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id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 名称 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 領土 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-領土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 歷史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关歷史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-于阗建國傳說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#于阗建國傳說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 于阗建國傳說 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-于阗建國傳說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-塞迦人移入" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塞迦人移入"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 塞迦人移入 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-塞迦人移入-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早期時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 早期時代 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汉代以前及漢代和六朝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉代以前及漢代和六朝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 汉代以前及漢代和六朝 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汉代以前及漢代和六朝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唐代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唐代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 唐代 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唐代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宋元明清" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宋元明清"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 宋元明清 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宋元明清-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 經濟 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关經濟子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-于闐的金屬硬幣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#于闐的金屬硬幣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 于闐的金屬硬幣 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-于闐的金屬硬幣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蠶絲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蠶絲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 蠶絲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蠶絲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-玉石" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#玉石"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 玉石 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-玉石-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 宗教 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史時間表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史時間表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 歷史時間表 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史時間表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国王" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国王"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 国王 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国王-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-綫粒體DNA分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#綫粒體DNA分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 綫粒體DNA分析 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-綫粒體DNA分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 参考文献 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考文献子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 书籍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 延伸阅读 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">于阗</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。33种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مملكة خوتان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة خوتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Jot%C3%A1n" title="Reinu de Jotán – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Jotán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xotan_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Xotan dövləti – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xotan dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="خوتان کراللیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خوتان کراللیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="খোটান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খোটান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="ལི་ཡུལ་ – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལི་ཡུལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Khotan" title="Regne de Khotan – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Khotan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotansk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Chotanské království – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chotanské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Khotan" title="Kongeriget Khotan – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Khotan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_von_Hotan" title="Königreich von Hotan – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich von Hotan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kingdom of Khotan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Jot%C3%A1n" title="Reino de Jotán – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Jotán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotan_erresuma" title="Khotan erresuma – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khotan erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="پادشاهی ختن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی ختن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Khotan" title="Royaume de Khotan – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Khotan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="खुतन राज्य – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खुतन राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Khotan" title="Kerajaan Khotan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Khotan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Khotan" title="Regno di Khotan – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Khotan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ホータン王国 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホータン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%83%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="호탄 왕국 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호탄 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotano_karalyst%C4%97" title="Hotano karalystė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hotano karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Hotan" title="Koninkrijk Hotan – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Hotan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Khotan" title="Kongedømmet Khotan – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Khotan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="خوتان بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خوتان بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Хотан (государство) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хотан (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Hotan" title="Kraljevstvo Hotan – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevstvo Hotan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotansk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Chotanské kráľovstvo – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chotanské kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="خوتەن پادىشاھلىقى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خوتەن پادىشاھلىقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Хотан (держава) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хотан (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="کھوٹان بادشاہت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کھوٹان بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81n" title="Vu Điền – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vu Điền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9B-thi%C3%A2n" title="Û-thiân – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Û-thiân" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">于阗</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">于阗建国不晚于公元前2世纪，明确时间公元56年—1006年</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_(BC1C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/250px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/375px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg/500px-Xiyu_City-States_of_Tarim_basin_%28BC1C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Khotan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="于阗的位置"><img alt="于阗的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kingdom_of_Khotan.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Khotan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kingdom_of_Khotan.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Khotan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kingdom_of_Khotan.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Khotan.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="904" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">地位</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="王国">王国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82" title="和田市">和田</a>的西部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%B9%B2%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="和田约特干遗址">约特干</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">常用语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">可能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a>的早期形式，在1-2世纪古印度语（属<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a>）之后。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A9%AE%E9%80%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="健驮逻语">健驮逻语</a>（3-4世纪）<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="于阗语">于阗语</a>（一种变种<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">塞語</a>）<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">宗教<div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">佛教</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">政府</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 56年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9E%E6%9E%97_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="俞林 (于阗)">俞林</a>：建武初期（25年–56年）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 969年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9" title="尉迟僧伽罗摩">尉迟僧伽罗摩</a>（末代）</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">历史</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 建立 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">于阗建国不晚于公元前2世纪，明确时间公元56年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 文献记载于阗建国 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">公元前232年<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1964-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 莎车入侵并吞并了于阗，于阗王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9E%E6%9E%97_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="俞林 (于阗)">俞林</a>退位，成为骊归王。 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">56年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 吐蕃入侵并占领了于阗 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">670年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 与喀喇汗国战败，吞并，伊斯兰化。 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1006年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 终结 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1006年</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">继承 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">今属于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">新疆歷史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogao_Cave_61,_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="新疆歷史"><img alt="新疆歷史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg/150px-Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg/225px-Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg/300px-Mogao_Cave_61%2C_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>新疆歷史</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center">史前新疆</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#史前時代" title="新疆歷史">史前新疆</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦代</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">兩漢</a>時期</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="西域三十六国">西域三十六国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="高昌國">高昌</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">楼兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">于阗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#漢與匈奴爭奪" title="新疆歷史">漢朝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C" title="西域都護府">西域都護府</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%B2%E5%BA%9C" title="西域长史府">西域长史府</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晋南北朝</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="十六国">十六国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%87%89" title="前凉">前凉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%A7%A6" title="前秦">前秦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%87%89" title="后凉">后凉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89" title="北凉">北凉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89" title="高昌北凉">高昌北凉</a></li></ul></li> <li>天山以北 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%8B%92" title="敕勒">敕勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a></li></ul></li> <li>西域諸國 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">楼兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AF%E5%96%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄯善">鄯善</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">车师</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">于阗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a> 、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%AD%AB" title="烏孫">烏孫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="高昌國">高昌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B4%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" title="麴氏高昌">麴氏高昌</a>等</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国">五代</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">两宋</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>隋朝<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%90%BE%E9%83%A1" title="伊吾郡">伊吾郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#唐帝國統治時代" title="新疆歷史">唐朝</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安西大都护府">安西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="北庭大都护府">北庭</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="西突厥">西突厥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84" title="葛逻禄">葛逻禄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E9%A8%8E%E6%96%BD" title="突騎施">突騎施</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%94%E6%82%89%E5%AF%86" title="拔悉密">拔悉密</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" title="九姓烏古斯">九姓烏古斯</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="回鹘汗国">回鹘汗国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="龟兹回鹘">龟兹回鹘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB" title="高昌回鶻">高昌回鶻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="东喀喇汗国">东喀喇汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B7%E7%A3%A8" title="样磨">样磨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E4%BA%91" title="仲云">仲云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽">西辽</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古</a>政权</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>畏兀儿<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8F%E5%85%80%E5%84%BF" title="畏兀儿">亦都護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="察合台汗國">察合台汗國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%A9%E9%97%8A%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="窩闊台汗國">窩闊台汗國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="东察合台汗国">东察合台汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E9%B2%81%E7%95%AA%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="吐鲁番汗国">吐鲁番汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="葉爾羌汗國">葉爾羌汗國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%89%8C" title="瓦剌">瓦剌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="准噶尔汗国">准噶尔汗国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>明朝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="卫所">哈密卫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E5%9C%8B" title="哈密國">哈密国</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%86%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治疆历史">清朝</a>新疆 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%93" title="和卓">和卓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" title="伊犁將軍">總統伊犁等處將軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃新疆省">甘肃新疆省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E5%9B%9E%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哈密回王">哈密札薩克和碩親王</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #FFFFE1; text-align :center">20世紀至今</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="新疆省 (中華民國)">新疆省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%86%9B%E9%98%80" title="新疆军阀">新疆军阀</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="苏联入侵新疆">蘇聯入侵新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="東突厥斯坦共和國">東突厥斯坦共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国">東突厥斯坦伊斯蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="東干斯坦">東干斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%97%90%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="和闐伊斯蘭王國">和闐伊斯蘭王國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%86%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国治疆历史">中华人民共和国</a> <ul><li>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="新疆和平解放">新疆和平解放</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD)" title="新疆省 (中华人民共和国)">新疆省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="新疆维吾尔自治区">新疆维吾尔自治区</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:新疆歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:新疆歷史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:新疆歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 于<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>闐</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">tián</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>（又作于<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80905552"><ruby class="zy center"><rb>寘</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">tián</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="传统维文">維吾爾語</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75374360">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur","Noto Naskh Arabic","Noto Sans Arabic","Microsoft Sans Serif";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}</style>خوتەن پادىشاھلىقى‎；<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="维吾尔">维吾尔</a>译称“和阗王国”），古代<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>王国，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晋</a>均称为于阗，<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="唐代">唐代</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9B%E9%95%87" title="安西四镇">安西四镇</a>之一。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2" title="元史">元史</a>》也称之为斡端<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。古代居民操<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="塞语">塞语</a>，另一说法为<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F" title="藏族">藏族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的混血部族<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a>；于闐語則屬<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF#分類" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗語支">東伊朗語</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%81%96%E5%A4%A9" title="李聖天">尉遲烏僧波</a>统治下与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B" title="归义军">归义军</a>关系密切，这时期以后于阗开始使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7" title="年号">年号</a>，于阗国于公元1006年被<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a>所灭，该地遂被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰化">伊斯兰教化</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。 于闐王國是一個古老的伊朗<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人創立的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>王國，位在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA%E5%B9%B2%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="塔克拉瑪干沙漠">塔克拉瑪干沙漠</a>的南端（在現代中國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>），有一條<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢之路">絲綢之路</a>的分支在此沿著向西行。其古代都城<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="约特干">约特干</a>位於現代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82" title="和田市">和田市</a>西邊<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>。從<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>到至少<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>稱為于闐、于窴或者于寘。這個大多數人是佛教徒的王國已經存在了超過1000年，直到公元1006年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9A%84%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="新疆的突厥化和伊斯蘭化">新疆的突厥化和伊斯蘭化</a>時期被回教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>征服。 于闐建立在綠洲之上，除了本地其他主要產品，如著名的軟玉和陶器外，當地的桑樹林得以讓人們生產和出口絲綢和地毯。儘管于闐是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢之路">絲綢之路</a>上的重要城市，也是古代中國著名的玉石來源，但它本身的面積卻相對狹小——在于闐綠洲的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%B9%B2%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="约特干遗址">约特干</a>（Yōtkan）古城周長只約為2.5至3.2公里。然而，由於幾個世紀以來當地人民的尋寶活動，古老的城市的許多考古證據已被破壞殆盡。<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a> 于闐的居民使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗東部語言（页面不存在）">伊朗東部語言</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">塞語</a>（在于闐使用的稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="于阗塞语">于阗塞语</a>或于阗语）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="健馱邏語">健馱邏語</a>（一種與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>有關的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8D%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="印度－雅利安語支">印度－雅利安語</a>）兩種語言。關於于闐人之中，來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>、講<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="健馱邏語">健馱邏語</a>的，相對於來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="欧亚大草原">歐亞大草原</a>的伊朗裔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度-歐洲遷徙（页面不存在）">印度-歐洲人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a>）、講<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">塞語</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人，在種族和人類學上各占的比率，現今仍存在爭議。從公元3世紀開始，在于闐皇家宮廷中說的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="健馱邏語">健馱邏語</a>受到明顯的語言上的影響。到了公元10世紀，于闐塞語也被證實在于闐宮廷中使用，而且于闐的統治者也在行政文件上使用塞語。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称">名称</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称">编辑</a>]</div> 于阗又作于寘，可能为*Godan的对音，其完整形式为go（原意为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛">牛</a>”，后用来称呼于阗人）加上<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支">伊朗语</a>的后缀-stâna（“斯坦”，土地）组成，意为“牛国”。<a href="#cite_note-荣2-14">[14]</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗学家（页面不存在）">伊朗学家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.W.%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.W.贝利（页面不存在）">H.W.贝利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Walter Bailey">Harold Walter Bailey</a>）则认为，这个地名可能和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%9C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="贵霜">贵霜</a>王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E6%AF%97%E8%89%B2%E4%BC%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡毗色伽（页面不存在）">胡毗色伽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvishka" class="extiw" title="en:Huvishka">Huvishka</a>）有着同一个词根，比较<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="于阗塞语">于阗塞语</a>的hvāṣṭa（意为“最好的、最主要的”）。<a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a> 于阗在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="于阗语">于阗语</a>中的早期形式为Hvatana，晚期发展为Hvamna-/Hvana-/Hvam-的形式，汉文对音为“涣那”，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="元代">元代</a>则称之为“五端”“兀丹”“斡端”等。<a href="#cite_note-Pelliot1959-16">[16]</a> 在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%B0" title="史记">史记</a>·大宛列傳》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·西域传》当中，此地被称為于闐（<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3" title="郑张尚芳">郑张尚芳</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="上古音">上古</a>拟音*ɢʷa diːn，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89" title="高本汉">高本汉</a>拟音gi̯wo-d'ien<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="大唐西域记">大唐西域记</a>》中说：“瞿薩旦那國，唐言地乳，即其俗之雅言也。俗語謂之渙那國，匈奴謂之于遁，諸胡謂之豁旦，印度謂之屈丹，舊曰于闐訛也”。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%9F%E7%A9%BA%E5%85%A5%E7%AB%BA%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="悟空入竺记">悟空入竺记</a>》说：“于阗（亦云于遁），梵云瞿萨怛那（唐言地乳国）”。现代研究认为，“瞿薩旦那”一名为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E8%AF%8D%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民间词源（页面不存在）">民间词源</a>，是于阗本地的佛教传说附会为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>的Gostana（即《西域记》所谓“唐言地乳”）。<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>佛教梵语中写做gaustana-deśa、gāṃstana-deśai（“瞿薩旦那國”）等<a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a>，此外佛教梵语中还有Gosthana、Godana、Godaniya、Kustana等形式。《西域记》中还举出了渙那、于遁、豁旦和屈丹等类似的名称。<a href="#cite_note-theobald_2011_yutian-19">[19]</a> 公元7世紀至8世紀期間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>称该王国为“李域”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64579233">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Qomolangma-Dunhuang","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","Qomolangma-Woodblock","BabelStone Tibetan Slim",Jomolhari,"Yagpo Tibetan Uni","DDC Uchen","DDC Rinzin",Kailash,"TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni",Wangdi29,"Noto Serif Tibetan","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>ལི་ཡུལ་，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：li-yul）或者“江热木布”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233">ལྕང་ར་སྨུག་པོ་，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：lcang ra smug po，意思是“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E6%9F%B3%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红柳林（页面不存在）">红柳林</a>”）<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>；称该王国的都城为Hu-ten、Hu-den、Hu-then或Yvu-then。<a href="#cite_note-khotanese_texts-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> 本地文献中对该地的称呼亦随时间推移而改变。约在公元三世纪，当地的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87" title="佉卢文">佉卢文</a>文献中称此地为Khotana，而后在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆羅米文</a>书写的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="于阗塞语">于阗塞语</a>文献中则称之为Hvatäna、Hvatana。<a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a>其后则演变为Hvaṃna，即《西域记》中所记的渙那，更晚则有Hvaṃ、Hvaṃ kṣīra（“于阗之地”）、Hvanya kṣīra等形式。摩尼教<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特语</a>中出现了于阗的形容词形式xwδnyk，此外<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%9C%A8%E8%88%92%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="图木舒克语">图木舒克语</a>中出现的hvadane和hvadna可能也是指于阗。<a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a> 在西方常用的Khotan来自早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="新波斯语">新波斯语</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A2%83%E5%9F%9F%E5%BF%97" title="世界境域志">世界境域志</a>》中提到于阗则用了khutan。<a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="马可波罗游记">马可波罗游记</a>》称之为Cotan，早期进入中国的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>传教士<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E6%9C%AC%E7%AC%83" title="鄂本笃">鄂本笃</a>则将该地称作Quotan。 在公元9世紀與晚唐時駐紮在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2" title="沙洲">沙洲</a>（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌">敦煌</a>）的地方政權<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B" title="归义军">歸義軍</a>結盟時使用了Yūttina的名稱（于阗塞语）。<a href="#cite_note-khotanese_texts-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biley-1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>在一部作者不明的佛教文献《翻梵语》中，“于填國”条下注释说：“應云優填耶那，譯曰後堂”<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>，据<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C" title="伯希和">伯希和</a>，“優填耶那”是梵语udyāna，意为“花园、园林”，即该书中的“後堂”，他认为这个作者将于阗、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%97%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="乌仗那">乌仗那</a>和梵语udyāna三者混淆了。<a href="#cite_note-Pelliot1959-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領土">領土</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：領土">编辑</a>]</div> 于阗地处<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>南沿，东通<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="且末">且末</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AF%E5%96%84%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="鄯善国">鄯善</a>，西通<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="莎车">莎车</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a>，盛时领地包括今<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82" title="和田市">和田</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="皮山">皮山</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%8E%89" class="mw-redirect" title="墨玉">墨玉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="洛浦">洛浦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="策勒">策勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="于田">于田</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="民丰">民丰</a>等县市，都西城（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%B9%B2%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="和田约特干遗址">和田约特干遗址</a>）。 綠洲的地理位置是其成功和取得財富的主要因素。于闐北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA%E5%B9%B2%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="塔克拉瑪干沙漠">塔克拉瑪干沙漠</a>是地球上最乾旱，最荒涼的沙漠氣候之一，其南部是無人居住的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%91%E5%B4%99%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="崑崙山脈">崑崙山脈</a>。東部除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%9B%85%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" title="尼雅遺址">尼雅</a>以外，幾乎沒有其他綠洲，因此旅行困難，而從西部進入則相對容易<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>。于闐從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%8E%89%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="白玉河">白玉河</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%8B%89%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E6%B2%B3" title="喀拉喀什河">墨玉河</a>兩條河流取水灌溉，這兩條河帶來大量的河水，使得以在乾旱氣候下生活。山脈旁邊的位置不僅為作物提供了灌溉，而且還增加了土地的肥沃性，因為河流降低了山地的坡度並帶來沉積物，從而創造了更肥沃的土壤，提高了農業的生產力，讓于闐因生產穀物和水果而聞名。因此，于闐的命脈是靠它位在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%91%E5%B4%99%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="崑崙山脈">崑崙山脈</a>附近，沒有這個因素，它就不會成為絲綢之路沿線中最大，最成功的綠洲城市之一。 于闐王國是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>中發現的眾多小國之一，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車縣">莎車</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="樓蘭">樓蘭</a>（鄯善）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E9%AD%AF%E7%95%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="吐魯番">吐魯番</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="龜茲">龜茲</a>（後三者與于闐一起構成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9B%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="安西四鎮">安西四鎮</a>）。西邊是中亞的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a>。周圍環繞有強鄰，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>，和曾經一度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>，這些鄰居在不同時期都曾已經或試圖對于闐給予影響。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> 從很早開始，就有不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>族群居住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%BA" title="吐火罗人">吐火羅人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1964-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>墓葬中發現的于闐玉石所製的器物表明，于闐的玉石在建城之前已在中國交易了很長時間。玉石貿易一般認為是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>人所推動的<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="于阗建國傳說">于阗建國傳說</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：于阗建國傳說">编辑</a>]</div> 于闐的創立傳說有四個版本<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_263-29">[29]</a>，這些可在中國往西方取經的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>作品中，以及于闐文獻的藏文翻譯中找到。所有這四個版本都表明這座城市是公元前3世紀左右在印度<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>統治時期，由來自印度的部族所建立的<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a>:77–81<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_263-29">[29]</a>。 根據其中一種版本的說法，據說在遠古的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89" title="塔克西拉">塔克西拉</a>部落中一位祖先追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%9E%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B" title="多聞天王">多聞天王</a>的貴族，把<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a>統治者<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>的兒子庫納拉（Kunãla）弄瞎。作為懲罰，他們被放逐到<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="喜馬拉雅山">喜馬拉雅山</a>北麓，在于闐定居，並推選了其中一位為國王。然而，隨後他們與來自中國的另一族群發生戰爭，中國族群的首領接任國王，把兩個殖民地合併<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a>。在另一個版本中，是庫納拉本人被放逐，並創立了于闐<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。 傳說表明于闐是由印度西北部和中國人遷入定居，並可能解釋了自<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>以來于闐被分為東城和西城的情況<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a>。也有人認為相關傳說是虛構的，因為他忽略了在當地的伊朗人口，而傳說的目的是解釋公元7世紀在于闐已存在的印度和中國影響<a href="#cite_note-tremblay-31">[31]</a>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>記載，当地人認為，自于闐創立以來，皇室統治就一直沒有中斷過。證據表明，至少從公元3世紀起，于闐國王就以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗語支">伊朗語</a>為基礎的字眼作為頭銜，這表明他們可能會說某種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗語支">伊朗語</a><a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">[32]</a>。 19世紀<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾克·奧萊爾·斯坦因">馬爾克·奧萊爾·斯坦因</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="尼亞遺址">尼雅</a>發現了用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87" title="佉卢文">佉卢文</a>所寫的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">普拉克里特諸語言</a>文書，其中有于闐立國傳說，斯坦因認为，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的這些人是印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89" title="塔克西拉">塔克西拉</a>的移民，他們征服了于闐並在此殖民<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>。然而，使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">普拉克里特諸語言</a>可能是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a>影響力的所遺留的結果<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>。根據在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>各個地點發現的希臘化藝術品等證據，于闐早期也受到希臘的影響，例如，在于闐附近發現的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%8E%9B%E6%AF%AF" title="山普拉掛毯">山普拉掛毯</a>，和在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="樓蘭">樓蘭</a>附近發現描繪希臘神<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="荷米斯">荷米斯</a>以及有翼的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E4%BC%BD%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF" title="珀伽索斯">珀伽索斯</a>的掛毯，還有一些陶瓷物件，可能暗示著影響來自遙遠的希臘化的埃及<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="托勒密王國">托勒密王國</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-christopoulos_2012_pp15-20-36">[36]</a>。因此，一個假設是，該地區的早期移民可能是來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="塔克希拉">塔克希拉</a>的混血族裔，他們是由希臘化<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="印度-希臘王國">印度-希臘人</a>領導人率領來此，並採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>行政和社會組織建立了于闐王國<a href="#cite_note-christopoulos-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="塞迦人移入">塞迦人移入</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：塞迦人移入">编辑</a>]</div> 在于闐找到的以後幾個世紀的文獻指出，于闐人民說的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>語，這是一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東部伊朗語">東部伊朗語</a>，與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特語</a>有密切的聯繫。作為印歐語系的一種語言，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>語與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>毗鄰地區所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅語</a>之間有比較遙遠的聯繫<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>語還與<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火羅語</a>共享語言學上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81" title="区域特征">区域特征</a>。尚不確定<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人何時遷入于闐地區。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%8E%9B%E6%AF%AF" title="山普拉掛毯">山普拉掛毯</a>的考古證據<a href="#cite_note-GNISsampul-40">[40]</a>（Shanpulu; سامپۇل بازىرى <a href="#cite_note-GNISsampul2-41">[41]</a> / 山普鲁镇）表明<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>族人可能在公元前一千年的最後時期已在于闐附近定居<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>，但是有些人認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人是在于闐城市創立之後才遷入<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人可能早些時候就居住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的其他地區，在于闐以東200公里處的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%B2%B3" title="克里雅河">克里雅河</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="圆沙古城">圓沙古城</a>綠洲區域發現了一個被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人居住的遺跡，時間可推到公元前公元第7世紀<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>族人在中國古代記載中稱為“塞”<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。這些記錄表明，他們最初居住在現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾吉斯斯坦">吉爾吉斯斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克斯坦">哈薩克斯坦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E6%B2%B3" title="伊犁河">伊犁河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%B2%B3_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E)" title="楚河 (中亞)">楚河</a>河谷。在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>》中，這一地區被稱為“塞人之鄉”，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a><a href="#cite_note-yu_2010_p13-47">[47]</a>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%B7" title="司馬遷">司馬遷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>》，最初來自中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="天山">天山</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肅">甘肅</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌">敦煌</a>之間地區的印歐種族<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>人<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>，在公元前177年-176年被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="匈奴族">匈奴族</a>人<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%92%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="冒頓">冒頓</a>單于軍隊攻擊，並被迫逃離<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肅">甘肅</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="河西走廊">河西走廊</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>。 接著，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>則攻擊並迫使塞族向南撤離。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人在公元前140年穿越<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="錫爾河">錫爾河</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>。後來<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人還遷入印度北部以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的其他地點，如于闐、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車縣">莎車</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="龜茲">龜茲</a>。一種理論是，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>族人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>希臘化，然後他們或一個種族混雜的希臘化的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯基泰人</a>遷移到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車縣">莎車</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90" class="mw-redirect" title="于闐">于闐</a>，或更早地從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="印度-希臘王國">印度-希臘王國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89" title="塔克西拉">塔克西拉</a>遷居到這裡<a href="#cite_note-enoki_1998_396-397-54">[54]</a>。 在鄰近的鄯善國（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="樓蘭">樓蘭</a>）發現的公元3世紀用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">普拉克里特諸語言</a>書寫的的文件顯示，于闐國王被賦予了“hinajha”頭銜（意为“大元帥”），這是一個明顯的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗语">伊朗語</a>的單詞，相當於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>頭銜<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E5%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="大元帥">大元帥</a>（senapati）<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">[32]</a>。據已故伊朗研究學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗纳尔德·埃里希·艾默里克（页面不存在）">罗纳尔德·埃里希·艾默里克</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Erich_Emmerick" class="extiw" title="de:Ronald Erich Emmerick">Ronald Erich Emmerick</a>）教授<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>（卒於2001年）稱，這與記錄中的國王統治時期而被推定為于闐國王kṣuṇa的事實“暗示著伊朗居民與王權之間已建立的關聯”<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">[32]</a>。他說，于闐在公元10世紀的用于闐<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>語撰寫的皇家詔書“可證明于闐的統治者很可能是說<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗语">伊朗語</a>的人<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">[32]</a>。”此外，他詳細闡述了于闐的早期名稱： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">于闐的名字有許多可以印證的拼寫方式，其中最古老的形式是hvatana，有書寫者大約在公元7到10世紀時使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗语">伊朗語</a>在文本裡面也稱乎這個地方為hvatana。在兩個密切相關的伊朗方言，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9C%A8%E8%88%92%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圖木舒克市">圖木舒克語</a>兩者也證明名稱相同。因此，有人推論將其解釋為伊朗語的用法，這在歷史上具有某種程度重要意義。我個人比較喜歡使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人之名進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語義學">語義學</a>上的解釋，因為在于闐的伊朗居民說的語言與公元前1世紀以來印度西北部<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>人所使用的語言緊密相關。<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">[32]</a></blockquote> 後期在于闐和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9C%A8%E8%88%92%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圖木舒克市">圖木舒克</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%B8%82" title="喀什市">喀什</a>東北部）發現了用于闐<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>語撰寫的各式文件，範圍包括醫學文獻到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛經">佛經</a><a href="#cite_note-bailey_1996_pp1231-1235-56">[56]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="敦煌">敦煌</a>也發現了類似的文獻，多數是在公元10世紀時撰寫的<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期時代">早期時代</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：早期時代">编辑</a>]</div> 公元前2世紀，一個于闐國王幫助南亞<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國">貴霜帝國</a>的著名統治者<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%86%A9%E8%89%B2%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="迦膩色伽一世">迦膩色伽一世</a>（由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度-伊朗語族">印度-伊朗語族</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">月氏</a>人建立）征服了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度中期王國（页面不存在）">印度中期王國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a>）的重要城鎮<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%87%B1%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩凱特（页面不存在）">薩凱特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saket" class="extiw" title="en:Saket">Saket</a>）：<a href="#cite_note-58">[a]</a> 根據《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>》第96A章，從公元前125年到公元23年這段時間，于闐有3,300戶家庭，19,300個人和2,400人有作戰能力。<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汉代以前及漢代和六朝">汉代以前及漢代和六朝</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：汉代以前及漢代和六朝">编辑</a>]</div> 传说中于阗国为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>的一子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B9%B3%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地乳王（页面不存在）">地乳王</a>所建立，建于公元前232年<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>。早期居民有来自南亚的印度人、汉人、西藏人以及来自伊朗的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西徐亚人">西徐亚人</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-haoxue-63">[62]</a>。 根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>记载，于阗在公元前125年至公元25年间，于阗有3300户，1万9千300多人口以及有2400名士兵。<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="张骞">张骞</a>通西域后，到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="汉宣帝">汉宣帝</a>时属<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C" title="西域都護府">西域都护</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%AD%A6_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89)" title="建武 (东汉)">建武</a>末期，于阗被当时强盛的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="莎车国">莎车</a>所吞并<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D" title="汉明帝">汉明帝</a>永平（公元58-76年）年间，于阗将士休莫霸称王，并起兵反抗莎车统治。休莫霸死后，其年长的儿子广德继位并继续抗争，汉明帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B3_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89)" title="永平 (东汉)">永平</a>四年（公元61年）打败并兼并了莎车。自此开始于阗走向盛世<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>，使除开同时期也很强大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">鄯善国</a>（位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E6%B3%8A" title="罗布泊">罗布泊</a>区域，首都在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%BE%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="若羌国">若羌</a>）外，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%BB%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="精绝">精绝</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%9B%85%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" title="尼雅遺址">尼雅遗址</a>）西北远至<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%B8%82" title="喀什市">喀什</a>)等十三国都向于阗称臣。从此开始，于阗和鄯善是在葱岭（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="帕米尔高原">帕米尔高原</a>）以东部整个地区，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>南道维二的强大国家<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a>。十六年（73年），汉军<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A9%AC" title="司马">司马</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B6%85" title="班超">班超</a>至于阗，广德杀<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>使者降汉，班超以此为根据地，北攻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%91%E5%A2%A8" title="姑墨">姑墨</a>，西破莎车、疏勒，于阗都出兵相助。 随着于阗在地方贸易的发展，以及成为兴起的丝绸之路贸易的一环，于阗得以迅速的发展。根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="后汉书">后汉书</a>记载，于阗此时有三万二千户，8万3千多人以及有三万多的士兵。<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏</a>晋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>时期，仍向中原王朝进贡。又兼并<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8E%E7%9B%A7" title="戎盧">戎卢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E5%8B%92" title="渠勒">渠勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="皮山国">皮山</a>等国。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晋</a>时，与鄯善、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a>、疏勒并为西域大国。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>年间，曾先后被<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B5%91" title="吐谷浑">吐谷浑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E7%84%B6" title="柔然">柔然</a>攻袭，国势渐衰。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="唐代">唐代</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：唐代">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97" title="唐太宗">唐太宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A7%80" title="貞觀">貞觀</a>年间，于阗王<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E5%B1%8B%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="尉迟屋密">尉迟屋密</a>遣子入侍唐廷。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="唐高宗">唐高宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BA%86" title="显庆">显庆</a>三年（658年），于阗编为唐<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9B%E9%95%87" title="安西四镇">安西四镇</a>之一，成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>南道最重要的军政中心。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG/220px-Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG/330px-Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG/440px-Portrait_of_a_Khotan_king.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>出土于敦煌莫高窟的于阗国王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%81%96%E5%A4%A9" title="李聖天">李聖天</a>壁画像。</figcaption></figure> 7世纪中叶，南方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>势力开始崛起，吐蕃人称于阗为“李域”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233">ལི་ཡུལ་）或者“江热木布”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233">ལྕང་ར་སྨུག་པོ་，意思是“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="红柳">红柳</a>林”）<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a>。吐蕃与唐朝争夺西域的霸权，蕃军于670年进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>，于阗被吐蕃攻占。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97)" title="上元 (唐高宗)">上元</a>元年（674年），于阗王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="伏阇雄">伏阇雄</a>击走吐蕃，亲自入唐，唐在于阗设毗沙都督府，下辖6城等10羁縻州，任命伏阇雄兼都督。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗">唐玄宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9D_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" title="天宝 (唐朝)">天宝</a>年间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%9D" title="尉遲勝">尉迟胜</a>入唐，唐玄宗嫁以宗室之女，并授予右威卫将军、毗沙府都督。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="安史之乱">安史之乱</a>时，尉迟胜亲自率兵赴援唐廷，乱平后，终老长安。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%82%83%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="唐肃宗">唐肃宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" title="乾元 (唐朝)">乾元</a>三年（760年），唐授<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E6%9B%9C" title="尉迟曜">尉迟曜</a>兼四镇节度副使，并管理本国事。他率领当地民众与唐镇守军一起戍守于阗，坚持到<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" title="唐德宗">唐德宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9E%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="贞元 (唐朝)">贞元</a>六年（790年），为吐蕃攻占。 9世纪中叶，吐蕃内乱势衰，于阗获得了独立，仍由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E6%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="尉迟氏">尉迟氏</a>统治。9世纪末叶，开始和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82" title="敦煌市">敦煌</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C)" title="沙州 (敦煌)">沙州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B" title="归义军">归义军</a>政权交往。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宋元明清">宋元明清</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：宋元明清">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>初，于阗使臣、僧人数次向宋进贡。在10世纪末，<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a>开始入侵于阗，在战争初期，于阗占据优势并在970年占领了喀喇汗国德喀什，获得的战利品除开常见东西外还得到了大象，并向宋朝进贡了一头会跳舞的大象<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>。但在1006年，喀喇汗国在付出沉重代价后攻陷了和阗城，吞并了于阗，结束了于阗李氏的统治。但于阗的佛教徒持续抵抗了半个多世纪。喀喇汗国的皇室作家<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E8%B5%AB%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%99%B6%E9%87%8C" title="麻赫穆德·喀什噶里">麻赫穆德·喀什噶里</a>用了一首简短的诗来描述这次入侵： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote">我们的降临就如一场洪水，我们走进他们的城市，我们拆毁他们崇敬的佛像寺庙……<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></blockquote>明永乐六年派遣使者进贡。<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> 于阗在喀喇汗国的统治下，语言和人种逐渐突厥化，并皈依了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>。在1271至1275年间，马可波罗曾来过于阗<a href="#cite_note-游记-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-76">[75]</a>，并记载于阗人已全尊崇默罕默德<a href="#cite_note-游记-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>。后经<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽">西辽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古帝国">蒙古帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="察合台汗国">察合台汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="叶尔羌汗国">叶尔羌汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="准噶尔汗国">准噶尔汗国</a>的统治，到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>二十四年（1759年）被清军纳入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>治下，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="清德宗">清德宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA" title="光绪">光绪</a>九年（1883年）置和闐直隶州。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐">突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：突厥-伊斯蘭教徒征服佛教國于闐">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9A%84%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="新疆的突厥化和伊斯蘭化">新疆的突厥化和伊斯蘭化</a></div> 公元10世紀，伊朗的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦">塞迦</a>佛教王國于闐是唯一尚未被突厥<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="維吾爾族">維吾爾族</a>（佛教）和突厥<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗</a>（回教）兩國征服的城市國家。在10世紀後期，于闐展開與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>的鬥爭。回教對<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="喀什地区">喀什</a>以東的佛教小國的征服始於公元934年，當年<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>蘇丹<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%97" title="萨图克·博格拉汗">薩圖克·博格拉汗</a>皈依回教。<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%97" title="萨图克·博格拉汗">薩圖克·博格拉汗</a>和他的兒子穆薩指示努力讓喀喇突厥人皈依回教，並進行軍事征伐<a href="#cite_note-Millward2007-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>，回教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="喀什地区">喀什</a>和佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90" class="mw-redirect" title="于闐">于闐</a>之間爆發了一場漫長的戰爭<a href="#cite_note-MichellGollings2008-80">[79]</a>。據說<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%97" title="萨图克·博格拉汗">薩圖克·博格拉汗</a>的外甥或孫兒<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%B1%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里阿尔斯兰汗">阿里阿尔斯兰汗</a>在與佛教徒的戰爭中陣亡<a href="#cite_note-RingSalkin1994-81">[80]</a>。公元970年，于闐短暫地從<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>人手中奪下了<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="喀什地区">喀什</a>，根據汉文文献的說法，于闐國王主動提出向中國朝廷表示呈送貢品，提到一頭從<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="喀什地区">喀什</a>俘來會跳舞的大象<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a>。 喀喇汗國和于闐之間的戰爭，在約在公元1700年－1849年間在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%83%A8" title="回部">回部</a>用東突厥語（現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="維吾爾族">維吾爾</a>語）所寫的四個殉難的伊瑪目的訓誡一書中有敘述，此書可能是基於較古老的口頭傳述記載為文字。它包含一個故事，講述來自名為“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%81%94%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪達因（页面不存在）">瑪達因</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Mada'in">Al-Mada'in</a>）”的城市（可能是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%81" title="泰西封">泰西封</a>，在現代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>），四名伊瑪目幫助<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>領導人<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%B4%A0%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%BE%E6%B1%97" title="優素福·卡迪爾汗">優素福·卡迪爾汗</a>征服于闐、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車縣">莎車</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="喀什地区">喀什</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>。多年的戰鬥中，“血流如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河">阿姆河</a>水”，“腦袋在戰場上像石頭一樣亂扔”，直到“<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="異教徒">異教徒</a>”被<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%B4%A0%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%BE%E6%B1%97" title="優素福·卡迪爾汗">優素福·卡迪爾汗</a>和四個伊瑪目擊敗並驅逐到于闐。然而，伊瑪目們在回教徒最後一次勝利之前被佛教徒暗殺<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>。儘管他們是外國人，但于闐地區目前的回教人口仍將他們視為當地的聖人<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>。1006年，在喀什的穆斯林<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>統治者優素福·卡迪爾·汗（Yusuf Qadir Khan）最終征服于闐，于闐不再是獨立佛教國<a href="#cite_note-Millward2007-78">[77]</a>。于闐與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>之間的某些通信仍斷斷續續地進行，在1063年的一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>（宋仁宗在位最後一年）文獻中指出，于闐的統治者稱自己為喀喇汗，這表明是<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>人統治于闐<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>。有人推測在敦煌的佛教徒對于闐被征服和當地佛教被禁絕而感到震驚，他們將藏有包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="敦煌文獻">敦煌文獻</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AA%9F" title="莫高窟">莫高窟</a>第十七窟密封起來，以保護之<a href="#cite_note-Hansen2012-87">[86]</a>。 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="突厥语大词典">突厥語大詞典</a>》作者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E8%B5%AB%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%99%B6%E9%87%8C" title="麻赫穆德·喀什噶里">麻赫穆德·喀什噶里</a>的說法，在11世紀，于闐的居民仍然說另一種語言，並且對<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語族">突厥</a>語的了解不深<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeviSela2010-89">[88]</a>。然而，據信到11世紀末，在整個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語族">突厥</a>語已成為通用語言<a href="#cite_note-Akiner2013-90">[89]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可·波羅">馬可·波羅</a>1271至1275年間訪問于闐時，他說：“當地居民都崇拜<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>。”<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟">經濟</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：經濟">编辑</a>]</div> 于阗以农业、种植业为主，是西域诸国中最早获得中原养蚕技术的国家，是故手工纺织发达。特产以<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97%E7%8E%89" title="和阗玉">玉</a>石和丝绸最有名。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="于闐的金屬硬幣">于闐的金屬硬幣</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：于闐的金屬硬幣">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/220px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/330px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/440px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>于阗汉佉二体钱（因钱币上有汉文和佉卢文两种题铭而得名，又因有马的图案，又称为马钱）</figcaption></figure> 于闐鑄造的金屬硬幣。正面：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%89%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%87" title="佉卢文">佉卢文</a>“Maharajasa, rajati najasa, Mahatasa Gugramayasa”，意思為：“<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E7%BD%97%E9%98%87" title="摩诃罗阇">大王</a>，王中之王，偉大者，矩伽羅摩耶娑<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>。背面：汉文："重廿四銖銅餞"。现藏于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大英博物馆">大英博物馆</a>。 眾所周知，于闐王國既鑄造金屬硬幣，也鑄造無孔的金屬硬幣。<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> 另請參閱：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E9%91%84%E5%AD%97%E5%88%97%E5%87%BA%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3%E6%B8%85%E5%96%AE_%C2%A7%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按鑄字列出的中國金屬硬幣清單 §于闐王國（页面不存在）">按鑄字列出的中國金屬硬幣清單 §于闐王國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription_%C2%A7_Kingdom_of_Khotan" class="extiw" title="en:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription § Kingdom of Khotan">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription § Kingdom of Khotan</a>） <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蠶絲">蠶絲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：蠶絲">编辑</a>]</div> 于闐是中國以外第一個開始經營<a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%B6%E6%A5%AD" title="蠶業">蠶業</a>的地方，此說廣为人知，並在壁畫中得到證明。據說某位公主在下嫁闐王時把蠶卵藏在頭髮裡，這件事可能發生在公元一世紀上半葉，但受到一些學者的質疑<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>；另一版本來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>，描述一位中國公主秘密地將蠶運到于闐。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>在公元640年至645年間從印度返回長安途中，曾經穿越中亞，路過喀什以及于闐<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg/450px-British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg/675px-British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg/900px-British_Museum_silk_princess_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8926" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>于新疆丹丹乌里克出土，绘制于一木板上，描绘了于阗“东国（即指中国）公主传蚕种”的传说故事图：一公主将<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%95" title="蚕">产丝绸的虫</a>的蛋藏在她的头饰里，从中国偷运到于阗王国。</figcaption></figure> 根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>的說法，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%B6%E6%A5%AD" title="蠶業">蠶業</a>傳入于闐是在公元5世紀前期，于闐國王希望取得蠶卵、桑樹種子和中國人的養殖製造知識——生產絲綢的三個關鍵組成，為了維持中國對絲綢製造的壟斷，朝廷嚴禁絲綢技術離開中國。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>寫道，于闐國王請求一位中國公主下嫁，以示对皇廷的效忠。請求獲准後，于闐遣使使華，護送公主到于闐，使者對公主提議攜帶蠶和桑樹種子，讓公主在于闐仍能做長袍給自己穿，並使當地生活繁榮昌盛，公主在頭飾中隱藏了蠶卵和桑樹種子，通過中國邊境進入于闐。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>的著作，蠶卵、桑樹和紡織技術再從于闐傳入印度，最終傳達歐洲<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="玉石">玉石</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：玉石">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢之路">絲綢之路</a>出現之前和之後，于闐都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>南部路線上的重要貿易綠洲，這是“唯一的水源，讓人類可以從南部穿越沙漠”的主要綠洲<a href="#cite_note-Life_Along_the_Silk_Roads-100">[99]</a>。除了于闐的地理位置外，也軟玉对華輸出的重要性而享譽於世。 從于闐到中國的玉石貿易已有悠久的歷史，中國考古遺址中能发現來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地">塔里木盆地</a>的玉器。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E9%9A%86%E6%B4%BC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="兴隆洼文化">興隆窪文化</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查海遺址（页面不存在）">查海遺址</a>中的玉匠一直在雕刻環形吊墜，“早在公元前5,000年就用從于闐的綠色玉石雕刻而成”<a href="#cite_note-The_Silk_Road_Folio-101">[100]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%8C%AF%E9%A6%99" title="郑振香">鄭振香</a>及她所帶的團隊從<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%BD%E5%A2%93" title="妇好墓">婦好墓</a>中發掘出來的數百件<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>晚期玉器，均出自于闐<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a>。據《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90" class="mw-disambig" title="管子">管子</a>》記載，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏">禺氏</a>向中國提供玉石<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>。從次要的資訊來源看來，于闐玉在古代之所以盛行是由於其品質良好，而別處缺乏這類的玉石的緣故。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>還觀察到在公元645年在于闐販售的玉石，並提供了一些玉石買賣的例子<a href="#cite_note-The_Silk_Road_Folio-101">[100]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教">宗教</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：宗教">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Head_of_Buddha.jpg/220px-Head_of_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Head_of_Buddha.jpg/330px-Head_of_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Head_of_Buddha.jpg/440px-Head_of_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>于阗出土的残存佛像的佛首。</figcaption></figure> 于阗自前2世纪末<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>传入后，逐渐成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>的中心，在11世纪，于阗的绝大多数人口都信奉佛教<a href="#cite_note-#2-104">[103]</a>。三国两晋北朝至隋唐，于阗一直是中原佛教的源泉之一。于阗特别崇拜<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%9E%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B" title="多聞天王">毗沙门天王</a>，并认为他是于阗王族的祖先。于阗人民喜爱<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐">音乐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="戏剧">戏剧</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB" title="绘画">绘画</a>方面具有中古印度、中古波斯的混合风格，画家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E4%B9%99%E5%83%A7" title="尉迟乙僧">尉迟乙僧</a>于初唐时至长安，绘有许多壁画，与唐人<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E9%81%93%E5%AD%90" title="吴道子">吴道子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%8E%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="阎立本">阎立本</a>齐名。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="于闐佛教">于闐佛教</a></div> 于闐王國是佛教的主要中心之一，直到公元11世紀，絕大多數當地人口都是佛教徒<a href="#cite_note-#2-104">[103]</a>。最初于阗人民不是佛教徒，據說佛教是在于闐創建立後170年左右，在公元前一世紀的維賈亞桑巴瓦（Vijayasambhava）統治時期所採納的<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a>。而據漢朝<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B6%85" title="班超">班超</a>的說法則是，于闐人民在公元73年仍然似乎是信奉<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%A3%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="瑣羅亞斯德教">瑣羅亞斯德教</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%BB%BF%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="薩滿教">薩滿教</a><a href="#cite_note-tremblay-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ma_yong-106">[105]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B6%85" title="班超">班超</a>之子<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8B%87" title="班勇">班勇</a>曾居<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>，他也沒有提及那兒存有佛教，而且由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="東漢">東漢</a>開始之前該地區沒有佛教藝術，因此也有人認為該地區可能直到公元二世紀中葉未才信奉佛教<a href="#cite_note-ma_yong-106">[105]</a>。 于闐主要信奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a>。根據在四世紀經過于闐的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%BE" title="法显">法顯</a>和尚: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote">國家富裕，人民眾多。他們無一例外地對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="佛法">佛法</a>（也稱世間萬法，或是音譯為達摩）充滿信心，並用宗教音樂互相取樂。僧侶人數以萬計，他們大多屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>。<a href="#cite_note-BuddhismKhotan-109">[108]</a></blockquote>在這方面，于阗與沙漠對面信奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a>為主的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="龜茲">龜茲</a>有別，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%BE" title="法显">法顯</a>描述龜茲有十四個大大小小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E9%99%A2" title="僧院">僧院</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>。于阗在文化交流中使用許多外語，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="普拉克里特诸语言">普拉克里特諸語言</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿波婆罗沙语（页面不存在）">阿波婆罗沙语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" class="extiw" title="en:Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>）（卑俗语）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8F%A4%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="近古藏語">近古藏語</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史時間表">歷史時間表</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：歷史時間表">编辑</a>]</div> 《大唐西域记》、《于阗国授记》、《于阗教法史》等文献的记载，都说于阗国在公元前数个世纪就建立，文献记载被后来的考古发现所证实。公元初这里使用的铸币，正面印着汉文，背面印着佉卢文。加以张骞通西域时就知道了于阗这一名称，综合所有信息得出结论于阗建国肯定不会晚于公元前2世纪。<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <ul><li>根據建國傳說，于闐地區最早的居民來自印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">[9]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>于闐的成立是在據稱是印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>的兒子庫什塔納於公元前224年定居在當地時發生的。<a href="#cite_note-Bihar-112">[111]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>約公元前84年：據稱佛教傳入于闐。<a href="#cite_note-Emmerick-113">[112]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>約公元56年：國富兵強的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="莎车国">莎車</a>國王<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A4_(%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6)" title="贤 (莎车)">賢</a>進攻併吞于闐，將于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="榆林">榆林</a>轉為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AA%E6%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驪歸（页面不存在）">驪歸</a>的國王，並立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="榆林">榆林</a>的弟弟<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8D%E4%BE%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="位侍（页面不存在）">位侍</a>（Weishi）為于闐國王。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元61年：于闐擊敗<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="莎车国">莎車</a>。此後于闐就變得甚為強大，有13個小王國歸順于闐，在此時和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="樓蘭">樓蘭</a>（鄯善國）一起成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢之路">絲綢之路</a>南部分支的主要強國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元78年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>將軍<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B6%85" title="班超">班超</a>使于阗降伏。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元105年：西域发生叛亂，于闐重新獨立。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元127年：據說于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D" title="放前">放前</a>協助<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="貴霜王朝">貴霜王朝</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%86%A9%E8%89%B2%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="迦膩色伽一世">迦膩色伽一世</a>征服印度的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%87%B1%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩凱特（页面不存在）">薩凱特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saket" class="extiw" title="en:Saket">Saket</a>）。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元127年：班超子<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8B%87" title="班勇">班勇</a>進攻並降伏<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a>；然後是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="龜茲">龜茲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80" class="mw-disambig" title="喀什">喀什</a>、于闐、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="莎車縣">莎車</a>和其他總共17個王國，全都歸順中國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元129年：于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D" title="放前">放前</a>入侵<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>，並殺其國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4_(%E6%8B%98%E5%BC%A5)" title="兴 (拘弥)">興</a>，將自己兒子任命為<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>國王。并遣使向<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>進貢，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E9%A1%BA%E5%B8%9D" title="汉顺帝">汉顺帝</a>赦免了于闐國王的罪行，命令他交還<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D" title="放前">放前</a>拒絕。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元131年：于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D" title="放前">放前</a>派遣他的一個兒子到中國進貢。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元132年：中國派遣喀什國王<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A3%E7%A3%90" title="臣磐">臣磐</a>和20000人進攻並擊敗了于闐，臣磐斬首數百人，並放任士兵自由掠奪。安置前國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4_(%E6%8B%98%E5%BC%A5)" title="兴 (拘弥)">興</a>家族的成員，恢復為<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>國王，然後返國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元151年：于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="建 (于阗)">建</a>被漢朝西域長史王敬所殺，後者又被于闐人殺死。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="建 (于阗)">建</a>的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="安国 (于阗)">安國</a>被推即位。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元175年：于闐國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="安国 (于阗)">安國</a>徹底擊敗<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扞罙</a>，殺了國王和其他多人。<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>公元399年，中國往西方取經和尚<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%98%BE" title="法显">法顯</a>來訪，並報導當地活躍的佛教活動。<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>公元632年：于闐向中國表示效忠，成為附庸國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元644年：中國往西方取經和尚<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>在于闐停留7-8個月，並對于阗做了詳細記載。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元670年：西藏入侵並征服了于闐（于闐此時為“安西四鎮”之一）。</li></ul> <ul><li>大約公元670年-673年：于闐由藏人統治。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元674年：國王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%97%8D%E9%9B%84" title="伏闍雄">伏闍雄</a>族裔和追隨者在與藏人作戰後逃往中國，並未返回于闐。</li></ul> <ul><li>約公元680年-約692年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%92%A5" title="尉迟璥">尉遲璥</a>以攝政王身份統治于闐。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元692年：武則天從西藏手中奪回于闐，並設為保護國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元725年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%9C%BA" title="尉迟眺">尉遲眺</a>因與突厥人串謀而被中國斬首，中國立<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E4%BC%8F%E5%B8%88%E6%88%98" title="尉迟伏师战">尉遲伏師戰</a>為王。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元728年：中國正式冊封<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E4%BC%8F%E5%B8%88%E6%88%98" title="尉迟伏师战">尉遲伏師戰</a>以“于闐王”頭銜。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元736：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E8%BE%BE" title="伏阇达">伏闍達</a>繼<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E4%BC%8F%E5%B8%88%E6%88%98" title="尉迟伏师战">尉遲伏師戰</a>為于闐王，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗">唐玄宗</a>冊封其妻為于闐王妃。</li></ul> <ul><li>約公元740年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%8F%AA" title="尉迟珪">尉遲珪</a>繼<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E8%BE%BE" title="伏阇达">伏闍達</a>為于闐王，並開始迫害佛教徒。于闐佛教僧侶逃往西藏，並由<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" title="金城公主">金城公主</a>（下嫁藏王<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%BE%B7%E7%A5%96%E8%B4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="赤德祖贊">赤德祖贊</a>）給予庇護。不久之後，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" title="金城公主">金城公主</a>死於天花，僧侶不得不再逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="健馱邏國">健馱邏國</a>。<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>公元740年：中國冊封<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%8F%AA" title="尉迟珪">尉遲珪</a>的妻子為于闐王妃。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元746：李域（藏文对于阗的称謂）的預言（Prophecy of the Li Country）這部著作完成，後來被加入藏族的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE" title="丹珠爾">丹珠爾</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏經</a>的一部分）。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元756年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%9D" title="尉遲勝">尉遲勝</a>將于闐國事交給他的弟弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E6%9B%9C" title="尉迟曜">尉遲曜</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元786年至788年：在中國往西方取經和尚<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E6%82%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="釋悟空">釋悟空</a>經訪于闐之時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E6%9B%9C" title="尉迟曜">尉遲曜</a>仍在位。<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>公元969年：國王李聖天<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E5%83%A7%E4%B9%8C%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="尉迟僧乌波">尉遲僧烏波</a>的兒子 Zongchang派遣了一個朝貢代表團前往中國。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元971年：一位佛僧（名吉祥）將于闐國王的信帶給了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>皇帝，並在信中提起破喀什而虜獲會跳舞大象，預備獻給中國朝廷。</li></ul> <ul><li>公元1006年：于闐被回教<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗國</a>統治者<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%B4%A0%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%BE%E6%B1%97" title="優素福·卡迪爾汗">優素福·卡迪爾汗</a>所攻克，他是喀什和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%89%8C%E6%B2%99%E8%A1%AE" title="八剌沙衮">八剌沙袞</a>的回教統治者的兄弟或表弟。<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>公元1271年至1275年之間：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可·波羅">馬可·波羅</a>訪問于闐。<a href="#cite_note-#1-76">[75]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国王">国王</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：国王">编辑</a>]</div> 于阗[尉迟氏]（前3世纪-1006） 于阗国于851年改国号为金国，938年改称大宝于阗国，983年改称金玉国。 <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">名 </th> <th width="160">在位时间 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7" title="年号">年号</a> </th> <th width="160">即位年 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9E%E6%9E%97_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="俞林 (于阗)">俞林</a> </td> <td>(33) </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%BE%97" title="君得">君得</a> </td> <td>(3) </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E8%8E%AB%E9%9C%B8" title="休莫霸">休莫霸</a> </td> <td>(1) </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90)" title="廣德 (于闐)">广德</a> </td> <td>(37) </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D" title="放前">放前</a> </td> <td>(22) </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="建 (于阗)">建</a> </td> <td>(20) </td> <td>132 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="安国 (于阗)">安国</a> </td> <td>(30) </td> <td>152 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%A7%8B%E4%BB%81" title="尉迟秋仁">秋仁</a> </td> <td>(25) </td> <td>丙戌 446 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>婆罗二世 </td> <td>(6) </td> <td>辛亥 471 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>散瞿罗摩三世 </td> <td>(23) </td> <td>丁巳 477 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>舍都罗 </td> <td>(30) </td> <td>庚辰 500 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟？ </td> <td>(30) </td> <td>庚戌 530 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟？ </td> <td>(30) </td> <td>庚辰 560 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%A4%BA%E9%97%AD%E7%BB%83" title="卑示闭练">卑示闭练</a> </td> <td>(30) </td> <td>庚戌 590 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E5%B1%88%E5%AF%86" title="尉迟屈密">尉迟屈密</a> </td> <td>(22) </td> <td>庚辰 620 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="伏阇信">伏阇信</a> </td> <td>(23) </td> <td>壬寅 642 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="伏阇雄">伏阇雄</a> </td> <td>(26) </td> <td>乙丑 665 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%92%A5" title="尉迟璥">尉迟璥</a> </td> <td>(33) </td> <td>辛卯 691 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%9C%BA" title="尉迟眺">尉迟眺</a> </td> <td>(1) </td> <td>甲子 724 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E4%BC%8F%E5%B8%88%E6%88%98" title="尉迟伏师战">尉迟战</a> </td> <td>(11) </td> <td>乙丑 725 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%98%87%E8%BE%BE" title="伏阇达">尉迟达</a> </td> <td>(4) </td> <td>丙子 736 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E7%8F%AA" title="尉迟珪">尉迟珪</a> </td> <td>(5) </td> <td>庚辰 740 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%9D" title="尉遲勝">尉迟胜</a> </td> <td>(18) </td> <td>乙酉 745 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E6%9B%9C" title="尉迟曜">尉迟曜</a> </td> <td>(27) </td> <td>甲辰 764 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E8%AF%98" title="尉迟诘">尉迟诘</a> </td> <td>(38) </td> <td>辛未 791 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟迟耶 </td> <td>(15) </td> <td>己酉 829 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟南塔 </td> <td>(15) </td> <td>甲子 844 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟佤那 </td> <td>(29) </td> <td>己卯 859 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟毗讫罗摩 </td> <td>(24) </td> <td>戊申 888 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%81%96%E5%A4%A9" title="李聖天">尉迟僧乌波</a>(李圣天) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%85%B6_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90)" title="同慶 (于闐)">同庆</a>(38) <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%85%B4_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97)" title="天兴 (于阗)">天兴</a>(14) <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%A3%BD_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90)" title="天壽 (于闐)">天寿</a>(4) </td> <td>壬申 912 庚戌 950 癸亥 963 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E8%BE%93%E7%BD%97" title="尉迟输罗">尉迟输罗</a>(李从德) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%8A_(%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F)" title="天尊 (年號)">天尊</a>(11) </td> <td>丁卯 967 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E9%81%B2%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="尉遲達磨">尉迟达磨</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%88%88_(%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90)" title="中興 (于闐)">中兴</a>(8) </td> <td>戊寅 978 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E8%BF%9F%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9" title="尉迟僧伽罗摩">尉迟僧伽罗摩</a> </td> <td>(13) </td> <td>丙戌 986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>尉迟萨格玛依 </td> <td>(7) </td> <td>己亥 999 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="綫粒體DNA分析">綫粒體DNA分析</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：綫粒體DNA分析">编辑</a>]</div> 距離在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%B5%A6%E5%8E%BF" title="洛浦县">洛浦縣</a>的于闐考古遺址約有14公里處，在稱為“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山普拉（页面不存在）">山普拉</a>”的墓地<a href="#cite_note-chengzhi_2007-119">[118]</a>發現有希臘化的文化藝術品，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%8E%9B%E6%AF%AF" title="山普拉掛毯">山普拉掛毯</a>（其來源很可能來自不遠的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>）<a href="#cite_note-christopoulos_2012_pp15-16-120">[119]</a>，當地居民大約在公元前217年到公元283年之間將逝者埋葬在這個墓地<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a>。對此墓地的人類遺體做的線粒體DNA分析，結果顯示他們有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索</a>人的遺傳親緣，特別是有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="奥塞梯人">奧塞梯人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BA%BA" title="伊朗人">伊朗人</a>的母系遺傳，以及東地中海人的父系遺傳<a href="#cite_note-chengzhi_2007-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-christopoulos_2012_footnote46-122">[121]</a>。從歷史記載看來似乎證實了這一關聯，眾所周知，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>與一位來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞">巴克特里亞</a>名叫<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E7%8F%8A%E5%A8%9C" title="罗克珊娜">罗克珊娜</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特">粟特</a>女士結婚<a href="#cite_note-livius_roxane-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a>，他也鼓勵士兵和將領迎娶當地婦女；因此，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="塞琉古帝國">塞琉古帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘-巴克特里亞王國">希臘-巴克特里亞王國</a>的後來國王都有混合了波斯和希臘民族血緣背景<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> 若此為真，且若迦膩色伽一世時期之始確定為127年，該事件一定大約發生於此時期 - 剛好在班勇重新確立中國對該區域影響之前。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stein, M. Aurel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47083">Ancient Khotan</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=M.+Aurel&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.btitle=Ancient+Khotan&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.47083&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Charles Higham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a>. Facts on File. 2004: 143. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8160-4640-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-8160-4640-9">ISBN 0-8160-4640-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Charles+Higham&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8160-4640-9&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA143%26lpg%3DPA143%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032739/http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol2num2/oasis.html">Archaeological GIS and Oasis Geography in the Tarim Basin</a>. The Silk Road Foundation Newsletter. [2007-07-21]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol2num2/oasis.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=Archaeological+GIS+and+Oasis+Geography+in+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Silk+Road+Foundation+Newsletter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silk-road.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol2num2%2Foasis.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=xsk">The Sakan Language</a>. The Linguist. [2007-08-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301201003/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=xsk">存档</a>于2012-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=The+Sakan+Language&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Linguist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fforms%2Flangs%2FLLDescription.cfm%3Fcode%3Dxsk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1964-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1964_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1964_5-1">5.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMukerjee1964">Mukerjee 1964</a>. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMukerjee1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jan Romgard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206060414/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 2008, (185): 40 [2014-11-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Questions+of+Ancient+Human+Settlements+in+Xinjiang+and+the+Early+Silk+Road+Trade%2C+with+an+Overview+of+the+Silk+Road+Research+Institutions+and+Scholars+in+Beijing%2C+Gansu%2C+and+Xinjiang&rft.au=Jan+Romgard&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=185&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.pages=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp185_silk_road.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> 清徐松《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93%E8%AE%B0" title="西域水道记">西域水道记</a>》 65页 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/society/news/detail_2011_11/18/10744197_0.shtml">专家称大量壁画人物显示古于阗人乃东、西方"王子"后裔</a>. 凤凰网. 2011-11-18 [2018-11-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524094603/http://news.ifeng.com/society/news/detail_2011_11/18/10744197_0.shtml">存档</a>于2020-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E6%98%BE%E7%A4%BA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%83%E4%B8%9C%E3%80%81%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%22%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%22%E5%90%8E%E8%A3%94&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fsociety%2Fnews%2Fdetail_2011_11%2F18%2F10744197_0.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory_2000-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-2">9.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-3">9.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-4">9.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-5">9.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-6">9.6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_2000_9-7">9.7</a> <cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation">Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H., The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, 2000</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F" title="荣新江">榮新江</a>：《華戎交匯：敦煌民族與中西交通》（蘭州：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E8%82%85%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甘肅教育出版社（页面不存在）">甘肅教育出版社</a>，2008），頁164。 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0" title="马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因">Stein, Aurel M.</a> 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050204010757/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stein, M. Aurel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181484">Ancient Khotan</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=M.+Aurel&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.btitle=Ancient+Khotan&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.181484&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Charles Higham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a>. Facts on File. 2004: 143. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8160-4640-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8160-4640-9">ISBN 978-0-8160-4640-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Charles+Higham&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4640-9&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA143%26lpg%3DPA143%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-荣2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-荣2_14-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F" title="荣新江">荣新江</a>; 朱丽双. 于阗与敦煌. 兰州: 甘肃教育出版社. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787542330543" title="Special:网络书源/9787542330543">ISBN 9787542330543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787542330543&rft.place=%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E&rft.pub=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)，p.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Biley-1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-2">15.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-3">15.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-4">15.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biley-1_15-5">15.5</a> <cite class="citation book">Harold Walter Bailey. Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979: 501–502. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521142502" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521142502">ISBN 978-0521142502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Harold+Walter+Bailey&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Khotan+Saka&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521142502&rft.pages=501-502&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelliot1959-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliot1959_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliot1959_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C" title="伯希和">Paul Pelliot</a>, Notes on Marco Polo，I, Paris: A Maisonneuve, 1959, pp.408-425.转引自：<cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F" title="荣新江">荣新江</a>; 朱丽双. 于阗与敦煌. 兰州: 甘肃教育出版社. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787542330543" title="Special:网络书源/9787542330543">ISBN 9787542330543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787542330543&rft.place=%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E&rft.pub=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation book">林连通; 郑张尚芳. 汉字字音演变大字典. 江西教育出版社. 2012-12: 2, 1928. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787539265995" title="Special:网络书源/9787539265995">ISBN 9787539265995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E8%BF%9E%E9%80%9A&rft.au=%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8&rft.date=2012-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787539265995&rft.pages=2%2C+1928&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%BB%A3%E9%81%94" title="張廣達">張廣達</a>; <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F" title="荣新江">榮新江</a>. <bdi lang="zh">于闐史叢考</bdi>. 北京: 中國人民大學出版社. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787300097251" title="Special:网络书源/9787300097251">ISBN 9787300097251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E5%BB%A3%E9%81%94&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%A2%E8%80%83&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787300097251&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>),p.164 </li> <li id="cite_note-theobald_2011_yutian-19"><a href="#cite_ref-theobald_2011_yutian_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Theobald, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513221622/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/citystates.html#yutian">City-states Along the Silk Road</a>. ChinaKnowledge.de. 16 October 2011 [2 September 2016]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/citystates.html#yutian">原始内容</a>存档于2006-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=City-states+Along+the+Silk+Road&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChinaKnowledge.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fcitystates.html%23yutian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%B0" title="西藏王统记">西藏王统记</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%8D%97%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E" title="索南坚赞">索南坚赞</a>著，刘立千译注，民族出版社2000年出版，参见第95页，及195页脚注506。 </li> <li id="cite_note-khotanese_texts-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khotanese_texts_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khotanese_texts_21-1">21.1</a> <cite class="citation book">H.W. 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Cambridge University Press. 31 October 1979: 1 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521040808" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521040808">ISBN 978-0521040808</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170635/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4YMQcBlVu0C&pg=PA1">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=H.W.+Bailey&rft.btitle=Khotanese+Texts&rft.date=1979-10-31&rft.edition=reprint&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521040808&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4YMQcBlVu0C%26pg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qkzz.net/magazine/1002-557X/2007/02/1821520.htm">藏文文献中"李域"(li-yul,于阗)的不同称谓</a>. qkzz.net. [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131229154820/http://qkzz.net/magazine/1002-557X/2007/02/1821520.htm">存档</a>于2013-12-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E4%B8%AD%22%E6%9D%8E%E5%9F%9F%22%28li-yul%2C%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97%29%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qkzz.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqkzz.net%2Fmagazine%2F1002-557X%2F2007%2F02%2F1821520.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huaxia-ng.com/web/?action-viewnews-itemid-1058">神秘消失的古国（十）：于阗</a>. 华夏地理互动社区. [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206203501/http://www.huaxia-ng.com/web/?action-viewnews-itemid-1058">存档</a>于2008-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%81%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%8F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A8%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huaxia-ng.com%2Fweb%2F%3Faction-viewnews-itemid-1058&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|dead-url=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T2130">《翻梵语》T54n2130</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20221218162158/https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T2130">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），國土名第四十三 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes4.html">Section 4 – The Kingdom of Yutian 于寘 (modern Khotan or Hetian)</a>. depts.washington.edu. [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809130609/https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes4.html">存档</a>于2020-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Section+4+%E2%80%93+The+Kingdom+of+Yutian+%E4%BA%8E%E5%AF%98+%28modern+Khotan+or+Hetian%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fhhshu%2Fnotes4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Stein, Aurel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-11/V-1/page-hr/0043.html.en">Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu : vol.1</a>. [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916151007/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-11/V-1/page-hr/0043.html.en">存档</a>于2016-09-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.btitle=Memoir+on+Maps+of+Chinese+Turkistan+and+Kansu+%3A+vol.1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FVIII-5-B2-11%2FV-1%2Fpage-hr%2F0043.html.en&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jan Romgard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 2008, (185): 40 [2014-11-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206060414/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2012-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Questions+of+Ancient+Human+Settlements+in+Xinjiang+and+the+Early+Silk+Road+Trade%2C+with+an+Overview+of+the+Silk+Road+Research+Institutions+and+Scholars+in+Beijing%2C+Gansu%2C+and+Xinjiang&rft.au=Jan+Romgard&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=185&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.pages=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp185_silk_road.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|dead-url=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jeong Su-il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT854#v=onepage&q&f=false">Jade</a>. The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. 17 July 2016 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781624120763" title="Special:网络书源/9781624120763">ISBN 9781624120763</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170737/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT854#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Jade&rft.au=Jeong+Su-il&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016-07-17&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9781624120763&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgOwDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT854%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-emmerick_263-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_263_29-0">29.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_263_29-1">29.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Emmerick, R. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q&f=false">Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs</a>. Ehsan Yarshater (编). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. 14 April 1983: 263 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521200929" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521200929">ISBN 978-0521200929</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206173207/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Iranian+Settlement+East+of+the+Pamirs&rft.au=Emmerick%2C+R.+E.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol+III%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+Periods%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0521200929&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%3B+Reissue+edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA263%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smith, Vincent A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Early History of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers. 1999: 193 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8171566181" title="Special:网络书源/978-8171566181">ISBN 978-8171566181</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170706/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+India&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8171566181&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XXGhAL1WKcC%26pg%3DPA193%26lpg%3DPA193%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-tremblay-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tremblay_31-0">31.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tremblay_31-1">31.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Xavier Tremblay. Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kr_M1e7yImoC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Spread of Buddhism</a>. 2007-05-11 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9004158306" title="Special:网络书源/978-9004158306">ISBN 978-9004158306</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171005/https://books.google.com/books?id=kr_M1e7yImoC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Xavier+Tremblay&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9004158306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkr_M1e7yImoC%26pg%3DPA100%26lpg%3DPA100%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_32-0">32.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_32-1">32.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_32-2">32.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_32-3">32.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_32-4">32.4</a> <cite class="citation book">Emmerick, R. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false">Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs</a>. Ehsan Yarshater (编). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. 14 April 1983: 265–266 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521200929" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521200929">ISBN 978-0521200929</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Iranian+Settlement+East+of+the+Pamirs&rft.au=Emmerick%2C+R.+E.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol+III%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+Periods%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0521200929&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%3B+Reissue+edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA265%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stein, Aurel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/page-hr/0171.html.en">On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks : vol.1</a>. : 91 [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917044402/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-19/V-1/page-hr/0171.html.en">存档</a>于2016-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.btitle=On+Ancient+Central-Asian+Tracks+%3A+vol.1&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FVIII-5-B2-19%2FV-1%2Fpage-hr%2F0171.html.en&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Whitfield, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</a>. British Library. August 2004: 170 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1932476132" title="Special:网络书源/978-1932476132">ISBN 978-1932476132</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170723/https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.date=2004-08&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1932476132&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA170%26lpg%3DPA170%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Suzanne G., Valenstein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/cultural_convergence_in_the_northern_qi_period_a_flamboyant_chinese_ceramic_container_a_research#">Cultural Convergence in the Northern Qi Period: A Flamboyant Chinese Ceramic Container</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007 [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922215917/http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/cultural_convergence_in_the_northern_qi_period_a_flamboyant_chinese_ceramic_container_a_research">存档</a>于2020-09-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Cultural+Convergence+in+the+Northern+Qi+Period%3A+A+Flamboyant+Chinese+Ceramic+Container&rft.aufirst=Valenstein&rft.aulast=Suzanne+G.&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2Fcultural_convergence_in_the_northern_qi_period_a_flamboyant_chinese_ceramic_container_a_research%23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-christopoulos_2012_pp15-20-36"><a href="#cite_ref-christopoulos_2012_pp15-20_36-0">^</a> Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 26, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> <li id="cite_note-christopoulos-37"><a href="#cite_ref-christopoulos_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lucas, Christopoulos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703075017/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp230_hellenes_romans_in_china.pdf">Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. August 2012, (230): 9–20 [2019-12-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9687">ISSN 2157-9687</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp230_hellenes_romans_in_china.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Hellenes+and+Romans+in+Ancient+China+%28240+BC+%E2%80%93+1398+AD%29&rft.aufirst=Christopoulos&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.date=2012-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2157-9687&rft.issue=230&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.pages=9-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp230_hellenes_romans_in_china.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> For another thorough assessment, see W.W. Tarn (1966), The Greeks in Bactria and India, reprint edition, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 109-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Xavier Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century," in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-GNISsampul-40"><a href="#cite_ref-GNISsampul_40-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME='32FA8856C24F3774E0440003BA962ED3'&Diacritics=DC">Sampul (Approved - N)</a>位于<a href="/wiki/GEOnet%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="GEOnet名称服务">GEOnet名称服务</a>的结果, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency（页面不存在）">United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNISsampul2-41"><a href="#cite_ref-GNISsampul2_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME='4079295DABFA2317E0440003BA962ED3'&Diacritics=DC">سامپۇل (Variant Non-Roman Script - VS)</a>位于<a href="/wiki/GEOnet%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="GEOnet名称服务">GEOnet名称服务</a>的结果, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency（页面不存在）">United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Baumer, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false">The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</a>. I.B.Tauris. 30 November 2012: 219 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1780760605" title="Special:网络书源/978-1780760605">ISBN 978-1780760605</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170734/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1780760605&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyglkwD7pKV8C%26pg%3DPA219%26lpg%3DPA219%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ronald E. Emmerick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC&pg=PA377&lpg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false">Khotanese and Tumshuqese</a>. Gernot Windfuhr (编). Iranian Languages. Routledge. : 377 [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206065356/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC&pg=PA377&lpg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Khotanese+and+Tumshuqese&rft.au=Ronald+E.+Emmerick&rft.btitle=Iranian+Languages&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtpQZ1DD6tEC%26pg%3DPA377%26lpg%3DPA377%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation book">C. Debaine-Francfort, A. Idriss. Keriya, mémoires d'un fleuve. Archéologie et civilations des oasis du Taklamakan. Electricite de France. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2868050946" title="Special:网络书源/978-2868050946">ISBN 978-2868050946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=Keriya%2C+m%C3%A9moires+d%27un+fleuve.+Arch%C3%A9ologie+et+civilations+des+oasis+du+Taklamakan&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2868050946&rft.pub=Electricite+de+France&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web">J. P. mallory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf">Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin</a> (PDF). Penn Museum. [2019-12-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909231531/http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2016-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Languages+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.au=J.+P.+mallory&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2FPDFs%2F52-3%2Fmallory.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|dead-url=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Zhang Guang-da. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false">History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: AD 250 to 750</a>. UNESCO. 1999: 283 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8120815407" title="Special:网络书源/978-8120815407">ISBN 978-8120815407</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094740/https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-12-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Zhang+Guang-da&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+III%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+AD+250+to+750&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8120815407&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcKtIPVQ6REC%26pg%3DPA283%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-yu_2010_p13-47"><a href="#cite_ref-yu_2010_p13_47-0">^</a> Yu Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mallory, J. P. & Mair, Victor H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall/page/58">The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-500-05101-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-500-05101-6">ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft.au=Mallory%2C+J.+P.&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05101-6&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson.+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarimmummiesanci00mall%2Fpage%2F58&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Torday, Laszlo. 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Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 2005, 19: 37–46 [2019-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VH%20BAI%20paper%2009.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=The+Tribute+Trade+with+Khotan+in+Light+of+Materials+Found+at+the+Dunhuang+Library+Cave&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.pages=37-46&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FVH%2520BAI%2520paper%252009.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hulsewé, A F P. China in central Asia : the early stage, 125 B.C.-A.D. 23 : an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of The history of the former Han dynasty. 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Sino-Platonic Papers. 2008年, (185): 第40页 [2014-11-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Questions+of+Ancient+Human+Settlements+in+Xinjiang+and+the+Early+Silk+Road+Trade%2C+with+an+Overview+of+the+Silk+Road+Research+Institutions+and+Scholars+in+Beijing%2C+Gansu%2C+and+Xinjiang&rft.au=Jan+Romgard&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=185&rft.jtitle=%27%27Sino-Platonic+Papers%27%27&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC40%E9%A1%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp185_silk_road.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_62-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation">Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H., The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, 2000年</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-haoxue-63"><a href="#cite_ref-haoxue_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hxlsw.com/history/xihan/zt/2008/0122/28682.html">神秘消失的古国（九）：于阗</a>. 浩学历史网. 浩学历史网. 2008-01-22 [2016-01-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126233415/http://www.hxlsw.com/history/xihan/zt/2008/0122/28682.html">存档</a>于2020-11-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B5%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hxlsw.com%2Fhistory%2Fxihan%2Fzt%2F2008%2F0122%2F28682.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> 《汉书·西域传上》：于阗国，王治西城，去长安九千六百七十里。户三千三百，口万九千三百，胜兵二千四百人。 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> 《后汉书·西域传第七十八》：建武末，莎车王贤强盛，攻并于窴，徙其王俞林为骊归王。 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> 《后汉书·西域传第七十八》：明帝永平中，于窴将休莫霸反莎车，自立为于窴王。休莫霸死，兄子广德立，后遂灭莎车，其国转盛。 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> 《后汉书·西域传第七十八》：从精绝西北至疏勒十三国皆服从。而鄯善王亦始强盛。自是南道目葱领以东，唯此二国为大。 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> 《后汉书·西域传第七十八》：于窴国，居西城，去<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%8F%B2%E5%BA%9C" title="西域长史府">长史所居</a>五千三百里，去<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="洛阳">洛阳</a>万一千七百里。领户三万二千，口八万三千，胜兵三万余人。 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%B0" title="西藏王统记">西藏王统记</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%8D%97%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E" title="索南坚赞">索南坚赞</a>著，刘立千译注，民族出版社2000年出版，参见第95页，及195页脚注506。 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 《宋史》：开宝四年（公元971年），其国（于阗）僧吉祥以其国王书来上，自言破疏勒国得舞象一，欲以为贡，诏许之 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation book">E. Yarshater (编). Chapter 7, The Iranian Settlements to the East of the Pamirs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1983-04-14: 271. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521200929" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521200929">ISBN 978-0521200929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%2C+The+Iranian+Settlements+to+the+East+of+the+Pamirs&rft.au=E.+Yarshater&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0521200929&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA271%26lpg%3DPA271%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Valerie Hansen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=0LYDf02jgdAC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Silk Road: A New History</a>. Oxford University Press. 2012-10-11: 227–228. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-515931-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-515931-8">ISBN 978-0-19-515931-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Valerie+Hansen&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515931-8&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0LYDf02jgdAC%26pg%3DPA228%26lpg%3DPA228%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Johan Elverskog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false">Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2010: 95. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8122-4237-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8122-4237-9">ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Johan+Elverskog&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C%26pg%3DPA95%26lpg%3DPA95%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> 明 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E4%BB%8E%E7%AE%80" title="严从简">严从简</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%8A%E5%9F%9F%E5%91%A8%E5%92%A8%E5%BD%95" title="殊域周咨录">殊域周咨录</a>》 496页中华书局 </li> <li id="cite_note-游记-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-游记_75-0">74.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-游记_75-1">74.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Latham, Ronald. 马可波罗游记. 1958: 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.btitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_76-0">75.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_76-1">75.1</a> Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 183. Clarendon Press. Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">[2]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050204010757/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wood, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia</a>. 2002: 18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520243408" title="Special:网络书源/9780520243408">ISBN 9780520243408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+two+thousand+years+in+the+heart+of+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780520243408&rft.pages=18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzvoCv3h2QCsC%26pg%3DPA18%26lpg%3DPA18%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Millward2007-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millward2007_78-0">77.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward2007_78-1">77.1</a> <cite class="citation book">James A. Millward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA55">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a>. Columbia University Press. 2007: 55–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-231-13924-3">ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA55&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Valerie Hansen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPg4UVV_JTYC&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Silk Road: A New History</a>. Oxford University Press. 17 July 2012: 226– [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-993921-3">ISBN 978-0-19-993921-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171011/https://books.google.com/books?id=nPg4UVV_JTYC&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Valerie+Hansen&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993921-3&rft.pages=226-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPg4UVV_JTYC%26pg%3DPA226%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MichellGollings2008-80"><a href="#cite_ref-MichellGollings2008_80-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">George Michell; John Gollings; Marika Vicziany; Yen Hu Tsui. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMJC0JSfBkEC&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Kashgar: Oasis City on China's Old Silk Road</a>. Frances Lincoln. 2008: 13–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7112-2913-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7112-2913-6">ISBN 978-0-7112-2913-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=George+Michell&rft.au=John+Gollings&rft.au=Marika+Vicziany&rft.au=Yen+Hu+Tsui&rft.btitle=Kashgar%3A+Oasis+City+on+China%27s+Old+Silk+Road&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2913-6&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMJC0JSfBkEC%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-RingSalkin1994-81"><a href="#cite_ref-RingSalkin1994_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Trudy Ring; Robert M. 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Taylor & Francis. 1994: 457– [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-884964-04-6">ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152451/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2016-05-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Robert+M.+Salkin&rft.au=Sharon+La+Boda&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.pages=457-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA457%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation book">E. Yarshater (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271#v=onepage&q&f=false">Chapter 7, The Iranian Settlements to the East of the Pamirs</a>. The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. 1983-04-14: 271. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521200929" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521200929">ISBN 978-0521200929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%2C+The+Iranian+Settlements+to+the+East+of+the+Pamirs&rft.au=E.+Yarshater&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0521200929&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA271%26lpg%3DPA271%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thum, Rian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1558522">Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies (The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012). 6 August 2012, 71 (3): 632 [29 September 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812000629">doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025819/http://www.academia.edu/1558522/Modular_History_Identity_Maintenance_before_Uyghur_Nationalism">存档</a>于2015-09-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Modular+History%3A+Identity+Maintenance+before+Uyghur+Nationalism&rft.aufirst=Rian&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=632&rft.volume=71&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1558522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911812000629&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thum, Rian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1558522">Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies (The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012). 6 August 2012, 71 (3): 633 [29 September 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812000629">doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025819/http://www.academia.edu/1558522/Modular_History_Identity_Maintenance_before_Uyghur_Nationalism">存档</a>于2015-09-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Modular+History%3A+Identity+Maintenance+before+Uyghur+Nationalism&rft.aufirst=Rian&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=633&rft.volume=71&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1558522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911812000629&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thum, Rian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1558522">Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies (The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012). 6 August 2012, 71 (3): 634 [29 September 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812000629">doi:10.1017/S0021911812000629</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025819/http://www.academia.edu/1558522/Modular_History_Identity_Maintenance_before_Uyghur_Nationalism">存档</a>于2015-09-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Modular+History%3A+Identity+Maintenance+before+Uyghur+Nationalism&rft.aufirst=Rian&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=634&rft.volume=71&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1558522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911812000629&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Matthew Tom Kapstein, Brandon Dotson (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIpwbzRUylkC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false">Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet</a>. Brill. 20 July 2007: 96 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9004160644" title="Special:网络书源/978-9004160644">ISBN 978-9004160644</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170927/https://books.google.com/books?id=fIpwbzRUylkC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+the+Cultural+History+of+Early+Tibet&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9004160644&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIpwbzRUylkC%26pg%3DPA96%26lpg%3DPA96%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2012-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2012_87-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Valerie Hansen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPg4UVV_JTYC&pg=PA228">The Silk Road: A New History</a>. Oxford University Press. 17 July 2012: 227–228 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-993921-3">ISBN 978-0-19-993921-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170925/https://books.google.com/books?id=nPg4UVV_JTYC&pg=PA228">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Valerie+Hansen&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993921-3&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPg4UVV_JTYC%26pg%3DPA228&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519050601/http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/17_781-2049-1-PB.pdf">存档副本</a> (PDF). [2019-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/17_781-2049-1-PB.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2020-05-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.manas.edu.kg%2Fmjtc%2Foldarchives%2F2004%2F17_781-2049-1-PB.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LeviSela2010-89"><a href="#cite_ref-LeviSela2010_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72">Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources</a>. Indiana University Press. 2010: 72– [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-253-35385-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-253-35385-6">ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170933/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Ron+Sela&rft.au=Scott+Cameron+Levi&rft.btitle=Islamic+Central+Asia%3A+An+Anthology+of+Historical+Sources&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35385-6&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAX5ohFkcVgC%26pg%3DPA72%26lpg%3DPA72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Akiner2013-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Akiner2013_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Akiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Cultural Change & Continuity In</a>. Routledge. 28 October 2013: 71– [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-136-15034-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-136-15034-0">ISBN 978-1-136-15034-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206020748/https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">存档</a>于2020-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Akiner&rft.btitle=Cultural+Change+%26+Continuity+In&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15034-0&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudjWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJ.M._Dent1908" class="citation">J.M. Dent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/marcopolo00polouoft#page/96/mode/2up">Chapter 33: Of the City of Khotan - Which is Supplied with All the Necessaries of Life</a>, The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian: 96–97, 1908</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Chapter+33%3A+Of+the+City+of+Khotan+-+Which+is+Supplied+with+All+the+Necessaries+of+Life&rft.au=J.M.+Dent&rft.btitle=The+travels+of+Marco+Polo+the+Venetian&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=96-97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmarcopolo00polouoft%23page%2F96%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wood, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia</a>. 2002: 18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520243408" title="Special:网络书源/9780520243408">ISBN 9780520243408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+two+thousand+years+in+the+heart+of+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780520243408&rft.pages=18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzvoCv3h2QCsC%26pg%3DPA18%26lpg%3DPA18%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation book">夏鼐. 《夏鼐集<“和阗马钱”考>》. 中国社会科学出版社. 2008年7月1日. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787500470472" title="Special:网络书源/9787500470472">ISBN 9787500470472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=%E5%A4%8F%E9%BC%90&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%8F%E9%BC%90%E9%9B%86%3C%E2%80%9C%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%92%B1%E2%80%9D%E8%80%83%3E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787500470472&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/hotanleadcoin.shtml">Khotan lead coin.</a>. Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site). 3 December 1999 [2 September 2018]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817190943/http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/hotanleadcoin.shtml">存档</a>于2020-08-17） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Khotan+lead+coin.&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vladimir+Belyaev+%28Chinese+Coinage+Web+Site%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charm.ru%2Fcoins%2Fmisc%2Fhotanleadcoin.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Khotan_Vol._1_by_Stein,_M._Aurel_(1907).pdf">Ancient Khotan.</a> (PDF). by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stein_M%C3%A1rk_Aur%C3%A9l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stein Márk Aurél（页面不存在）">Stein Márk Aurél</a> (hosted on <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>). 1907 [2 September 2018]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116170928/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Khotan_Vol._1_by_Stein,_M._Aurel_%281907%29.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2020-11-16） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Ancient+Khotan.&rft.date=1907&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=by+Stein+M%C3%A1rk+Aur%C3%A9l+%28hosted+on+Wikimedia+Commons%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAncient_Khotan_Vol._1_by_Stein%2C_M._Aurel_%281907%29.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Cribb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Cribb（页面不存在）">Cribb, Joe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667383">"The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 1"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201126202045/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667383">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 144 (1984), pp. 128–152; and Cribb, Joe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667535">"The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 2"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201127063342/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667535">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 145 (1985), pp. 136–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Hill (2009). "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE", pp. 466-467. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Boulnois, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroad00luce">Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road</a>. Odyssey. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroad00luce/page/179">179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Boulnois&rft.btitle=Silk+Road%3A+Monks%2C+Warriors+and+Merchants+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Odyssey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroad00luce&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Boulnois, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroad00luce">Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road</a>. Odyssey. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroad00luce/page/179">179</a>–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Boulnois&rft.btitle=Silk+Road%3A+Monks%2C+Warriors+and+Merchants+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=179-184&rft.pub=Odyssey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroad00luce&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_Along_the_Silk_Roads-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Life_Along_the_Silk_Roads_100-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Whitfield, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifealongsilkroa00whit">Life Along the Silk Road</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. London. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifealongsilkroa00whit/page/24">24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.btitle=Life+Along+the+Silk+Road&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=24&rft.place=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifealongsilkroa00whit&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Silk_Road_Folio-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Silk_Road_Folio_101-0">100.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Silk_Road_Folio_101-1">100.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Wood, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood">The Silk Road Folio</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. London. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/151">151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Folio&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=151&rft.place=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroadtwothous0000wood&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinru_Liu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinru Liu（页面不存在）">Liu, Xinru</a>. Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies. Journal of World History. 2001a, 12 (2): 261–292. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20078910">JSTOR 20078910</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034">doi:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Settlement+of+the+Yuezhi-Kushan.+Interaction+and+Interdependence+of+Nomadic+and+Sedentary+Societies&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.pages=261-292&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2-87772-337-2" title="Special:网络书源/2-87772-337-2">2-87772-337-2</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_104-0">103.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_104-1">103.1</a> Ehsan Yar-Shater, William Bayne Fisher, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. 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December 1987: 53 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8120803725" title="Special:网络书源/978-8120803725">ISBN 978-8120803725</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206035550/https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Baij+Nath+Puri&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.date=1987-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8120803725&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA53%26lpg%3DPA53%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ma_yong-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ma_yong_106-0">105.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ma_yong_106-1">105.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Ma Yong, Sun Yutang. Janos Harmatta , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilisations: Vol 2</a>. 1999: 237–238 [2019-12-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8120814080" title="Special:网络书源/978-8120814080">ISBN 978-8120814080</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116172539/https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2020-11-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.au=Janos+Harmatta&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilisations%3A+Vol+2&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8120814080&rft.pages=237-238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDguGWP0vGY8C%26pg%3DPA238%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wood, Frances. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood">The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. London. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/95">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+two+thousand+years+in+the+heart+of+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=95&rft.place=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroadtwothous0000wood&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Buswell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Buswell Jr.（页面不存在）">Buswell, Robert Jr</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald S. 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Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15-16, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> <li id="cite_note-christopoulos_2012_footnote46-122"><a href="#cite_ref-christopoulos_2012_footnote46_122-0">^</a> Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius_roxane-123"><a href="#cite_ref-livius_roxane_123-0">^</a> Livius.org. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/articles/person/roxane/">Roxane</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201020035741/http://www.livius.org/articles/person/roxane/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）." Articles on Ancient History. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved on 8 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-strachan_2008_p87-124"><a href="#cite_ref-strachan_2008_p87_124-0">^</a> Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008), Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-907200-02-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-907200-02-1">978-1-907200-02-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-04-08612-9" title="Special:网络书源/90-04-08612-9">90-04-08612-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Ahmed, S. Z. (2004), Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-89356-313-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-89356-313-7">0-89356-313-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Lucas Christopoulos writes the following: "The kings (or soldiers) of the Sampul cemetery came from various origins, composing as they did a homogenous army made of Hellenized Persians, western Scythians, or Sacae Iranians from their mother’s side, just as were most of the second generation of Greeks colonists living in the Seleucid Empire. Most of the soldiers of Alexander the Great who stayed in Persia, India and central Asia had married local women, thus their leading generals were mostly Greeks from their father’s side or had Greco-Macedonian grandfathers. Antiochos had a Persian mother, and all the later Indo-Greeks or Greco-Bactrians were revered in the population as locals, as they used both Greek and Bactrian scripts on their coins and worshipped the local gods. The DNA testing of the Sampul cemetery shows that the occupants had paternal origins in the eastern part of the Mediterranean"; see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书籍">书籍</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：书籍">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%BB%A3%E9%81%94" title="張廣達">張廣達</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%B1%9F" title="荣新江">榮新江</a>：《于闐史叢考》（增訂本）（北京：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中國人民大學出版社">中國人民大學出版社</a>，2008）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读">延伸阅读</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读">编辑</a>]</div> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914898" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q914898">在维基数据编辑</a>] <dl><dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%96%B9%E8%BC%BF%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E9%82%8A%E8%A3%94%E5%85%B8/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E9%83%A8#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/方輿彙編/邊裔典/于闐部">欽定古今圖書集成·方輿彙編·邊裔典·于闐部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B788#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:後漢書/卷88">後漢書·卷88</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E6%99%94" title="范晔">范晔</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="后汉书">後漢書</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B754#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:梁書/卷54">梁書/卷54</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E6%80%9D%E5%BB%89" title="姚思廉">姚思廉</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E4%B9%A6" title="梁书">梁書</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7102#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:魏書/卷102">魏書·卷102</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%94%B6" title="魏收">魏收</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E4%B9%A6" title="魏书">魏书</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:周書/卷50">周書·卷50</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E7%8B%90%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%BB" title="令狐德棻">令狐德棻</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="周书">周書</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B779#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:南史/卷79">南史·卷79</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BB%B6%E5%AF%BF" title="李延寿">李延壽</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8F%B2" title="南史">南史</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7097#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:北史/卷097">北史·卷097</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BB%B6%E5%AF%BF" title="李延寿">李延壽</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2" title="北史">北史</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B783#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:隋書/卷83">隋書·卷83</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BE%B5" title="魏徵">魏徵</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E4%B9%A6" title="隋书">隋书</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7198#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:舊唐書/卷198">舊唐書·卷198</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%AB" title="刘昫">刘昫</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6" title="旧唐书">舊唐書</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7221%E4%B8%8A#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:新唐書/卷221上">新唐書·卷221上</a>》，出自《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6" title="新唐书">新唐書</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7138#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:舊五代史/卷138">舊五代史·卷138</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%B1%85%E6%AD%A3" title="薛居正">薛居正</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="旧五代史">舊五代史</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B774#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:新五代史/卷74">新五代史·卷74</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%98%B3%E4%BF%AE" title="欧阳修">歐陽修</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="新五代史">新五代史</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7490#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:宋史/卷490">宋史·卷490</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E8%84%B1" title="脱脱">脱脱</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="宋史">宋史</a>》</dd> <dd><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7332#于阗" class="extiw" title="s:明史/卷332">明史卷三百三十二</a>》，出自《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="明史">明史</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="晚唐、五代、宋、金时期存在的君主制国家与藩镇等" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin" title="Template:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:FiveDynasties-song-liao-jin"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="晚唐、五代、宋、金时期存在的君主制国家与藩镇等" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">晚唐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD" title="五代十国">五代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金</a>时期存在的君主制国家与藩镇等</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">五代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%A2%81" title="后梁">后梁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%94%90" title="后唐">后唐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%99%8B" title="后晋">后晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2" title="後漢">後漢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8" title="后周">后周</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">十国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%9C%80" title="前蜀">前蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%9C%80" title="後蜀">後蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%94%90" title="南唐">南唐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%90%B4" title="杨吴">吴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%B6%8A%E5%9B%BD" title="吴越国">吴越</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%9B%BD" title="闽国">閩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A5%9A" title="马楚">楚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B1%89" title="南汉">南汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%86%E5%8D%97" title="荆南">荆南</a>（南平）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B1%89" title="北汉">北漢</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">王朝</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BD%E6%9C%9D" title="辽朝">辽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">华北</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95_(%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD)" title="燕 (五代十国)">燕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%99%89" title="前晉">晋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%90" title="岐">岐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3_(%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD)" title="北平 (五代十国)">北平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5_(%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD)" title="赵 (五代十国)">赵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%8D%9A%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="魏博节度使">邺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BE%9E%E7%9B%8A" title="李從益">李從益</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A_(%E5%BC%B5%E9%82%A6%E6%98%8C)" title="楚 (張邦昌)">張楚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E9%BD%90" title="刘齐">刘齐</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东北</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="渤海国">渤海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%B9" title="东丹">东丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%BD" title="定安国">定安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="后渤海">后渤海</a>（渤海<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%89%E6%98%BE" title="大光显">大光显</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%81%BC" title="北遼">北遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E9%9B%85%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="耶律雅里政权">西北遼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E8%BE%BD" title="兴辽">兴辽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%A4%8F" title="东夏">东夏</a>（大真、东真）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%BE%BD%E5%9B%BD" title="东辽国">东辽</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西北</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%94%E6%96%B9%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="朔方节度使">朔方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B0%E6%AD%A6%E8%BB%8D%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="彰武軍節度使">彰武軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%9A%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="定难军节度使">定难军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B" title="归义军">归义军</a>（西汉金山国、西汉敦煌国）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="河西节度使">河西军</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">于阗</a>（金玉国）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB" title="高昌回鶻">高昌回鹘</a>（西州回鹘、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98" title="龟兹回鹘">龟兹回鹘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8F%E5%85%80%E5%84%BF" title="畏兀儿">畏兀儿</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB" title="甘州回鶻">甘州回鶻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84" title="葛逻禄">葛逻禄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" title="九姓烏古斯">九姓烏古斯</a>（九姓乌护）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B7%E7%A3%A8" title="样磨">样磨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E4%BA%91" title="仲云">仲云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国">喀喇汗国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="东喀喇汗国">东喀喇汗国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="西喀喇汗国">西喀喇汗国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD" title="西辽">西辽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏">西夏</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东南</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%AD%A6%E8%BB%8D%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="威武軍節度使">威武军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B7_(%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD)" title="殷 (五代十国)">殷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%93%E5%84%BC%E6%98%8E" title="卓儼明">卓儼明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BA%90%E8%BB%8D" title="清源軍">清源軍</a>（平海军）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E5%86%9B%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="武平军节度使">武平军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="静海军节度使">静海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中天八國">中天八国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%85%B6" title="长其">长其</a>（大历、南天、大南）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%85%8A" title="方腊">方腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BA%E7%9B%B8" title="锺相">锺楚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西南</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%B8%AB%E9%9B%84" title="全師雄">全蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%9C%80" title="李蜀">李蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9D%87_(%E6%B0%91%E5%8F%98%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96)" title="王均 (民变领袖)">王蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%9B%A6_(%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B)" title="吴曦 (南宋)">吴蜀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%8F" title="南诏">南诏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%95%B7%E5%92%8C" title="大長和">大長和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A9%E8%88%88" title="大天興">大天興</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%A9%E5%AF%A7" title="大義寧">大義寧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%9B%BD" title="大理国">大理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD_(%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6)" title="大中 (國家)">大中</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%A7%E9%AC%BC%E4%B8%BB" title="昆明大鬼主">淯水夷</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%AE%BF" title="罗殿">罗殿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B0%8F%E9%AC%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="羅氏鬼國">羅氏鬼國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="水西">慕俄格</a>（水西））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="水東土司">水东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="播州土司">播州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="思州土司">思州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%9E" title="自杞">自杞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%A3%A8" title="特磨">特磨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%99%87%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="景陇金殿国">景陇金殿国</a>（勐泐）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">青藏高原诸部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%83%E5%8E%AE%E5%95%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="唃厮啰国">唃厮啰国</a>（青唐国、宗喀国）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8" title="六谷部">六谷部</a>（河西吐蕃）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="吐蕃分裂时期">吐蕃诸部</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E7%8E%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="拉萨王系">拉萨王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%9A%86%E8%A7%89%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="雅隆觉阿王系">雅隆觉阿王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="拉达克王国">拉达克王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="古格王国">古格王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="普兰王系">普兰王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="亚泽王朝">亚泽王系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E5%A1%98%E7%8E%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="贡塘王系">贡塘王系</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">蒙古草原诸部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>合木黑蒙古〔<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%80%AB" title="尼倫">尼倫蒙古</a>〈<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9E%E9%A2%9C" title="乞颜">乞颜</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%80%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙兀国">蒙兀国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%84%BF%E4%B9%9E%E9%83%A8" title="主儿乞部">主儿乞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%B5%A4%E4%B9%8C%E9%83%A8" title="泰赤乌部">泰赤乌</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E9%81%94%E8%98%AD%E9%83%A8" title="札達蘭部">札达兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E5%89%8C%E6%80%9D%E6%B0%8F" title="巴魯剌思氏">巴魯剌思</a>〉</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AD%E5%88%97%E6%96%A4" title="迭列斤">迭列斤蒙古</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E5%89%8C%E4%BA%A6%E5%85%92" title="札剌亦兒">札剌亦兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E5%90%89%E5%89%8C" title="弘吉剌">弘吉剌</a>）〕</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%91%E5%85%92%E4%B9%9E" title="蔑兒乞">蔑兒乞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%A1%94%E5%84%BF%E9%83%A8" title="塔塔儿部">塔塔儿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%83%88" title="克烈">克烈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E8%9B%AE" title="乃蛮">乃蛮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E5%8F%A4%E9%83%A8" title="汪古部">汪古</a>（白鞑靼）</li> <li>阻卜（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC" title="黑鞑靼">黑鞑靼</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="西域三十六国" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Template:西域三十六国"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Template talk:西域三十六国"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:西域三十六国"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="西域三十六国" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="西域三十六国">西域三十六国</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%9D%BE" title="徐松">徐松</a>名單</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%BE%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="若羌国">婼羌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">楼兰</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%9C%8B" title="且末國">且末</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%9B" title="小宛">小宛</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%B5%95" title="精絕">精絕</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8E%E7%9B%A7" title="戎盧">戎盧</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扜彌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E5%8B%92" title="渠勒">渠勒</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">于阗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="皮山国">皮山</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%A7%85" title="烏秅">烏秅</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9C" title="西夜">西夜</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="子合国">子合</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%8A%81%E5%9C%8B" title="蒲犁國">蒲犁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E8%80%90" title="依耐">依耐</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%9B%B7" title="无雷">無雷</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E5%85%9C" title="难兜">難兜</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%83%E6%A7%90" title="桃槐">桃槐</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%BE%AA" title="休循">休循</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%90%E6%AF%92" title="捐毒">捐毒</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="莎车国">莎車</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E5%A4%B4" title="尉头">尉头</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%91%E5%A2%A8" title="姑墨">姑墨</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="温宿国">溫宿</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E7%8A%81%E5%9C%8B" title="尉犁國">尉犁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E9%A0%88" title="危須">危須</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">姑師</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="山国">墨山</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E5%9B%BD" title="劫国">劫</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E8%83%A1" title="狐胡">狐胡</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E7%8A%82" title="渠犂">渠犁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%A3%98" title="烏壘">烏壘</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%8C%AF%E9%B9%A4" title="周振鹤">周振鶴</a>名單</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0" title="楼兰">鄯善</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB%E5%9C%8B" title="且末國">且末</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%B5%95" title="精絕">精絕</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%9E%E7%BD%99" title="扞罙">扜彌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E5%8B%92" title="渠勒">渠勒國</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">于阗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="皮山国">皮山</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%BD%A6%E5%9B%BD" title="莎车国">莎車</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%BE%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="若羌国">婼羌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%9B" title="小宛">小宛</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8E%E7%9B%A7" title="戎盧">戎盧</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%A7%85" title="烏秅">烏秅</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9C" title="西夜">西夜</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="子合国">子合</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%8A%81%E5%9C%8B" title="蒲犁國">蒲犁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E8%80%90" title="依耐">依耐</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%9B%B7" title="无雷">無雷</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%90%E6%AF%92" title="捐毒">捐毒</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD" title="疏勒国">疏勒</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E5%A4%B4" title="尉头">尉头</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%91%E5%A2%A8" title="姑墨">姑墨</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="温宿国">溫宿</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹">龟兹</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%A3%98" title="烏壘">烏壘</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E7%8A%82" title="渠犂">渠犁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%89%E7%8A%81%E5%9C%8B" title="尉犁國">尉犁國</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E9%A0%88" title="危須">危須國</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆">焉耆國</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">車師前國</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%B8%88" title="车师">車師後國</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E9%99%86" title="卑陆">卑陆</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E9%99%86" title="卑陆">卑陸後國</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%B1%BB" title="蒲类">蒲类</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%B1%BB" title="蒲类">蒲類後國</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%94%E5%BC%A5" title="且弥">西且彌</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%94%E5%BC%A5" title="且弥">東且彌</a>2</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>附註：國名後加註1表僅出現於徐氏名單；2表僅出現於周氏名單</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=于阗&oldid=85716072">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=于阗&oldid=85716072</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1006%E5%B9%B4%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%88%96%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="Category:1006年終結的國家或政權">1006年終結的國家或政權</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97" title="Category:于阗">于阗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:新疆的西域古国">新疆的西域古国</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:中亚君主国">中亚君主国</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:亚洲历史上的王国">亚洲历史上的王国</a></li><li><a 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id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> 添加话题 </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-zldr7","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.619","walltime":"2.091","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12218,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":278226,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9987,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":209728,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":40,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1772.631 1 -total"," 31.76% 562.922 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.60% 436.017 3 Template:Infobox"," 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