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class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Milford Wolpoff</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123715603"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/123715603/Bonobos_Generalized_Hominid_Prototypes_or_Specialized_Insular_Dwarfs_and_Comments_and_Replies_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bonobos: Generalized Hominid Prototypes or Specialized Insular Dwarfs? [and Comments and Replies]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123715603/Bonobos_Generalized_Hominid_Prototypes_or_Specialized_Insular_Dwarfs_and_Comments_and_Replies_">Bonobos: Generalized Hominid Prototypes or Specialized Insular Dwarfs? [and Comments and Replies]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">THE BONOBO, Pan paniscus, has recently been portrayed as being more like the African hominoid pro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE BONOBO, Pan paniscus, has recently been portrayed as being more like the African hominoid prototype than either the common chimpanzee or the gorilla and as a morphological relic very similar to the common ancestral stock from which gorillas, chimpanzees, and hominids ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123715603"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123715603"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123715603; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123715603]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123715603]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123715603; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123715603']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 123715603, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123715603]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123715603,"title":"Bonobos: Generalized Hominid Prototypes or Specialized Insular Dwarfs? 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He denies evolutionary advantages to such hominid features as the position of the foramen magnum and the flexure of the cranium, the retarded closure of the cranial sutures, the reduced size of the dentition, the position of the big toe, and so on (p. 163). He continually suggests that intense selection is accompanied by increased variability (pp. 163-64), linking factors such as loosened sexual behavior and the increased incidence of diseases affecting polygenic traits to increased intensity of selection. Indeed, the very facts presumably requiring explanation are questionable. If the prehominids were like chimpanzees, has there really been a loosening of sexual behavior and aggressive motivation from &quot;rigid, detailed behavior patterns&quot;? Neoteny is not a driving or orienting evolutionary force, but rather a description of certain directions of change. Neotenous changes, in this sense, may have no relation whatsoever to ontogeny. After all, any morphological change makes a given characteristic either more like or less like the fetus. The primary orienting factor of evolutionary change is selection. Selection may render advantageous changes that appear neotenous and allow their effect by simply prolonging or halting the developmental process. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645026"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645026/On_Explaining_the_Supraorbital_Torus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645026/On_Explaining_the_Supraorbital_Torus">On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Aug 1, 1985</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">by MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">by MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 10 I 85 Russell&#39;s (CA 26:337-49) is a very interesting paper, largely because it shows that paleoanthropology can be a science of prehistory and that even one-time-only events such as human evolution can be the focus of explanatory hypotheses if the conditions are right. She has clearly found a circumscribed case in which the conditions were right, formulated an explanatory hypothesis, and tested it. What she has given us as a result is an explanation of how certain combinations of force stimuli and biomechanical responses will result in browridges in the hominids. She has not indicated that these are the only combinations but only that these combinations are highly predictive with regard to the size of supraorbital structures. While she has been less than clear as to whether the biomechanical effect is developmental, evolutionary (the result of a history of selection), or some unspecified combination of these, her hypothesis provides an explanation that would work with either mechanism. (This is often the case with hypotheses about the form/function relation in bone, because this tissue will grow to resist the forces that normally act on it, while selection often acts to regularize specific growth responses.) And how good is this explanation, beyond the Australian Aboriginal populations in which it is tested? It turns out that it fits the fossil hominids rather well. An example is Homo erectus, the first hominid species to have truly large supraorbital tori. The great majority of australopithecines have poorly developed supraorbital regions, with minimal vertical thickness in the supraorbital torus and little projection of the torus anterior to the frontal squama. In contrast to the composite afarensis reconstruction, with its plaster chimpanzee-like frontal, this species actually does not differ from Australopithecus africanus in the supraorbital region. The centro-lateral portion of the AL-288 (Lucy) supraorbital region that was preserved is extraordinarily similar to the homologous region in other australopithecine females such as STS 5. This piece was inexplicably ignored in the Hadar composite reconstruction. We can take the morphology of the region in afarensis (the bone, not the plaster) to be primitive for the hominids. H. erectus is characterized by a much less prognathic face but an only moderately higher frontal. 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While she has been less than clear as to whether the biomechanical effect is developmental, evolutionary (the result of a history of selection), or some unspecified combination of these, her hypothesis provides an explanation that would work with either mechanism. (This is often the case with hypotheses about the form/function relation in bone, because this tissue will grow to resist the forces that normally act on it, while selection often acts to regularize specific growth responses.) And how good is this explanation, beyond the Australian Aboriginal populations in which it is tested? It turns out that it fits the fossil hominids rather well. An example is Homo erectus, the first hominid species to have truly large supraorbital tori. The great majority of australopithecines have poorly developed supraorbital regions, with minimal vertical thickness in the supraorbital torus and little projection of the torus anterior to the frontal squama. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645024"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply">On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Mar 1, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample &quot;results in essentially unimodal curves&quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of &quot;what the data might have shown&quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645024"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645024"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645024; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645024]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645024]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645024; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645024']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645024, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645024]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645024,"title":"On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample \u0026quot;results in essentially unimodal curves\u0026quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of \u0026quot;what the data might have shown\u0026quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":3,"year":1979,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Current Anthropology"},"translated_abstract":"by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample \u0026quot;results in essentially unimodal curves\u0026quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of \u0026quot;what the data might have shown\u0026quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-17T11:11:58.399-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1641735,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1641735,"first_name":"Milford","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Wolpoff","page_name":"MilfordWolpoff","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2012-04-30T06:11:22.929-07:00","display_name":"Milford Wolpoff","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MilfordWolpoff"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":44744,"name":"Sexual dimorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"id":1928546,"name":"Current anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_anthropology"}],"urls":[{"id":41181510,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/202226"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Dubois syndrome" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome">The Dubois syndrome</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the "Dubois syndrome," based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645023, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645023,"title":"The Dubois syndrome","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the \"Dubois syndrome,\" based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the \"Dubois syndrome,\" based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-17T11:11:58.227-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1641735,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Dubois_syndrome","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1641735,"first_name":"Milford","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Wolpoff","page_name":"MilfordWolpoff","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2012-04-30T06:11:22.929-07:00","display_name":"Milford Wolpoff","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MilfordWolpoff"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":398,"name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoanthropology"},{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology"},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science"},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":157892,"name":"Netherlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Netherlands"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae"},{"id":1115836,"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41181509,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23272593"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645016/An_unparalleled_parallelism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An unparalleled parallelism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645016/An_unparalleled_parallelism">An unparalleled parallelism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Anthropologie</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians are twin themes in Jan Jelinek&#39;s life work...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians are twin themes in Jan Jelinek&#39;s life work. Jelinek&#39;s understanding of these humans is quite different from the treatment accorded them by many other anthropologists who treat each as a model for understanding the other. These segments of humanity have been considered parallel races at various times, because of the similarities perceived in their primitive technologies and primitive&#39; cranial form (invariably meaning brow ridges). But parallelism is understood a different way in paleoanthropology, where it refers to the homoplasies that mark independent development of the same features by different species. This use of parallelism could apply to the description of how the evolution of Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians is related if Neanderthals are a different species. This is because the same sequence of changes took place in Europe and Australasia, at the opposite ends of the earth. 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EBERHARD, WOLFRAM. 1965. Chinese regional stereotypes. Asian Sur-vey 5:596-608. GULDIN, GREGO...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... EBERHARD, WOLFRAM. 1965. Chinese regional stereotypes. Asian Sur-vey 5:596-608. GULDIN, GREGORY E. 1977. ... 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[and Comments and Replies]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, 1981</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">THE BONOBO, Pan paniscus, has recently been portrayed as being more like the African hominoid pro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE BONOBO, Pan paniscus, has recently been portrayed as being more like the African hominoid prototype than either the common chimpanzee or the gorilla and as a morphological relic very similar to the common ancestral stock from which gorillas, chimpanzees, and hominids ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123715603"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123715603"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123715603; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123715603]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123715603]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123715603; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123715603']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 123715603, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123715603]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123715603,"title":"Bonobos: Generalized Hominid Prototypes or Specialized Insular Dwarfs? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645028"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645028/On_the_Group_System_of_Man_and_Paedomorphosis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the Group System of Man and Paedomorphosis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645028/On_the_Group_System_of_Man_and_Paedomorphosis">On the Group System of Man and Paedomorphosis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Feb 1, 1973</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. 19 II 71 Crombie&#39;s contentions (CA 12:147-69) are utterly devoid of a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. 19 II 71 Crombie&#39;s contentions (CA 12:147-69) are utterly devoid of any basis in fact or theory. He denies evolutionary advantages to such hominid features as the position of the foramen magnum and the flexure of the cranium, the retarded closure of the cranial sutures, the reduced size of the dentition, the position of the big toe, and so on (p. 163). He continually suggests that intense selection is accompanied by increased variability (pp. 163-64), linking factors such as loosened sexual behavior and the increased incidence of diseases affecting polygenic traits to increased intensity of selection. Indeed, the very facts presumably requiring explanation are questionable. If the prehominids were like chimpanzees, has there really been a loosening of sexual behavior and aggressive motivation from &quot;rigid, detailed behavior patterns&quot;? Neoteny is not a driving or orienting evolutionary force, but rather a description of certain directions of change. Neotenous changes, in this sense, may have no relation whatsoever to ontogeny. After all, any morphological change makes a given characteristic either more like or less like the fetus. The primary orienting factor of evolutionary change is selection. Selection may render advantageous changes that appear neotenous and allow their effect by simply prolonging or halting the developmental process. To reverse the order puts the cart before the horse.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645028"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645028"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645028; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645028]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645028; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645028']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645028, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645028]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645028,"title":"On the Group System of Man and Paedomorphosis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. 19 II 71 Crombie\u0026#39;s contentions (CA 12:147-69) are utterly devoid of any basis in fact or theory. 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He continually suggests that intense selection is accompanied by increased variability (pp. 163-64), linking factors such as loosened sexual behavior and the increased incidence of diseases affecting polygenic traits to increased intensity of selection. Indeed, the very facts presumably requiring explanation are questionable. If the prehominids were like chimpanzees, has there really been a loosening of sexual behavior and aggressive motivation from \u0026quot;rigid, detailed behavior patterns\u0026quot;? Neoteny is not a driving or orienting evolutionary force, but rather a description of certain directions of change. Neotenous changes, in this sense, may have no relation whatsoever to ontogeny. After all, any morphological change makes a given characteristic either more like or less like the fetus. The primary orienting factor of evolutionary change is selection. Selection may render advantageous changes that appear neotenous and allow their effect by simply prolonging or halting the developmental process. To reverse the order puts the cart before the horse.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117645028/On_the_Group_System_of_Man_and_Paedomorphosis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-17T11:11:59.179-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1641735,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"On_the_Group_System_of_Man_and_Paedomorphosis","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1641735,"first_name":"Milford","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Wolpoff","page_name":"MilfordWolpoff","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2012-04-30T06:11:22.929-07:00","display_name":"Milford Wolpoff","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MilfordWolpoff"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":449892,"name":"Neoteny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoteny"},{"id":1928546,"name":"Current anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_anthropology"}],"urls":[{"id":41181514,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/201420"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645026"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645026/On_Explaining_the_Supraorbital_Torus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645026/On_Explaining_the_Supraorbital_Torus">On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Aug 1, 1985</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">by MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">by MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 10 I 85 Russell&#39;s (CA 26:337-49) is a very interesting paper, largely because it shows that paleoanthropology can be a science of prehistory and that even one-time-only events such as human evolution can be the focus of explanatory hypotheses if the conditions are right. She has clearly found a circumscribed case in which the conditions were right, formulated an explanatory hypothesis, and tested it. What she has given us as a result is an explanation of how certain combinations of force stimuli and biomechanical responses will result in browridges in the hominids. She has not indicated that these are the only combinations but only that these combinations are highly predictive with regard to the size of supraorbital structures. While she has been less than clear as to whether the biomechanical effect is developmental, evolutionary (the result of a history of selection), or some unspecified combination of these, her hypothesis provides an explanation that would work with either mechanism. (This is often the case with hypotheses about the form/function relation in bone, because this tissue will grow to resist the forces that normally act on it, while selection often acts to regularize specific growth responses.) And how good is this explanation, beyond the Australian Aboriginal populations in which it is tested? It turns out that it fits the fossil hominids rather well. An example is Homo erectus, the first hominid species to have truly large supraorbital tori. The great majority of australopithecines have poorly developed supraorbital regions, with minimal vertical thickness in the supraorbital torus and little projection of the torus anterior to the frontal squama. In contrast to the composite afarensis reconstruction, with its plaster chimpanzee-like frontal, this species actually does not differ from Australopithecus africanus in the supraorbital region. The centro-lateral portion of the AL-288 (Lucy) supraorbital region that was preserved is extraordinarily similar to the homologous region in other australopithecine females such as STS 5. This piece was inexplicably ignored in the Hadar composite reconstruction. We can take the morphology of the region in afarensis (the bone, not the plaster) to be primitive for the hominids. H. erectus is characterized by a much less prognathic face but an only moderately higher frontal. While total masticatory</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645026"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645026"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645026; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645026]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645026]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645026; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645026']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645026, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645026]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645026,"title":"On Explaining the Supraorbital Torus","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"by MILFORD H. WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 10 I 85 Russell\u0026#39;s (CA 26:337-49) is a very interesting paper, largely because it shows that paleoanthropology can be a science of prehistory and that even one-time-only events such as human evolution can be the focus of explanatory hypotheses if the conditions are right. She has clearly found a circumscribed case in which the conditions were right, formulated an explanatory hypothesis, and tested it. What she has given us as a result is an explanation of how certain combinations of force stimuli and biomechanical responses will result in browridges in the hominids. She has not indicated that these are the only combinations but only that these combinations are highly predictive with regard to the size of supraorbital structures. While she has been less than clear as to whether the biomechanical effect is developmental, evolutionary (the result of a history of selection), or some unspecified combination of these, her hypothesis provides an explanation that would work with either mechanism. (This is often the case with hypotheses about the form/function relation in bone, because this tissue will grow to resist the forces that normally act on it, while selection often acts to regularize specific growth responses.) And how good is this explanation, beyond the Australian Aboriginal populations in which it is tested? It turns out that it fits the fossil hominids rather well. An example is Homo erectus, the first hominid species to have truly large supraorbital tori. The great majority of australopithecines have poorly developed supraorbital regions, with minimal vertical thickness in the supraorbital torus and little projection of the torus anterior to the frontal squama. 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WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 10 I 85 Russell\u0026#39;s (CA 26:337-49) is a very interesting paper, largely because it shows that paleoanthropology can be a science of prehistory and that even one-time-only events such as human evolution can be the focus of explanatory hypotheses if the conditions are right. She has clearly found a circumscribed case in which the conditions were right, formulated an explanatory hypothesis, and tested it. What she has given us as a result is an explanation of how certain combinations of force stimuli and biomechanical responses will result in browridges in the hominids. She has not indicated that these are the only combinations but only that these combinations are highly predictive with regard to the size of supraorbital structures. While she has been less than clear as to whether the biomechanical effect is developmental, evolutionary (the result of a history of selection), or some unspecified combination of these, her hypothesis provides an explanation that would work with either mechanism. (This is often the case with hypotheses about the form/function relation in bone, because this tissue will grow to resist the forces that normally act on it, while selection often acts to regularize specific growth responses.) And how good is this explanation, beyond the Australian Aboriginal populations in which it is tested? It turns out that it fits the fossil hominids rather well. An example is Homo erectus, the first hominid species to have truly large supraorbital tori. The great majority of australopithecines have poorly developed supraorbital regions, with minimal vertical thickness in the supraorbital torus and little projection of the torus anterior to the frontal squama. In contrast to the composite afarensis reconstruction, with its plaster chimpanzee-like frontal, this species actually does not differ from Australopithecus africanus in the supraorbital region. The centro-lateral portion of the AL-288 (Lucy) supraorbital region that was preserved is extraordinarily similar to the homologous region in other australopithecine females such as STS 5. This piece was inexplicably ignored in the Hadar composite reconstruction. We can take the morphology of the region in afarensis (the bone, not the plaster) to be primitive for the hominids. H. erectus is characterized by a much less prognathic face but an only moderately higher frontal. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645024"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply">On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Mar 1, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample &quot;results in essentially unimodal curves&quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of &quot;what the data might have shown&quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645024"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645024"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645024; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645024]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645024]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645024; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645024']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645024, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645024]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645024,"title":"On Hominid Sexual Dimorphism: Reply","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample \u0026quot;results in essentially unimodal curves\u0026quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of \u0026quot;what the data might have shown\u0026quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publication_date":{"day":1,"month":3,"year":1979,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Current Anthropology"},"translated_abstract":"by MILFORD WOLPOFF Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, U.S.A. 14 vii 78 Although the commentary approach to CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY publications has usually been a useful vehicle for the presentation of serious discussion, the spectre of continued clear-cutting of our Northwest Coast forests leads one to question whether these discussions should include points that could have been clarified through a more careful reading of the paper in question or through a query sent by mail. The comments presented by Williams, Sciulli, and Poirier (CA 19:63637) provide an example and moreover presuppose an extraordinary degree of ignorance, if not dishonesty, on my part in the utilization of canine-socket measurements to estimate transverse canine breadths. The authors claim that insufficient data were presented to show that this estimation is accurate for the australopithecine sample, that the resulting regression of socket on actual canine breadth may have been ineptly applied, and that eliminating part of the sample \u0026quot;results in essentially unimodal curves\u0026quot; (a contention unsupported by any statistical test). I offer the following points in response: 1. In stating that the transverse canine-breadth measurement is inevitably maximum in the cervical region and homologous and analogous for the nonhuman primates (CA 17:580), I had hoped to make it clear that this condition applies to all the species concerned without listing them separately. 2. The least-squares regression formulae and the appropriate data regarding their fit are as follows: maxillary canine = 1.01 (socket breadth) .13 (r = .990); mandibular canine = .94 (socket breadth) + .6 (r = .996). For the maxillary sample (N = 8), the average absolute difference between the socket and canine breadth measures is .11 mm, while the average absolute difference between the canine estimate and actual breadth is .07 mm. For the mandible (N = 10), these differences are respectively .12 and .06 mm. Had the authors requested these data from me by letter, their discussion of \u0026quot;what the data might have shown\u0026quot; would have been unnecessary and a number of trees could have been saved. 3. In any event, these absolute errors are close enough to justify a direct estimation of transverse canine breadth by socket breadth. Alternatively, their comment simply could have been based on the assumption that I attempted to see if my procedure was accurate before I used it, although this too would have rendered it unnecessary. 4. Finally, there is no question that removing some data from a small sample makes it more difficult to interpret. If the authors are interested in pursuing this line of reasoning, they might try to remove all measurements ending in an odd number, or perhaps those with specimen numbers with more than three digits, and report on the effects of these procedures. I look forward to hearing about their results.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117645024/On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-17T11:11:58.399-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1641735,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"On_Hominid_Sexual_Dimorphism_Reply","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1641735,"first_name":"Milford","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Wolpoff","page_name":"MilfordWolpoff","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2012-04-30T06:11:22.929-07:00","display_name":"Milford Wolpoff","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MilfordWolpoff"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":44744,"name":"Sexual dimorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"id":1928546,"name":"Current anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_anthropology"}],"urls":[{"id":41181510,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/202226"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117645023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Dubois syndrome" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome">The Dubois syndrome</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>PubMed</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the "Dubois syndrome," based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645023, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645023,"title":"The Dubois syndrome","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the \"Dubois syndrome,\" based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"PubMed"},"translated_abstract":"The modem scientific method relies on falsification of large, overarching explanatory hypotheses, but refutation at any level is not easily accepted, nor should it necessarily be. Here we discuss the \"Dubois syndrome,\" based on the history of Eugène Dubois, famous for the discovery and interpretation of Pithecanthropus erectus. Widely viewed as unbalanced for his changing understanding of these important fossils, we discuss how his apparent capriciousness was actually a rational conclusion based on his adherence to a broad evolutionary theory. Examples of the Dubois syndrome are common, perhaps especially so in paleoanthropology because the database, even many years later, is small.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117645023/The_Dubois_syndrome","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-04-17T11:11:58.227-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":1641735,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Dubois_syndrome","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":1641735,"first_name":"Milford","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Wolpoff","page_name":"MilfordWolpoff","domain_name":"umich","created_at":"2012-04-30T06:11:22.929-07:00","display_name":"Milford Wolpoff","url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MilfordWolpoff"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":398,"name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleoanthropology"},{"id":417,"name":"Paleontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleontology"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology"},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science"},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans"},{"id":98939,"name":"Pubmed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pubmed"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":157892,"name":"Netherlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Netherlands"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae"},{"id":1115836,"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":41181509,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23272593"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Edited by Wu Rukang and John W. Olsen. Orlando: Academic Press. 1985. xxvii + 293 pp., figures, tables, index. $54.00 (cloth)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/113447686/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645021/Palaeoanthropology_and_palaeolithic_archaeology_in_the_peoples_Republic_of_China_Edited_by_Wu_Rukang_and_John_W_Olsen_Orlando_Academic_Press_1985_xxvii_293_pp_figures_tables_index_54_00_cloth_">Palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology in the people's Republic of China. Edited by Wu Rukang and John W. Olsen. Orlando: Academic Press. 1985. xxvii + 293 pp., figures, tables, index. $54.00 (cloth)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</span><span>, Sep 1, 1986</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8406f7fb83b29010a5f3c615414818ce" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":113447686,"asset_id":117645021,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113447686/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MTk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645021"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645021]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645021']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645021, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8406f7fb83b29010a5f3c615414818ce" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645021]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645021,"title":"Palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology in the people's Republic of China. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645016/An_unparalleled_parallelism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An unparalleled parallelism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645016/An_unparalleled_parallelism">An unparalleled parallelism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Anthropologie</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians are twin themes in Jan Jelinek&#39;s life work...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians are twin themes in Jan Jelinek&#39;s life work. 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But as Jelinek has always emphasized, the interpretation of Neanderthals as a different species is very unlikely; the odds of the required homoplasies cannot be calculated, but their combined probability is quite clearly diminishingly small.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645016"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645016]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645016']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645016, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645016]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645016,"title":"An unparalleled parallelism","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Neanderthals and Indigenous Aboriginal Australians are twin themes in Jan Jelinek\u0026#39;s life work. 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117645014/More_on_Australopithecine_Sexual_Dimorphism">More on Australopithecine Sexual Dimorphism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Current Anthropology</span><span>, Mar 1, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... EBERHARD, WOLFRAM. 1965. Chinese regional stereotypes. Asian Sur-vey 5:596-608. GULDIN, GREGO...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... EBERHARD, WOLFRAM. 1965. Chinese regional stereotypes. Asian Sur-vey 5:596-608. GULDIN, GREGORY E. 1977. ... The efficacy of the entire model, however, boils down to the accuracy of the bimodal distribu-tions and the interpretations derived from them. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117645014"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117645014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645014; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645014]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117645014]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117645014; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117645014']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117645014, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117645014]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117645014,"title":"More on Australopithecine Sexual Dimorphism","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... 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