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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Mandeisme" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Mandeisme" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Mandeisme" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Mandeisme" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trossystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trossystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trossystem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trossystem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Trossystem</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trossystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grunnleggende_prinsipper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grunnleggende_prinsipper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grunnleggende prinsipper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grunnleggende_prinsipper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandeisme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 40 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeism" title="Mandeism – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandeism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المندائية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المندائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeizm" title="Mandeizm – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mandeizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মন্দাইবাদ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন্দাইবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Мандаянизъм – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандаянизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeegezh" title="Mandeegezh – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mandeegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeisme" title="Mandeisme – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandeisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejstv%C3%AD" title="Mandejství – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandejství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalased" title="Mandalased – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mandaeism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande%C3%ADsmo" title="Mandeísmo – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandeísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandajismo" title="Mandajismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandajismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%87" title="صابئه – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صابئه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9isme" title="Mandéisme – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande%C3%ADsmo" title="Mandeísmo – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mandeísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%8B%A4%EC%95%BC%EA%B5%90" title="만다야교 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만다야교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpukpe_Mandae" title="Okpukpe Mandae – ibo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okpukpe Mandae" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ibo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaisme" title="Mandaisme – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandaisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeismus" title="Mandaeismus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mandaeismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeism" title="Mandeism – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mandeism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeizmus" title="Mandeizmus – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandeizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeisma" title="Mandeisma – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mandeisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="മാൻഡേയിസം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൻഡേയിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandej%C5%BCmu" title="Mandejżmu – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mandejżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المندائيه – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المندائيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande%C3%AFsme" title="Mandeïsme – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandeïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%95%99" title="マンダ教 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンダ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مندائیت – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مندائیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaizm" title="Mandaizm – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandaizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande%C3%ADsmo" title="Mandeísmo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandeísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeism" title="Mandeism – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandeism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мандеизм – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандеизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mandaeism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejstvo" title="Mandejstvo – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandejstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandealaisuus" title="Mandealaisuus – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mandealaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="ศาสนามันดาอี – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนามันดาอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2bi%C3%AElik" title="Sâbiîlik – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sâbiîlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мандеїзм – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мандеїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مندائیت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مندائیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="曼達安教 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼達安教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205754#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mandeisme" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Mandeisme" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mandeisme"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mandeisme"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Mandeisme" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Mandeisme" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&oldid=22016354" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om 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<i>Mandāʼīyah/Mandāʾiyyah</i>; <a href="/wiki/Persisk" title="Persisk">persisk</a>: مندائیان‎ <i>Mandâ'iyân</i>) er en <a href="/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme">gnostisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (arameiske <i>manda</i> betyr «kunnskap», det samme gjør greske <i>gnosis</i>) med et sterkt <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualistisk</a> verdenssyn. Religionens tilhengere kalles <a href="/wiki/Mandeere" title="Mandeere">mandeere</a>. </p><p>Dets tilhengere ærer bibelske <a href="/wiki/Adam_og_Eva" title="Adam og Eva">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kain_og_Abel" title="Kain og Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set_(bibelsk_person)" title="Set (bibelsk person)">Set</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosj" title="Enosj">Enosj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sem_(bibelsk_person)" title="Sem (bibelsk person)">Sem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram" title="Aram">Aram</a> innenfor den <a href="/wiki/Det_gamle_testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Det gamle testamente">gammeltestamentlige</a> og <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8dedom" title="Jødedom">jødiske</a> tradisjonen, og særlig <a href="/wiki/Johannes_D%C3%B8peren" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Døperen">Johannes Døperen</a> fra den <a href="/wiki/Det_nye_testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Det nye testamente">nytestamentlige</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristne</a> tradisjonen, men avviste samtidig <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Kristus" title="Jesus Kristus">Jesus Kristus</a> og den øvrige kristne tradisjonen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilhengerne er tidvis identifisert med «sabianere» og den sabianske religion som er nevnt i <i><a href="/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen">Koranen</a></i>, men sabianernes historiske opphav er uklar og obskur.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I henhold til de fleste forskere utvandret mandaerne fra sørlige <a href="/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten">Levanten</a> til <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> i det første århundrene e.Kr. og er av før-arabisk og av <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8r-islamske_Arabia" title="Før-islamske Arabia">før-islamsk</a> opprinnelse. De er <a href="/wiki/Semitter" title="Semitter">semitter</a> og snakket en dialekt av østlig <a href="/wiki/Arameisk" title="Arameisk">arameisk</a> kjent som <a href="/wiki/Mandeisk" title="Mandeisk">mandeisk</a>. Det er mulig at de var beslektet med «<a href="/wiki/Nabateere" title="Nabateere">nabateere</a> av <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>» som var <a href="/wiki/Hedendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedendom">hedenske</a>, det vil si arameisktalende innfødte før-arabiske og før-islamske beboere fra sørlige Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandaerne synes å ha bosatt seg i Mesopotamia, men religionen har blitt praktisert hovedsakelig rundt nedre <a href="/wiki/Karun_(elv)" title="Karun (elv)">Karun</a>, Eufrat og Tigris, og elvene som omgir vannvegene <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, deler av sørlige Irak og provinsen <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Det er antatt at det er mellom 60 000 og 70 000 mandaere verden over,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og fram til <a href="/wiki/Irak-krigen" title="Irak-krigen">Irak-krigen</a> som begynte i 2003, levde bortimot alle i Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mange av disse irakerne har siden flyktet fra landet (som også andre irakere har gjort) på grunn av den sekteriske volden fra <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">muslimske</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekstremisme" title="Ekstremisme">ekstremister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc0307_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc0307-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fleste mandaere fra Irak har søkt tilflukt i Iran hos sine åndsfrender der<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup>. Andre har dratt til <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_(Irak)" title="Kurdistan (Irak)">det kurdiske selvstyreområdet</a> i Nord-irak, der sikkerheten for minoriteter er bedre. Det har vært en mindre tilstrømning til <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, og mindre samfunn i <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> og andre <a href="/wiki/Vesten" title="Vesten">vestlige</a> land. </p><p>Mandaerne har forholdt seg adskilte og meget privat. Omtaler av dem og deres religion har hovedsakelig kommet fra fremmede, særskilt fra orientalske studier, som blant annet den tyske <a href="/wiki/Orienten" title="Orienten">orientalisten</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Heinrich_Petermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Heinrich Petermann (ikke skrevet ennå)">Julius Heinrich Petermann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Siouffi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Siouffi (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nicolas Siouffi</a>, en kurdisk <a href="/wiki/Yezidismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidismen">yezidi</a> og senere fransk borger, og særlig den britiske <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. S. Drower (ikke skrevet ennå)">E. S. Drower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trossystem">Trossystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Trossystem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Trossystem"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandeanisme, som religionen til mandaerne, er basert mer på en felles arv enn noen form av religiøse trosbekjennelser og doktriner (bok). En grunnleggende veiledning i mandeanismens <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a> finnes ikke. Den mandeanistiske litteratur, som er ganske stor, dekker emner som <a href="/wiki/Eksatologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksatologi">eksatologi</a> (læren om de siste ting), Guds viten, og livet etter døden, men kun i et usystematisk vis, og bortsett fra prestene, er kun kjent av noen få lekfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grunnleggende_prinsipper">Grunnleggende prinsipper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Grunnleggende prinsipper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Grunnleggende prinsipper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I henhold til E.S. Drower består mandeanisme av ni trekk, som opptrer i ulike former i også andre gnostiske sekter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>En øverste formløs Enhet, uttrykket av hva som i tid og rom er skaperen av det åndelige, <a href="/wiki/Kvintessens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvintessens">eteriske</a> (den femte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essens_(filosofi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essens (filosofi) (ikke skrevet ennå)">essensen</a>), og materielle verdener og vesener. Produksjon av dette er delegert av Det til en skaper eller flere skapere som selv har sin opprinnelse i Det. Kosmos er skapt av det arketypiske menneske tilsvarende til sin egen form.</li> <li>Dualisme: en kosmisk far og mor, lys og mørke, høyre og venstre (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeon (ikke skrevet ennå)">Aeon</a></i> i gnostisk forestilling, det vil si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanasjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanasjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">emanasjoner</a>, en utstrømning av det guddommelige).</li> <li>Som et trekk av denne dualisme, mottyper, en <a href="/wiki/Ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ide">ideenes</a> verden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjel" title="Sjel">Sjelen</a> er framstilt som en landflyktig, en fange: hjemmet og opprinnelsen til den øverste Enhet som sjelen til sist vil komme tilbake til.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planeter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne">stjerner</a> påvirker mennesker og deres <a href="/wiki/Skjebne" title="Skjebne">skjebne</a>, og er også steder hvor man havner etter døden. Se <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a>.</li> <li>En frelserånd eller frelserånder som støtter sjelen på reisen gjennom livet og etter livet til «verdens lys».</li> <li>Et kultspråk preget av <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symboler</a> og <a href="/wiki/Metafor" title="Metafor">metaforer</a>. Ideer og kvaliteter er personifisert.</li> <li>«Mysterier», det vil si sakramenter som støtter og renser sjelen og som sikrer gjenfødsel i et åndelig legeme og oppstigning fra den materielle verden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoterikk" title="Esoterikk">En stor hemmelighet</a> blir gitt til de innvidde, og fulle forklaringer av 1, 2 og 8 er reservert for de som er betraktet til å forstå og bevare læren.</li></ul> <p>Tilhengerne tror på ekteskapet og å avle barn, og viktigheten av å føre et <a href="/wiki/Etikk" title="Etikk">etisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralsk</a> liv i denne verden, og prioritere familielivet. Således praktiserer de verken <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8libat" title="Sølibat">sølibat</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Askese" title="Askese">askese</a>, men avstår fra sterke drikker (alkohol) og rødt kjøtt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=I9G-zLZRMLQC"><i>The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780195153859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780195153859</a>, s. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rudolph, Kurt (1978): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.no/books?id=M1kWzSxecUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kurt+Rudolph&source=bl&ots=9l3GNI8v7j&sig=8ZD_KqY48UgqnfWF-FXc_E852v0&hl=no&sa=X&ei=VdBmUNqSBsTktQaU5IDgCg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=anti-Christian%20concept&f=false"><i>Mandaeism</i></a>, BRILL, s. 15: «This tradition can be explained by an anti-Christian concept, which is also found in Mandaeism, but, according to several scholars, it contains scarcely any traditions of historical events. Because of the strong dualism in Mandaeism...»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria (1990): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.no/books?ei=TNFmUJ2GL4eLswbs6oGIDA&hl=no&id=Dt3WAAAAMAAJ&dq=Light+and+the+Dark%3A+Dualism+in+ancient+Iran%2C+India%2C+and+China+Petrus&q=Christian+influences#search_anchor"><i>The Light and the Dark: Dualism in ancient Iran, India, and China</i></a>, J.C. Gieben, s. 31: «Although it shows Jewish and Christian influences, Mandaeism was hostile to Judaism and Christianity. Mandaeans spoke an East-Aramaic language in which 'manda' means 'knowledge'; this already is sufficient proof of the connection of.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Segal, Judah Benzion (1963): «The Sabian Mysteries. The planet cult of ancient Harran» i: E. Bacon (red.): <i>Vanished Civilizations</i>, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/RON_SAC/SABIANS.html">«Sabians»</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 1911, bind 23, s. 964: «...a semi-Christian sect of Babylonia, the Elkesaites, closely resembling the Mandaeans or so-called " Christians of St John the Baptist," but not identical with them.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2006): <i>The last pagans of Iraq : Ibn Wahshiyya and his Nabatean agriculture</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9789004150102" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-15010-2</a>. s. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Thaler, Kai: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341">«Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025053439/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341">Arkivert</a> 25. oktober 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Yale Daily News, 9. mars 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Deutsch, Nathaniel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/opinion/06deutsch.html">«Save the Gnostics»</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 6. oktober 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc0307-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc0307_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, Angus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6412453.stm">«Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'»</a>, <i>BBC</i>, 4. mars 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Drower, E. S. (1937): <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran : their cults, customs, magic, legends, and folklore</i>. Oxford : Clarendon Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Segelberg, Eric (1958): <i>Maşbūtā. Studies in the Ritual of the Mandæan Baptism</i>, Uppsala</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Drower, Ethel Stephana (1960): <i>The secret Adam, a study of Nasoraean gnosis</i>. London UK: Clarendon Press. s. xvi</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandeisme&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.org/">Mandaean Association Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/MN41560ucmf_1"><i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran</i></a>, av Lady Drower, 1937 – hele boken online</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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