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href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Naskhah Quran Birmingham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 14 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مخطوطة القرآن بجامعة برمنغهام – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطوطة القرآن بجامعة برمنغهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran%C4%B1n_Birminhem_%C9%99lyazmas%C4%B1" title="Quranın Birminhem əlyazması – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quranın Birminhem əlyazması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrip_Al-Qur%27an_Birmingham" title="Manuskrip Al-Qur'an Birmingham – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manuskrip Al-Qur'an Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="বার্মিংহাম কুরআন পাণ্ডুলিপি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্মিংহাম কুরআন পাণ্ডুলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Birmingham Quran manuscript" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قرآن دست‌نویس دانشگاه بیرمنگام – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرآن دست‌نویس دانشگاه بیرمنگام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscrit_du_Coran_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Birmingham" title="Manuscrit du Coran de l'université de Birmingham – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuscrit du Coran de l'université de Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ബർമിംഗ്ഹാം ഖുർആൻ ഏടുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബർമിംഗ്ഹാം ഖുർആൻ ഏടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuskrypt_z_Birmingham" title="Manuskrypt z Birmingham – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manuskrypt z Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1" title="เอกสารตัวเขียนอัลกุรอานเบอร์มิงแฮม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกสารตัวเขียนอัลกุรอานเบอร์มิงแฮม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Kur%27an_el_yazmas%C4%B1" title="Birmingham Kur'an el yazması – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birmingham Kur'an el yazması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85" title="مخطوطہ قرآن جامعہ برمنگھم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مخطوطہ قرآن جامعہ برمنگھم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurana_Birminghami" title="Qurana Birminghami – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qurana Birminghami" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%89%8B%E7%A8%BF" title="伯明翰古蘭經手稿 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯明翰古蘭經手稿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20722902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent" style="text-align:left; font-size: 88%; width: 300px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn summary" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;">Naskhah Quran Birmingham</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpustakaan_Penyelidikan_Cadbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury (laman tidak wujud)">Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Birmingham" title="Universiti Birmingham">Universiti Birmingham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/250px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/375px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/500px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">folio 2 rekto (kiri) dan folio 1 verso (kanan)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tarikh</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">Antara lebih kurang tahun 568M dan tahun 645M</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Scribe(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">Tidak diketahui</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kertas_kulit" title="Kertas kulit">Kertas kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakwat" title="Dakwat">dakwat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">menegak</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tulisan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khat_Hijaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khat Hijaz (laman tidak wujud)">Hijaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kandungan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">Sebahagian <a href="/wiki/Surah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah">surah</a> 18 hingga 20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Taksiran</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">1572a</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Sebahagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Quran" title="Kategori:Quran">siri</a> mengenai</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;;background:none;font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0;">القرءان الکريم<br /><a href="/wiki/Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran">al-Quranul Karim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Quran2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Quran2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;">Teks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah">Surah</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_Surah_Al-Quran" title="Senarai Surah Al-Quran">Senarai</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkiyah">Makiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaniyah" title="Madaniyah">Madaniyyah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayat_al-Quran" title="Ayat al-Quran">Ayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juz" title="Juz">Juz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqatta%27at&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqatta'at (laman tidak wujud)">Muqatta'at</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;">Kandungan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_dan_haiwan#Qur'an" title="Islam dan haiwan">Haiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskatologi_Islam" title="Eskatologi Islam">Yaumul-kiamati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanita_dalam_al-Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanita dalam al-Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Tokoh wanita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhan_dalam_Islam" title="Tuhan dalam Islam">Tuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisah_dalam_Bible_dan_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisah dalam Bible dan Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Kisah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_dan_keajaiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quran dan keajaiban (laman tidak wujud)">Keajaiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerita_ibarat_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerita ibarat Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Cerita ibarat</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabi" title="Nabi">Nabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_dan_sains#Topik_saintifik_dalam_Quran_dan_Hadis" title="Islam dan sains">Sains</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mengaji" title="Mengaji">Mengaji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taranum" title="Taranum">Taranum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz" title="Hafiz">Hafaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qari" title="Qari">Qari</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiraat" title="Qiraat">Qiraat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tartil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tartil (laman tidak wujud)">Tartil</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Penterjemahan_Al-Quran" title="Penterjemahan Al-Quran">Terjemahan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penterjemahan_Al-Quran" title="Penterjemahan Al-Quran">Senarai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terjemahan_bahasa_Melayu_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terjemahan bahasa Melayu Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Terjemahan bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terjemahan_Ahmadiyyah_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terjemahan Ahmadiyyah Quran (laman tidak wujud)">oleh Ahmadiyyah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_al-Quran" title="Sejarah al-Quran">Sejarah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashaf_Uthmani" title="Mashaf Uthmani">Mashaf Uthmani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_Kufi_Samarkand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quran Kufi Samarkand (laman tidak wujud)">Quran Kufi Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Sana%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naskhah Sana'a (laman tidak wujud)">Naskhah Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Topkapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naskhah Topkapi (laman tidak wujud)">Naskhah Topkapi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naskhah Birmingham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskh_(tafsir)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naskh (tafsir) (laman tidak wujud)">Pembatalan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisah_dalam_Bible_dan_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisah dalam Bible dan Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Kisah dalam bible</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsiran_khusus_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsiran khusus Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Tafsiran khusus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutika_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutika Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Hermeneutika</a></li> <li><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_orang_berkaitan_kepada_ayat_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai orang berkaitan kepada ayat Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Orang berkaitan dengan ayat</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_orang_disebut_mengikut_nama_dalam_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai orang disebut mengikut nama dalam Quran (laman tidak wujud)">disebut mengikut nama</a>)</span></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul" title="Asbab al-nuzul">Penurunan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;text-align:center;">Berkaitan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhluk_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhluk Quran (laman tidak wujud)">Makhluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritikan_terhadap_al-Quran" title="Kritikan terhadap al-Quran">Kritikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukjizat" title="Mukjizat">Mukjizat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quran_dan_Sunah" title="Al-Quran dan Sunah">Al-Quran dan Sunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranisme" title="Quranisme">Quranisme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Quran" title="Kategori:Quran">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal Islam</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6236" data-file-height="4936" /></a><figcaption>Perbandingan antara senaskhah Quran abad ke-21 (kiri)dan naskhah Quran Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>Dua lembaran sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naskhah Quran awal (laman tidak wujud)">naskhah Quran awal</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koleksi_Mingana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koleksi Mingana (laman tidak wujud)">Koleksi Mingana</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naskhah Timur Tengah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpustakaan_Penyelidikan_Cadbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury (laman tidak wujud)">Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Burmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Burmingham (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Burmingham</a> telah ditemui pada tahun 2015 sebagai bertarikh antara tahun 568M dan tahun 645M, menjadikannya antara naskhah <a href="/wiki/Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran">Quran</a> tertua setakat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naskhah ini ditulis dengan dakwat di atas <a href="/wiki/Kertas_kulit" title="Kertas kulit">kertas kulit</a>, menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khat_Hijaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khat Hijaz (laman tidak wujud)">khat Hijaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a> yang agung dan masih boleh dibaca dengan mudah.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lembaran ini mengandungi sebahagian <a href="/wiki/Surah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah">Surah</a> 18 hingga 20.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak universiti bercadang untuk meletakkan naskhah ini dalam pameran awam di Bangunan Muzik Bramall di universiti pada bulan Oktober 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kemudian di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Birmingham_dan_Galeri_Seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Birmingham dan Galeri Seni (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Birmingham dan Galeri Seni</a> pada tahun 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huraian">Huraian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Huraian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Huraian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Gambar dari jarak dekat sebahagian daripada folio 2 rekto, menunjukkan pembahagian surah dan penanda akhir ayat</figcaption></figure> <p>Kedua-dua lembaran telah dikenal pasti<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebagai sebahagian daripada dengan 16 lembaran yangn dikatalogkan sebagai BnF Arabe 328(c)<sup id="cite_ref-Déroche_2009_121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Déroche_2009_121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di <span title="Perancis-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France (laman tidak wujud)">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: fr is deprecated </span> di Paris, kini terikat dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Parisino-petropolitanus (laman tidak wujud)">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</a>; dan ayat-ayat saksi sepadan dengan lompang dalam teks itu. </p><p>Lembaran Birmingham, kini dikatalogkan sebagai Mingana 1572a, bersaiz folio (lembaran BnF Arabe 328(c) bersaiz 33.3 cm dengan 24.5 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-Déroche_2009_121_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Déroche_2009_121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan ditulis pada kedua-dua bahagian dengan banyak skala dan tulisan yang dapat dibaca.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satu lembaran berhalaman dua mengandungi ayat 23–31 Surah 18 (<a href="/wiki/Surah_Al-Kahfi" title="Surah Al-Kahfi">Surah Al-Kahfi</a>) manakala lembaran yang lain laman ayat terakhir 91–98 Surah 19 (<a href="/wiki/Surah_Maryam" title="Surah Maryam">Surah Maryam</a>) dan 12 ayat pertama Surah 20 (<a href="/wiki/Surah_Taahaa" title="Surah Taahaa">Surah Taahaa</a>), semua dalam <a href="/wiki/Surah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surah">urutan kini</a> dan menepati dengan teliti dengan teks piawai. Kedua-dua lembaran yang masih selamat akan dipisahkan dalam naskhah yang asal oleh sebilangan folio hilang yang mengandungi ayat-ayat berselang surah 18 dan 19. Terdapat tiada tanda <a href="/wiki/Tanda_diakritik_bahasa_Arab" title="Tanda diakritik bahasa Arab">diakritik</a> untuk menunjukkan vokal pendek tetapi konsonannya kadangkala dibezakan dengan tanda sempang yang miring. Teks ini dibentangkan dalam format yang akan menjadi piawai bagi naskhah Quran yang lengkap, dengan pembahagian surah ditunjukkan dengan garian berhias dan akhir ayat dengan titik bergugus antara teks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengecaman">Pengecaman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengecaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengecaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alba Fedeli, yang telah mengkaji butiran dalam Koleksi Mingana Naskhah Timur Tengah untuk tesis PhDnya <i>Naskhah awal Quran, teksnya dan kertas Alphonse Mingana diletakkan di Jabatan Koleksi Khas Universiti Birmingham</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Congratulations_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congratulations-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> telah menemui dua lembaran yang silap dikenal pasti dan terikat dengan yang lain daripada naskhah Quran akhir abad ketujuh (kini dikatalogkan sebagai Mingana 1572b).<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury telah mengaturkan untuknya ujian <a href="/wiki/Pentarikhan_radiokarbon" title="Pentarikhan radiokarbon">pentarikhan radiokarbon</a> di Unit Pemecut Radiokarbon <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Oxford" title="Universiti Oxford">Universiti Oxford</a>. Mereka menarikhkan kertas kulit itu antara AD 568 and 645, dalam lingkungan 95.4% (<a href="/w/index.php?title=68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="68–95–99.7 rule (laman tidak wujud)">2σ</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selang_keyakinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selang keyakinan (laman tidak wujud)">selang keyakinan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kepentingan">Kepentingan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepentingan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepentingan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tarikh naskhah ini penting kerana orang Islam mempercayai bahawa Nabi <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> hidup dari tahun lebih kurang tahun 570M hingga tahun 632M,<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut ajaran <a href="/wiki/Islam_Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Sunni">Islam Sunni</a>, ia merupakan khalifah ketiga <a href="/wiki/Uthman_bin_Affan" title="Uthman bin Affan">Uthman bin Affan</a> (644–656), dilantik dua belas tahun selepas kewafatan nabi, yang telah menyusun dan menyucikan versi Quran semenjak diterima dan digunakan oleh semua orang Islam di seluruh dunia; kemudian mengarahkan bahawa semua versi sebelumnya dibakar.<sup id="cite_ref-Leaman_2006_136–139_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaman_2006_136–139-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam pengumuman Universiti, Dr Muhammad Isa Waley, Ketua Kurator bagi Naskhah parsi dan Turki di <a href="/wiki/Perpustakaan_British" title="Perpustakaan British">Perpustakaan British</a>, dipetik dengan berkata:<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Masyarakat Islam dahulu tidak kaya sangat untuk menyimpan kulit-kulit haiwan untuk berdekad lamanya dan untuk mengeluarkan sebuah Mushaf yang lengkap, atau salinan, Quran yang suci memerlukan banyak daripada mereka. Bukti pentarikhan karbon, kemudian, menunjukkan bahawa Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Cadbury Birmingham merupakan rumah kepada penyelamat yang berharga yang – dalam pandangan surah-surah termasuk – akan sekali di pusat sebuah Mushaf dari tempoh itu. Dan ia nampaknya membiarkan membuka kemungkinan bahawa penyusunan Uthman berlaku lebih awal daripada yang difikirkan – atau mungkin, dapat dipercayai, yang folio-folio ini wujud sebelum proses ini. Dalam mana-mana kes, ini – bersama-sama dengan keindahan semata-mata kandungannya dan yang menghairankan khat Hijazi yang jelas – ialah berita untuk menggembirakan hati-hati orang Islam.</p></blockquote> <p>David Thomas, profesor Kristian dan Islam di Universiti Birmingham dipetik dengan berkata:<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6366573"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ujian-ujian yang dijalankan pada kertas kulit itu daripada folio-folio Birmingham menghasilkan kebarangkalian yang kuat bahawa haiwan itu dari mana ia diambil masih hidup semasa hayat Nabi Muhammad atau tidak lama selepas itu. Ini bermakna bahawa bahagian-bahagian daripada Quran yang ditulis atas kertas kulit boleh, dengan darjah keyakinan, ditarikhkan kepada kurang daripada dua dekad selepas kewafatan Nabi Muhammad. Bahagian ini mesti telah dalam bentuk yang sangat dekat dengan bentuk Quran yang dibaca hari ini, menyokong pandangan bahawa teks ini telah melalui perubahan sedikit atau tiada pengubahan dan ia boleh ditarikhkan ke titik yang sangat dekat dengan masa ia dipercayai diturunkan.</p></blockquote> <p>Dr Saud al-Sarhan, Pengarah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yayasan_Raja_Faisal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yayasan Raja Faisal (laman tidak wujud)">Pusat bagi Penyelidikan dan Pengajian Islam</a> di <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, lebih meragukan; mempersoalkan sama ada kertas kulit itu mungkin telah digunakan semula sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palimpses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palimpses (laman tidak wujud)">palimpses</a>, dan juga menyatakan bahawa tulisan itu mempunyai pemisah surah dan pengakhir ayat bertitik – ciri-ciri dalam <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Arab">tulisan Arab</a> yang dipercayai tidak diperkenalkan kepada Qur'an sehingga kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritikan Dr Saud telah disokong oleh sebilangan pakar berasaskan Arab Saudi dalam sejarah Quran yang dengan kerasnya membantah sebarang spekulasi yang Quran Birmingham/Paris mungkin telah ditulis semasa hayat Nabi Muhammad. Mereka menekankan bahawa, ketika Nabi masih hidup, teks Quran telah ditulis tanpa sebarang hiasan surah, ditanda pengakhir ayat atau penggunaan dakwat berwarna; dan tidak mengikut sebarang urutan piawai surah. Mereka mempertahankan bahawa ciri ini telah diperkenalkan ke dalam amalan Quran pada zaman Khalifah Uthman, maka ia akan menjadi tidak mustahil bahawa lembaran Birmingham mungkin telah ditulis kemudian, tetapi tidak lebih awal. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profesor Süleyman Berk dari fakulti pengajian Islam di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Yalova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Yalova (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Yalova</a> telah menyatakan persamaan yang kuat antara tulisan lembaran Birmingham dan yang lain sebilangan Quran Hijaz dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Turki_dan_Seni_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Turki dan Seni Islam (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Turki dan Seni Islam</a>; yang telah dibawa ke Istanbul dari <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Agung_Damsyik" title="Masjid Agung Damsyik">Masjid Agung Damsyik</a> berikutan sebuah kebakaran pada tahun 1893. Professor Berk mengimbas kembali bahawa naskhah-naskhah ini telah dikaji secara intensif dalam persatuan dengan pameran mengenai sejarah Quran, <i>The Quran in its 1,400th Year</i> diadakan di Istanbul pada tahun 2010, dan penemuan diterbit oleh François Déroche sebagai <i>Qur’ans of the Umayyads</i> pada tahun 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam pengajian itu, Quran Paris, BnF Arabe 328(c), dibandingkan dengan Quran-Quran di Istanbul, dan disimpulkan dengan ditulis "sekitar akhir abad ketujuh dan permulaan abad kelapan."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profesor Joseph E. B. Lumbard dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Brandeis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Brandeis (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Brandeis</a> telah ditulis dalam <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i> dengan sokongan tarikh yang dicadangkan oleh para cendekiawan Birmingham. Profesor Lumbard menyatakan bahawa penemuan teks Quran yang boleh disahkan oleh pentarikhan radiokarbon sebagai telah ditulis pada dekad pertama era Islam, ketika membentangkan teks dengan ketara selaras dengan yang biasanya diterima, menguatkan kata sepakat akademik yang menunjukkan banyak ragu-ragu Barat dan teori-teori 'revisionis' asal usul Quran kini tidak dapat dipertahankan dalam cahaya penemuan empirikal. Manakala, sebaliknya, keterangan sebaliknya asal usul Quran dalam ajaran Islam klasik berdiri dengan baik dalam cahaya penemuan saintifik yang berterusan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Latar belakang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Latar belakang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koleksi Mingana, terdiri daripada lebih 3,000 dokumen, telah disusun oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Mingana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Mingana (laman tidak wujud)">Alphonse Mingana</a>, pada tahun 1920-an,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan telah dibiayai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Cadbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Cadbury (laman tidak wujud)">Edward Cadbury</a>, seorang dermawan dan usahawan pembuatan coklat berasaskan Birmingham <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_Cadbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga Cadbury (laman tidak wujud)">keluarga Cadbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825091624/http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/Collections/Mingana/Islamic_Arabic_1572a/table/">"Virtual Manuscript Room"</a> [Bilik Naskhah Maya] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Birmingham" title="Universiti Birmingham">Universiti Birmingham</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/Collections/Mingana/Islamic_Arabic_1572a/table/">yang asal</a> pada 2015-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Manuscript+Room&rft.pub=Universiti+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvmr.bham.ac.uk%2FCollections%2FMingana%2FIslamic_Arabic_1572a%2Ftable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx">"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world"</a> [Naskhah Quran Birmingham bertarikh antara yang tertua di dunia] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Birmingham" title="Universiti Birmingham">Universiti Birmingham</a>. 22 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Qur%27an+manuscript+dated+among+the+oldest+in+the+world&rft.pub=Universiti+Birmingham&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F2015%2F07%2Fquran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-33436021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33436021">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"</a> [Cebisan Quran 'tertua' telah ditemui di Universiti Birmingham] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 22 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Oldest%27+Koran+fragments+found+in+Birmingham+University&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-33436021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/22/europe/uk-quran-birmingham-manuscript/">"Tests show UK Quran manuscript is among world's oldest"</a> [Ujian menunjukkan naskhah Quran UK antara yang tertua di dunia] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 22 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tests+show+UK+Quran+manuscript+is+among+world%27s+oldest&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F22%2Feurope%2Fuk-quran-birmingham-manuscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2015" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (22 Julai 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/oldest-quran-fragments-found-at-birmingham-university">"Oldest Quran fragments found at Birmingham University"</a> [Cebisan Quran tertua ditemui di Universiti Birmingham]. <i>The Guardian</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Oldest+Quran+fragments+found+at+Birmingham+University&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F22%2Foldest-quran-fragments-found-at-birmingham-university&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAuthi2015" class="citation news cs1">Authi, Jasbir (22 Julai 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/worldwide-media-frenzy-oldest-koran-9710028">"Worldwide media frenzy as 'oldest Koran' found lying forgotten at University of Birmingham"</a> [Riuh media seluruh dunia apabila 'Quran tertua' ditemui berbaring dilupakan di Universiti Birmingham]. <i>Birmingham Mail</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=Worldwide+media+frenzy+as+%27oldest+Koran%27+found+lying+forgotten+at+University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.aulast=Authi&rft.aufirst=Jasbir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmidlands-news%2Fworldwide-media-frenzy-oldest-koran-9710028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iqsaweb.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/qmmc/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>The Qur'anic Manuscripts of the Mingana Collection and their Electronic Edition<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a> ['Naskhah Quran Koleksi Mingana dan Edisi Elektroniknya]. <i>Blog Persatuan Pengajian Quran</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 18 Mac 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog+Persatuan+Pengajian+Quran&rft.atitle=%27The+Qur%E2%80%99anic+Manuscripts+of+the+Mingana+Collection+and+their+Electronic+Edition%27&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiqsaweb.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2Fqmmc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Déroche_2009_121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Déroche_2009_121_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Déroche_2009_121_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDéroche2009" class="citation book cs1">Déroche, François (2009). <i>La transmission écrite du Coran dans les débuts de l'islam: le codex Parisino-petropolitanus</i> [<i>Penghantaran bertulis daripada Quran pada zaman awal Islam: codex Parisino-petropolitanus</i>] (dalam bahasa Perancis). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. m/s. 121. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9004172726" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9004172726"><bdi>9004172726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+transmission+%C3%A9crite+du+Coran+dans+les+d%C3%A9buts+de+l%27islam%3A+le+codex+Parisino-petropolitanus&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9004172726&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9roche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpuscoranicum.de/handschriften/index/sure/10/vers/35/?handschrift=158">"Ms. Paris BnF Arabe 328 (c)"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Coranicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Coranicum (laman tidak wujud)">Corpus Coranicum</a></i> (dalam bahasa Jerman)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corpus+Coranicum&rft.atitle=Ms.+Paris+BnF+Arabe+328+%28c%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpuscoranicum.de%2Fhandschriften%2Findex%2Fsure%2F10%2Fvers%2F35%2F%3Fhandschrift%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congratulations-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congratulations_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/itsee/news/2015/alba-fedeli-phd.aspx">"Congratulations to Dr Alba Fedeli"</a> [Tahniah kepada Dr Alba Fedeli] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Birmingham" title="Universiti Birmingham">Universiti Birmingham</a>. 10 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congratulations+to+Dr+Alba+Fedeli&rft.pub=Universiti+Birmingham&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Factivity%2Fitsee%2Fnews%2F2015%2Falba-fedeli-phd.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, memberi 8 Jun 632, ajaran Islam yang utama. Banyak ajaran (kebanyakan bukan Islam) awal merujuk kepadanya masih hidup pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Levant_oleh_Muslim" title="Penaklukan Levant oleh Muslim">penaklukan Palestin</a>. Lihat Stephen J. Shoemaker,<i>The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Petikan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada halaman tertentu atau muka surat yang mempunyai bahan tersebut muncul. (Ogos 2014)">halaman diperlukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Universiti Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman_2006_136–139-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_2006_136–139_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2006). "Canon". <i>The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia</i> [<i>Quran: sebuah ensiklopedia</i>] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York, NY: Routledge. m/s. 136–139. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-415-32639-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-415-32639-7"><bdi>0-415-32639-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=136-139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32639-7&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Bilefsky2015" class="citation cs2">Dan Bilefsky (22 Julai 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/world/europe/quran-fragments-university-birmingham.html">"A Find in Britain: Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam"</a> [Sebuah Penemuan di Britain: Cebisan Quran Mungkin Tertua Islam], <i>The New York Times</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Find+in+Britain%3A+Quran+Fragments+Perhaps+as+Old+as+Islam&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.au=Dan+Bilefsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fquran-fragments-university-birmingham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906130646/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150727251595">"Experts doubt oldest Quran claim"</a> [Pakar meragui Quran tertua yang didakwa]. <i>Saudi Gazette</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 27 Julai 2015. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150727251595">yang asal</a> pada 2015-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=Experts+doubt+oldest+Quran+claim&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhome.regcon%26contentid%3D20150727251595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDéroche2013" class="citation book cs1">Déroche, François (2013). <i>Qur’ans of the Umayyads: a first overview</i> [<i>Quran Umaiyah: sebuah gambaran pertama</i>] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Brill Publishers. m/s. 67–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%E2%80%99ans+of+the+Umayyads%3A+a+first+overview&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9roche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/history/2015/07/27/oldest-quran-still-a-matter-of-controversy">"Oldest Quran still a matter of controversy"</a> [Quran tertua masih menjadi perkara kontroversi]. <i>Daily Sabah</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 27 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Oldest+Quran+still+a+matter+of+controversy&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fhistory%2F2015%2F07%2F27%2Foldest-quran-still-a-matter-of-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-e-b-lumbard/new-light-on-the-history-_b_7864930.html">"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?"</a> [Cahaya Baharu pada Sejarah Teks Quran?]. <i>The Huffington Post</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 24 Julai 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 Julai</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+History+of+the+Quranic+Text%3F&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjoseph-e-b-lumbard%2Fnew-light-on-the-history-_b_7864930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANaskhah+Quran+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naskhah_Quran_Birmingham&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript?uselang=ms">Naskhah Quran Birmingham</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/events/quran-manuscript/index.aspx">Pameran awam naskhah Quran Birmingham</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; 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