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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_later_Turkic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_later_Turkic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence on later Turkic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_later_Turkic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_and_16th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_and_16th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>15th and 16th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_and_16th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries_and_grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries_and_grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dictionaries and grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries_and_grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_and_consonant_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_and_consonant_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowel and consonant harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_and_consonant_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Personal Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chagatai language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجغتائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجغتائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chagatai" title="Idioma chagatai – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chagatai" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chagatai" title="Idioma chagatai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chagatai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1%C4%9Fatay_dili" title="Cığatay dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cığatay dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چاغاتای تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاغاتای تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চাগাতাই ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাগাতাই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сығатай теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сығатай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чагатайская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чагатайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чагатайски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чагатайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchagataieg" title="Tchagataieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchagataieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_txagatai" title="Llengua txagatai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua txagatai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чагатай чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чагатай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cagataj%C5%A1tina" title="Čagatajština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čagatajština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschagataische_Sprache" title="Tschagataische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschagataische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1agatai_keel" title="Tšagatai keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšagatai keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τσαγαταϊκή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαγαταϊκή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chagatai" title="Idioma chagatai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chagatai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88agataja_lingvo" title="Ĉagataja lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉagataja lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txagatai_hizkuntza" title="Txagatai hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txagatai hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان جغتایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان جغتایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaghata%C3%AF_(langue)" title="Tchaghataï (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchaghataï (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="차가타이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차가타이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चग़ताई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चग़ताई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cagatajski_jezik" title="Čagatajski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čagatajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chagatai" title="Bahasa Chagatai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Chagatai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chagatai" title="Lingua chagatai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua chagatai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99" title="טורקית צ'אגאטאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקית צ'אגאטאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шағатай тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шағатай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чагатай тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чагатай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tschagataica" title="Lingua Tschagataica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tschagataica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csagat%C3%A1j_nyelv" title="Csagatáj nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csagatáj nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чагатајски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чагатајски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചഗതായ് തുർക്കി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചഗതായ് തുർക്കി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Chagatai" title="Bahasa Chagatai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Chagatai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Цагадайн хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагадайн хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ချာဂတိုင်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချာဂတိုင်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_(taal)" title="Chagatai (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chagatai (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="チャガタイ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャガタイ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjagataisk" title="Tsjagataisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjagataisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjagataisk" title="Tsjagataisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjagataisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_o%CA%BBzbek_tili" title="Eski oʻzbek tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eski oʻzbek tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چغتائی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چغتائی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چغتايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چغتايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chagatai" title="Lenga chagatai – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chagatai" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czagatajski" title="Język czagatajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czagatajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chagatai" title="Língua chagatai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chagatai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay_tili" title="Çağatay tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çağatay tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ciagatai" title="Limba ciagatai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ciagatai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чагатайский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чагатайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чаҕатай тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҕатай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chagatai language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cagataj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Čagatajščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čagatajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czagatajsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Czagatajskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czagatajskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1agatain_kieli" title="Tšagatain kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšagatain kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjagataiska" title="Tjagataiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjagataiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="சகதாயி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சகதாயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay_tele" title="Çağatay tele – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Çağatay tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาชากาทาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาชากาทาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Забони ҷағатоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҷағатоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9Fatayca" title="Çağatayca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çağatayca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чагатайська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чагатайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چغتائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چغتائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="چاغاتاي تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاغاتاي تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E8%87%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="察合臺语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="察合臺语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%96%87" title="察合台文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="察合台文" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turki_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turki (disambiguation)">Turki (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Chagatai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Chagatay-language text"><span lang="chg" dir="rtl">چغتای</span></span></span><br /><span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg">Čaġatāy</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png/200px-Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png/300px-Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png/400px-Chagatai_in_Nastaliq.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Chagatai (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Chagatay-language text"><span lang="chg" dir="rtl">چغتای</span></span></span>) written in <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1921</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chagatai</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic">Khorezmian Turkic</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkand Khanate">Yarkand Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara Khanate">Bukhara Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=82">chg</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chg">chg</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/chg">chg</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chag1247">chag1247</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chagatai</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Chagatay-language text"><span lang="chg" dir="rtl">چغتای</span></span>, <span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg-Latn">Čaġatāy</i></span>), also known as <b>Turki</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergne2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Eastern Turkic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-page6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Chagatai Turkic</b> (<span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg-Latn">Čaġatāy türkīsi</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-page4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> that was once widely spoken across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It remained the shared <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turkestan">western</a> or <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> (i.e. parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">Eastern Turkestan</a> (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga region</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chagatai is the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, which is not within the Karluk branch but in the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz branch</a> of Turkic languages, was nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/300px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/450px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg/600px-Chengde_summer_palace_writings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Lizheng Gate at the <a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>. The second column from the left is the Chagatai language written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> script which reads <i>Rawshan Otturādiqi Darwāza</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chagatai literature is still studied in modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, where the language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Chagatai</i> relates to the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1680s), a descendant empire of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> left to <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s second son, <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BabakVaisman2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BabakVaisman2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, who spoke this language claimed political descent from the Chagatai Khanate. </p><p>As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan</a>, Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grenoble2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenoble2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalby1998_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergne2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Allworth" title="Edward A. Allworth">Edward A. Allworth</a> argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> an <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergne2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, it is sometimes called "ancient <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LiuSu2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuSu2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_an_album,_Mir_Ali_Shir_Nawa_I,_calligrapher,_Afghanistan,_Herat,_late_15th_century_AD,_Chagatai_Turkish_text_in_Nastaliq_script,_ink,_gold,_color_on_paper,_decoupage_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04236.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Folio_from_an_album%2C_Mir_Ali_Shir_Nawa_I%2C_calligrapher%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Herat%2C_late_15th_century_AD%2C_Chagatai_Turkish_text_in_Nastaliq_script%2C_ink%2C_gold%2C_color_on_paper%2C_decoupage_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04236.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Folio_from_an_album%2C_Mir_Ali_Shir_Nawa_I%2C_calligrapher%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Herat%2C_late_15th_century_AD%2C_Chagatai_Turkish_text_in_Nastaliq_script%2C_ink%2C_gold%2C_color_on_paper%2C_decoupage_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04236.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Folio_from_an_album%2C_Mir_Ali_Shir_Nawa_I%2C_calligrapher%2C_Afghanistan%2C_Herat%2C_late_15th_century_AD%2C_Chagatai_Turkish_text_in_Nastaliq_script%2C_ink%2C_gold%2C_color_on_paper%2C_decoupage_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04236.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption>Late 15th century Chagatai Turkic text in Nastaliq script.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the twentieth century, the study of Chaghatay suffered from nationalist bias. In the former Chaghatay area, separate republics have been claiming Chaghatay as the ancestor of their own brand of Turkic. Thus, Old Uzbek, Old Uyghur, <a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar">Old Tatar</a>, Old Turkmen, and a Chaghatay-influenced layer in sixteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijanian</a> have been studied separately from each other. There has been a tendency to disregard certain characteristics of Chaghatay itself, e.g. its complex syntax copied from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Chagatai developed in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grenoble2006_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenoble2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk branch</a> of the Turkic language family. It is descended from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic_languages" title="Middle Turkic languages">Middle Turkic</a>, which served as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and Persian words and turns of phrase. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Fuat_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Mehmet Fuat Köprülü">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü</a> divides Chagatay into the following periods:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Early Chagatay (13th–14th centuries)</li> <li>Pre-classical Chagatay (the first half of the 15th century)</li> <li>Classical Chagatay (the second half of the 15th century)</li> <li>Continuation of Classical Chagatay (16th century)</li> <li>Decline (17th–19th centuries)</li></ol> <p>The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase began with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>'s first <i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a></i> and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other the increasing influence of dialects of the local spoken languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_later_Turkic_languages">Influence on later Turkic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence on later Turkic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, two modern languages descended from Chagatai, are the closest to it. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Chagatai was initially intended to be the national and governmental language of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a>. However, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on a series of Uzbek dialects. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> records the use of the word "Chagatai" in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to describe the "Tekke" dialect of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and most of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark,_Larry_p._318_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Larry_p._318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_and_16th_centuries">15th and 16th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 15th and 16th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous of Chagatai poets, Ali-Shir Nava'i, among other works wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Muhakamat_al-Lughatayn" title="Muhakamat al-Lughatayn">Muhakamat al-Lughatayn</a></i>, a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages. Here, Nava’i argued for the superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s biography is written in Chagatai, as is the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i> (or <i>Tuska Babure</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, the Timurid founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_8630"><i>Divan</i></a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a> is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThePersianAndTurkishDivansOfBayramKhan"><i>Divans</i></a> was written in Chagatai. </p><p>The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his <a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">ruba'is</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg">Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim,<br /> Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim<br /> Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa,<br /> Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="poem"> <p>I am become a desert wanderer for Islam,<br /> Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus<br /> I readied myself to become a martyr,<br /> God be thanked I am become a ghazi. </p> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Uzbek ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a> Khan wrote a prose essay called <i>Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni</i> in Chagatai in 1507, shortly after his capture of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, and dedicated it to his son, Muhammad Timur. <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_The_manuscript_is_kept_in_Istanbul"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_language#endnote_The_manuscript_is_kept_in_Istanbul">[2]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, "Bahr ul-Khuda", written in 1508, is located in London <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ötemish Hajji wrote a history of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> entitled the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Dost_Sultan" title="Tarikh-i Dost Sultan">Tarikh-i Dost Sultan</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of literary production, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are often seen as a period of decay. It is a period in which Chagatai lost ground to Persian. Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Shajara-i_Tar%C4%81kima" title="Shajara-i Tarākima">Shajara-i Tarākima</a></i> (Genealogy of the Turkmens) and <i>Shajara-i Turk</i> (Genealogy of the Turks). Abu al-Ghāzī is motivated by functional considerations and describes his choice of language and style in the sentence ‘I did not use one word of Chaghatay (!), Persian or Arabic’. As is clear from his actual language use, he aims at making himself understood to a broader readership by avoiding too ornate a style, notably <a href="/wiki/Saj%27" title="Saj'">saj’</a>, rhymed prose. In the second half of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a> also introduced the use of classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen linguistic features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark,_Larry_p._318_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark,_Larry_p._318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Bukharan</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Subhan_Quli_Khan" title="Subhan Quli Khan">Subhan Quli Khan</a> (1680–1702) was the author of a work on medicine, "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khivan</a> writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rahim_Khan_II_of_Khiva" title="Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva">Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva</a> also wrote <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Musa_Sayrami" title="Musa Sayrami">Musa Sayrami</a>'s <i>Tārīkh-i amniyya</i>, completed in 1903, and its revised version <i>Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi</i>, completed in 1908, represent the best sources on the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pref_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pref-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries_and_grammars">Dictionaries and grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dictionaries and grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are books written on the Chagatai language by natives and westerners:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Vocabularium Linguae Giagataicae Sive Igureae</i> (<i>Lexico Ćiagataico</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muḥammad Mahdī Khān, <i>Sanglakh</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Pavet_de_Courteille" title="Abel Pavet de Courteille">Abel Pavet de Courteille</a>, <i>Dictionnaire turk-oriental</i> (1870).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry" title="Ármin Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry</a> 1832–1913, <i>Ćagataische Sprachstudien, enthaltend grammatikalischen Umriss, Chrestomathie, und Wörterbuch der ćagataischen Sprache</i>; (1867).</li> <li>Sheykh Süleymān Efendi, <i>Čagataj-Osmanisches Wörterbuch: Verkürzte und mit deutscher Übersetzung versehene Ausgabe</i> (1902).</li> <li>Sheykh Süleymān Efendi, <i>Lughat-ï chaghatay ve turkī-yi 'othmānī</i> (Dictionary of Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish).</li> <li>Mirza Muhammad Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, <i>Mabaniul Lughat: Yani Sarf o Nahv e Lughat e Chughatai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abel Pavet de Courteille, <i>Mirâdj-nâmeh : récit de l'ascension de Mahomet au ciel, composé a.h. 840 (1436/1437), texte turk-oriental, publié pour la première fois d'après le manuscript ouïgour de la Bibliothèque nationale et traduit en français, avec une préf. analytique et historique, des notes, et des extraits du Makhzeni Mir Haïder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sounds /f, ʃ, χ, v, z, ɡ, ʁ, d͡ʒ, ʔ, l/ do not occur in initial position of words of Turkish origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">unrounded</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">rounded</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">i iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">u uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">e eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">o oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">ɑ ɑː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowel length is distributed among five vowels /iː, eː, ɑː, oː, uː/.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic alphabet">Perso-Arabic alphabet</a>. This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> old script</span>). It saw usage for <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Isolated</th> <th>Final</th> <th>Medial</th> <th>Initial</th> <th>Uzbek Letter name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek Latin</a> </th> <th>Kazakh </th> <th>Kyrgyz </th> <th>Uyghur </th> <th>Bashkir </th> <th>Kazan Tatar </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic Alphabet</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺀ</td> <td colspan="3">—</td> <td>Hamza </td> <td>' </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>ئ </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>∅ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺍ</td> <td colspan="2">ﺎ</td> <td>ﺍ</td> <td>alif </td> <td>О о <p>А а </p> </td> <td>А а <p>Ә ә </p> </td> <td>А а </td> <td>ئا </td> <td>А а </td> <td>А а </td> <td>Aa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺏ</td> <td>ﺐ</td> <td>ﺒ</td> <td>ﺑ</td> <td>be </td> <td>B b </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>ﺏ </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>Bb </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﭖ</td> <td>ﭗ</td> <td>ﭙ</td> <td>ﭘ</td> <td>pe </td> <td>P p </td> <td>П п </td> <td>П п </td> <td>ﭖ </td> <td>П п </td> <td>П п </td> <td>Pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺕ</td> <td>ﺖ</td> <td>ﺘ</td> <td>ﺗ</td> <td>te </td> <td>T t </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>ﺕ </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Tt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺙ</td> <td>ﺚ</td> <td>ﺜ</td> <td>ﺛ</td> <td>se </td> <td>S s </td> <td>С с </td> <td>С с </td> <td>س </td> <td>Ҫ ҫ </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ss (Śś) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺝ</td> <td>ﺞ</td> <td>ﺠ</td> <td>ﺟ</td> <td>jim </td> <td>J j </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>ﺝ </td> <td>Й й </td> <td>Җ җ </td> <td>Cc </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﭺ</td> <td>ﭻ</td> <td>ﭽ</td> <td>ﭼ</td> <td>chim </td> <td>Ch ch </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>ﭺ </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>Çç </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺡ</td> <td>ﺢ</td> <td>ﺤ</td> <td>ﺣ</td> <td>hoy-i hutti </td> <td>H h </td> <td>X x </td> <td>X x </td> <td>ھ </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Hh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺥ</td> <td>ﺦ</td> <td>ﺨ</td> <td>ﺧ</td> <td>xe </td> <td>X x </td> <td>Қ қ (Х х) </td> <td>К к (Х х) </td> <td>ﺥ </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Xx </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺩ</td> <td colspan="2">ﺪ</td> <td>ﺩ</td> <td>dol </td> <td>D d </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>ﺩ </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>Dd </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺫ</td> <td colspan="2">ﺬ</td> <td>ﺫ</td> <td>zol </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>З з </td> <td>З з </td> <td>ذ </td> <td>Ҙ ҙ </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Zz (Źź) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺭ</td> <td colspan="2">ﺮ</td> <td>ﺭ</td> <td>re </td> <td>R r </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>ﺭ </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>Rr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺯ</td> <td colspan="2">ﺰ</td> <td>ﺯ</td> <td>ze </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>З з </td> <td>З з </td> <td>ﺯ </td> <td>З з </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Zz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﮊ</td> <td colspan="2">ﮋ</td> <td>ﮊ</td> <td>je (zhe) </td> <td>J j </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>ﮊ </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Jj </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺱ</td> <td>ﺲ</td> <td>ﺴ</td> <td>ﺳ</td> <td>sin </td> <td>S s </td> <td>С с </td> <td>С с </td> <td>ﺱ </td> <td>С с </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ss </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺵ</td> <td>ﺶ</td> <td>ﺸ</td> <td>ﺷ</td> <td>shin </td> <td>Sh sh </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>ﺵ </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Şş </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺹ</td> <td>ﺺ</td> <td>ﺼ</td> <td>ﺻ</td> <td>sod </td> <td>S s </td> <td>С с </td> <td>С с </td> <td>س </td> <td>С с </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Ss </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﺽ</td> <td>ﺾ</td> <td>ﻀ</td> <td>ﺿ</td> <td>dod </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>З з </td> <td>З з </td> <td>ز </td> <td>Ҙ ҙ </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Zz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻁ</td> <td>ﻂ</td> <td>ﻄ</td> <td>ﻃ</td> <td>to (itqi) </td> <td>T t </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>ت </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>Tt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻅ</td> <td>ﻆ</td> <td>ﻈ</td> <td>ﻇ</td> <td>zo (izgʻi) </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>З з </td> <td>З з </td> <td>ز </td> <td>Ҙ ҙ </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Zz (Źź) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻉ</td> <td>ﻊ</td> <td>ﻌ</td> <td>ﻋ</td> <td>ayn </td> <td>' </td> <td>Ғ ғ </td> <td>∅ </td> <td>ئ </td> <td>Ғ ғ </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Ğğ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻍ</td> <td>ﻎ</td> <td>ﻐ</td> <td>ﻏ</td> <td>ğayn </td> <td>Gʻ gʻ </td> <td>Ғ ғ </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>ﻍ </td> <td>Ғ ғ </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Ğğ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻑ</td> <td>ﻒ</td> <td>ﻔ</td> <td>ﻓ</td> <td>fe </td> <td>F f </td> <td>П п </td> <td>П п/Б б </td> <td>ﻑ </td> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>Ff </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻕ</td> <td>ﻖ</td> <td>ﻘ</td> <td>ﻗ</td> <td>qof </td> <td>Q q </td> <td>Қ қ </td> <td>К к </td> <td>ﻕ </td> <td>Ҡ ҡ </td> <td>К к </td> <td>Qq </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ک</td> <td>ک</td> <td>ﻜ</td> <td>ﻛ</td> <td>kof </td> <td>K k </td> <td>К к </td> <td>К к </td> <td>ك </td> <td>К к </td> <td>К к </td> <td>Kk </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﮒ</td> <td>ﮓ</td> <td>ﮕ</td> <td>ﮔ</td> <td>gof </td> <td>G g </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>ﮒ </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>Gg </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">نگ/ݣ</td> <td>ـنگ/ـݣ</td> <td>ـنگـ/ـݣـ</td> <td>نگـ/ݣـ</td> <td>nungof </td> <td>Ng ng </td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>ڭ </td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>Ññ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻝ</td> <td>ﻞ</td> <td>ﻠ</td> <td>ﻟ</td> <td>lam </td> <td>L l </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>ﻝ </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>Ll </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻡ</td> <td>ﻢ</td> <td>ﻤ</td> <td>ﻣ</td> <td>mim </td> <td>M m </td> <td>М м </td> <td>М м </td> <td>ﻡ </td> <td>М м </td> <td>М м </td> <td>Mm </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻥ</td> <td>ﻦ</td> <td>ﻨ</td> <td>ﻧ</td> <td>nun </td> <td>N n </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>ﻥ </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>Nn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻭ</td> <td colspan="2">ﻮ</td> <td>ﻭ</td> <td>vav </td> <td>V v <p>U u, Oʻ oʻ </p> </td> <td>У у <p>Ұ ұ, Ү ү О о, Ө ө </p> </td> <td>У у, Ү ү <p>О о, Ө ө </p> </td> <td>ۋ <p>ئۆ/ئو, ئۈ/ئۇ </p> </td> <td>О о, <p>Ө ө, У у, Ү ү </p> </td> <td>О о, <p>Ө ө, У у, Ү ү </p> </td> <td>Oo, Öö, Uu, Üü, Vv, Ww </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:150%">ﻩ</td> <td>ﻪ</td> <td>ﻬ</td> <td>ﻫ</td> <td>hoy-i havvaz </td> <td>H h <p>A a </p> </td> <td>Һ һ <p>Э э, е </p> </td> <td>∅ <p>Э э, е </p> </td> <td>ھ <p>ئە/ئا </p> </td> <td>Һ һ, <p>Ә ә </p> </td> <td>Һ һ, <p>Ә ә </p> </td> <td>Hh, Ää </td></tr> <tr> <td>ﻯ </td> <td>ﻰ </td> <td>ﻴ </td> <td>ﻳ </td> <td>ye </td> <td>Y y <p>Е e, I i </p> </td> <td>Й й, И и <p>Ы ы, І і </p> </td> <td>Й й <p>Ы ы, И и </p> </td> <td>ي <p>ئى، ئې </p> </td> <td>Й й, И и, Ы ы, Э э </td> <td>Й й, И и, Ы ы, Э э </td> <td>Yy, İi, Iı, Ee </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes. </p><p>For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate a modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet#Arabic_script_of_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">South Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language#Orthography" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a>. <br />Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, many of these languages now are written in either the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in the order of emphasis put on them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_and_consonant_harmony">Vowel and consonant harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vowel and consonant harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, Chagatai has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn't ever since the spelling changes under USSR; vowel harmony being present in the orthography of the Uzbek perso-arabic script). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon <a href="/wiki/Vowel_backness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel backness">vowel backness</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Back vowels </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front vowels </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>: [i] and [e] almost always follow the front vowel inflections; and, if the stem contains [q] or [ǧ], which are formed in the back of the mouth, back vowels are more likely in the inflection. </p><p>These affect the suffixes that are applied to words. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a> is relatively less common and only appears in a few suffixes such as the genitive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plural is formed by adding the suffix -لار (-lar/lär). There are two pronunciations which exist due vowel harmony rules. If the vowel of the last syllable is a front syllable ([a], [o], [u]) -lar is used. If the vowel is a back vowel ([ä], [ö], [ü]) or [i] and [e], -lär is used. In rare circumstances -lar is sometimes written as -لر, though generally the suffix -لار is used for both the pronunciations /-lär/ and /-lar/. Or in the case of Kazakh and Kyrgyz /-ler/ and /-lar/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chagatai has six different cases. The nominative and sometimes the accusative does not have any special making. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Affix </th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتون</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun</p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتون</p><p style="display: none;">otun</p><p style="clear: left;">firewood</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينك</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk</p></div><p style="display: none;">اينك</p><p style="display: none;">inäk</p><p style="clear: left;">cow</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتون</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun</p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتون</p><p style="display: none;">otun</p><p style="clear: left;">A/The firewood...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينك</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk</p></div><p style="display: none;">اينك</p><p style="display: none;">inäk</p><p style="clear: left;">A/The cow...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Nominative is unmarked and usually comes first in a sentence. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">-نينک</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-niŋ</p></div><p style="display: none;">-نينک</p><p style="display: none;">-niŋ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتوننينک</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun<b>niŋ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتوننينک</p><p style="display: none;">otun<b>niŋ</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...a/the firewood’s...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينكنينک</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk<b>niŋ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اينكنينک</p><p style="display: none;">inäk<b>niŋ</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...a/the cow’s...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>The possessed object must be inflected with third person possessive pronouns ‘ى/سى’ (si/i). </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">-نى</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ni</p></div><p style="display: none;">-نى</p><p style="display: none;">-ni</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتوننى</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun<b>ni</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتوننى</p><p style="display: none;">otun<b>ni</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...the firewood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينكنى</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk<b>ni</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اينكنى</p><p style="display: none;">inäk<b>ni</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...the cow.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Accusative case only takes effect in the case that the direct object is “definite”. So ‘a road’ is <yol> but ‘the road’ is <yolni>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">-غه/كه</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ka/ǧa</p></div><p style="display: none;">-غه/كه</p><p style="display: none;">-ka/ǧa</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتونغه</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun<b>ǧa</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتونغه</p><p style="display: none;">otun<b>ǧa</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...to the firewood...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينككه</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk<b>ka</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اينككه</p><p style="display: none;">inäk<b>ka</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...to the cow...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>To be noted is that the ending varies from word to word due to <a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">consonant harmony</a>, which changes may be included in writing or not, so <inäk> + <ǧa> = <inäkka> but may be written as <inäkǧa>. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a> is taken into effect if the vowel of the last syllable is a front vowel the suffix attains pronunciation of -ä instead of -a. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">-دين</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-din</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">(/dan/dän)</p></div><p style="display: none;">-دين</p><p style="display: none;">-din</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتوندين</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun<b>din</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتوندين</p><p style="display: none;">otun<b>din</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...from the firewood...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينكدين/اينكتين</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk<b>din</b>/inäk<b>tin</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اينكدين/اينكتين</p><p style="display: none;">inäk<b>din</b>/inäk<b>tin</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...from the cow...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>The case marking for ablative is occasionally rendered as -دهن or -دان (dan/dän), and can become -تين (tin) before a voiceless consonants. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">-ده</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-da/dä</p></div><p style="display: none;">-ده</p><p style="display: none;">-da/dä</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اوتونده</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otun<b>da</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اوتونده</p><p style="display: none;">otun<b>da</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...in/on the firewood...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ar" style="margin: 0px;">اينكده</p><p lang="ar-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inäk<b>dä</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">اينكده</p><p style="display: none;">inäk<b>dä</b></p><p style="clear: left;">...in/on the cow...</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Like the dative the locative works through <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>; of the vowel of the final syllable is a front syllable the suffix turns to -dä. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_Pronouns">Personal Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personal Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven Chagatai <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a>, as there are formal and informal forms of the second person singular form. Unlike other languages these pronouns do not differ between genders. Each of these pronouns have <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> added to end of <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a> as conjugation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Conjugational suffix </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Conjugational suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person </th> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">من</span></span> <i> män</i></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">-من</span></span> <i> -män</i></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيز</span></span> <i> biz</i></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">-ميز</span></span> <i> -miz</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Second person </th> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سيز</span></span> <i> siz</i> [informal]</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">-سيز</span></span> <i> -siz</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سيزلار</span></span> <i> sizlär</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">-سيزلار</span></span> <i> -sizlär</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سن</span></span> <i> sän</i> [formal]</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سن</span></span> <i> -sän</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person </th> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">او/اول</span></span> <i> ul/u</i></td> <td>-</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اولار</span></span> <i> ular</i></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">-لار</span></span> <i> -lar</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are some punctuation marks associated with Chagatai.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol/ <p>Graphemes </p> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>English name </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>⁘ </td> <td> </td> <td>Four-dot mark </td> <td>The four-dot mark indicates a verse break. It is used at the beginning and end of a verse, especially to separate verse from prose. It may occur at the beginning or end of lines, or in the middle of a page. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>❊ </td> <td> </td> <td>Eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk </td> <td>The eight teardrop-spoked propeller asterisk indicates a decoration for title. This mark occurs end of the title. This mark also occurs end of a poem. This mark occurs end of a prayer in Jarring texts. However this mark did not occur consistently. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>. </td> <td> </td> <td>Period (full stop) </td> <td>The period is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. However, this mark did not occur consistently in Chaghatay manuscripts until the later period (e.g. manuscripts on Russian paper). </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>" " </td> <td> </td> <td>Quotation mark </td> <td>Dialogue was wrapped in quotation marks, rarely used for certain words with emphasis </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>___ </td> <td> </td> <td>Underscore </td> <td>Dash: mostly with red ink, occurs on the top of names, prayers, and highlighted questions, answers, and important outline numbers. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Whitespace </td> <td>Can indicate a stanza break in verse, and a new paragraph in brows. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>- </td> <td> </td> <td>Dash </td> <td>Rare punctuation: used for number ranges (e.g. 2–5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>-- </td> <td> </td> <td>Double dash </td> <td>Rare punctuation: sets off following information like a colon, it is used to list a table of contents </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>( ) </td> <td> </td> <td>Parentheses </td> <td>Marks a tangential or contextual remark, word or phrase. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>: </td> <td> </td> <td>colon </td> <td>Colons appear extremely rarely preceding a direct quote. Colons can also mark beginning of dialogue </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td>Ellipsis: </td> <td>Ellipsis: a series of dots (typically 3) that indicate missing text. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <b>Chagatay</b>, <b>Chaghatai</b>, <b>Jaghatai</b> or <b>Chaghatay</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Türk tili</i>, <i>türk alfāzï</i>, <i>türkī tili</i>, <i>türkī lafẓï</i>, <i>türkčä til</i> or simply <i>türkī</i>, <i>türkčä</i><sup id="cite_ref-page4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrenoble2003" class="citation book cs1">Grenoble, Lenore (2003). <i>Language Policy of the Soviet Union</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-1298-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-1298-5"><bdi>1-4020-1298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4020-1298-5&rft.aulast=Grenoble&rft.aufirst=Lenore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chaghatay-language-and-literature">"Chaghatay Language and Literature"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. <q>Ebn Mohannā (Jamāl-al-Dīn, fl. early 8th/14th century, probably in Khorasan), for instance, characterized it as the purest of all Turkish languages (Doerfer, 1976, p. 243), and the khans of the Golden Horde (Radloff, 1870; Kurat; Bodrogligeti, 1962) and of the Crimea (Kurat), as well as the Kazan Tatars (Akhmetgaleeva; Yusupov), wrote in Chaghatay much of the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaghatay+Language+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchaghatay-language-and-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSertkaya2002" class="citation book cs1">Sertkaya, Ayşe Gül (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In Hazai, György (ed.). <i>Archivum Ottomanicum</i>. Vol. 20. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115. <q>As a result, we can claim that <span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg-Latn">Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı</i></span> was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (<span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg-Latn">bitig</i></span>) and firmans (<span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg-Latn">yarlığ</i></span>) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eeyhzade+Abdurrezak+Bah%C5%9F%C4%B1&rft.btitle=Archivum+Ottomanicum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sertkaya&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fe+G%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmann1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eckmann, János (1966). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.). <i>Chagatay Manual</i>. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 60. Indiana University Publications. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chagatay+Manual&rft.series=Uralic+and+Altaic+Series&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Eckmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergne2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergne2007_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bergne2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bergne (29 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oioBAwAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA137"><i>Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 24, 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-091-8"><bdi>978-0-85771-091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+Tajikistan%3A+National+Identity+and+the+Origins+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=24%2C+137&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-091-8&rft.au=Paul+Bergne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoioBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DChagatai%2B%2522Old%2BUzbek%2522%2Bofficial%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-page6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmann1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eckmann, János (1966). Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.). <i>Chagatay Manual</i>. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 60. Indiana University Publications. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chagatay+Manual&rft.series=Uralic+and+Altaic+Series&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Eckmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Chagatai-literature">"Chagatai literature"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chagatai+literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FChagatai-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerMatras2013" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Peter; Matras, Yaron (26 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ei_nBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+turkistan+eastern+turkistan+the+volga+region+chaghatay&pg=PA292"><i>Contact Languages</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614513711" title="Special:BookSources/9781614513711"><bdi>9781614513711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contact+Languages&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.isbn=9781614513711&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Matras%2C+Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dei_nBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwestern%2Bturkistan%2Beastern%2Bturkistan%2Bthe%2Bvolga%2Bregion%2Bchaghatay%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ealc.fas.harvard.edu/chaghatay">"Chaghatay"</a>. <i>ealc.fas.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ealc.fas.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Chaghatay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fealc.fas.harvard.edu%2Fchaghatay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyanath1967" class="citation book cs1">Vaidyanath, R. (1967). <i>The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republics: A Study in Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1917–1936</i>. People's Publishing House. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Soviet+Central+Asian+Republics%3A+A+Study+in+Soviet+Nationalities+Policy%2C+1917%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Vaidyanath&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHenry1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McHenry, Robert, ed. (1993). "Navā'ī, (Mir) 'Alī Shīr". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (15th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nav%C4%81%27%C4%AB%2C+%28Mir%29+%27Al%C4%AB+Sh%C4%ABr&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BabakVaisman2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BabakVaisman2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabakVaismanWasserman2004" class="citation book cs1">Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 343–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77681-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77681-7"><bdi>978-1-135-77681-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Organization+in+Central+Asia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+Sources+and+Documents&rft.pages=343-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-77681-7&rft.aulast=Babak&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Vaisman%2C+Demian&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9SPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdEyAQAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA179"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201453" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201453"><bdi>978-9004201453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004201453&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdEyAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DChagatai%2B%2522Old%2BUzbek%2522%2Bofficial%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2014" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Scott (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JWLBQAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA232"><i>Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-92978-9"><bdi>978-1-317-92978-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+the+Making+of+the+Soviet+World%3A+The+Red+Demiurge&rft.pages=232-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-92978-9&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JWLBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DChagatai%2B%2522Old%2BUzbek%2522%2Bofficial%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenoble2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenoble2006_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenoble2006_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenoble2006" class="citation book cs1">Grenoble, L. A. (11 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Language Policy in the Soviet Union</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48083-6"><bdi>978-0-306-48083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48083-6&rft.aulast=Grenoble&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUeWBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby1998-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalby1998_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb/page/665">665</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1"><bdi>978-0-231-11568-1</bdi></a>. <q>Chagatai Old Uzbek official.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pages=665-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11568-1&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflang00dalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworth1990" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beCoAAAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PT202"><i>The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History</i></a>. 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BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">299–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12135-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriens+%2C+Volume+36+Volume+36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12135-5&rft.au=Brill&rft.au=Sellheim%2C+R.&rft.au=Endress%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBJPaxyb2UQC%26dq%3Dabushqa%2Bold%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnur2020" class="citation journal cs1">Onur, Samet (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43438090">"EASTERN TURKISH - LATIN DICTIONARY: VOCABULARIUM LINGUAE GIAGATAICAE SIVE IGUREAE (LEXICO ĆIAGATAICO)"</a>. <i>Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32321%2Fcutad.701451">10.32321/cutad.701451</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2587-1900">2587-1900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%87ukurova+%C3%9Cniversitesi+T%C3%BCrkoloji+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=EASTERN+TURKISH+-+LATIN+DICTIONARY%3A+VOCABULARIUM+LINGUAE+GIAGATAICAE+SIVE+IGUREAE+%28LEXICO+%C4%86IAGATAICO%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32321%2Fcutad.701451&rft.issn=2587-1900&rft.aulast=Onur&rft.aufirst=Samet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43438090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MabaniulLughatYaniSarfONahvELughatEChughatai-MirzaMuhammadMehdiKhanAstarabadiFarsi">"Mabaniul Lughat: Yani Sarf o Nahv e Lughat e Chughatai – Mirza Muhammad Mehdi Khan Astarabadi (Farsi)"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mabaniul+Lughat%3A+Yani+Sarf+o+Nahv+e+Lughat+e+Chughatai+%E2%80%93+Mirza+Muhammad+Mehdi+Khan+Astarabadi+%28Farsi%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMabaniulLughatYaniSarfONahvELughatEChughatai-MirzaMuhammadMehdiKhanAstarabadiFarsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaïderPavet_de_Courteille1975" class="citation web cs1">Haïder, Mir; Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1 January 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mirdjnmehpublip00navogoog">"Mirâdj-nâmeh : récit de l'ascension de Mahomet au ciel, composé a.h. 840 (1436/1437), texte turk-oriental, publié pour la première fois d'après le manuscript ouïgour de la Bibliothèque nationale et traduit en français, avec une préf. analytique et historique, des notes, et des extraits du Makhzeni Mir Haïder"</a>. Amsterdam : Philo Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir%C3%A2dj-n%C3%A2meh+%3A+r%C3%A9cit+de+l%27ascension+de+Mahomet+au+ciel%2C+compos%C3%A9+a.h.+840+%281436%2F1437%29%2C+texte+turk-oriental%2C+publi%C3%A9+pour+la+premi%C3%A8re+fois+d%27apr%C3%A8s+le+manuscript+ou%C3%AFgour+de+la+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+et+traduit+en+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+avec+une+pr%C3%A9f.+analytique+et+historique%2C+des+notes%2C+et+des+extraits+du+Makhzeni+Mir+Ha%C3%AFder&rft.pub=Amsterdam+%3A+Philo+Press&rft.date=1975-01-01&rft.aulast=Ha%C3%AFder&rft.aufirst=Mir&rft.au=Pavet+de+Courteille%2C+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmirdjnmehpublip00navogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodrogligeti2001" class="citation book cs1">Bodrogligeti, András J. E. (2001). <i>A Grammar of Chagatay</i>. Munich: München: Lincom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Chagatay&rft.pub=Munich%3A+M%C3%BCnchen%3A+Lincom&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bodrogligeti&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uyghur.ittc.ku.edu/manuals/ManuscriptsTranscription.xhtml#Paleography">"Chaghatay manuscripts transcription handbook"</a>. <i>uyghur.ittc.ku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uyghur.ittc.ku.edu&rft.atitle=Chaghatay+manuscripts+transcription+handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuyghur.ittc.ku.edu%2Fmanuals%2FManuscriptsTranscription.xhtml%23Paleography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodrogligeti2007" class="citation book cs1">Bodrogligeti, András J. E. (2007) [2001]. <i>A Grammar of Chagatay</i>. Languages of the World: Materials. Vol. 155. München: LINCOM Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-563-3"><bdi>978-3-89586-563-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Chagatay&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Materials&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-563-3&rft.aulast=Bodrogligeti&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCakan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cakan, Varis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219215155/http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11094/12239/1/riwl_006_143.pdf">"Chagatai Turkish and Its Effects on Central Asian Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>大阪大学世界言語研究センター論集</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11094%2F12239">11094/12239</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11094/12239/1/riwl_006_143.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=Chagatai+Turkish+and+Its+Effects+on+Central+Asian+Culture&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11094%2F12239&rft.aulast=Cakan&rft.aufirst=Varis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F11094%2F12239%2F1%2Friwl_006_143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Eckmann, Janos (1997). <i>Chagatay Manual</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0860-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chagatay+Manual&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0860-4&rft.aulast=Eckmann&rft.aufirst=Janos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErkinov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erkinov, Aftandil (2008). Woo, C.H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060828/http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/12/3.PDF">"Persian-Chaghatay Bilingualism in the Intellectual Circles of Central Asia during the 15th–18th Centuries (the case of poetical anthologies, bayāz)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Central Asian Studies</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/12/3.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Persian-Chaghatay+Bilingualism+in+the+Intellectual+Circles+of+Central+Asia+during+the+15th%E2%80%9318th+Centuries+%28the+case+of+poetical+anthologies%2C+bay%C4%81z%29&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Erkinov&rft.aufirst=Aftandil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iacd.or.kr%2Fpdf%2Fjournal%2F12%2F3.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavet_de_Courteille1972" class="citation book cs1">Pavet de Courteille, Abel (1972) [1870]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6UCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9"><i>Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental: Destinée principalement à faciliter la lecture des ouvrages de Bâber, d'Aboul-Gâzi, de Mir Ali-Chir Nevâï, et d'autres ouvrages en langues touraniennes</i></a> [<i>Eastern Turkish Dictionary: Intended Primarily to Facilitate the Reading of the Works of Babur, Abu'l Ghazi, Mir ʿAli Shir Navaʾi, and Other Works in Turanian Languages</i>]. Amsterdam: Philo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6022-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-6022-113-3"><bdi>90-6022-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Turk-Oriental%3A+Destin%C3%A9e+principalement+%C3%A0+faciliter+la+lecture+des+ouvrages+de+B%C3%A2ber%2C+d%27Aboul-G%C3%A2zi%2C+de+Mir+Ali-Chir+Nev%C3%A2%C3%AF%2C+et+d%27autres+ouvrages+en+langues+touraniennes&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Philo+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=90-6022-113-3&rft.aulast=Pavet+de+Courteille&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6UCAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChagatai+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagatai_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/chg" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/chg">Chagatai language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Chagatai language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Chagatai_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Chagatai language"><i><b>Chagatai language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/">Russian imperial policies in Central Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034048/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-iranian-contacts-ii-chaghatay">Chagatai language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/images/mpub10110094.pdf">An introduction to Chaghatay</a> by Eric Schluessel, Maize Books; University of Michigan Publishing 2018 (A self study, open access textbook with graded lessons)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/200px-Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png/300px-Turkic_Languages_distribution_map.png 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language"><i>Khoton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Kyrgyz_dialect" title="Pamir Kyrgyz dialect">Pamir Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chulym_dialect" title="Lower Chulym dialect"><i>Lower Chulym</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)#Language" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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