documentation">welding symbols</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metalworking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masonry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masonry">Masonry</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concrete">concrete</a> work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brick">bricks</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concrete_block?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concrete block">blocks</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonemasonry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stonemasonry">stones</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Power_trowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Power trowel">troweling</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tile">tiling</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_heating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central heating">heating</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mechanical_ventilation" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duct_(flow)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duct (flow)">duct work</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Painting">Painting</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staining">staining</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallpaper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paint_mixing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paint mixing">paint mixing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plasterwork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plasterwork">plasterwork</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spackling_paste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spackling paste">spackling paste</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_commercially_available_roofing_materials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of commercially available roofing materials">Roofing</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roof_shingle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_roof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Standing_seam_metal_roof" title="Metal roof">standing seam metal roof</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_roof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Corrugated_metal_roof" title="Metal roof">corrugated metal roof</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_roof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Thin-film_solar_on_metal_roofs" title="Metal roof">solar roofs</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roof_shingle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rubber_shingles" title="Roof shingle">rubber shingles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rain_gutter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rain gutter">rain gutters</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanic">Mechanic</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auto_mechanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auto mechanic">auto mechanic</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">restoration</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_recycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle recycling">scrapping</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refrigerator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Refrigerator">refrigeration</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boiler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boiler">boiler</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millwright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millwright">millwright/industrial mechanic</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_fabrication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machinist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machinist">machinist</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_lathe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metal lathe">lathes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milling_(machining)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drill">drilling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grinding_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grinding machine">grinding</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Numerical_control?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numerical control">CNC machining</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sewing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sewing_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sewing machine">machine sewing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sewing_stitches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_hand_stitches" title="List of sewing stitches">hand stitching</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embroidery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tailor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tailor">tailor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quilting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quilting">quilting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fashion_design?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costume_designer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costume designer">costume design</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3D_modeling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#3D_clothing" title="3D modeling">3D clothes modeling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upholstery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knitting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knitting">knitting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tapestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crochet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crochet">crochet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culinary_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culinary arts">Culinary</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef">chef</a> - <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baker">baker</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meat_market?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meat market">meat cutter</a>\<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fishmonger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fishmonger">fishmonger</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delicatessen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="Delicatessen">deli</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheesemonger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesemonger">cheesemonger</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sushi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sushi">sushi</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itamae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itamae">itamae</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cook_(profession)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="Cook (profession)">cook</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples_of_professions">Examples of professions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples of professions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Highly educated white collar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional class">professionals</a> include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dentists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentists">dentists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawyers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accountants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountants">accountants</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engineers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_officers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military officers">military officers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business analysis">business analysis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urban_planners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planners">urban planners</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_professor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University professor">university professors</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockbrokers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbrokers">stockbrokers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actuaries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuaries">actuaries</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optometrists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrists">optometrists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistician">statistician</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speech-language_pathologist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-language pathologist">speech-language pathologist</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupational_therapist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapist</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_therapists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical therapists">physical therapists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharmacists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veterinarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinarians">veterinarians</a>, high-level <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_servants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a>, architects, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligentsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Class_and_health">Class and health</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Class and health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rural_health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rural health">Rural health</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health in the United States</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/250px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="2021"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 348px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/250px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="348" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/375px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/500px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty in the United States">homeless</a> American citizen (August 4, 2005) </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income in the United States">Income</a> also has a significant impact on health as those with higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income in the United States">incomes</a> have better access to healthcare facilities, higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Life_expectancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> and increased health consciousness. In 2006, Harvard researchers divided the United States into "eight Americas."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8Americas-78">[78]</a> A 2024 study from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> researchers added two more segments to make it "ten Americas".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dwyer-Lindgren_et_al_2024-79">[79]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Life_expectancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> ranges from 84.9 years for Asian Americans who had an average per capita income of $21,566, to 71.1 years for urban African-Americans with an average per capita income of $14,800.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8Americas-78">[78]</a> Furthermore, like other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-industrial_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial nations</a>, the United States saw increased health consciousness among persons of higher social status. Persons of higher status are less likely to smoke, more likely to exercise regularly, and be more conscious of their diet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Health_and_social_class-80">[80]</a> Additionally, poorer Americans are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_desert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food desert">more likely to consume lower quality, processed foods</a>. One can therefore conclude that low socio-economic status contributes to a person's likelihood of being obese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bad_diet_and_income-81">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity-82">[82]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Class_and_politics">Class and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Class and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investment_theory_of_politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment theory of politics">Investment theory of politics</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Senate_Income_Votes.SVG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/280px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="575"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 230px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/280px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png" data-width="280" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/420px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/560px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A study by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Bartels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a> found a positive correlation between Senate votes and opinions of high income people, conversely, low income people had a negative correlation with Senate votes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Many politically powerful people make money before coming to office, but in general the political power elite have official incomes in the $150,000 to $185,000 range; members of Congress are paid $174,000, and are effectively required to have a residence in their district as well as one in Washington.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen-84">[84]</a> The relationship between class and politics is less about partisan affiliation and more about the level of political influence. Those in the upper class and upper middle class have the greatest influence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> According to Pew Research, nearly all members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/118th_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="118th Congress">118th Congress</a> had a Bachelor's degree, specifically 94% in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and 99% in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. This was far higher than the 38% of American adults age 25+ with a Bachelor's degree in 2023. Using the Gilbert Model described earlier, as well as the fact the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">congressional salary</a> is $174,000 a year, members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> can classified as members of the upper middle class and upper class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings">Existence of distinct class groupings</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Existence of distinct class groupings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Some academics consider American society sociologically and economically fragmented in such a manner that no clear class distinctions can be made. This means that there are no pronounced breaks in socioeconomic strata, which makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> highly subjective and disputable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2">[2]</a> Others, such as sociologist Dennis Gilbert, dispute the concept of a well-mixed society, and claim that distinct social networks can be identified for each class. W. Lloyd Warner also asserts the existence of class markers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> We are proud of those facts of American life that fit the pattern we are taught but somehow we are often ashamed of those equally important social facts which demonstrate the presence of social class. Consequently, we tend to deny them, or worse, denounce them and by doing so we tend to deny their existence and magically make them disappear from consciousness. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a>, What is Social Class in America, 1949<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5">[5]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Warner asserts that social class is as old as civilization itself and has been present in nearly every society from before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, through medieval times, and to the modern-day United States. He believes that complex societies such as the United States need an equally complex social hierarchy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5">[5]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_gentry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American gentry">American gentry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class:_A_Guide_Through_the_American_Status_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class: A Guide Through the American Status System">Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caste_system_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caste system in India">Caste system in India</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence in India</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_elite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global elite">Global elite</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class in American history">Social class in American history</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_stratification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://udel.edu/~cmarks/What%2520is%2520social%2520class.htm">"What is social class?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Delaware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+social+class%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudel.edu%2F~cmarks%2FWhat%2520is%2520social%2520class.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichar1989" class="citation book cs1">Eichar, Douglas (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/occupationclassc00eich">Occupation and Class Consciousness in America</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3"><bdi>0-313-26111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupation+and+Class+Consciousness+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-26111-3&rft.aulast=Eichar&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foccupationclassc00eich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-14">o</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-15">p</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-16">q</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2">The American Class Structure</a>. 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United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WealthMaritalStatus_2021_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Rhonda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat00levi">Social Class and Stratification</a>. 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Retrieved July 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+definition+of+class+according+to+the+quintiles&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fhtml%2Fnational%2F20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC%2Findex_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720005000/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new05_000.htm">"United States Census Bureau, Income earners by quintile"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new05_000.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Income+earners+by+quintile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubdb3.census.gov%2Fmacro%2F032005%2Fhhinc%2Fnew05_000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_26-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1989" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/fearoffallinginn00ehre">Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class</a>. New York, NY: Harper Collins. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1"><bdi>0-06-097333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+of+Falling%2C+The+Inner+Life+of+the+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-097333-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearoffallinginn00ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/education-summary.htm">"Table 5.2 Employment, wages, and projected change in employment by typical entry-level education (Employment in thousands)"</a>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 29, 2024. Retrieved December 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=Table+5.2+Employment%2C+wages%2C+and+projected+change+in+employment+by+typical+entry-level+education+%28Employment+in+thousands%29&rft.date=2024-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Femp%2Ftables%2Feducation-summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> Note that these add up to more than 100% because they are cumulative; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees, and are thus counted twice in the "lower" categories. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/education-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2018"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2018&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2018%2Fdemo%2Feducation-attainment%2Fcps-detailed-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Percentages are calculated based on census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher.</li> <li id="cite_note-EconomicStratification-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_29-1">b</a> Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChettyJacksonKuchlerStroebel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"</a>. Nature. 608 (7921): 108–121. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.608..108C">2022Natur.608..108C</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41586-022-04996-4">10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">9352590</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915342">35915342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Social+capital+I%3A+measurement+and+associations+with+economic+mobility&rft.volume=608&rft.issue=7921&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04996-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.608..108C&rft.aulast=Chetty&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Matthew+O.&rft.au=Kuchler%2C+Theresa&rft.au=Stroebel%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Hendren%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Fluegge%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Gong%2C+Sara&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Frederico&rft.au=Grondin%2C+Armelle&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Charted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2022" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801104004/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Friending+Bias%27+%2F+A+large+new+study+offers+clues+about+how+lower-income+children+can+rise+up+the+economic+ladder.&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F01%2Fbriefing%2Feconomic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2012" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Elise (10 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/">"U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic Policy Institute">Economic Policy Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=U.S.+lags+behind+peer+countries+in+mobility&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epi.org%2Fpublication%2Fusa-lags-peer-countries-mobility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorak2016" class="citation web cs1">Corak, Miles (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://docs.iza.org/dp9929.pdf">"Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IZA Institute of Labor Economics">IZA Institute of Labor Economics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IZA+Institute+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=Inequality+from+Generation+to+Generation%3A+The+United+States+in+Comparison&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Corak&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.iza.org%2Fdp9929.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankEppard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rank, Mark R; Eppard, Lawrence M (13 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/13/american-dream-broken-upward-mobility-us?CMP%3DGTUS_email">"The American Dream of upward mobility is broken. Look at the numbers"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+American+Dream+of+upward+mobility+is+broken.+Look+at+the+numbers&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=Mark+R&rft.au=Eppard%2C+Lawrence+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fmar%2F13%2Famerican-dream-broken-upward-mobility-us%3FCMP%3DGTUS_email&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausTan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kraus, Michael W.; Tan, Jacinth J.X. (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jesp.2015.01.005">"Americans overestimate social class mobility"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Social_Psychology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Experimental Social Psychology">Journal of Experimental Social Psychology</a>. 58: 101–111. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jesp.2015.01.005">10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.005</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145796186">145796186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Americans+overestimate+social+class+mobility&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2015.01.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145796186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Tan%2C+Jacinth+J.X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jesp.2015.01.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlesinaStantchevaTeso2018" class="citation journal cs1">Alesina, Alberto; Stantcheva, Stefanie; Teso, Edoardo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1257%252Faer.20162015">"Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Economic_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>. 108 (2): 521–554. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1257%252Faer.20162015">10.1257/aer.20162015</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33408213">33408213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Intergenerational+Mobility+and+Preferences+for+Redistribution&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.20162015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33408213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alesina&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Stantcheva%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Teso%2C+Edoardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Faer.20162015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-DeParle-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DeParle_35-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/harder-for-americans-to-rise-from-lower-rungs.html?sq%3Dmobility%26st%3Dcse%26scp%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall">Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs</a> | By JASON DePARLE | January 4, 2012]</li> <li id="cite_note-Noah-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Noah_36-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timothy_Noah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timothy Noah">Noah, Timothy</a> (January 13, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tnr.com/blog/timothy-noah/99651/white-house-heres-why-you-have-care-about-inequality">"White House: Here's Why You Have To Care About Inequality"</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Drum-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Drum_37-0">^</a> Kevin Drum (January 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2012/01/social-mobility-america">"Social Mobility in America: It's All About the Poor"</a> motherjones.com</li> <li id="cite_note-cooper-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cooper_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Cooper2014" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Cooper (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://theweek.com/article/index/258666/why-everyone-is-talking-about-thomas-pikettys-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century">"Why everyone is talking about Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Week">The Week</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Why+everyone+is+talking+about+Thomas+Piketty%27s+Capital+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.au=Ryan+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticle%2Findex%2F258666%2Fwhy-everyone-is-talking-about-thomas-pikettys-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2012/02/06/146463384/is-white-working-class-america-coming-apart">"Is White, Working Class America 'Coming Apart'?"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Is+White%2C+Working+Class+America+%27Coming+Apart%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F02%2F06%2F146463384%2Fis-white-working-class-america-coming-apart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Krugman-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krugman_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2020" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (2020-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/books/review/capital-and-ideology-thomas-piketty.html">"Thomas Piketty Turns Marx on His Head"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2020-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Piketty+Turns+Marx+on+His+Head&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fcapital-and-ideology-thomas-piketty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07MGDKDQN/ref%3Ddp-kindle-redirect?_encoding%3DUTF8%26btkr%3D1">The Meritocracy Trap</a>. Penguin Books. September 10, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2020 – via www.amazon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meritocracy+Trap&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07MGDKDQN%2Fref%3Ddp-kindle-redirect%3F_encoding%3DUTF8%26btkr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Myth-42">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Myth_42-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Myth_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2019" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Lizzy (20 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fatherly.com/love-money/myth-of-meritocracy-middle-class-families/">"The Myth of Meritocracy Is The Real Criminal In The College Admissions Scandal"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatherly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatherly">Fatherly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fatherly&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Meritocracy+Is+The+Real+Criminal+In+The+College+Admissions+Scandal&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatherly.com%2Flove-money%2Fmyth-of-meritocracy-middle-class-families%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> Cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiah2018" class="citation journal cs1">Appiah, Kwame Anthony (19 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/oct/19/the-myth-of-meritocracy-who-really-gets-what-they-deserve">"The myth of meritocracy: who really gets what they deserve?"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+meritocracy%3A+who+really+gets+what+they+deserve%3F&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Kwame+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Foct%2F19%2Fthe-myth-of-meritocracy-who-really-gets-what-they-deserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeondar-Wright2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betsy_Leondar-Wright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betsy Leondar-Wright">Leondar-Wright, Betsy</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.classmatters.org/2005_07/class-cultures.php">"Are There Class Cultures?"</a>. ClassMatters. §Differences between activists steadily employed and not. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216092641/http://www.classmatters.org:80/2005_07/class-cultures.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClassMatters&rft.atitle=Are+There+Class+Cultures%3F&rft.pages=%C2%A7Differences+between+activists+steadily+employed+and+not&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leondar-Wright&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classmatters.org%2F2005_07%2Fclass-cultures.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> → Clearest examples of a Class Culture: Families w/ 3 or more generations in the same class in the U.S. → Recent class mobility, recent immigration, & living in the "gray area" between 2 classes all muddy the waters. Many people's experience is of a mixed class culture. Differences of experience socialize most American people. Make visible some class-culture-based coalition behaviours & dynamics that are too often invisible. Steady Work for Low-Income: Impossible &/or Not Expected. Steady Work for Working-Class & Middle-Class: Inevitable & Necessary. Steady Work for Owning-Class: Optional <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://classmatters.org/materials/class-matters-workshops.pdf">"Class Matters Workshops"</a> (PDF). ClassMatters (Brochure).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClassMatters&rft.atitle=Class+Matters+Workshops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassmatters.org%2Fmaterials%2Fclass-matters-workshops.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2004" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Michael (2004). What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0"><bdi>0-8014-8899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Class+Got+To+Do+With+It%2C+American+Society+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-8899-0&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-rubin1976-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rubin1976_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1976" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Lillian (1976). Worlds of pain : life in the working-class family. New York: Basic Books. p. 126. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09245-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09245-4"><bdi>0-465-09245-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2332040">2332040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+pain+%3A+life+in+the+working-class+family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2332040&rft.isbn=0-465-09245-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gallup_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2018" class="citation web cs1">Newport, Frank (3 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/239195/looking-americans-mean-working-class.aspx">"Looking Into What Americans Mean by "Working Class""</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DACS_17_5YR_S1501%26prodType%3Dtable">the original</a> on January 22, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=S1501+%E2%80%93+Educational+Attainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_17_5YR_S1501%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-52">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013%E2%80%9317_5Y_Estimate_52-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20200214010758/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DACS_17_5YR_DP03%26prodType%3Dtable">"DP03 – Selected Economic Characteristics"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DACS_17_5YR_DP03%26prodType%3Dtable">the original</a> on February 14, 2020. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209180702/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/12/09/massive-triumph-rich-illustrated-by-stunning-new-data/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+massive+triumph+of+the+rich%2C+illustrated+by+stunning+new+data&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2Fmassive-triumph-rich-illustrated-by-stunning-new-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> — Original data and analysis: Zucman, Gabriel and Saez, Emmanuel, The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay, W. W. Norton & Company. 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PLOS Medicine. 3 (9): e260. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1371%252Fjournal.pmed.0030260">10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564165">1564165</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968116">16968116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Eight+Americas%3A+investigating+mortality+disparities+across+races%2C+counties%2C+and+race-counties+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e260&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1564165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16968116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030260&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+SC&rft.au=Michaud%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1564165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Linda Keslar (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212174112/http://protomag.com/assets/the-eight-americas">"The Eight Americas: Universal medical insurance isn't the golden ticket to universally improved health, warn researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health"</a>. Proto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://protomag.com/assets/the-eight-americas">the original</a> on 2009-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proto&rft.atitle=The+Eight+Americas%3A+Universal+medical+insurance+isn%27t+the+golden+ticket+to+universally+improved+health%2C+warn+researchers+at+the+Harvard+School+of+Public+Health&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Linda+Keslar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotomag.com%2Fassets%2Fthe-eight-americas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Dwyer-Lindgren_et_al_2024-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dwyer-Lindgren_et_al_2024_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer-LindgrenBaumannLiKelly2024" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Baumann, Mathew M; Li, Zhuochen; Kelly, Yekaterina O; et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694013">"Ten Americas: a systematic analysis of life expectancy disparities in the USA"</a>. The Lancet. 404 (10469). Elsevier BV: 2299–2313. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fs0140-6736%252824%252901495-8">10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01495-8</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11694013">11694013</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39581204">39581204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Ten+Americas%3A+a+systematic+analysis+of+life+expectancy+disparities+in+the+USA&rft.volume=404&rft.issue=10469&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2299-%3C%2Fspan%3E2313&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11694013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39581204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2824%2901495-8&rft.aulast=Dwyer-Lindgren&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Mathew+M&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhuochen&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Yekaterina+O&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Chris&rft.au=Searchinger%2C+Chloe&rft.au=La+Motte-Kerr%2C+Wichada&rft.au=Bollyky%2C+Thomas+J&rft.au=Mokdad%2C+Ali+H&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11694013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Health_and_social_class-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Health_and_social_class_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardleSteptoe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wardle, J.; Steptoe, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/57/6/440">"Health and social class"</a>. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 57 (6): 440–443. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1136%252Fjech.57.6.440">10.1136/jech.57.6.440</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732468">1732468</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775791">12775791</a>. Retrieved December 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+and+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Health+and+social+class&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732468%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12775791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.57.6.440&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjech.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F57%2F6%2F440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Bad_diet_and_income-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bad_diet_and_income_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129201734/http://www.frac.org/html/hunger_in_the_us/hunger%2526obesity.htm">"Bad diet and income"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.frac.org/html/hunger_in_the_us/hunger%26obesity.htm">the original</a> on November 29, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bad+diet+and+income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frac.org%2Fhtml%2Fhunger_in_the_us%2Fhunger%26obesity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152603/http://www.cherp.research.med.va.gov/cherpdocs/issuebriefs/Policy%2520Brief_Fall2005.pdf">"Socioeconomic status and obesity"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cherp.research.med.va.gov/cherpdocs/issuebriefs/Policy%2520Brief_Fall2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 23, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socioeconomic+status+and+obesity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherp.research.med.va.gov%2Fcherpdocs%2Fissuebriefs%2FPolicy%2520Brief_Fall2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> Based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Bartels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a>'s study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf">Economic Inequality and Political Representation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915194622/http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2011, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Table 1: Differential Responsiveness of Senators to Constituency Opinion.</li> <li id="cite_note-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/ooh9899/116.htm">"Economic statutes pertaining to congressmen"</a>. Retrieved February 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+statutes+pertaining+to+congressmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fservices%2Fgovdocs%2Fooh9899%2F116.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Gilbert2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Gilbert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUaCmHfXfABMC%26q%3DThe%2BAmerican%2BClass%2BStructure:%2BIn%2BAn%2BAge%2Bof%2BGrowing%2BInequality%26pg%3DPA228">The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality</a>. Sage Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3"><bdi>978-1-5063-4596-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure%3A+In+An+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&rft.pub=Sage+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-4596-3&rft.au=Dennis+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaCmHfXfABMC%26q%3DThe%2BAmerican%2BClass%2BStructure%3A%2BIn%2BAn%2BAge%2Bof%2BGrowing%2BInequality%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeffer2024" class="citation web cs1">Schaeffer, Katherine (May 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/02/nearly-all-members-of-the-118th-congress-have-a-bachelors-degree-and-most-have-a-graduate-degree-too/">"Nearly all members of the 118th Congress have a bachelor's degree – and most have a graduate degree, too"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Nearly+all+members+of+the+118th+Congress+have+a+bachelor%27s+degree+%E2%80%93+and+most+have+a+graduate+degree%2C+too&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fnearly-all-members-of-the-118th-congress-have-a-bachelors-degree-and-most-have-a-graduate-degree-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li>Leonard Beeghley; The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States Pearson, 2004</li> <li>Dennis Gilbert; The American Class Structure Wadsworth, 2002</li> <li>Rhonda Levine; Social Class and Stratification Rowman & Littlefield, 1998</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Fussell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Fussell">Paul Fussell</a> Class: A Guide Through the American Status System <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1992</li> <li>Michael Zweig; What's Class Got To Do With It? Cornell University Press, 2003</li> <li>Christopher Beach; Class, Language, and American Film Comedy Cambridge University Press, 2002</li> <li>Harold J. Bershady ed; Social Class and Democratic Leadership: Essays in Honor of E. Digby Baltzell 1989</li> <li>Daniel Bertaux, and Paul Thompson; Pathways to Social Class: A Qualitative Approach to Social Mobility Clarendon Press, 1997</li> <li>Barbara Ehrenreich. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (2002), author disguises herself as working class</li> <li>David B. Grusky (Editor) Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (2000)</li> <li>Alan C. Kerckhoff; Socialization and Social Class 1972, textbook</li> <li>Jim Lardner, James Lardner, David A. Smith, editors, Inequality Matters: The Growing Economic Divide In America And Its Poisonous Consequences, WW Norton (January 2006), hardcover, 224 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-995-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-995-7">1-56584-995-7</a></li> <li>Erik Olin Wright. Classe (1997) – a detailed Marxian guide to define working class/middle class etc.</li> <li>David Popenoe, Sociology, (ninth edition, Prentice Hall, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-819798-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-819798-9">0-13-819798-9</a> ) pb. pp. 232–236,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html">Wealth, Income, and Power</a> – wealth distribution in the United States from a Power Structure Research perspective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20001030115540/http://www.korpios.org/resurgent/L-mobility.htm">Myth: Income mobility makes up for income inequality</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2000-10-30) – analysis from Liberal point of view</li> <li>Kalra, Paul (1996). The American Class System: Divide and Rule. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9647173-5-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-9647173-5-2">0-9647173-5-2</a>.</li> <li>Kay Hymowitz / Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0">1-56663-709-0</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G._William_Domhoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G. William Domhoff">G. William Domhoff</a> (1967). Who Rules America?, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall</li> <li>Lee D. Baker (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D--9FhG69PP0C">Life in America: Identity and Everyday Experience</a>, Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0564-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0564-X">1-4051-0564-X</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050604235235/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/incomestats.html">United States Census Bureau's official online income statistics forum</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2005-06-04)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104041530/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new06_000.htm">Income distribution and income by race, United States Census Bureau 2005</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2007-01-04)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118150952/http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h13.html">Household income by educational attainment, United States Census Bureau</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2001-11-18)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118164230/http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p16.html">Personal income in 2004, United States Census Bureau</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2001-11-18)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710063839/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/medincsizeandstate.html">Median Family Income by Family Size (in 2004 inflation-adjusted dollars) from Census.gov</a> at the Portuguese Web Archive (archived 2009-07-10)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031054255/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/medincearnersandstate.html">Median Family Income by Number of Earners in Family (in 2004 inflation-adjusted dollars) from Census.gov</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2005-10-31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.classmatters.org/working_definitions.php">Working Definitions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414211854/http://www.classmatters.org/working_definitions.php">Archived</a> 2021-04-14 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ClassMatters.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/index_01.html">How Class Works</a>, The New York Times</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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