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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celestial globe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="كرة سماوية (مجسم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرة سماوية (مجسم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Небесен глобус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Небесен глобус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmelsglobus" title="Himmelsglobus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Himmelsglobus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_c%C3%A9leste" title="Globe céleste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Globe céleste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98" title="천구의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천구의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globu_ya_nyota" title="Globu ya nyota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Globu ya nyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmelsglobus" title="Himmelsglobus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Himmelsglobus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E5%84%80_(%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F)" title="天球儀 (恒星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天球儀 (恒星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmelglobus" title="Himmelglobus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Himmelglobus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerneglobus" title="Stjerneglobus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjerneglobus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Звёздный глобус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звёздный глобус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="آسماني گولو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آسماني گولو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmelsglob" title="Himmelsglob – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Himmelsglob" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глобуси осмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глобуси осмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ksel_k%C3%BCre" title="Göksel küre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göksel küre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E5%84%80" title="天球儀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天球儀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E4%BB%AA" title="天球仪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天球仪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1425895#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Celestial_globe_with_clockwork_MET_DP237685.jpg/390px-Celestial_globe_with_clockwork_MET_DP237685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Celestial_globe_with_clockwork_MET_DP237685.jpg/520px-Celestial_globe_with_clockwork_MET_DP237685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Celestial globe with clockwork; 1579; partly gilded silver, gilded brass and steel; overall: 27.3 cm × 20.3 cm × 19.1 cm (10.7 in × 8.0 in × 7.5 in), diameter of the globe: 14 cm (5.5 in); from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg/220px-Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg/330px-Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg/440px-Celestial_globe_MET_DP-12901-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Celestial globe; after 1621; paper, brass, oak and stained and light-colored wood; overall: 52.1 cm × 47.3 cm (20.5 in × 18.6 in), diameter of the globe: 34 cm (13 in); from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>; Metropolitan Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/220px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/330px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg/440px-Mughal_Celestial_Globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="3830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> era Celestial Globe by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Thattvi" title="Muhammad Saleh Thattvi">Muhammad Saleh Thattvi</a> c.1663<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Celestial globes</b> show the <a href="/wiki/Apparent_place" title="Apparent place">apparent positions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> in the sky. They omit the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, along which the Sun moves, is indicated. </p><p>There is an issue regarding the "<a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">handedness</a>" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, then the star field will appear reversed on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the <a href="/wiki/Gnomonic_projection" title="Gnomonic projection">gnomonic projection</a> inside of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographic projection (cartography)">orthographic projection</a> as viewed from the outside. For this reason, celestial globes are often produced in mirror image, so that at least the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> appear as viewed from earth. This ambiguity is famously evident in the astronomical ceiling of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal#Ceiling" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>, whose inconsistency was deliberately left uncorrected though it was noticed shortly after installation. </p><p>Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a>. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed through the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere. However, the proper position from which to view the sphere would be from its centre, but the viewer of a transparent globe must be outside it, far from its centre. Viewing the inside of the sphere from the outside, through its transparent surface, produces serious distortions. <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">Opaque</a> celestial globes that are made with the constellations correctly placed, so they appear as mirror images when directly viewed from outside the globe, are often viewed in a mirror, so the constellations have their familiar appearances. Written material on the globe, e.g., constellation names, is printed in reverse, so it can easily be read in the mirror. </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a>'s 16th-century discovery that the solar system is "<a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostatic</a>" (that the earth orbits the sun and not the other way around) "the stars have been commonly, though perhaps not universally, perceived as though attached to the inside of a hollow sphere enclosing and rotating about the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19853_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19853-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working under the incorrect assumption that the cosmos was geocentric the second-century Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> composed the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> in which "the movements of the planets could be accurately represented by means of techniques involving the use of epicycles, deferents, eccentrics (whereby planetary motion is conceived as circular with respect to a point displaced from Earth), and equants (a device that posits a constant angular rate of rotation with respect to a point displaced from Earth)".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guided by these ideas astronomers of the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> alike, created celestial globes to "represent in a model the arrangement and movement of the stars".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their most basic form celestial globes represent the stars as if the viewer were looking down upon the sky as a globe that surrounds the earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> reported the statements of the Roman astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sulpicius_Gallus" title="Gaius Sulpicius Gallus">Gaius Sulpicius Gallus</a> of the second century BC, the first globe was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a>. This could indicate that celestial globes were in production throughout antiquity however, without any celestial globes surviving from this time, it is difficult to say for sure. What is known is that in book VIII, chapter 3 of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> he outlines ideas for the design and production of a celestial globe. This includes some notes on how the globe should be decorated, suggesting ‘the sphere a dark colour resembling the night sky’.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19858_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19858-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Atlas" title="Farnese Atlas">Farnese Atlas</a>, a 2nd-century AD Roman marble sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> which probably copies an earlier work of the Hellenistic era, is holding a celestial globe 65 cm (26 in) in diameter, which for many years was the only known celestial globe from the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-Dekker_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dekker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No stars are depicted on the globe, but it shows over 40 classical Greek constellations in substantial detail.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, two smaller celestial globes from antiquity became public: one from brass measuring 11 cm (4.3 in) held by the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Zentralmuseum" title="Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum">Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum</a>, and one from gilt silver measuring 6.3 cm (2.5 in) privately held by the Kugel family.<sup id="cite_ref-Dekker_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dekker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Sufi's_The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars"><span id="Al-Sufi.27s_The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars"></span>Al-Sufi's <i>The Book of Fixed Stars</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Al-Sufi's The Book of Fixed Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg/170px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg/255px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg/340px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0156_delphinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Constellation of <a href="/wiki/Delphinus" title="Delphinus">Delphinus</a> from a copy of 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a>, 1125</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013123–155_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013123–155-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a> was an important 10th-century astronomer whose works were instrumental in the Islamic development of the celestial globe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125,_153_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125,_153-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars" title="The Book of Fixed Stars">The Book of Fixed Stars</a></i>, designed for accuracy for the year 964, was a "description of the constellations that combines Greek/ Ptolemaic traditions with Arabic/Bedouin ones".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125–126_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125–126-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Book of Fixed Stars</i> then served as an important source of star coordinates for makers of <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabes</a> and globes across the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, it was "instrumental in displacing the traditional Bedouin constellation imagery and replacing it with the Greek/Ptolemaic system which ultimately came to dominate all astronomy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest surviving celestial globe was made between 1080 and 1085 C.E. by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Said_al-Sahli" title="Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli">Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli</a>, a well-known astrolabe maker working in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127,_153_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127,_153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the imagery on this globe appears to be unrelated to that in al-Sufi's The Book of the Constellations al-Wazzan does seem to have been aware of this work, as all forty-eight of the classical Greek constellations are illustrated on the globe, just as in al-Sufi's treatise, with the stars indicated by circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century, a celestial globe, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Mathematisch-Physikalischer_Salon" title="Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon">Mathematisch-Physikalischer</a> Salon in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, was produced at one of the most important centres of astronomy in intellectual history, the Ilkhanid observatory at <a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragha</a> in north-western Iran constructed in 1259 and headed by Nasir al-Dln TusT (d. 1274), the renowned polymath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular scientific instrument was made by the son of the renowned scientist Mu'ayyad al-'Urdi al-Dimashqi, Muhammad b. Mu'ayyad al-'Urdl in 1288. This globe is an interesting example of how celestial globes demonstrate both the scientific and the artistic talents of those who make them. All forty-eight classical constellations used in Ptolemy's Almagest are represented on the globe, meaning it could then be used in calculations for astronomy and astrology, such as navigation, time-keeping or determining a horoscope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009103–104_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2009103–104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artistically, this globe is an insight into thirteenth century Iranian illustration as the thirteenth century was a period when inlaid brass became a premier medium for figural imagery and so the globes from this period are duly exceptional for the detail and clarity of their engraved figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg/170px-Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg/255px-Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg/340px-Jahangir_-_Abu_al-Hasan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3649" /></a><figcaption>A detailed portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> holding a celestial globe by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_(artist)" title="Abu'l-Hasan (artist)">Abul Hasan</a> (dated 1617 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 17th-century celestial globe was made by Diya' ad-din Muhammad in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, 1668 (now in Pakistan).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now housed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>. It is encircled by a meridian ring and a horizon ring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198567_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198567-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latitude angle of 32° indicates that the globe was made in the Lahore workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198569_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198569-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specific "workshop claims 21 signed globes—the largest number from a single shop" making this globe a good example of celestial globe production at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198543_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198543-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The globe itself has been manufactured in one piece, so as to be seamless. </p><p>There are grooves which encircle the surface of the globe that create 12 sections of 30° which pass through the ecliptic poles. While they are no longer used in astronomy today, they are called "ecliptic latitude circles" and help astronomers of the Arabic and Greek worlds find the co-ordinates of a particular star.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198561_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198561-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the 12 sections corresponds to a house in the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_sphaera_mundi" title="De sphaera mundi">De sphaera mundi</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orientalartauctions.com/object/artothe30798-a-celestial-globe-made-by-mughal-astrolabist-muhammad-salih-of-thatta-dated-1074-ah-1663-ad">"A CELESTIAL GLOBE, MADE BY MUGHAL ASTROLABIST MUHAMMAD SALIH OF THATTA, DATED 1074 AH/1663 AD"</a>. <i>www.orientalartauctions.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orientalartauctions.com&rft.atitle=A+CELESTIAL+GLOBE%2C+MADE+BY+MUGHAL+ASTROLABIST+MUHAMMAD+SALIH+OF+THATTA%2C+DATED+1074+AH%2F1663+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalartauctions.com%2Fobject%2Fartothe30798-a-celestial-globe-made-by-mughal-astrolabist-muhammad-salih-of-thatta-dated-1074-ah-1663-ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19853-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19853_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorchert2006" class="citation book cs1">Borchert, Donald M. (2006). <i>In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd ed</i>. Macmillan Reference. pp. <span class="nowrap">532–</span>536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E532-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Borchert&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewald2004" class="citation book cs1">Dewald, Jonathan (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dewald&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19858-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith19858_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dekker-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dekker_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dekker_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDekker2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dekker, Elly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23993955">"Featuring the First Greek Celestial Globe"</a>. <i>Globe Studies</i> (55/56): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23993955">23993955</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+Studies&rft.atitle=Featuring+the+First+Greek+Celestial+Globe&rft.issue=55%2F56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23993955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=Elly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23993955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLippincott2016" class="citation book cs1">Lippincott, Kristen (2016). "Reflections on the Farnese Atlas: Exploring the scientific, literary and pictorial antecedents of the constellations on a Graeco-Roman globe". In Gunzburg, Darrelyn (ed.). <i>The Imagined Sky: Cultural perspectives</i>. Sheffield: Equinox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Farnese+Atlas%3A+Exploring+the+scientific%2C+literary+and+pictorial+antecedents+of+the+constellations+on+a+Graeco-Roman+globe&rft.btitle=The+Imagined+Sky%3A+Cultural+perspectives&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Equinox+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lippincott&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013123–155-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013123–155_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, pp. 123–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125,_153-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125,_153_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, pp. 125, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125–126-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013125–126_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013153_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127,_153-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127,_153_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, pp. 126, 127, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom2013126,_127_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom2013">Blair & Bloom 2013</a>, pp. 126, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2009">Carey 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2009103–104-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2009103–104_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2009">Carey 2009</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605105040/http://www.artknowledgenews.com/2010-03-10-23-00-01-national-portrait-gallery-claims-lost-emperor-portrait-is-largest-mughal-painting-ever-seen.html">"National Portrait Gallery claims "Lost" Emperor Portrait is Largest Mughal Painting Ever Seen"</a>. <i>ArtKnowledgeNews.com</i>. March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artknowledgenews.com/2010-03-10-23-00-01-national-portrait-gallery-claims-lost-emperor-portrait-is-largest-mughal-painting-ever-seen.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtKnowledgeNews.com&rft.atitle=National+Portrait+Gallery+claims+%22Lost%22+Emperor+Portrait+is+Largest+Mughal+Painting+Ever+Seen&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artknowledgenews.com%2F2010-03-10-23-00-01-national-portrait-gallery-claims-lost-emperor-portrait-is-largest-mughal-painting-ever-seen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410223855/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article1606093.ece">"Jahangir portrait sold for Rs. 10 crore at London auction"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">PTI</a>. 7 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/article1606093.ece">the original</a> on 10 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jahangir+portrait+sold+for+Rs.+10+crore+at+London+auction&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Farticle1606093.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/">"Celestial globe"</a>. <i>National Museums Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museums+Scotland&rft.atitle=Celestial+globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.ac.uk%2Fexplore-our-collections%2Fcollection-search-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198567-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198567_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198569-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198569_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198543-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198543_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198561-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage-Smith198561_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage-Smith1985">Savage-Smith 1985</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013). <i>God is beautiful and loves beauty: the object in Islamic art and culture</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300196665" title="Special:BookSources/9780300196665"><bdi>9780300196665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+is+beautiful+and+loves+beauty%3A+the+object+in+Islamic+art+and+culture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300196665&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, Moya (2009). "The Gold and Silver Lining: Shams Al-Dīn Muḥammad B. Mu'Ayyad Al-'Urḍī's Inlaid Celestial Globe (<i>c.</i> AD 1288) from the Ilkhanid Observatory at Marāgha". <i>Iran</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05786967.2009.11864761">10.1080/05786967.2009.11864761</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651466">25651466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran&rft.atitle=The+Gold+and+Silver+Lining%3A+Shams+Al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+B.+Mu%27Ayyad+Al-%27Ur%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB%27s+Inlaid+Celestial+Globe+%28c.+AD+1288%29+from+the+Ilkhanid+Observatory+at+Mar%C4%81gha&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F05786967.2009.11864761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25651466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Moya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavage-Smith1985" class="citation book cs1">Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicatecelest0000sava"><i>Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamicate+Celestial+Globes%3A+Their+History%2C+Construction%2C+and+Use&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Savage-Smith&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicatecelest0000sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelestial+globe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestial_globe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Celestial globe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celestial_globe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1425895","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1425895","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-12-22T01:13:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Celestial_globe_with_clockwork_MET_DP237685.jpg","headline":"type of star chart where the map is arranged on a globe"}</script> </body> </html>