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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Slavic_homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Slavic_homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Proto-Slavic homeland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Slavic_homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Linguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ethnogenesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnogenesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnogenesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture-historical_viewpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture-historical_viewpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Culture-historical viewpoint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-historical_viewpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processual_viewpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processual_viewpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Processual viewpoint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processual_viewpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribal_and_territorial_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_and_territorial_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Tribal and territorial organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_and_territorial_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Food and agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craftsmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craftsmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Craftsmanship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craftsmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Musical instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9.1 Description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9.2 Military organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.12 Burial practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.13 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Christianization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Medieval states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Early Slavs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="سلاف أوائل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاف أوائل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Старажытныя славяне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытныя славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Slaveni" title="Stari Slaveni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stari Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoeslaus" title="Protoeslaus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protoeslaus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C5%99%C3%AD_Slovan%C3%A9" title="Staří Slované – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staří Slované" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πρωτοσλάβοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοσλάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسلاوهای اولیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلاوهای اولیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frua_Slavi" title="Frua Slavi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frua Slavi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia_Awal" title="Slavia Awal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Slavia Awal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoslavi" title="Protoslavi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protoslavi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Байыркы славяндар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байыркы славяндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensl%C4%81vi" title="Senslāvi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senslāvi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Стари Словени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стари Словени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში სლავეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში სლავეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroege_Slaven" title="Vroege Slaven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vroege Slaven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pras%C5%82owianie" title="Prasłowianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prasłowianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Древние славяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древние славяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Slovani" title="Stari Slovani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stari Slovani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Стари Словени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стари Словени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_tarihi" title="Slav tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slav tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Праслов'яни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Праслов'яни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Slav_S%C6%A1_Khai" title="Người Slav Sơ Khai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Slav Sơ Khai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2378782#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Early_Slavs" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/350px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/525px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/700px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Battle between the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> — painting by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a> (1881)</figcaption></figure> The early Slavs were speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> dialects<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> who lived during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> and established the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations">nations</a> through the Slavic states of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001vii,_Preface-2">[2]</a> The Slavs' original homeland is still a matter of debate due to a lack of historical records; however, scholars generally place it in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polesia</a> being the most commonly accepted location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It is generally agreed that ancient Roman writers referred to the ancestors of Slavs as <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Venedi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">proto-Slavic</a> term Slav shares roots with Slavic terms for speech, word , and perhaps was used by early Slavic people themselves to denote other people, who spoke languages similar to <a href="/wiki/Slavs_(ethnonym)" title="Slavs (ethnonym)">theirs</a>. The first written use of the name "Slavs" dates to the 6th century, when the Slavic tribes inhabited a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. By then, the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>-speaking peoples living in the European <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Steppe">Pontic Steppe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, etc.) had been <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">absorbed by the region's Slavic-speaking population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Over the next two centuries, the Slavs expanded westwards (to the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river and in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Alps</a>), and southwards (into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, absorbing <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> peoples in the process),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and also moved eastwards (in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>). Between the sixth and seventh centuries, large parts of Europe came to be controlled or occupied by Slavs, a process less understood and documented than that of the Germanic ethnogenesis in the west. Yet the effects of Slavicization were far more profound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary2003144-12">[12]</a> Beginning in the 7th century, the Slavs were gradually <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianized</a> (both by the Greek and pre-Schism Roman Orthodox Catholic Churches). By the 12th century, they formed the core populations of a number of medieval Christian states: <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. The oldest known Slavic principality in history was <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a>, established in the 7th century by the Eastern Alpine Slavs, the ancestors of present-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a> comprised modern-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Friul" class="mw-redirect" title="Friul">Friul</a> and large parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavs_(ethnonym)" title="Slavs (ethnonym)">Slavs (ethnonym)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spori" class="mw-redirect" title="Spori">Spori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes (people)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Empire_125.svg/300px-Roman_Empire_125.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Empire_125.svg/450px-Roman_Empire_125.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Roman_Empire_125.svg/600px-Roman_Empire_125.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Venedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatae">Sarmatae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> on the frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> in 125 AD. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> sources describe the Venedi as the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> (Slavs).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> The early Slavs were known to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> writers of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD under the name of <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Veneti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> described the Veneti as inhabiting the lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river and along the Venedic Bay (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Gdańsk Bay</a>). Later, having split into three groups during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period#Second_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a>, the early Slavs were known to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> writers as Veneti, <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>. The 6th century historian <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> referred to the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (Sclaveni) in his 551 work <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a>, noting that "although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni" (ab una stirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni).<a href="#cite_note-Kmietowicz1976-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> wrote that "the Sclaveni and the Ante actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called <a href="/wiki/Sporoi" title="Sporoi">Sporoi</a> in olden times".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Possibly the oldest mention of Slavs in historical writing Slověne is attested in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> (2nd century) as Σταυανοί (Stavanoi) and Σουοβηνοί (Souobenoi/Sovobenoi, Suobeni, Suoweni), likely referring to early Slavic tribes in a close alliance with the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanians</a>, who may have migrated east of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the 8th century during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, early Slavs living on the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> (Vender), with the term being a corruption of the earlier Roman-era name.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The earliest, archaeological findings connected to the early Slavs are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk</a> cultures from around the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD. However, in many areas, archaeologists face difficulties in distinguishing between Slavic and non-Slavic findings, as in the case of Chernyakhov and Przeworsk, since the cultures were also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> peoples and were not exclusively connected with a single ancient <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> or linguistic group.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Later, beginning in the 6th century, Slavic material cultures included the <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Penkovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipote%C8%99ti%E2%80%93C%C3%A2nde%C8%99ti_culture" title="Ipotești–Cândești culture">Ipotești–Cândești</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sukow-Dziedzice_group" title="Sukow-Dziedzice group">Sukow-Dziedzice group</a> cultures. With evidence ranging from fortified settlements (<a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gords</a>), ceramic pots, weapons, jewellery and open abodes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Slavic_homeland">Proto-Slavic homeland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proto-Slavic homeland">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavarchaeology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slavarchaeology.png/300px-Slavarchaeology.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slavarchaeology.png/450px-Slavarchaeology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slavarchaeology.png/600px-Slavarchaeology.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Early Slavic artifacts are most often linked to the <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov</a> cultures.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg/300px-Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg/450px-Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg/600px-Polesia_map_-_topography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polesia</a> is the most commonly accepted location for the original Slavic homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> The Proto-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">homeland</a> is the area of Slavic settlement in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> during the first millennium AD, with its precise location debated by archaeologists, ethnographers and historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200137-22">[22]</a> Most scholars consider <a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polesia</a> the homeland of the Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Theories attempting to place Slavic origin in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> have been discarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200137-22">[22]</a> None of the proposed homelands reaches the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> in the east, over the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in the southwest or the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> in the south, or past <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005526-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001332-25">[25]</a> One of the earliest mention of the Slavs' original homeland is in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a> circa 900, which associates the homeland of the Slavs with the <a href="/wiki/Zeriuani" title="Zeriuani">Zeriuani</a>, which some equate to the <a href="/wiki/Cherven_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherven lands">Cherven lands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to historical records, the Slavic homeland would have been somewhere in Central-Eastern Europe. The <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_s_keramikou_pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9ho_typu" class="extiw" title="cz:Kultura s keramikou pražského typu">Prague</a>-<a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Penkova</a>-<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Колочинська культура">Kolochin</a> complex of cultures of the 6th and the 7th centuries AD is generally accepted to reflect the expansion of Slavic-speakers at the time.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Core candidates are cultures within the territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. According to the Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Labuda" title="Gerard Labuda">Gerard Labuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of Slavic people is the <a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec culture</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> from about 1700 to 1200 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Milograd_culture" title="Milograd culture">Milograd culture</a> hypothesis posits that the pre-Proto-Slavs (or Balto-Slavs) originated in the 7th century BC–1st century AD culture geographically located in northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus. According to the <a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles culture</a> theory, the pre-Proto-Slavs originated in the 1025–700 BC culture located in northwestern Ukraine and the 3rd century BC–1st century AD <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> hypothesis, they were present in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in the 1300–500 BC culture and the 2nd century BC–4th century AD <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adam22-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> basin hypothesis, postulated by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and supported by <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Florin Curta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor's Chronicle">Nestor's Chronicle</a>, theorises that the Slavs originated in central and southeastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">History of Proto-Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_distribution_origin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Slavic language origins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Slavic_distribution_origin.png/220px-Slavic_distribution_origin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Slavic_distribution_origin.png/330px-Slavic_distribution_origin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Slavic_distribution_origin.png/440px-Slavic_distribution_origin.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Slavic language distribution, with the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex in pink, and the area of Slavic river names in red<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> began to evolve from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201119-33">[33]</a> the reconstructed language from which originated a <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">number of languages</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker200861–62-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201122-35">[35]</a> The Slavic languages <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages#Balto-Slavic_isoglosses" title="Balto-Slavic languages">share a number of features</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> (including the use of <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> for the objects of <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negative sentences</a>,the loss of Proto-Indo-European kʷ and other <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized velar">labialized velars</a>), which may indicate a common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> phase in the development of those two linguistic branches of Indo-European.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker200861–62-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201122-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> places the territory of the common language near the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a>: "The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> According to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, the original homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> may have been in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson200416-37">[37]</a> Proto-Slavic developed into a separate language during the first half of the 2nd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201119-33">[33]</a> The Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was inherited by its daughter languages, described its speakers' physical and social environment, feelings and needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011109-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2008109-39">[39]</a> Proto-Slavic had words for family connections, including svekry ("husband's mother"), and zъly ("sister-in-law").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2008113-40">[40]</a> The inherited Common Slavic vocabulary lacks detailed terminology for physical surface features that are foreign to mountains or the steppe: the sea, coastal features, <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral</a> flora or fauna or saltwater fish.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Proto-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> have been preserved between the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">source of the Vistula</a> and the middle basin of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199480-42">[42]</a> Its northern regions adjoin territory in which river names of Baltic origin (<a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> and others) abound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199482–83-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200114-44">[44]</a> On the south and east, it borders the area of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> river names (including the Dniester, the Dnieper and the Don).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199478-45">[45]</a> A connection between Proto-Slavic and Iranian languages is also demonstrated by the earliest layer of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in the former;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011109-38">[38]</a> the Proto-Slavic words for god (*bogъ), demon (*divъ), house (*xata), axe (*toporъ) and dog (*sobaka) are of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011111–112-46">[46]</a> The Iranian dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> influenced Slavic vocabulary during the millennium of contact between them and early Proto-Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A connection between Proto-Slavic and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> can be assumed from the number of Germanic loanwords, such as *kupiti ("to buy"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013112-113-48">[48]</a> *xǫdogъ ("skillful"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013155-156-49">[49]</a> *šelmъ ("helmet")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk201395-50">[50]</a> and *xlěvъ ("barn").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013107-108-51">[51]</a> The Common Slavic words for <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> were also borrowed from Germanic, which led Polish botanist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Rostafi%C5%84ski" title="Józef Rostafiński">Józef Rostafiński</a> to place the Slavic homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Pripet_Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripet Marshes">Pripet Marshes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polesia</a>, which lack those plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20017–8-52">[52]</a> Common Slavic dialects before the 4th century AD cannot be detected since all of the daughter languages emerged from later variants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990133-53">[53]</a> Tonal word stress (a 9th-century AD change) is present in all Slavic languages, and Proto-Slavic reflects the language that was probably spoken at the end of the 1st millennium AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990133-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">Maurice's Balkan campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png/220px-The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png/330px-The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/The_origin_and_dispersion_of_Slavs_in_the_5-10th_centuries.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>The origin and migration of Slavs in Europe in the 5th to the 10th centuries AD: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Original Slavic homeland (modern-day southeastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeastern_Europe_in_520,_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png/220px-Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png/330px-Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png/440px-Southeastern_Europe_in_520%2C_showing_the_Byzantine_Empire_under_Justin_I_and_the_Ostrogothic_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Southeastern Europe in 520, showing the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under Justin I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> with <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> peoples along their borders</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Roman</a> authors provide the probable earliest references to the southern Slavs in the second half of the 6th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73-54">[54]</a> Jordanes completed his <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Gothic History</a>, an abridgement of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>'s longer work, in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 550 or 551.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20016-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200139–40-56">[56]</a> He also used additional sources: books, maps or oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200140–43-57">[57]</a> Jordanes wrote that "After the slaughter of the <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Hermanaric</a> also took arms against the Venethi. This people, though despised in war, was strong in numbers and tried to resist him. [...] These people, as we started to say at the beginning of our account or catalogue of nations, though off-shoots from one stock, have now three names, that is, Venethi, Antes and Sclaveni".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara202286-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200141-59">[59]</a> His claim was accepted more than a millennium later by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawrzyniec_Surowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawrzyniec Surowiecki (page does not exist)">Wawrzyniec Surowiecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Pavel Jozef Šafárik</a> and other historians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200135–35-60">[60]</a> who searched the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a> in the lands that the Venethi (a people named in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20017-61">[61]</a> lived during the last decades of the 1st century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005527-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote that the territory extending from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aeningia" title="Aeningia">Aeningia</a> (probably Feningia, or Finland), was inhabited by the Sarmati, Wends, <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Hirri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Jordanes in De origine actibusque Getarum (Ch. 34-35), wrote that "Within these rivers lies Dacia, encircled by the lofty Alps [Carpathian Mountains] as by a crown. Near their left ridge, which inclines toward the north, and beginning at the source of the Vistula, the populous race of the Venethi dwell, occupying a great expanse of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid various clans and places, yet they are chiefly called Sclaveni and Antes. The abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of Noviodunum<a href="#cite_note-Dulinicz2009-64">[64]</a> and the lake called Mursianus<a href="#cite_note-Dulinicz2009-64">[64]</a> to the Danaster [Dniester] and northward as far as the Vistula. They have swamps and forests for their cities. The Antes, who are the bravest of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the sea of Pontus [Black Sea] spread from the Danaster to the Danaper [Dnieper] rivers that are many days' journey apart".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara202284-65">[65]</a> Procopius completed his three works on Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s reign (<a href="/wiki/Procopius#Writings#The_Buildings_of_Justinian" title="Procopius">Buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Wars">History of the Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procopius#Writings#Secret_History" title="Procopius">Secret History</a>) during the 550s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20016–7-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200136–37-67">[67]</a> Each book contains detailed information on raids by Sclavenes and Antes on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20017-68">[68]</a> and the History of the Wars has a comprehensive description of their beliefs, customs and dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200137-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005524-70">[70]</a> Although not an eyewitness, Procopius had contacts among the Sclavene mercenaries who were <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">fighting on the Roman side in Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200137-69">[69]</a> Agreeing with Jordanes's report, Procopius wrote that the Sclavenes and Antes spoke the same languages but traced their common origin not to the Venethi but to a people he called "Sporoi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200136-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporoi" title="Sporoi">Sporoi</a> ("seeds" in Greek; compare "spores") is equivalent to the Latin <a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">semnones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">germani</a> ("germs" or "seedlings"), and the German linguist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> meant "Slav".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Jordanes and Procopius called the Suebi "Suavi". The end of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a>'s list of Slavic tribes contains a note: "Suevi are not born, they are sown (seminati)".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A similar description of the Sclavenes and Antes is found in the <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon of Maurice</a>, a military handbook written between 592 and 602 and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Emperor Maurice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200151–52-74">[74]</a> Its author, an experienced officer, participated in the Eastern Roman campaigns against the Sclavenes on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">lower Danube</a> at the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200151-75">[75]</a> A military staff member was also the source of <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a>'s narrative of the same campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200156-76">[76]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin of Braga</a> was the first western author to refer to a people known as "Sclavus" before 580, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_of_Bobbio" title="Jonas of Bobbio">Jonas of Bobbio</a> included the earliest lengthy record of the nearby Slavs in his Life of Saint Columbanus (written between 639 and 643).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200146,_60-77">[77]</a> Jonas referred to the Slavs as "Veneti" and noted that they were also known as "Sclavi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200160-78">[78]</a> Western authors, including <a href="/wiki/Fredegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredegar">Fredegar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a>, preserved the term "Venethi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200129-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (in the Life of Saint Martinus, the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>), Lombards (<a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>) and Anglo-Saxons (<a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>) referred to Slavs in the <a href="/wiki/Elbe-Saale" title="Elbe-Saale">Elbe-Saale</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> as "Wenden" or "Winden" (see <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>). The Franks and the Bavarians of Styria and Carinthia called their Slavic neighbours "Windische".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The unknown author of the Chronicle of Fredegar used the word "Venedi" (and variants) to refer to a group of Slavs who were subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200160-78">[78]</a> In the chronicle, "Venedi" formed a state that emerged from a revolt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200160-78">[78]</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> merchant <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> against the Avars around 623.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200179-80">[80]</a> A change in terminology, the replacement of Slavic tribal names for the collective "Sclavenes" and "Antes", occurred at the end of the century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001118-81">[81]</a> the first tribal names were recorded in the second book of the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Miracles of Saint Demetrius">Miracles of Saint Demetrius</a>, around 690.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200173,_118-82">[82]</a> The unknown "Bavarian Geographer" listed Slavic tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> around 840,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20017-68">[68]</a> and a detailed description of 10th-century tribes in the Balkan Peninsula was compiled under the auspices of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> in Constantinople around 950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20017–8-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_archaeological_cultures,_beginning_of_7th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multicolored physical map of eastern Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png/220px-Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png/330px-Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png/440px-Slavic_archaeological_cultures%2C_beginning_of_7th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>7th-century Slavic cultures (the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex). The Prague and the Mogilla cultures reflect the separation of the early <a href="/wiki/Western_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Slavs">Western Slavs</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sukow-Dziedzice_group" title="Sukow-Dziedzice group">Sukow-Dziedzice group</a> in the northwest may be the earliest Slavic expansion to the Baltic Sea); the Kolochin culture represents the early <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>; the Penkovka culture and its southwestward extension, the <a href="/wiki/Ipote%C5%9Fti-C%C3%A2nde%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipoteşti-Cândeşti culture">Ipoteşti-Cândeşti culture</a>, demonstrate early <a href="/wiki/Slavic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic invasion of the Balkans">Slavic expansion into the Balkans</a>, which would later result in the separation of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Antes_people" title="Antes people">Antes people</a> of Byzantine historiography. In the Carpathian basin, the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Eurasian Avars</a> began to be Slavicized during the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the archaeological literature, attempts have been made to assign an early Slavic character to several cultures in a number of time periods and regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005528-84">[84]</a> They are mainly related to the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev culture">Kiev culture</a> which flourished from the 2nd to the 5th centuries in the "middle and upper <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_basin" title="Dnieper basin">Dnieper basin</a>, akin to it sites of the type Zaozer´e in the upper Dnieper and the upper Daugava basins, and finally the groups of sites of the type Cherepyn–Teremtsy in the upper Dniester basin and of the type Ostrov in the Pripyat basin".<a href="#cite_note-Kazanski-85">[85]</a> It is recognised as the predecessor of the 6th- and 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolochin_culture" title="Kolochin culture">Kolochin</a> cultural horizons that encompass Slavic cultures from the Dniester to the Elbe.<a href="#cite_note-Kazanski-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fialkoff-86">[86]</a> "Prague culture" in a narrow sense,<a href="#cite_note-Fialkoff-86">[86]</a> refers to western Slavic material grouped around Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia, distinct from the Mogilla (southern Poland) and <a href="/wiki/Korchak_culture" title="Korchak culture">Korchak</a> (western-central Ukraine and southern Belarus) groups further east. The Prague and Mogilla groups are seen as the archaeological reflection of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Western_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Slavs">Western Slavs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001chapters_2–4-87">[87]</a> Previously, the 2nd-to-5th-century <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a> encompassed modern Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>. Chernyakov finds include polished black-pottery vessels, fine metal ornaments and iron tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199527-88">[88]</a> Soviet scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a>, saw it as the archaeological reflection of the proto-Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200140-89">[89]</a> The Chernyakov zone is now seen as representing the cultural interaction of several peoples, one of which was rooted in <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scytho-Sarmatian</a> traditions, which were modified by Germanic elements that were introduced by the Goths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199527-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997104-90">[90]</a> The semi-subterranean dwelling with a corner hearth later became typical of early Slavic sites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001284-91">[91]</a> with Volodymir Baran calling it a Slavic "ethnic badge".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001284-91">[91]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> foothills of <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, at the northwestern fringes of the Chernyakov zone, the Slavs gradually became a culturally-unified people; the multiethnic environment of the Chernyakhov zone presented a "need for <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">self-identification</a> in order to manifest their differentiation from other groups".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005529-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a>, northwest of the Chernyakov zone, extended from the Dniester to the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> valley and north to the Vistula and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199526-93">[93]</a> It was an amalgam of local cultures, most with roots in earlier traditions modified by influences from the (Celtic) <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, (Germanic) <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a> beyond the Oder and the Bell-Grave culture of the Polish plain. The Venethi may have played a part; other groups included the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199526-93">[93]</a> East of the Przeworsk zone was the <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubinets culture</a>, which is sometimes considered part of the Przeworsk complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637-94">[94]</a> Early Slavic hydronyms are found in the area occupied by the Zarubinets culture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637-94">[94]</a> and Irena Rusinova proposed that the most prototypical examples of Prague-type pottery later originated there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001284-91">[91]</a> The Zarubinets culture is identified as proto-Slavic,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> or an ethnically mixed community that became Slavicized.<a href="#cite_note-Fialkoff-86">[86]</a> With increasing age, the confidence with which archaeological connections can be made to known historic groups lessens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997524-96">[96]</a> The Chernoles culture has been seen as a stage in the evolution of the Slavs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> identified it as the proto-Slavic homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197142-97">[97]</a> According to many pre-historians, ethnic labels are inappropriate for European <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen19963-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora culture</a> stretched from the middle Dnieper to the Elbe during the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BC. It has been suggested as the locus of a Germano-Balto-Slavic continuum (the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a>), but the identification of its bearers as Indo-Europeans is uncertain. The area of the culture contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>, which are typical of Indo-Europeans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 8th-to-3rd-century BC Chernoles culture, sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> farmers", is "sometimes portrayed as either a state in the development of the Slavic languages or at least some form of late Indo-European ancestral to the evolution of the Slavic stock".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Milograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Milograd">Milograd</a> culture (700 BC–100 AD), centred roughly in today's Belarus and north of the Chernoles culture, has also been proposed as ancestral for the Slavs or the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a> (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD) and the <a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie culture</a> are other candidates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnogenesis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture-historical_viewpoint">Culture-historical viewpoint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture-historical viewpoint">edit</a>]</div> According to the mainstream and <a href="/wiki/Culture-historical_archaeology" title="Culture-historical archaeology">culture-historical</a> viewpoint which emphasizes the primordial model of ethnogenesis, the Slavic homeland in the forests and wetlands enabled them to preserve their ethnic identity, language except for phonetic and some lexical constituents, and their patrilineal, agricultural customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi199636-100">[100]</a> The origins of the early Slavs go back to the Zarubintsy and Chernyakov cultures, and the area between the Vistula and Dnieper rivers; centered on the Pripet Marshes of Polesia.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Also, the Zarubintsy and Chernyakov cultures may explain a later division of early Slavs into separate groups during the migration period.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Paul Barford suggested that Slavic groups might have existed in a wide area of central-eastern Europe (in the Chernyakov and Zarubintsy-Przeworsk cultural zones) before the documented Slavic migrations from the sixth to the ninth centuries. Serving as auxiliaries in the Sarmatian, Goth and Hun armies, small numbers of Slavic speakers might have reached the Balkans before the sixth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200143-103">[103]</a> After a millennium, when the <a href="/wiki/Huns#Unified_Empire_under_Attila" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a> collapsed and the Avars arrived shortly afterwards, the Slavs emerged and spread rapidly across central and south-eastern Europe, bringing along with them, their customs and language.<a href="#cite_note-Fialkoff-86">[86]</a> According to Marija Gimbutas, "[n]either Bulgars nor Avars colonized the Balkan Peninsula; after storming <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> they went back to their territory north of the Danube. It was the Slavs who did the colonizing ... entire families or even whole tribes infiltrated lands. As an agricultural people, they constantly sought an outlet for the population surplus. Suppressed for over a millennium by foreign rule of Scythians, Sarmatians and Goths, they had been restricted to a small territory; now the barriers were down and they poured out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197198-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a> concluded that it is "easy to conclude that the less developed, more 'primitive' form of organisation was better adapted to the conditions. It was not simply the large numbers that made the Slavs successful, although authors of the 6th century already emphasised their mass appearance. A gens can only become numerous if its way of life and gentile constitution correspond well to the external conditions. Both were the case with the Slavs. A simple but very adaptable mixed agriculture made it possible to settle devastated or uncultivated areas between the Baltic and the Aegean".<a href="#cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">[105]</a> In addition to their demographic growth, the depopulation of central-eastern Europe due, in part, to Germanic emigration, the lack of Roman imperial defenses on the frontiers which were decimated after centuries of conflicts and especially the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a>, also the <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_Little_Ice_Age" title="Late Antique Little Ice Age">Late Antique Little Ice Age</a> (536–660 CE) encouraged Slavic expansion and settlement to the west and the south of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fialkoff-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Little2007-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-bü-107">[107]</a> The migrationist model remains the most acceptable and logical explanation of the spread of Slavs and Slavic culture (including language).<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazanski-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processual_viewpoint">Processual viewpoint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Processual viewpoint">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Processual_archaeology" title="Processual archaeology">processual</a> viewpoint which emphasizes the culture-social model of ethnogenesis, there is "no need to explain culture change exclusively in terms of migration and population replacement".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It argues that the Slavic expansion was primarily "a linguistic spread".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Slavic languages spread throughout regions of Europe for different reasons. <a href="/wiki/Jouko_Lindstedt" title="Jouko Lindstedt">Jouko Lindstedt</a> wrote that "there is no single explanation for the Slavic spread in the east of Europe as there was in the west for the spread of Latin and Proto-Romance."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Central Europe was slavicized by Slavic migration. Having been largely abandoned by Germanic populations in the 6th century, the Baltic region and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe river">Elbe river</a> were re-settled by Slavic populations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> spread throughout eastern Europe by way of migration and <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. East Slavic had become a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige language</a> through its adoption of literacy, displacing <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> and Baltic languages, while absorbing elements of the former.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> South Slavic languages spread throughout the Balkans, replacing the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> local populations as a result of complex language shifts, involving tribal networks created through the spread of newly militarized Slavic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Lunt" title="Horace Lunt">Horace Lunt</a> attributes the spread of Slavic to the "success and mobility of the Slavic 'special border guards' of the Avar khanate",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2004133-121">[121]</a> who used it as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a>. According to Lunt, only as a lingua franca could Slavic supplant other languages and dialects whilst remaining relatively uniform. Although it could explain the formation of regional Slavic groups in the Balkans, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a> and the Morava-Danube basin, Lunt's theory does not account for the spread of Slavic to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> and the territory of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>, which are areas with no historical links to the Pannonian Avars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2004148-122">[122]</a> However, the idea of Slavic as a lingua franca is highly doubtful because the Late Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic had a complex morphological and accentological system, as well Avars and Slavs had no social and economical mechanisms for spread of lingua franca.<a href="#cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> As concluded by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Timberlake" title="Alan Timberlake">Alan Timberlake</a>, "there was <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic movement</a>, the recent vilification of migration notwithstanding ... the spread of Slavic is not especially complex", it was mostly due to natives depopulation, secondly interaction with and adoption by other ethnic groups, and thirdly Slavic assimilation of small groups of foreign speaking people.<a href="#cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">[105]</a> A concept related to elite dominance is the notion of <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">system collapse</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> created by the fall of the Hun and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empires</a> allowed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> to impose their customs and language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987131-136-124">[124]</a> A more extreme hypothesis is argued by <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Florin Curta</a> who considers that the Slavs as an "ethno-political category" were invented by an external source – the Byzantines – through political instrumentation and interaction on the Roman frontiers where a barbarian elite culture flourished.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kazanski" title="Michel Kazanski">Michel Kazanski</a> concludes that although both "the movement of the populations of the Slavic cultural model and the diffusion of this model amid non-Slavic populations [occurred] (...) a pure diffusion of the Slavic model would hardly be possible, in any case in which a long period of time when the populations of different cultural traditions lived close to one another is assumed. Moreover, archaeologists researching Slavic antiquities do not accept the ideas produced by the "diffusionists," because most of the champions of the diffusion model know the specific archaeological materials poorly, so their works leave room for a number of arbitrary interpretations".<a href="#cite_note-Kazanski-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R1A_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/R1A_map.jpg/220px-R1A_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/R1A_map.jpg/330px-R1A_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/R1A_map.jpg/440px-R1A_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> (Y-DNA) in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg/220px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg/330px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg/440px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_haplogroup_I-P37_clusters_in_Eastern_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2-P37</a> clusters, ancestral "Dnieper-Carpathian" (DYS448=20) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).</figcaption></figure> The latest attempt to identify the origin of Slavs and Slavic language includes study of the paternal and maternal genetic lineages, as well as autosomal DNA, of all existing modern Slavic populations. The variance and frequency of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a-L621" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> subclades R-M558, R-M458, and I-CTS10228 correlate with the Slavic early medieval migration and spread of Slavic language from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine (within the area of the middle Dnieper basin) and Southeastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fóthi-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kassian2020-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Runes2021-132">[132]</a> A 2010 study observed that "a significant part of the spread of Slavic culture should result from real population movements. If Slavic culture was spread by cultural exchange only (or in very large part) then there would be no chance of any significant mixing between peoples of Slavic and Germanic origin".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> According to the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">IBD</a> study "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", there's a very high number of common ancestors between South Slavs and Poles. It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages".<a href="#cite_note-Ralph2013-134">[134]</a> According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion".<a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-136">[136]</a> The Slavic influence is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Ralph2013-134">[134]</a> The 2015 IBD analysis found that the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> have lower proximity to <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> than with <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations (Hungarians, Romanians and <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a>)–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests a shared "Slavonic-time ancestry".<a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-136">[136]</a> According to a recent <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a> analysis of Western Balkan, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity,<a href="#cite_note-Kovacevic2014-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delser2018-138">[138]</a> with the modeled ancestral Balto-Slavic genetic component among contemporary South Slavs being between 55% and 70%,<a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-136">[136]</a> specifically 50–60% in the case of modern Serbs based on archaeogenetic data.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A 2022 <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeogenetic">archaeogenetic</a> study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> compared ancient, medieval and modern population samples and confirmed that the medieval Slavic migrations "profoundly affected the region", resulting in the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Anatolian Neolithic ancestry</a> in Southeastern Europe. Pre-Slavic Balkan populations have most of the Anatolian Neolithic component of ancestry, whereas present-day Slavs outside the Balkans have the least, "with present-day people from Southeastern Europe intermediate between the two extremes" (with Croats and Hungarians being the most Slavic).<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-141">[141]</a> A 2023 archaeogenetic IBD study found that the Slavs make a specific and recognizable genetic cluster which "was formed by admixture of a Baltic-related group with East Germanic people and Sarmatians or Scythians".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A late 2023 archaeogenetic study published in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>, based on 146 samples, confirmed that the spread of Slavic language and identity in Southeastern Europe was because of large movements of people of both males and females with specific Eastern European ancestry, they carried Y-DNA haplogroups I2a-L621 and R1a-Z282, and that "more than half of the ancestry of most peoples in the Balkans today comes from the Slavic migrations, with around a third Slavic ancestry even in countries like Greece where no Slavic languages are spoken today".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> A 2023 archaeogenetic study found a genetic shift related to the migration of the Slavs and Slavic language in medieval <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">northwestern Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Another study published in <a href="/wiki/Genome_Biology" title="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a> also found genetic shift between Iron Age (IA) and Medieval Age (MA) in Poland, as in the former period male most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup was I1 (41.3% IA > 3.5% MA), while in the latter period was R1a (8.6% IA < 57.5% MA), with R1a-M458 also found in IA, while R1a-S204/Z280 absent in the IA, showing with autosomal DNA both genetic continuity and discontinuity.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:172px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-40px; top:-10px; width:631px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of an early Slav as a personification of "Sclavinia", from Otto's Gospel Book, 990 AD"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg/631px-4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="631" height="613" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="631" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg/631px-4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="631" height="613" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="631" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:4_Gift_Bringers_of_Otto_III.jpg" title="File:4 Gift Bringers of Otto III.jpg"> </a></div>Depiction of an early Slav as a personification of "Sclavinia", from <a href="/wiki/Gospels_of_Otto_III" title="Gospels of Otto III">Otto's Gospel Book</a>, 990 AD</div> </div></div> In the Chronica Slavorum, Helmold writes on the Wends "These men have blue eyes, ruddy faces, and long hair".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a> mentioned the Slavs were bearded.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> wrote that the Slavs "are all tall and especially strong, their skin is not very white, and their hair is neither blond nor black, but all have reddish hair".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> wrote "...all of them are tall and very strong... their skin and hair are neither very dark nor light, but are ruddy of face".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub wrote: "They wear ample robes, although the ends of their sleeves are narrow".<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> Procopious wrote that the men also wear a kind of <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a> pulled up to the waist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200159-151">[151]</a> Procopius wrote that Slavic warriors were armed with spears, without armour, carrying small light shields, and went almost naked into battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200833-152">[152]</a> Similarly, Tacitus describing the Germanic warriors stated that they all carried short spears, rarely swords, and were scarcely dressed, going almost naked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200866-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a> wrote about the Slavs that "The Emperor was with great curiosity listening to stories about this tribe, he has welcomed these newcomers from the land of barbarians, and after being amazed by their height and mighty stature, he sent these men to Heraclea". <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Hisham ibn al-Kalbi</a> described the Slavs as "...a numerous nation, fair-haired and of ruddy complexion", and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baladuri">Al-Baladuri</a> made reference to the Slavs, writing "If the Prince so willed, outside of his doors would be black Sudanians or ruddy Slavs".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> Early Slavic society was a typical decentralised tribal society of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a> and was organised into local chiefdoms. A slow consolidation occurred between the 7th and the 9th, when the previously uniform Slavic <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a> evolved into discrete zones. Slavic groups were influenced by neighbouring cultures like Byzantium, the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingians</a> and influenced their neighbours in return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200189–90-155">[155]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">these nations, the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>, are not ruled by one man, but they have lived from of old under a democracy, and consequently everything which involves their welfare, whether for good or ill, is referred to the people.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Procopius<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Differences in status gradually developed in the chiefdoms, which led to the development of centralized socio-political organisations. The first centralized organisations may have been temporary pantribal warrior associations, the greatest evidence being in the Danubian area, where barbarian groups organised around military chiefs to raid Byzantine territory and to defend themselves against the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001128-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a> gradually developed in the form of fortified, hereditary chiefdoms, which were first seen in the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> areas. The chief was supported by a retinue of warriors, who owed their position to him. As chiefdoms became powerful and expanded, centres of subsidiary power ruled by lesser chiefs were created, and the line between powerful chiefdoms and centralised medieval states is blurred. By the mid-9th century, the Slavic elite had become sophisticated; they wore luxurious clothing, rode horses, hunted with falcons and travelled with retinues of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> These chiefs were often at war with one another.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_500s-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a>, a 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> historian, geographer, and traveler, writes the following about the tribal organisation of the Slavs:<blockquote>"Among the different peoples who make up this pagan race, there is one that in ancient times held sovereign power. Their king was called Mājik and they themselves were known as Walītābā. In the past, all the <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a> recognized their superiority, because it was from among them that they chose the paramount ruler, and all the other chieftains considered themselves his vassals." "I began by mentioning the king whose suzerainty has been recognized by all the other rulers since ancient times, that is to say Mājik, king of the Walītābā, who are the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured, and take precedence over all the other branches of the race."<a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[160]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a>, a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> traveler, writes the following about the same events:<blockquote>"They are of many different kinds. They were once united under a king named Makha, who was from a group of them called Walītābā. This group was of high status among them, but then their languages diverged, unity was broken and the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king."<a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[160]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_and_territorial_organisation">Tribal and territorial organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tribal and territorial organisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG/170px-Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG/255px-Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG/340px-Thunau_am_Kamp_Reconstructed_Slavic_gatehouse_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Slavic gatehouse in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunau_am_Kamp" class="extiw" title="de:Thunau am Kamp">Thunau am Kamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. The site excavated in the 1980s dates back to the era of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> in the 9th and 10th centuries.</figcaption></figure> There is no indication of Slavic chiefs in any of the Slavic raids before AD 560, when Pseudo-Caesarius's writings mentioned their chiefs but described the Slavs as living by their own law and without the rule of anyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200144,_332,_333-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> were reported to have lived under a primitive or military <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> without social stratification "since the earliest times".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200832,_46–47-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The 6th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, who was in contact with Slavic mercenaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200858-164">[164]</a> reported, "For these nations, the Sclaveni and the Antes, are not governed by one man, but from ancient times have lived in democracy, and consequently everything which involves their welfare, whether for good or for ill, is referred to the people" (in joint meetings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200846-165">[165]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The 6th-century Strategikon of Maurice is considered an eyewitness of the Slavs and recommended the Roman generals to use any possible means to prevent the Sclaveni from uniting "under one ruler" and added that "the Sclaveni and Antes were both independent, absolutely refused to be enslaved or governed, least of all in their own land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200171,_320,_321-167">[167]</a> However, historical sources in several instances mention chieftains leading a tribal federation or alliance with other chiefs, like <a href="/wiki/Daurentius" title="Daurentius">Daurentius</a> (570s, of Lower Danube Slavs), <a href="/wiki/Chatzon" title="Chatzon">Chatzon</a> (615s, of <a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belegezites" title="Belegezites">Belegezites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a>), <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> (623–658, West Slavs), <a href="/wiki/Dervan" title="Dervan">Dervan</a> (630s, <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Perbundos" title="Perbundos">Perbundos</a> (670s, of <a href="/wiki/Rhynchinoi" title="Rhynchinoi">Rhynchinoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strymonites" title="Strymonites">Strymonites</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200835,_46–51-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a17-169">[169]</a> They had an assembly intitution called věče.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras2017251–252-170">[170]</a> Settlements were not uniformly distributed but were in clusters separated by areas of lower settlement density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001129-171">[171]</a> The clusters resulted from the expansion of single settlements, and the "settlement cells" were linked by familial or <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> relationships (called zadruga<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras2017251-172">[172]</a>). Settlement cells were the basis of the simplest form of territorial organization, known as a <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupa" title="Župa">župa</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opole_(administrative)" title="Opole (administrative)">opole</a> in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, "The men of the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polanie</a> lived each with his own clan in his own place". Several župas, encompassing individual clan territories, formed the known tribes: "The complex processes initiated by the Slav expansion and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographic</a> and ethnic consolidation culminated in the formation of tribal groups, which later coalesced to create state which form the framework of the ethnic make-up of modern eastern Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001124-174">[174]</a> The root of many tribal names denotes the territory in which they inhabited, such as the <a href="/wiki/Milczanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Milczanie">Milczanie</a> (who lived in areas with měl – <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>), <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravians (ethnic group)">Moravians</a> (along the <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a>), <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Diokletians</a> (near the former <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Duklja_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duklja (town)">Doclea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Severiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Severiani">Severiani</a> (northerners). Other names have more general meanings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polanes</a> (pola; field) and <a href="/wiki/Drevlyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevlyans">Drevlyans</a> (drevo; tree). Others appear to have a non-Slavic (possibly <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>) root, such as the Antes and <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Croats</a>. Some geographically distant tribes appear to share names. The <a href="/wiki/Dregoviti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dregoviti">Dregoviti</a> appear north of the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat River">Pripyat River</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Vardar valley</a>, the Croats in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs/Serbs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and Western/Central Balkans, and the <a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrites</a> near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and further south in Pannonia. The root Slav was retained in the modern names of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonians</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord (archaeology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Slavic hilltop <a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gród</a> in <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%B3w" class="extiw" title="pl:Birów">Birów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukranenland01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ukranenland01.jpg/220px-Ukranenland01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ukranenland01.jpg/330px-Ukranenland01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ukranenland01.jpg/440px-Ukranenland01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Slavic settlement in <a href="/wiki/Torgelow" title="Torgelow">Torgelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> Early Slavic settlements were no bigger than 0.5 to 2 hectares (1.2 to 4.9 acres). Settlements were often temporary, perhaps reflected their itinerant form of agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001276-175">[175]</a> and were often along rivers. They were characterised by sunken buildings, known as Grubenhäuser in German or poluzemlianki in Russian. Built over a rectangular pit, they varied from 4 to 20 m2 (43 to 215 sq ft) in area and could accommodate a typical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>. Each house had a stone or clay oven in a corner (a defining feature of Eastern European dwellings), and a settlement had a population of fifty to seventy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001283-176">[176]</a> Settlements had a central, open area in which communal activities and ceremonies were conducted, and they were divided into production and settlement zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001297–307-177">[177]</a> The Slavs also built underground shelters roofed with wood to keep out the cold during winter.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">[178]</a> Log cabin saunas were also used as recorded by Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub: "They have no baths but they use log cabins in which gaps are stuffed with something that appears on their trees and looks like seaweed – they call it mech (original mh = moss)... In one corner they put up a stone stove and above it they open up a hole to let the smoke from the stove escape. When the stove is good and hot, they close up the opening and close the door of the hut. Inside are vessels with water and they pour out of them water onto the hot stove and steam comes from it. Each of them has in his hand a tuft of grass with which they make air circulate and draw it to themselves. Then their pores open up and the unneeded substances from their bodies come out..."<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> Fortified strongholds (<a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gords</a>) appeared in significant numbers during the 9th century and were often found in the centre of a group of settlements. However, power centers probably appeared already in the second half of the 5th and first half of the 6th century, concentrated on the left and right bank of the Dnieper river, and persisted until the first third of the 7th century. Some were also on the Dniester river,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2011b509-179">[179]</a> and in general in Western Ukraine, Belarus and Eastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a23–24-180">[180]</a> The Slavs preferred to live in hard to reach places to avoid attack, as recorded in Maurice's Strategikon:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200833-152">[152]</a> "They live among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes, and have made the exits from their settlements branch [out in] many directions because of the dangers they might face."<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_500s-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_agriculture">Food and agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Food and agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov,_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD,_187607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Museum exhibit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg/170px-Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg/255px-Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg/340px-Slavic_pottery_vessel_from_Klu%C4%8Dov%2C_8th-ealry_9th_century_AD%2C_187607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="4651" /></a><figcaption>Slavic ceramic pottery vessel, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th century AD</figcaption></figure> The Slavs practiced hunting, farming, herding and beekeeping. They often settled in valley bottoms with rich soil, along rivers to provide water for livestock.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[181]</a> The early Slavs also had knowledge of crop rotation and developed a new sort of plow known as the moldboard plow, this plough was very efficient in breaking up the clay full soil of northern Europe, and it helped drastically increase the Slavic population.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Other tools, common throughout the rest of Europe were also used, such as iron hoes, sickles, wooden spades and others. Some were made from wood. Selective breeding was also done. Animals in the forest were hunted, prey included boar, deer, hare, elk and occasionally bear. Beavers and marten were trapped for their fur.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[181]</a> When crops were ripe they were cut with sickles and threshing was then done with a wooden flail. The grain was then milled by stone querns, which were very valuable and difficult to come by. Cereal crops, wheat, millet and barley were common as they could thrive in even poor soil. Vegetables such as onions, carrots, radishes, turnip, parsnip, cucumber, pumpkins, cabbage, pea and beans were all grown in gardens. Herbs were mostly garlic and parsnip, hops were also grown for making beer. Fruit trees were cultivated in orchards, including cherry, apple, pear, plums and peaches. Walnuts were also loved. Animal were tended, not only for meat, leather or milk but also to fertilize the soil. Several breeds of cattle were bred and kept in large herds, as draught animals and for meat, female cattle provided milk. Pigs were prized for their meat. Goats and sheep were more rare but still bred. Horses were very rarely eaten, mostly used as draught or riding animals. Fowl were also kept, especially ducks and geese. Maurice's Strategikon states that they had numerous cattle and cultivated <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200833-152">[152]</a> Seemingly the had agriculture and livestock which could be easily transported and adapted, as Procopius recorded that "every man is constantly changing his place of abode".<a href="#cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">[105]</a> "They sow during two seasons of the year, in summer and in spring, and harvest two crops. Their principal crop is millet... They refrain from eating chicken, asserting that it exacerbates erysipelas, but they eat beef and goose, both of which agree with them...Their drinks and wine are made out of honey."<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> -Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub "They have a sort of wooden box, provided with holes, in which bees live and make their honey; in their language they are called the ulishaj. They collect around ten jars of honey from each box. They herd pigs as if they were sheep...They drink mead"<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">[178]</a> -Ibn Rusta <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> The ancient Slavs knew human anatomy well, which is evident from the existence of numerous old names for body parts. Due to the lack of sources, we do not know for sure what they suffered from, but it is assumed that they were plague, malaria and dysentery. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]The medicines they used were mostly of animal and plant origin. Less commonly, minerals, sulfur and salt were used for medicinal purposes. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Slavs cleansed themselves in log cabin saunas<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> and bathed in rivers.<a href="#cite_note-THE_MORAL_VALUES-183">[183]</a> The early medieval Muslim traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a> wrote: "The cold even when it is intense, is healthful to them, but the heat destroys them. They are unable to travel to the country of the Lombards because of the heat."<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craftsmanship">Craftsmanship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Craftsmanship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAM144.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KAM144.jpg/170px-KAM144.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KAM144.jpg/255px-KAM144.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KAM144.jpg/340px-KAM144.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Slavic necklace, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev culture">Kiev culture</a>, 3rd–5th centuries AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg/170px-Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg/255px-Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg/340px-Slavic_fibula_Crypta_Balbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula brooch</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century AD</figcaption></figure> Wood, leather, metal and ceramic work were all skillfully practiced by the Early Slavs. Pottery was made by craftsmen, or women, possibly in domestic workshops. Clay was mixed with coarse material, such as sand, crushed rock, to improve the qualities. Clay was worked by hand and roughly smoothed after completion, clay vessels also made with assistance of pottery wheels. After they were dried they were baked at a low temperature in bone-fire kilns. Pottery was produced not only by craftsmen, but also ordinary people as it did not require extensive practice, other crafts however were produced by professional craftsmen. Metalworking was very important, as it was required to make tools and weapons. Iron was needed by every tribe, and it was produced by smiths using local ore, which was primarily bog ore. Once the ore had been turned into usable iron and slag removed, it was made into bars. Smiths made many types of products such as knives, tools, decorative items as well as weapons, which were not always made by separate weapon smiths. Broken tools were reforged, as iron was a valuable resource. Houses, as well as their inside fittings and everyday items were made from wood. Carved bowls, vessels and beautifully made dippers were common in most homes. Leather and textiles, made of both linen and wool were made into carpets, blankets, overcoats and other clothing. Spindlewhorls were used to make thread in the home. Glass beads were crafted, and were often used as trade goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001-184">[184]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> Most of the knowledge we have on Early Slavic clothing comes from <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconographic</a> sources and cemeteries. Although clothing differed according to region, season of year and social status, a general picture can be reconstructed. Men wore long sleeved tunics made of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, extending to about the knee; under these, breeches were worn. Wool cloaks were sometimes worn over the tunic, fastened at the right shoulder leaving the right arm free. Cloaks were occasionally also made of leather and lined with fur or other material. Hats and mittens were worn for the winter, some trimmed with fur. Leather boots and shoes were also worn by both men and women, as well as a belt carrying a knife and <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">whetstone</a> for sharpening. Some women wore long patterned dresses made from linen, sometimes with an apron tied over the dress. Dresses or tunics were sometimes made from one piece. Unmarried women wore their hair braided or loose, but covered it after they were wedded. Ornaments and jewelry such as beads and earrings and twisted wire bracelets were also worn, especially by wealthier women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001-184">[184]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Musical instruments">edit</a>]</div> The Slavs had many musical instruments as recorded in historical chronicles: "They have different kinds of lutes, pan pipes and flutes a cubit long. Their lutes have eight strings. They drink mead. They play their instruments during the incineration of their dead and claim that their rejoicing attests the mercy of the Lord to the dead."<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">[178]</a> -Ibn Rusta "They have different kinds of wind and string instruments. They have a wind instrument more than two cubits long, and an eight-stringed instrument whose sounding board is flat, not convex."<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub_961–976-148">[148]</a> -Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub Theophylact Simocatta mentioned of Slavs bearing lyres: "Lyres were their baggage"<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> Capturing wives and <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a> were traditions among the tribes and continued until the early medieval era. However, on some occasions in Bohemia and Ukraine, it was women who chose the spouse.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a> did not have <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> marriages but practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>) instead.<a href="#cite_note-CrossNestor-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a> had a sentence in Pagan Slavs that was described as <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> by travelers, <a href="/wiki/Ibn-Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn-Fadlan">Ibn-Fadlan</a>: "Men and women go to the river and bathe together naked... but they do not fornicate and if anyone would be guilty of it, no matter who is he and she... he and she would be pinked by pole-axe... then they hang out each part both of them on a tree", <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a>: "If someone makes fornication, he or she would be killed, without accepting any apologies".<a href="#cite_note-THE_MORAL_VALUES-183">[183]</a> The Byzantine Emperor Maurice wrote: "Their women are more sensitive than any others in the world. When, for example, their husband dies, many look upon it as their own death and freely smother themselves, not wanting to continue their lives as widows."<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_500s-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg/170px-The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg/255px-The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg/340px-The_instance_Sinodal%60niy_of_Pravda_Ruskaya_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>First page of the oldest surviving copy of <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a> (old Rus law) (Vast edition) from Synodic <a href="/wiki/Kormchaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kormchaia">Kormchaia</a> of 1282 (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Rus%27_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Rus' Law">Old Rus' Law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbian_law" title="Medieval Serbian law">Medieval Serbian law</a></div> Rus law was based on Early Slavic <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, which was partially recorded in the Rus-Byzantine treaties. However the Early Slavs did not have written laws, but relied on customs that dictated what was acceptable and not. The East Slavs did not have written law until the rule of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyakonov-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> One such customary law was the law of hospitality, which was very important to the tribal Slavs. If a tribe mistreated any guest, they would be attacked by a neighbouring tribe for their dishonour.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Ibn Rusta wrote of Slavic law in c 903–918: "The ruler levies fixed taxes every year. Every man must supply one of his daughter's gowns. If he has a son, his clothing must be offered. If he has no children, he gives one of his wife's robes. In this country thieves are strangled or exiled to Jira [Yura by the Urals?], the region most remote from this principality."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg/170px-Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg/255px-Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg/340px-Freilichtmuseum_Gro%C3%9F_Raden_-_R%C3%BCstung_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Replica of early Slavic armour (ca. 10th century)</figcaption></figure> Our understanding of Early Slavic warfare is based on both the writings of ancient authors, and archeological discoveries which mostly confirmed ancient accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras2017246–248-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a15–16-194">[194]</a> Early barbarian warrior bands, typically numbering 200 or less, were intended for fast penetration into enemy territory and an equally-quick withdrawal.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[181]</a> The Slavs favoured ambush and guerrilla tactics, preferring to fight in dense woodland, gorges or marsh.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834-196">[196]</a> However, victories in the open, sieges and hand-to-hand fighting were also achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras2017248–249-197">[197]</a> They often attacked their enemy's flank, and were cunning in devising stratagems,<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_500s-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834-196">[196]</a> The Slavs also used siege engines, such as siege towers and ladders as described by Procopius and St. Demetrius. Weapons were usually spears, javelins and bows and arrows. Swords and body armour were rare and reserved for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors. Shields were round in shape&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[181]</a> with a central boss grip in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Axes and slings were also in use.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Description">Description</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> Procopius and Pseudo-Maurice described that the South Slavs did not use armour and lacked advanced weapons, being armed with spears, small light shileds and bows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834,_51,_58-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rusta">Ibn Rusta</a>, regarding Slavs in Central-Eastern Europe, wrote: "They have very few horses...Their weapons are <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a>, shields and <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>...They obey a chief whom they call the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Župan</a> and carry out his orders...Their supreme lord, however, is called 'chief of chiefs'...this king has many effective and finely woven coats of <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">mail</a>...The <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Župan</a> is his lieutenant."<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">[178]</a> Procopius, Pseudo-Maurice, <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Wise">Leo the Wise</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> mentioned that the Slavs were among most skillful in archery, usually using poisoned arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200836-200">[200]</a> Although the Slavs often fought on foot, they were also proficient cavalry fighters as historical sources mentioned. Procopius wrote that in 536 some 1,600 horsemen of Slavs, Huns and Antes arrived in Italy as Byzantine reinforcement to rescue <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, serving also as horsearchers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In 595, some Slavic or Antes horsemen captured Byzantine scouts on the Lower Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200855-202">[202]</a> In their dealings with the Sarmatians, Huns, Bulgars and Avars, the Slavs may have become skilled light horsemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200852-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2009229-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019b267-205">[205]</a> The archaeological findings of weaponry and horse trappings confirm influence of Asian steppe nomads on Slavic cavalry, being in fashion more Asian than European.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019b267-205">[205]</a> By the mid-6th century the Slavs had skill and knowledge about naval warfare, building rafts and <a href="/wiki/Monoxyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoxyles">monoxyles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200853–54-206">[206]</a> These small, primitive vessels were used primarily for transportation, and they carried them also on land, giving them mobility on both land and sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200854-207">[207]</a> Byzantine writers mention several Slavic mercenaries who distinguished themselves as soldiers; Dabrageza (a Antae) and his subordinate Elmingiros (a Hun), Svarun (a Slav), and impostor of <a href="/wiki/Chilbudius" title="Chilbudius">Chilbudius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834,_52-208">[208]</a> Procopius also noted "bravery of an Antes' squad, especially their skill to fight in rough terrain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200834-196">[196]</a> Some individuals managed to distinguish themselves as Byzantine officials and military commanders between the 8th and 10th century, like <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas I of Constantinople">Nicetas I of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav" title="Thomas the Slav">Thomas the Slav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Scythian" title="Andrew the Scythian">Andrew the Scythian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rendakis" title="Rendakis">Nicetas Rentakios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200837-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Menander_Protector" title="Menander Protector">Menander Protector</a> mentions a Slavic chief <a href="/wiki/Daurentius" title="Daurentius">Daurentius</a> (circa 577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan I</a> for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200191–92,_315-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_organization">Military organization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military organization">edit</a>]</div> Procopius noted that the Slavs attacked without military formation, but his description of Slavic archaic weaponry and military strategy is probably from a biased and misunderstood viewpoint, as would be highly improbable that poorly armed and organized military groupes could manage successful invasions, plunders and conquests against the Byzantine empire, overthrow the Avars and resist Franks expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200854–56-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a25-212">[212]</a> Initially of lighter armament, since the end of the 6th and in the 7th century can be observed second phase of Slavic armament including heavier defensive armaments of more professional warriors particularly in Southeastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2011a43-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski201543-214">[214]</a> Historical accounts show that alongside people's army existed military leaders and development of professional warriors (who were also hired as mercenaries) even before the mid-6th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a16–17-215">[215]</a> The egalitarian socitey was steadily transforming into a stable military-social hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a16-216">[216]</a> Archaeological findings associated with professional warriors and military leaders were particularly found in Southeastern and Eastern Europe, and Slavic cultures (of Prague, Ipotești–Cândești, Penkovka and Kolochin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a17–21-217">[217]</a> In the Prague culture the elite artefacts mostly imitate or traditionally originate from the Avars, while in other Slavic cultures have Byzantine and Roman-Germanic (Lombards) influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2019a21-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazanski2021138-219">[219]</a> In 550, what was considered a small Slavic military group, consisted of some 3,000 men who invaded Thrace, winning several open battles against Byzantines and conquering fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200855-202">[202]</a> Mention of larger Slavic detachments (as army, mass, multitude), and Byzantine army loses (even when having 15,000 troops and being "outnumbered" by the Slavs), also point toward a well organized and numerous Slavic population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200855–59,_70-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Slavic_writing" title="Pre-Christian Slavic writing">Pre-Christian Slavic writing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg/170px-Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg/255px-Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg/340px-Runes_from_L%C3%A1ny_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>The bone with elder futhark runic inscription found in the early Slavic settlement in Lány (near <a href="/wiki/B%C5%99eclav" title="Břeclav">Břeclav</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Runes2021-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> The existence of writing among the Early Slavs is a disputed topic. The Slavs passed down their stories and legends orally like most other tribal peoples in Europe. But in addition to this, a <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic</a> script was possibly used.<a href="#cite_note-Runes2021-132">[132]</a> The 9th-century Bulgarian writer <a href="/wiki/Chernorizets_Hrabar" title="Chernorizets Hrabar">Chernorizets Hrabar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> in his work "An Account of Letters", briefly mentions that, before becoming Christian, Slavs used a system of strokes and incisions or tallies and sketches: "Before, the Slavs did not have their own books, but counted and divined by means of strokes and incisions, being pagan. Having become Christian, they had to make do with the use of Roman and Greek letters without order [unsystematically], but how can one write [Slavic] well with Greek letters...<a href="#cite_note-222">[note 1]</a> and thus it was for many years."<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thundermarks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thundermarks.svg/220px-Thundermarks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thundermarks.svg/330px-Thundermarks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Thundermarks.svg/440px-Thundermarks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Gromoviti znaci; symbols associated with <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a> Identical symbols were discovered on Slavic pottery of 4th century <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-224">[223]</a></figcaption></figure> The Slavs and <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> had many symbols representing concepts, beliefs and Gods. They had many types of <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> and similar symbols, such as the kolovrat (meaning spinning wheel). The swastika, both right-sided and left-sided, was found in the <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_culture" title="Kyiv culture">Kyiv culture</a> and Proto-Slavic archaeological cultures.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The kolovrat symbolized the sun, and the ever going cycle of life, death and birth. It was often carved on markers near the graves of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life.<a href="#cite_note-Old_Slavic_Symbols-226">[225]</a> Gromovitit Znaci, were symbols associated with <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, the Slavic thunder and sky god. Early Slavic homes often had the symbols carved into a beam to protect them from lightning. The circular shape of the Gromoviti symbolize ball lightning. Such symbols were also found on Slavic pottery from the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-224">[223]</a> Another symbol associated with Perun is the Perunika, which resmebles a six-petalled rose. Today, it is the name for a <a href="/wiki/Iris_%C3%97_germanica" title="Iris × germanica">flower</a> in some Slavic languages. The hands of God were another ancient symbol, associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Ancient symbols such as these are still sometimes shown on clothing and the like, especially Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Kuftin-228">[227]</a> Many samples are described on the instance of a women's folk costume at the <a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuftin-228">[227]</a> Modern Rodonovers have developed some new symbols, that were not used by the Early Slavs, but many were. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_practices">Burial practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burial practices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg/220px-Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg/330px-Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg/440px-Slawischer_Grabh%C3%BCgel_bei_L%C3%B6cknitz_-_2020-05-23a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>A square Slavic burial mound in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6cknitz" title="Löcknitz">Löcknitz</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> The Slavs burned their dead. Although the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Funeral_pyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral pyre">funeral pyre</a> was seen as a means of freeing the soul from the body rapidly, visibly and publicly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001200-229">[228]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] archaeological evidence suggests that the South Slavs quickly adopted the burial practices of their post-Roman Balkan neighbours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "They burn their dead...The day after the funeral of a man, after he has been burned, they collect the ashes and put them in an urn, which is buried on a hill. After a year, they place twenty hives, more or less, on the hill. The family gathers and eats and drinks there and then everyone goes home."<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">[178]</a> -Ibn Rusta <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_mythological_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Slavic mythological figures">List of Slavic mythological figures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization of the Slavs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt,_Erde_und_des_Himmels,_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG/170px-O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG/255px-O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG/340px-O98_Idol_von_Sbrutsch_mit_Darstellung_von_Unterwelt%2C_Erde_und_des_Himmels%2C_zirka_10._Jh._n._Chr..JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_Idol" title="Zbruch Idol">Zbruch Idol</a></figcaption></figure> Little is known about Slavic religion before the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">of Kievan Rus</a>. After Christianization, Slavic authorities destroyed many records of the old religion. Some evidence remains in apocryphal and devotional texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194677–78-230">[229]</a> the etymology of Slavic religious terms&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-231">[230]</a> and the Primary Chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-zguta-232">[231]</a> Ancestor worship was an important part of the pre-Christian Slavic religion.<a href="#cite_note-berend-233">[232]</a> Early Slavic religion was relatively uniform:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195647-234">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194683–87-235">[234]</a> and inspired by nature.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> The Slavs developed cults around natural objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a>, trees or stones, out of respect for the spirit (or <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>) within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189-237">[236]</a> Slavic pre-Christian religion was originally <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, with no organised pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194678–87-238">[237]</a> Although the earliest Slavs seemed to have a weak concept of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, the concept evolved<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001193-239">[238]</a> into a form of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> in which a "supreme god [ruled] in heaven over the others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648-240">[239]</a> There is no evidence of a belief in <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194682-241">[240]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001209-242">[241]</a> Slavic paganism was <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretistic">syncretistic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001194-243">[242]</a> and combined and shared with other religions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Linguistic evidence indicates that part of Slavic paganism developed when the Balts and Slavs shared a common language<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195647-234">[233]</a> since pre-Christian Slavic beliefs contained elements also found in Baltic religions. After the Slavic and the Baltic languages diverged, the early Slavs interacted with Iranian peoples and incorporated elements of Iranian spirituality. Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods of other European religions. Both Slavs and Iranians had demons, with names from similar linguistic roots (Iranian Daêva and Slavic Divŭ) and a concept of dualism: good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194679-245">[244]</a> Pre-Christian Slavic spirits and demons could be entities in their own right or spirits of the dead and were associated with home or nature. Forest spirits, entities in their own right, were venerated as the counterparts of home spirits, which were usually related to ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189–191-246">[245]</a> Demons and spirits were good or evil, which suggests that the Slavs had a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a> and are known to have revered them with sacrifices and gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648–51-247">[246]</a> Spirits included <a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a> the spirit of the forest, <a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a> spirit of the home, <a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a> the female spirit of waters, <a href="/wiki/Rarog" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarog">Rarog</a> the Slavic variant of phoenix, and other creature such as vilas, vampires and <a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a> or Roga. Although evidence of pre-Christian Slavic worship is scarce (suggesting that it was <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconic</a>), religious sites and idols are most plentiful in Ukraine and Poland. Slavic temples and indoor places of worship are rare since outdoor places of worship are more common, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. The outdoor cultic sites were often on hills and included ringed ditches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001195–198-248">[247]</a> Indoor shrines existed: "Early Russian sources... refer to pagan shrines or altars known as kapishcha" and were small, enclosed structures with an altar inside. One was found in Kiev, surrounded by the bones of sacrificed animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194684-249">[248]</a> Pagan temples were documented as destroyed during Christianization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001198-250">[249]</a> Records of pre-Christian Slavic priests, like the pagan temples, appeared later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001198-250">[249]</a> Although no early evidence of Slavic pre-Christian priests has been found, the prevalence of sorcerers and magicians after Christianization suggests that the pre-Christian Slavs had religious leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194683-251">[250]</a> Slavic pagan priests were believed to commune with the gods, to predict the future<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001209-242">[241]</a> and to prepare for religious rituals. The pagan priests, or magicians (known as <a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">volkhvy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>),<a href="#cite_note-zguta-232">[231]</a> resisted Christianity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev196218-252">[251]</a> after Christianization. The Primary Chronicle describes a campaign against Christianity in 1071 during a famine. The volkhvy were well-received nearly 100 years after Christianization, which suggested that pagan priests had an esteemed position in 1071 and in pre-Christian times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZguta1974263-253">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianization">Christianization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Christianization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg/220px-Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg/330px-Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg/440px-Saint_Athanasius_Church_in_Belyovo_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Fresco_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Christian missionaries to the Southern Slavs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZographensisColour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kiev Missal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ZographensisColour.jpg/170px-ZographensisColour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ZographensisColour.jpg/255px-ZographensisColour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ZographensisColour.jpg/340px-ZographensisColour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Page of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> from <a href="/wiki/Codex_Zographensis" title="Codex Zographensis">Codex Zographensis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> manuscript written in <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> began in the 7th century and was not completed until the second half of the 12 century. Later, as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> reclaimed some of the areas of the Balkans occupied by Slavs, slight parts population of Slavs were Hellenised, including conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, for example under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus I">Nicephorus I</a> (802–811). However, the most significant missionary work was in the mid-ninth century. The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a> was made official in 864, during the reign of Knyaz <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> during shifting political alliances both with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/East_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franks">East Franks</a> and the communication with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Because of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>'s strategic position, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and the Latin West</a> wanted their people to adhere to their liturgies and to ally with them politically. After overtures from each side, Boris aligned with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and secured an <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian national church</a> in 870, the first for the Slavs. In 918/919, the Bulgarian Patriarchate became the fifth autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchate</a>, after the patriarchates of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. That status was officially recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> in 927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiminas200915-254">[253]</a> The Bulgarian Empire developed into the cultural and literary centre of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic Europe</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a>, which was declared official in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in 893, was also declared the official liturgy in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956179-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/220px-Europe_814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/330px-Europe_814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/440px-Europe_814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in 814 showing the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes">Slavic tribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></figcaption></figure> Although there is some evidence of early <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Rus%27_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate">Christianization of the East Slavs</a>, Kievan Rus' either remained largely pagan or relapsed into paganism before the baptism of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> in the 980s. The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Christianization of Poland</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> baptism of Duke <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a> in 966. Slavic paganism persisted into the 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, which began to be Christianized after the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1121. The process was mostly completed by the <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> in 1147. The final stronghold of Slavic paganism was the <a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani</a>, with a temple to their god <a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svetovid</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Cape Arkona</a>, which was taken in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arkona" title="Siege of Arkona">a campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a> in 1168.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_states">Medieval states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Medieval states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></div> After Christianisation, the Slavs established a number of kingdoms, or feudal principalities, which persisted throughout the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">the numerous Slavs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moesia">Lower Moesia</a>. Not long after the Slavic incursion, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a> was once again invaded, this time by the Bulgars, under <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Asparuh_of_Bulgaria" title="Asparuh of Bulgaria">Asparukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Their horde was a remnant of <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>, an extinct tribal confederacy that was north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in what is now Ukraine. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Eastern Moesia and conquered its Slavic tribes in 680.<a href="#cite_note-EBBulgars-259">[258]</a> A peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was signed in 681 and marked the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste.<a href="#cite_note-fine-260">[259]</a> The South Slavs established also the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> in the early 7-8th century (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a> since 925) and short-lived <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lower Pannonia">Duchy of Lower Pannonia</a>. Roughly in the same time <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>), while <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a> emerged from the 10th century by merging localities called <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupa" title="Župa">župas</a>, which were remnants of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> ecclesiastical divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Hadžijahić-Bosna-IX-X-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine-Late-Medieval-Balkans-262">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagania">Pagania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a> similarly started emerging in the south.<a href="#cite_note-fine-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine-Duklja-263">[262]</a> The West Slavs were distributed in <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a>, which was the first Slavic state to form in the west, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> and, after its decline, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotritic confederation</a> (now eastern Germany) the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>). After the 1054 death of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> and the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, the East Slavs fragmented into a number of principalities from which <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> would emerge after 1300 as the most powerful one. The western principalities of the former Kievan Rus' were absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Early_Slavs_and_Rus%27" title="Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'">Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> In this place are listed eleven examples of Slavic words, such as живѣтъ /živět/ "life", which can hardly be written using the unadapted Roman or Greek letters (i.e. without <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> changing their sound-values). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKleinJosephFritz2018" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Jared; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Joseph" title="Brian Joseph">Joseph, Brian</a>; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (11 June 2018). "81: The phonology of Slavic". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Volumes 41-43 van Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science [HSK]. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054036-9"><bdi>978-3-11-054036-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 June 2024. <q>[Common Slavic (CSl)] [...] is better approached as a permeable dialect continuum [...]. CSl has usually been envisioned as a distinct language from the beginning of the CSl changes; its speakers have usually been essentialized as 'Proto-Slavs.' The discussions have been muddled by nationalism and essentialist notions of ethnic identity. Scholars have dated the emergence of CSl language, and thus the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, as early as ca. 1000 BCE and as late as ca. 400 CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=81%3A+The+phonology+of+Slavic&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Volumes+41-43+van+Handb%C3%BCcher+zur+Sprach-+und+Kommunikationswissenschaft+%2F+Handbooks+of+Linguistics+and+Communication+Science+%5BHSK%5D&rft.pages=1415&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054036-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001vii,_Preface-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001vii,_Preface_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. vii, Preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slav">"Slav | people"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slav+%7C+people&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSlav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005525–526_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, pp. 525–526. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdziebłowski2018" class="citation web cs1">Zdziebłowski, Szymon (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C30579%2Carchaeologists-found-traces-cradle-slavs-belarusian-polesie.html">"Archaeologists found traces of the cradle of the Slavs in Belarusian Polesie"</a>. Science in Poland. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Poland&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+found+traces+of+the+cradle+of+the+Slavs+in+Belarusian+Polesie&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Zdzieb%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceinpoland.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews%252C30579%252Carchaeologists-found-traces-cradle-slavs-belarusian-polesie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">Langer, William L.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234117">Encyclopedia of World History</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.234117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. <q>[...] Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians%2C+600+BC-AD+450&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Mielczarek%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. <q>[...] In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonDallinWarshofsky_Lapidus1977" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Dorothy; Dallin, Alexander; Warshofsky Lapidus, Gail, eds. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. <q>[...] Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the Pontic steppe for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Russia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Slovene Studies. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. <q>[...] For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovene+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Society+for+Slovene+Studies&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanaszek2001" class="citation book cs1">Stanaszek, Łukasz Maurycy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/swarch/Swiatowit-r2001-t3_%2844%29-nB-s205-212.pdf">Fenotyp dawnych Słowian (VI-X w.)</a> (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenotyp+dawnych+S%C5%82owian+%28VI-X+w.%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stanaszek&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz+Maurycy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeo.uw.edu.pl%2Fswarch%2FSwiatowit-r2001-t3_%252844%2529-nB-s205-212.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary2003144-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeary2003144_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeary2003">Geary 2003</a>, p. 144: [B]etween the sixth and seventh centuries, large parts of Europe came to be controlled by Slavs, a process less understood and documented than that of the Germanic ethnogenesis in the west. Yet the effects of Slavicization were far more profound </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">Langer, William L.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234117">Encyclopedia of World History</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.234117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">Langer, William L.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234117">Encyclopedia of World History</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.234117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kmietowicz1976-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Kmietowicz1976_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_A._Kmietowicz1976" class="citation book cs1">Frank A. Kmietowicz (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amTxAAAAMAAJ">Ancient Slavs</a>. Worzalla Publishing Company. <q>Jordanes left no doubt that the Antes were of Slavic origin, when he wrote: 'ab unastirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni' (although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni). The Veneti were the West Slavs, the Antes the East Slavs and the Sclaveni, the South or Balkan Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Slavs&rft.pub=Worzalla+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Frank+A.+Kmietowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamTxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Procopius, History of the Wars, VII. 14. 22–30". </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGołąb1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Go%C5%82%C4%85b" title="Zbigniew Gołąb">Gołąb, Zbigniew</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/39006">The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>: Slavica, pp. 291–293, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893572310" title="Special:BookSources/9780893572310"><bdi>9780893572310</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavs%3A+A+Linguist%27s+View&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=291-293&rft.pub=Slavica&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780893572310&rft.aulast=Go%C5%82%C4%85b&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fhandle%2F2451%2F39006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojtár1999" class="citation cs2">Bojtár, Endre (1999), Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>, p. 107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116429" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116429"><bdi>9789639116429</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+the+Past%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Baltic+People&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789639116429&rft.aulast=Bojt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Endre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2004" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjXrrOJhex8C&pg=PA418">Historical Linguistics</a>. MIT Press. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53267-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53267-9"><bdi>978-0-262-53267-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53267-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjXrrOJhex8C%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojtár1999" class="citation book cs1">Bojtár, Endre (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA88">Foreword to the Past</a>. Central European University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639116429" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639116429"><bdi>978-9639116429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+the+Past&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9639116429&rft.aulast=Bojt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aoId7nA4bsC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brather, Sebastian (2004). "The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)". East Central Europe. 31 (1): 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633004x00116">10.1163/187633004x00116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Northwestern+Slavs+%28Seventh+To+Ninth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633004x00116&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200137-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200137_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200137_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZdziebłowski2018" class="citation web cs1">Zdziebłowski, Szymon (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C30579%2Carchaeologists-found-traces-cradle-slavs-belarusian-polesie.html">"Archaeologists found traces of the cradle of the Slavs in Belarusian Polesie"</a>. Science in Poland. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Poland&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+found+traces+of+the+cradle+of+the+Slavs+in+Belarusian+Polesie&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Zdzieb%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceinpoland.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews%252C30579%252Carchaeologists-found-traces-cradle-slavs-belarusian-polesie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005526-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005526_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001332-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001332_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2019" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1111434007">Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols)</a>. Boston: BRILL. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0"><bdi>978-90-04-39519-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111434007">1111434007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages+%28500%E2%80%931300%29+%282+Vols%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111434007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39519-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1111434007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Heather2010" class="citation book cs1">Peter Heather (17 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iX_QNvxR4K0C">Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe</a>. Pan Macmillan. pp. 389–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54021-6"><bdi>978-0-330-54021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Barbarians%3A+Migration%2C+Development+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.pages=389-396&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.isbn=978-0-330-54021-6&rft.au=Peter+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiX_QNvxR4K0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Wstęp. W: Gerard Labuda: Słowiańszczyna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna. Poznań: WPTPN, 2003, s. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8370633811" title="Special:BookSources/8370633811">8370633811</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam22-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Adam22_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiółkowski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ziółkowski, Adam (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2022-0007/pdf">"Pollen, brooches, solidi and Restgermanen, or today's Poland in the Migration Period – Review of: A. Bursche, J. Hines, A. Zapolska (eds), The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, Leiden – Boston 2020"</a>. Millennium. 19 (1): 173–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmill-2022-0007">10.1515/mill-2022-0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253225324">253225324</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2023. <q>One of its main results – the accordance between the palynological evidence of the change of environment (extensive reforestation and drastic reduction of anthropogenic indicators) and the archaeological reconstruction of the change of settlement (disappearance of the Przeworsk, Wielbark and other cultures of the Roman Period by the mid-fifth century) – conclusively confirms the often questioned verdict of a sudden severe depopulation of the lands between the Vistula and the Oder, similar to that revealed in the rest of Central/Eastern Europe (disappearance of the Elbe and Chernyakhiv-Sântana de Mureş cultures). An entirely new perspective opened by the project is the survival of enclaves with contacts all round the compass (the Eastern Empire, the Merovingian West, the Danubian lands, Scandinavia, the Western Balts). None of them yielded Slavonic material, even the longest-lived one recently discovered at Gąski-Wierzbiczany in Kujawy, evidently one of the main centres of the European Barbaricum and in the third and fourth century the Roman army's recruiting station, which continued till the early seventh century; this evidence (or lack of it) is the death-blow to the theory of a supposed continuity of settlement – and so of ethnicity, necessarily Slavonic – from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium&rft.atitle=Pollen%2C+brooches%2C+solidi+and+Restgermanen%2C+or+today%27s+Poland+in+the+Migration+Period+%E2%80%93+Review+of%3A+A.+Bursche%2C+J.+Hines%2C+A.+Zapolska+%28eds%29%2C+The+Migration+Period+between+the+Oder+and+the+Vistula%2C+East+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+450%E2%80%931450%2C+Leiden+%E2%80%93+Boston+2020&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-196&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmill-2022-0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253225324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fmill-2022-0007%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Trubačev, O. N. 1985. Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs: The Ancient Slavs as Evidenced by Etymology and Onomastics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jies.org/">Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES)</a>, 13: 203–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Florin Curta, "The Making of the Slavs between ethnogenesis, invention, and migration", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 155–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201119-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201119_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201119_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSussexCubberley2011">Sussex & Cubberley 2011</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker200861–62-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker200861–62_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker200861–62_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchenker2008">Schenker 2008</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201122-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201122_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley201122_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSussexCubberley2011">Sussex & Cubberley 2011</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf">F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson200416-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson200416_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson (2004)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011109-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011109_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011109_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSussexCubberley2011">Sussex & Cubberley 2011</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2008109-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker2008109_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchenker2008">Schenker 2008</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchenker2008113-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchenker2008113_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchenker2008">Schenker 2008</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> cf. Novotná & Blažek:2007 with references.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] "Classical glottochronology" conducted by <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> Slavist M. Čejka in 1974 dates the Balto-Slavic split to 910±340 BC, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Sergei Starostin</a> in 1994 dates it to the <a href="/wiki/1210s_BC" title="1210s BC">1210s BC</a> and "recalibrated glottochronology" conducted by Novotná & Blažek dates it to 1400–1340 BC. That agrees well with Trziniec-Komarov culture, localised from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to Central Ukraine, which is dated to 1500–1200 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199480-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory199480_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1994">Mallory 1994</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199482–83-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory199482–83_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1994">Mallory 1994</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200114-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200114_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199478-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory199478_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1994">Mallory 1994</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011111–112-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESussexCubberley2011111–112_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSussexCubberley2011">Sussex & Cubberley 2011</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_wZAAAAIAAJ&q=proto+slavs+absorbed+sarmatians">The Journal of Indo-European Studies: Volume 21, Number 1-2</a>. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1993. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941694407" title="Special:BookSources/9780941694407"><bdi>9780941694407</bdi></a> – via books.google.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies%3A+Volume+21%2C+Number+1-2&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780941694407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_wZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dproto%2Bslavs%2Babsorbed%2Bsarmatians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013112-113-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk2013112-113_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronk2013">Pronk 2013</a>, p. 112-113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013155-156-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk2013155-156_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronk2013">Pronk 2013</a>, p. 155-156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk201395-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk201395_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronk2013">Pronk 2013</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk2013107-108-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk2013107-108_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPronk2013">Pronk 2013</a>, p. 107-108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20017–8-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta20017–8_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990133-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990133_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1990133_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1990">Kortlandt 1990</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20016-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20016_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200139–40-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200139–40_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200140–43-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200140–43_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 40–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara202286-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara202286_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKara2022">Kara 2022</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200141-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200141_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200135–35-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200135–35_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 35–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20017-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta20017_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005527-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005527_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "Nec minor opinione Eningia. Quidam haec habitari ad Vistulam a Sarmatis, Venedis, Sciris, Hirris, tradunt". Plinius, IV. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulinicz2009-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dulinicz2009_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dulinicz2009_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulinicz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dulinicz, Marek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/73026">"The Lombard Headman Called Ildigis and the Slavs"</a>. Archaeologia Adriatica. 3 (1): 243. Retrieved 9 November 2024. <q>Novietunum is most probably the ancient town of <a href="/wiki/Noviodunum_ad_Istrum" title="Noviodunum ad Istrum">Noviedunum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Isaccea" title="Isaccea">Isakča</a>) close to the delta of the Danube ... Lake Mursianus was in fact, according to the majority of researchers, the vast marshes at the juncture of the Drava and the Danube ... The lake's name was derived from the town of Mursa (present-day <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a>). Other opinions about the location of Lake Mursianus were recently summarised by D. Treštík ... However, the interpretation of Jordanes's text poses certain difficulties ... Thus, it seems that so far all attempts to interpret Jordanes' text have been unsatisfactory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Adriatica&rft.atitle=The+Lombard+Headman+Called+Ildigis+and+the+Slavs&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dulinicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fen%2F73026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara202284-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara202284_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKara2022">Kara 2022</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20016–7-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20016–7_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200136–37-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200136–37_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20017-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20017_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20017_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200137-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200137_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200137_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005524-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005524_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200136-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200136_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1853" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, Jacob (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederde15grimgoog">Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</a>. S. Hirzel. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederde15grimgoog/page/n244">226</a>. <q>jacob grimm suevi slawen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=S.+Hirzel&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschichtederde15grimgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzner2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Metzner, Ernst Erich (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0e3CwAAQBAJ&q=Suevi+seminati&pg=PA347">"Textgestützte Nachträge zu Namen und Abkunft der 'Böhmer' und 'Mährer' und der zweierlei 'Baiern' des frühen Mittelalters – Die sprachliche, politische und religiöse Grenzerfahrung und Brückenfunktion alteuropäischer Gesellschaften nördlich und südlich der Donau"</a>. In Fiala-Fürst, Ingeborg; Czmero, Jaromír (eds.). Amici amico III: Festschrift für Ludvík E. Václavek. Beiträge zur deutschmährischen Literatur (in German). Vol. 17. <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>: <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Palack%C3%A9ho_v_Olomouci" class="mw-redirect" title="Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci">Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci</a>. pp. 321, 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788024427041" title="Special:BookSources/9788024427041"><bdi>9788024427041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textgest%C3%BCtzte+Nachtr%C3%A4ge+zu+Namen+und+Abkunft+der+%27B%C3%B6hmer%27+und+%27M%C3%A4hrer%27+und+der+zweierlei+%27Baiern%27+des+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalters+%E2%80%93+Die+sprachliche%2C+politische+und+religi%C3%B6se+Grenzerfahrung+und+Br%C3%BCckenfunktion+alteurop%C3%A4ischer+Gesellschaften+n%C3%B6rdlich+und+s%C3%BCdlich+der+Donau&rft.btitle=Amici+amico+III%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ludv%C3%ADk+E.+V%C3%A1clavek&rft.place=Olomouc&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+deutschm%C3%A4hrischen+Literatur&rft.pages=321%2C+347&rft.pub=Univerzita+Palack%C3%A9ho+v+Olomouci&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=9788024427041&rft.aulast=Metzner&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0e3CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSuevi%2Bseminati%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200151–52-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200151–52_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200151-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200151_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200156-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200156_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200146,_60-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200146,_60_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 46, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200160-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200160_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200160_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200160_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200129-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200129_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200179-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200179_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001118-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001118_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200173,_118-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200173,_118_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 73, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford20017–8-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford20017–8_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005528-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005528_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazanski-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kazanski_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazanski_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazanski_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazanski_85-3">d</a> Michel Kazanski, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02902087">Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations</a>", in: Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Editor-in-Chief Marc L. Greenberg, BRILL, 2020, quote: "There are two specific aspects of the archaeology of Slavic migrations: the movement of the populations of the Slavic cultural model and the diffusion of this model amid non-Slavic populations. Certainly, both phenomena occurred; however, a pure diffusion of the Slavic model would hardly be possible, in any case in which a long period of time when the populations of different cultural traditions lived close to one another is assumed. Moreover, archaeologists researching Slavic antiquities do not accept the ideas produced by the "diffusionists," because most of the champions of the diffusion model know the specific archaeological materials poorly, so their works leave room for a number of arbitrary interpretations (for details, see Pleterski 2015: 232)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Fialkoff-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fialkoff_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fialkoff_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fialkoff_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fialkoff_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fialkoff_86-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2000). "The Slavs". In Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (ed.). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe. Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 138–140, 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21207-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21207-0"><bdi>0-312-21207-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe.+Sedentary+Civilization+vs.+%27Barbarian%27+and+Nomad&rft.pages=138-140%2C+148-149&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-21207-0&rft.aulast=Bell-Fialkoff&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001chapters_2–4-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001chapters_2–4_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, chapters 2–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199527-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199527_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199527_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTodd1995">Todd 1995</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200140-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200140_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997104-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997104_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001284-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001284_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001284_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001284_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005529-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński2005529_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199526-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199526_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199526_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTodd1995">Todd 1995</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997637_94-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 637. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> New Cambridge Medieval History, pg. 529 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997524-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997524_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197142-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197142_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1971">Gimbutas 1971</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen19963-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen19963_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen1996">Green 1996</a>, p. 3: Many pre-historians argue it is spurious to identify Iron Age Europeans as Celts (or other such labels). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA104">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 104–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi199636-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi199636_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1996">Magocsi 1996</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2016" class="citation book cs1">Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2016). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bell-Fialkoff&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Fialkoff2016" class="citation book cs1">Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2016). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bell-Fialkoff&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford200143-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford200143_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 43: An indirect piece of evidence might be the Slavic word strava, which was used to describe Attila's funerary feast". <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a> noted that communities with a language and customs distinct from Gothic, Hun or Latin existed in the Hun confederacy. They drank medos and could sail in boats crafted from hollowed-out trees (<a href="/wiki/Monoxyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoxyla">monoxyla</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197198-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutas197198_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimbutas1971">Gimbutas 1971</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Timberlake2013-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timberlake2013_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timberlake2013_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timberlake2013_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timberlake2013_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timberlake2013_105-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Timberlake" title="Alan Timberlake">Timberlake, Alan</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.104.15tim">"Culture and the spread of Slavic"</a>. In Balthasar Bickel, Lenore A. Grenoble, David A. Peterson, Alan Timberlake (ed.). Language Typology and Historical Contingency: In honor of Johanna Nichols. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. p. 342–343, 348–349, 352–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ftsl.104.15tim">10.1075/tsl.104.15tim</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027206855" title="Special:BookSources/9789027206855"><bdi>9789027206855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+and+the+spread+of+Slavic&rft.btitle=Language+Typology+and+Historical+Contingency%3A+In+honor+of+Johanna+Nichols&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pages=342-343%2C+348-349%2C+352-353&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Ftsl.104.15tim&rft.isbn=9789027206855&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Ftsl.104.15tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Little2007-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Little2007_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_K._Little2007" class="citation book cs1">Lester K. Little, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKhLOd6gGlAC">Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 24, 116, 118, 125, 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84639-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague+and+the+End+of+Antiquity%3A+The+Pandemic+of+541%E2%80%93750&rft.pages=15%2C+24%2C+116%2C+118%2C+125%2C+286-287&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84639-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKhLOd6gGlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bü-107"><a href="#cite_ref-bü_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüntgenMyglanLjungqvistMcCormick2016" class="citation journal cs1">Büntgen, Ulf; Myglan, Vladimir S.; Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; McCormick, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola; Sigl, Michael; Jungclaus, Johann; Wagner, Sebastian; Krusic, Paul J.; Esper, Jan; Kaplan, Jed O.; de Vaan, Michiel A. C.; Luterbacher, Jürg; Wacker, Lukas; Tegel, Willy; Kirdyanov, Alexander V. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.sfu-kras.ru/handle/2311/27894">"Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD"</a>. Nature Geoscience. 9 (3): 231–236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatGe...9..231B">2016NatGe...9..231B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2652">10.1038/ngeo2652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Cooling+and+societal+change+during+the+Late+Antique+Little+Ice+Age+from+536+to+around+660+AD&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-236&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatGe...9..231B&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCntgen&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft.au=Myglan%2C+Vladimir+S.&rft.au=Ljungqvist%2C+Fredrik+Charpentier&rft.au=McCormick%2C+Michael&rft.au=Di+Cosmo%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Sigl%2C+Michael&rft.au=Jungclaus%2C+Johann&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Krusic%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Esper%2C+Jan&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Jed+O.&rft.au=de+Vaan%2C+Michiel+A.+C.&rft.au=Luterbacher%2C+J%C3%BCrg&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Tegel%2C+Willy&rft.au=Kirdyanov%2C+Alexander+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felib.sfu-kras.ru%2Fhandle%2F2311%2F27894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biermann-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Biermann_108-0">^</a> Felix Biermann, "Kommentar zum Aufsatz von Florin Curta: Utváření Slovanů (se zvláštním zřetelem k Čechám a Moravě) – The Making of the Slavs (with a special emphasis on Bohemia and Moravia)", Archeologické rozhledy, 61 (2), 2009, pp. 337–349 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Petr V. Shuvalov, "The invention of the problem (on Florin Curta's book)", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 13–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Andrej Pleterski, "The Ethnogenesis of the Slavs, the Methods and the Process", Starohrvatska prosvjeta, 3 (40), 2013, pp. 8–10, 22–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstedt2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jouko_Lindstedt" title="Jouko Lindstedt">Lindstedt, Jouko</a> (19–22 October 2017), "How the early Slavs existed: A short essay on ontology and methodology", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ff.cuni.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Abstrakty.pdf">Language contact and the Early Slavs</a> (PDF), Prague: <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts,_Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague">Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague</a>, retrieved 10 August 2022, <q>Despite Florin Curta (2015) declaring the prehistoric Slavs as a "fairy tale", they certainly existed at least in a linguistic sense: the Slavic language family is unexplainable without an earlier protolanguage, this Proto-Slavic must have had speakers, and "Slav" is the name that mediaeval sources mainly propose as the designation of those ... but there is also no reason to argue that they are totally unrelated groups of people. Linguistics shows the spread of the Slavic language in Eastern Europe in the second half of the first millennium CE; history and archaeology tell us about at least some major migrations in this same period of worsening living conditions (due to the Late Antique Little Ice Age and Justinian's Plague); population genetics shows the relatively recent common ancestry of most of the population in this area. These are distinct stories, but not unrelated stories, and the challenge is to construct an integrated view of the early speakers of Slavic on their basis, not to bury the Slavs under ontological doubts and methodological scruples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+the+early+Slavs+existed%3A+A+short+essay+on+ontology+and+methodology&rft.btitle=Language+contact+and+the+Early+Slavs&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Charles+University+in+Prague&rft.date=2017-10-19%2F2017-10-22&rft.aulast=Lindstedt&rft.aufirst=Jouko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ff.cuni.cz%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FAbstrakty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoder2020" class="citation book cs1">Koder, Johannes (2020). "On the Slavic Immigration in the Byzantine Balkans". In Johannes Preiser-Kapeller; Lucian Reinfandt; Yannis Stouraitis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMBnzQEACAAJ">Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility Between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300–1500 C.E.</a> Brill. pp. 81–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004425613_004">10.1163/9789004425613_004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3"><bdi>978-90-04-42561-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218997565">218997565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Slavic+Immigration+in+the+Byzantine+Balkans&rft.btitle=Migration+Histories+of+the+Medieval+Afroeurasian+Transition+Zone%3A+Aspects+of+Mobility+Between+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Europe%2C+300%E2%80%931500+C.E.&rft.pages=81-100&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218997565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004425613_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42561-3&rft.aulast=Koder&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMBnzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman Provinces</a> to Medieval Kingdoms: Archaeologists and Migrations, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Russian Identities. A Historical Survey. N. V. Riasonovsky. Pg 10. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, quoting Johanna Nichols. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepanšekŠekli2017" class="citation book cs1">Repanšek, Luka; Šekli, Matej (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ulp-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">12. letno srečanje Združenja za slovansko jezikoslovje: Povzetki prispevkov</a>. Založba ZRC. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-05-0027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-05-0027-8"><bdi>978-961-05-0027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=12.+letno+sre%C4%8Danje+Zdru%C5%BEenja+za+slovansko+jezikoslovje%3A+Povzetki+prispevkov&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Zalo%C5%BEba+ZRC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-961-05-0027-8&rft.aulast=Repan%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft.au=%C5%A0ekli%2C+Matej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlp-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> "There is no single explanation for the Slavic spread in the east of Europe as there was in the west for the spread of Latin and Proto-Romance. The West, East, and South Slavic areas exhibit different scenarios." </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRepanšekŠekli2017">Repanšek & Šekli 2017</a>, p. 113: "The spread in the west, to the Elbe and the Pomeranian shore, was closest to a demic spread, that is, a classical migration model. The Germanic population of the area had already become rather scarce; historians speak about the "German collapse" that occurred there by the sixth century (Heather 2010: 371). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRepanšekŠekli2017">Repanšek & Šekli 2017</a>, pp. 113–114: "The East Slavic spread involved both migrations and language shift from Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages. A Finno-Ugric substrate is clearly visible in Russian (Kiparsky 1969) and especially in Old Novgrodian as attested in the birch bark documents (Dombrowski 2016). After the introduction of Christianity and Cyrillic literacy linked with it, the spread of East Slavic was a typical case of prestige language expansion." </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRepanšekŠekli2017">Repanšek & Šekli 2017</a>, pp. 113–114: "In the south, the Avar-Slavic symbiosis supported Slavic spread into a densely populated area characterized by high population density, and the result was a complex scenario of adstratal and substratal influences and language shifts to and from Slavic over the centuries. Slavic did not initially spread as a prestige language of a higher culture but as a language of strong local and tribal networks, not unlike Anglo-Saxon [in England]. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2021" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUcrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Politics and the Slavic Languages</a>. Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39599-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39599-0"><bdi>978-1-000-39599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Slavic+Languages&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-000-39599-0&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUcrEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> "The Avar elite probably instituted Slavic as the Khaganate's lingua franca, which led to the spread of this language wherever the Avars managed to expand their rule (Curta 2004)." </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolukhanov2013">Dolukhanov 2013</a>, p. 167: "In the process, once Slavs had "gained substantial political and military experience in their dealings with their warlike nomadic assailants, [they] emerged as a dominant force and established a new socio-political network in the entire area of central and southeastern Europe... One may suggest that economic power stood at the bottom of this newly emerged Slavic socio-political network. An extensive exchange of goods and communication, as in all similar cases, bound together various groups involved in this sociopolitical network. The Slavic languages functioned as a common information medium [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2004133-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2004133_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2004">Curta 2004</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2004148-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2004148_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2004">Curta 2004</a>, p. 148: It is possible that the expansion of the Avar khanate during the second half of the eighth century coincided with the spread of ... Slavic into the neighbouring areas of Bohemia, Moravia and southern Poland, (but) could hardly explain the spread of Slavic into Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, all regions that produced so far almost no archaeological evidence of Avar influence." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstedtSalmela2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jouko_Lindstedt" title="Jouko Lindstedt">Lindstedt, Jouko</a>; Salmela, Elina (2020). "Migrations and language shifts as components of the Slavic spread". In Tomáš Klír, Vít Boček, Nicolas Jansens (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.helsinki.fi/esalmela/files/2019/06/Lindstedt_and_Salmela_Slavic_spread_March_2018_preprint.pdf">New Perspectives on the Early Slavs and the Rise of Slavic: Contact and Migrations</a> (PDF). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. p. 275–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4707-9"><bdi>978-3-8253-4707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migrations+and+language+shifts+as+components+of+the+Slavic+spread&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Early+Slavs+and+the+Rise+of+Slavic%3A+Contact+and+Migrations&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=275-300&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-4707-9&rft.aulast=Lindstedt&rft.aufirst=Jouko&rft.au=Salmela%2C+Elina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.helsinki.fi%2Fesalmela%2Ffiles%2F2019%2F06%2FLindstedt_and_Salmela_Slavic_spread_March_2018_preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987131-136-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987131-136_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1987">Renfrew 1987</a>, p. 131-136. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Florin Curta, "The Making of the Slavs between ethnogenesis, invention, and migration", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 155–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Tomáš Gábriš, Róbert Jáger, "Back to Slavic Legal History? On the Use of Historical Linguistics in the History of Slavic Law", Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 53 (1), 2019, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rebała K, Mikulich A, Tsybovsky I, Siváková D, Dzupinková Z, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Szczerkowska Z. "Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the Middle Dnieper Basin". Journal of Human Genetics 52(5):406-14 · February 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364156">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2015" class="citation cs2">Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a>, 23 (1): 124–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50">10.1038/ejhg.2014.50</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266736">4266736</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667786">24667786</a>, <q>R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+and+geographic+structure+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24667786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-129"><a href="#cite_ref-HorolmaTibor2019_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ">Genetika és őstörténet</a> (in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3"><bdi>978-963-263-855-3</bdi></a>. <q>Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetika+%C3%A9s+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Napk%C3%BAt+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-963-263-855-3&rft.aulast=Pamjav&rft.aufirst=Horolma&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=N%C3%A9meth%2C+Endre&rft.au=Kopp%C3%A1ny+Cs%C3%A1ji%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq2xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fóthi-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehér2020" class="citation cs2">Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1): 31, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArAnS..12...31F">2020ArAnS..12...31F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0">10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0</a>, <q>Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+male+Hungarian+Conquerors%3A+European+and+Asian+paternal+lineages+of+the+conquering+Hungarian+tribes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ArAnS..12...31F&rft.aulast=F%C3%B3thi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A.&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassian2020-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassian2020_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020" class="citation cs2">Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550">"Genetics and Slavic languages"</a>, in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367">10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367</a>, retrieved 10 December 2020, <q>The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages ... Altogether, long genomic segments distribution in eastern Europe, where Slavs predominate today but are not an exclusive linguistic group, are compatible with actual movements of people across this region, presumably within historical time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+Slavic+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft.au=Kassian%2C+Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341945550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runes2021-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runes2021_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runes2021_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runes2021_132-2">c</a> Jiří Macháček, Robert Nedoma, Petr Dresler. Ilektra Schulz, Elias Lagonik, Stephen M. Johnson, Ludmila Kaňáková, Alena Slámová, Bastien Llamas, Daniel Wegmann, Zuzana Hofmanová, "Runes from Lány (Czech Republic) – The oldest inscription among Slavs. A new standard for multidisciplinary analysis of runic bones", Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 127, March 2021, quote: "At the continental scale, modern Slavic speakers were found to share more haplotypes among each other than with other Europeans. This was initially also interpreted as evidence for a demic expansion (Hellenthal et al., 2014; Ralph and Coop, 2013), but might be equally consistent with low population size (Al-Asadi et al., 2019; Ringbauer et al., 2017). Nevertheless, in some regions, a physical replacement of the population after the Migration Period is more obvious. In Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein), for instance, the Angles, Jutes and other Germanic tribes initially inhabiting the region left during the Migration Period (Brugmann, 2011), as confirmed by ancient DNA research for their migration to the British Isles (Schiffels et al., 2016). As confirmed by palaeobotany and archaeology (Wieckowska et al., 2012; Wiethold, 1998), the region remained not or only sparsely occupied for at least 200 years, after which it was settled by various groups. Some of those are connected with Slavs based on archaeological finds and written records of later periods, as well as linguistic (toponomastic) evidence (Herrmann, 1985)." </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoźniak2010" class="citation cs2">Woźniak, Marcin (2010), "Similarities and distinctions in Y chromosome gene pool of Western Slavs", <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a>, 142 (4): 540–548, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21253">10.1002/ajpa.21253</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20091807">20091807</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Similarities+and+distinctions+in+Y+chromosome+gene+pool+of+Western+Slavs&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-548&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21253&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20091807&rft.aulast=Wo%C5%BAniak&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph2013-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph2013_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph2013_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Ralph2013" class="citation journal cs1">P. 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B.; Band, G.; Wilson, J. F.; Capelli, C.; Falush, D.; Myers, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209567">"Supplementary Material for "A genetic atlas of human admixture history""</a>. Science. 343 (6172): 747–751. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343..747H">2014Sci...343..747H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1243518">10.1126/science.1243518</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209567">4209567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24531965">24531965</a>. <q>S7.6 "East Europe": The difference between the 'East Europe I' and 'East Europe II' analyses is that the latter analysis included the Polish as a potential donor population. The Polish were included in this analysis to reflect a Slavic language speaking source group." "We speculate that the second event seen in our six Eastern Europe populations between northern European and southern European ancestral sources may correspond to the expansion of Slavic language speaking groups (commonly referred to as the Slavic expansion) across this region at a similar time, perhaps related to displacement caused by the Eurasian steppe invaders (38; 58). Under this scenario, the northerly source in the second event might represent DNA from Slavic-speaking migrants (sampled Slavic-speaking groups are excluded from being donors in the EastEurope I analysis). To test consistency with this, we repainted these populations adding the Polish as a single Slavic-speaking donor group ("East Europe II" analysis; see Note S7.6) and, in doing so, they largely replaced the original North European component (Figure S21), although we note that two nearby populations, Belarus and Lithuania, are equally often inferred as sources in our original analysis (Table S12). Outside these six populations, an admixture event at the same time (910CE, 95% CI:720-1140CE) is seen in the southerly neighboring Greeks, between sources represented by multiple neighboring Mediterranean peoples (63%) and the Polish (37%), suggesting a strong and early impact of the Slavic expansions in Greece, a subject of recent debate (37). 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Current Biology. 33 (1): 174–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CBio...33E.174P">2023CBio...33E.174P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.036">10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36513080">36513080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254584075">254584075</a>. <q>Slavic migrations in the latter half of the first millennium shaped the linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia... Concordantly, our dataset captures the arrival of the Slavic ancestry component and the medieval coexistence of Slavic-like and Uralic-like groups. In Shekshovo 9, we detected approximately equal numbers of individuals from both genetic groups, and their burial placement showed no apparent distinction between them. Moreover, some individuals with Uralic-like ancestry were buried with "Slavic" grave goods or a mixture of Slavic and "Uralic" items, indicating cultural integration of the groups. However, our model suggests that the Slavic-like group contributed a major proportion (70%) of ancestry to the later population. Obviously, our medieval sample may be too small to be fully representative, but the difference could also suggest additional contribution from the surrounding Slavic population in the Late Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+admixture+and+language+shift+in+the+medieval+Volga-Oka+interfluve&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=174-182&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.11.036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254584075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36513080&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CBio...33E.174P&rft.au=Sanni+Peltola&rft.au=Kerttu+Majander&rft.au=Nikolaj+Makarov&rft.au=Maria+Dobrovolskaya&rft.au=Kerkko+Nordqvist&rft.au=Elina+Salmela&rft.au=P%C3%A4ivi+Onkamo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2022.11.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolarekZenczakHandschuhJuras2023" class="citation journal cs1">Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; Dębski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10364380">"Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE"</a>. 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T.; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Jones, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&q=slavs+democracy&pg=PA524">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521362917" title="Special:BookSources/9780521362917"><bdi>9780521362917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+1%2C+C.500-c.700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521362917&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=McKitterick%2C+Rosamond&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Abulafia%2C+David&rft.au=Luscombe%2C+David+Edward&rft.au=Allmand%2C+C.+T.&rft.au=Riley-Smith%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C%26q%3Dslavs%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200858-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković200858_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2008">Živković 2008</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković200846-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković200846_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2008">Živković 2008</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRihaDivision1963" class="citation book cs1">Riha, Thomas; Division, University of Chicago College Syllabus (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLodAQAAMAAJ">Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization</a>. 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Петербургские славянские и балканские исследования (in Russian) (2): 33–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=O+%C2%ABThe+Making+of+the+Slavs%C2%BB+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-36&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pleterski&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D123629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001124-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001124_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001276-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001276_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001283-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001283_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001297–307-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001297–307_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 297–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Rusta-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Rusta_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Rusta_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Rusta_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Rusta_178-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Rusta_178-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Rusta903" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Rusta (903). 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(1994). Medieval Life and the Hundred Years War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Life+and+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Nofi+Albert+A&rft.au=Dunnigan%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_MORAL_VALUES-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE_MORAL_VALUES_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE_MORAL_VALUES_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlla_Alcenko" class="citation web cs1">Alla Alcenko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/east-slavic/themoralvalues.htm">"THE MORAL VALUES"</a>. 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Ч. 1: Женская одежда: рубаха, понева, сарафан</a> [Material culture of Russian Meshchera. Part 1: Women's clothing: shirt, poniova, sarafan]. Proceedings of the State Museum of the Central Industrial Region, 3 (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 62–64. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490308640">490308640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B.+%D0%A7.+1%3A+%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+State+Museum+of+the+Central+Industrial+Region%2C+3&rft.pages=62-64&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490308640&rft.aulast=Kuftin&rft.aufirst=Boris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perunica.ru%2Ftradicii%2F9947-kuftin-ba-materialnaja-kultura-russkoj-meschery-1926-pdf-rus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001200-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001200_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194677–78-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194677–78_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-zguta-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zguta_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zguta_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZguta1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Zguta" title="Russell Zguta">Zguta, Russell</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495793">"The Pagan Priests of Early Russia: Some New Insights"</a>. Slavic Review. 33 (2): [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495793">10.2307/2495793</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495793">2495793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163227613">163227613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Pagan+Priests+of+Early+Russia%3A+Some+New+Insights&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+July+2020%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28July+2020%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163227613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2495793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2495793&rft.aulast=Zguta&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2495793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berend-233"><a href="#cite_ref-berend_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerDusan_TrestikJosef_Zemlicka2007" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Petr; Dusan Trestik; Josef Zemlicka (2007). "Bohemia and Moravia". In Berend, Nora (ed.). Christianization and the rise of Christian monarchy : Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c. 900–1200. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bohemia+and+Moravia&rft.btitle=Christianization+and+the+rise+of+Christian+monarchy+%3A+Scandinavia%2C+Central+Europe+and+Rus%27+c.+900%E2%80%931200&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=214-262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Dusan+Trestik&rft.au=Josef+Zemlicka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195647-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195647_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195647_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194683–87-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194683–87_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, pp. 83–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreyev1962" class="citation journal cs1">Andreyev, Nikolay (1962). "Pagan and Christian Elements in Old Russia". Slavic Review. 21 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3000540">10.2307/3000540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000540">3000540</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163384871">163384871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Pagan+and+Christian+Elements+in+Old+Russia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163384871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3000540&rft.aulast=Andreyev&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194678–87-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194678–87_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, pp. 78–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001193-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001193_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194682-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194682_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001209-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001209_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001209_242-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001194-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001194_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeper1933" class="citation journal cs1">Leeper, Allen (1933). "Germans, Avars and Slavs". Slavonic and East European Review. 12 (34): 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Germans%2C+Avars+and+Slavs&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=125&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Leeper&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194679-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194679_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189–191-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001189–191_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 189–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648–51-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195648–51_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, pp. 48–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001195–198-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001195–198_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, pp. 195–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194684-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194684_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford2001198-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001198_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford2001198_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross194683-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross194683_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1946">Cross 1946</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev196218-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev196218_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndreyev1962">Andreyev 1962</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZguta1974263-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZguta1974263_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZguta1974">Zguta 1974</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiminas200915-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiminas200915_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiminas2009">Kiminas 2009</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956179-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956179_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 179: The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Curta2006" class="citation book cs1">Florin Curta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/221">221</a>–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>. <q>Cyrillic preslav.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.series=Cambridge+Medieval+Textbooks&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.au=Florin+Curta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._Hussey,_Andrew_Louth2010" class="citation book cs1">J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34">"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire"</a>. Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0"><bdi>978-0-19-161488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161488-0&rft.au=J.+M.+Hussey%2C+Andrew+Louth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-H9BTVHKRMC%26q%3D%2Bpreslav%2Beastern%26pg%3DPR3-IA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZlatarski1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zlatarski, Vasil (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html">История на Първото българско Царство. I. Епоха на хуно–българското надмощие (679–852)</a> [History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Period of Hunnic-Bulgarian domination (679–852)] (in Bulgarian). Marin Drinov Publishing House. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9544302986" title="Special:BookSources/978-9544302986"><bdi>978-9544302986</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+I.+%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%E2%80%93%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%28679%E2%80%93852%29&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Marin+Drinov+Publishing+House&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-9544302986&rft.aulast=Zlatarski&rft.aufirst=Vasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fvz1a%2Fvz1a_b1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBBulgars-259"><a href="#cite_ref-EBBulgars_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar">"Bulgar"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBulgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineFine1991" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V.A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PR4">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 53, 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472081493" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472081493"><bdi>978-0472081493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=53%2C+68-70&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0472081493&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.A.&rft.au=Fine%2C+John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadžijahić-Bosna-IX-X-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Hadžijahić-Bosna-IX-X_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadžijahić2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVI7AAAAMAAJ">Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću</a> (in Bosnian). Preporod (from original and previously unpublished script written in 1986). p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789958820274" title="Special:BookSources/9789958820274"><bdi>9789958820274</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Povijest+Bosne+u+IX+i+X+stolje%C4%87u&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Preporod+%28from+original+and+previously+unpublished+script+written+in+1986%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789958820274&rft.aulast=Had%C5%BEijahi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Muhamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVI7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine-Late-Medieval-Balkans-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine-Late-Medieval-Balkans_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans:+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472082605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472082605"><bdi>978-0472082605</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0472082605&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26q%3DThe%2BLate%2BMedieval%2BBalkans%3A%2BA%2BCritical%2BSurvey%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BLate%2BTwelfth%2BCentury%2Bto%2Bthe%2BOttoman%2BConquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine-Duklja-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Fine-Duklja_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=Duklja">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 2, 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472082605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472082605"><bdi>978-0472082605</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=2%2C+58&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0472082605&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26q%3DDuklja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Early_Slavs_and_Rus%27" title="Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'">Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, Paul M (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC">The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1974" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Abner (1974). Two-dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two-dimensional+Man%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Anthropology+of+Power+and+Symbolism+in+Complex+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Abner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1946" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, S.H. (1946). "Primitive Civilization of the Eastern Slavs". American Slavic and East European Review. 5 (1/2): 51–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2491581">10.2307/2491581</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2491581">2491581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Primitive+Civilization+of+the+Eastern+Slavs&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=51-87&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2491581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2491581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880" title="Special:BookSources/9781139428880"><bdi>9781139428880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781139428880&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704133414/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/lingua.pdf">"The Slavic Lingua Franca. Linguistic Notes of an Archaeologist Turned Historian"</a> (PDF). East Central Europe. 31 (1): 125–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633004x00134">10.1163/187633004x00134</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/lingua.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Slavic+Lingua+Franca.+Linguistic+Notes+of+an+Archaeologist+Turned+Historian&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-148&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633004x00134&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clas.ufl.edu%2Fusers%2Ffcurta%2Flingua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390" title="Special:BookSources/9780521815390"><bdi>9780521815390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521815390&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459280624">459280624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs%3A+Their+Early+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459280624&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European language and culture: an introduction. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405103159" title="Special:BookSources/1405103159"><bdi>1405103159</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54529041">54529041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54529041&rft.isbn=1405103159&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary" title="Patrick J. Geary">Geary, Patrick</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofnationsmed0000gear">Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe</a>. Princeton Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11481-1"><bdi>978-0-691-11481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+Nations.+The+Medieval+Origins+of+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+Paperbacks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11481-1&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofnationsmed0000gear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė</a> (1971). The Slavs. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02072-2"><bdi>978-0-500-02072-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02072-2&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija+Alseikait%C4%97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2003" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Walter (2003). "A Non-Roman Empire in Central Europe: the Avars". In Goetz, H.W.; Jarnut, Jörg; Pohl, Walter (eds.). Regna and gentes: the relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in the transformation of the Roman world. BRILL. pp. 571–595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12524-7"><bdi>978-90-04-12524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Non-Roman+Empire+in+Central+Europe%3A+the+Avars&rft.btitle=Regna+and+gentes%3A+the+relationship+between+late+antique+and+early+medieval+peoples+and+kingdoms+in+the+transformation+of+the+Roman+world&rft.pages=571-595&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12524-7&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Goffart, Walter</a> (2006). 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Archaeologia Baltica (in French). 11: 229–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Baltica&rft.atitle=La+cavalerie+slave+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+de+Justinien&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=229-239&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kazanski&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-journals.ku.lt%2Fjournal%2FAB%2Farticle%2F1154%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazanski2011a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kazanski" title="Michel Kazanski">Kazanski, Michel</a> (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-anthropology.com/English/Catalog/Archaeology/STM_DWL_TCJG_aQw79yosT6Q9.aspx">"About the Slavic Armour-Clad Army (6th—7th Centuries)"</a>. 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Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debatingmiddleag0000unse/page/15">15–24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-008-1"><bdi>978-1-57718-008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptions+of+ethnicity+in+Early+Medieval+Studies&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Middle+Ages%3A+issues+and+readings&rft.pages=15-24&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-008-1&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebatingmiddleag0000unse%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Schenker" title="Alexander M. Schenker">Schenker, Alexander M.</a> (2008). "Proto-Slavonic". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. Routledge. pp. 60–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Slavonic&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+Languages&rft.pages=60-121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28078-5&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Sussex" title="Roland Sussex">Sussex, Roland</a>; Cubberley, Paul (2011). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29448-5&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (1995). The Early Germans. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19904-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19904-7"><bdi>0-631-19904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19904-7&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (2006). "Origo et Religio: Ethnic traditions and literature in early medieval texts". In Noble, Thomas F. X. (ed.). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. Routledge. pp. 57–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32741-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origo+et+Religio%3A+Ethnic+traditions+and+literature+in+early+medieval+texts&rft.btitle=From+Roman+Provinces+to+Medieval+Kingdoms&rft.pages=57-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32741-1&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ">Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West: 550–1150</a>. The Institute of History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675585732" title="Special:BookSources/9788675585732"><bdi>9788675585732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+unity%3A+The+South+Slavs+between+East+and+West%3A+550%E2%80%931150&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788675585732&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlIsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice500s" class="citation book cs1">Maurice (500s). Strategikon of Maurice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategikon+of+Maurice&rft.date=500&rft.au=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmold1120" class="citation book cs1">Helmold (1120). Chronica Slavorum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronica+Slavorum&rft.date=1120&rft.au=Helmold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius550s" class="citation book cs1">Procopius (550s). History of Wars.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Wars&rft.date=550&rft.au=Procopius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanes551" class="citation book cs1">Jordanes (551). Jordanes' Getica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordanes%27+Getica&rft.date=551&rft.au=Jordanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophylact_Simocatta630" class="citation book cs1">Theophylact Simocatta (630). the Universal History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Universal+History&rft.date=630&rft.au=Theophylact+Simocatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Rusta903" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Rusta (903). The book of Precious Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Precious+Records&rft.date=903&rft.au=Ibn+Rusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim_Ibn_Ya'qub961–976" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub (961–976). Book of Roads and Kingdoms.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Roads+and+Kingdoms&rft.date=961&rft.au=Ibrahim+Ibn+Ya%27qub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_F._Kiley2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin F. Kiley (2013). Uniforms of the Roman world.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+Roman+world&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kevin+F.+Kiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Slavs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nowakowski, Wojciech; Bartkiewicz, Katarzyna. "Baltes et proto-Slaves dans l'Antiquité. Textes et archéologie". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 16, n°1, 1990. pp. 359–402. [DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1990.1472">https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1990.1472</a>];[www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1472]</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&oldid=1259584546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Slavs&oldid=1259584546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Slavic ethnic groups">Slavic ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Slavs" 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[\"CITEREFLeonid_VyazovGulnaz_SagmanovaOlga_FlegontovaHarald_Ringbauer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester_K._Little2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstedt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstedtSalmela2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice500s\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMetzner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNofi_Albert_ADunnigan,_James_F.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaldeCarrión2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._M._Delser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._Ralph2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaliga2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Heather2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPleterski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohl1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohl2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProcopius550s\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPronk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepanšekŠekli2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRihaDivision1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRóna-Tas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Hazzard_Cross_and_Olgerd_P._Sherbowitz-Wetzor1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanni_PeltolaKerttu_MajanderNikolaj_MakarovMaria_Dobrovolskaya2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerDusan_TrestikJosef_Zemlicka2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanaszek2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStolarekZenczakHandschuhJuras2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSussexCubberley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerpilovskiiVolodarets-Urbanovich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheophylact_Simocatta630\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTimberlake2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderhill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoźniak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdziebłowski2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZguta1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiółkowski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZlatarski1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽivković2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Location\"] = 1,\n [\"Physical_appearance\"] = 1,\n [\"Prague-Korchak\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 4,\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 12,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 173,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","18.9"],["?","320","16.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.4"],["recursiveClone 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Slavs","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_Slavs","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2378782","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2378782","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-02-22T09:25:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T23:17:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg","headline":"Diverse group of tribal societies that established foundations for the Slavic nations"}</script> </body> </html>