CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a04a1e39fce3',cH: 'JeN1itu_dlyMYDnGumCcCcSkTkmPO.QZP2NFQiocRcY-1739793721-1.2.1.1-cJvVEvwMfOuwDCtPkvKGT7q_DCl6KY8HtFXTX.NhVOCEV26iBkLctIMgsK6gh8c5',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Raji%20Arabi%20Bamanga&__cf_chl_tk=5WGJmzJsKXGn5XtswgYw7k2aG1YzSwaLXkQnAqxPhAQ-1739793721-1.0.1.1-MKkYGnSF7Q7n6uwjLb4ekP5iHBbFLiqFuZy_fieRjEQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793721',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Raji%20Arabi%20Bamanga&__cf_chl_f_tk=5WGJmzJsKXGn5XtswgYw7k2aG1YzSwaLXkQnAqxPhAQ-1739793721-1.0.1.1-MKkYGnSF7Q7n6uwjLb4ekP5iHBbFLiqFuZy_fieRjEQ",md: "zDglk.fciuNvpVa0VzJiujoYgiUQND_Nz8LRJ6T7Cpw-1739793721-1.2.1.1-fL1.1V6Cgj7beqvjEhiLgoVtZtnF1Sl3.vRqtio6.PyxjBXDggzA2habaMfIMbb3RuJSAG5p6Xe0wd9chG0_NmE4nxojctfhZopwZUIhFxdbzRznmWR1E25AQs7nS0SxGwRYvgYIaUxnroy1eapKM.RhQOhvmWyhJaevS7qM4DG4Db0X5VeJqeWb7l1yQNtieQtvsY8j5Vh8u0XB7ppKM9WgbE6_jc4A04LGN9AtOIk2sZOYTBpQKxpYSiXWS5vgY2CLRSzM_AMDZMCoDw6N8F1fCJ4WfZLFNmGnzTncEOE9D4m8RzD8tVNamr0XHHLGAhnNII65U9Tjuh3Rxr9.vtGHBtXdBbW29oYWAH3yIBsj0xPP_zCJdLhuuDywOIBMD1AQoSnOroOMwsfZvHaznQOJY.U3F7NMl.nIAKiIjvbi06L5JoMfaP0.AHQvBSPdb4OXl1w_nEttS4qSGCX25W3gwpXrhz7YDylesIwkn.HlivKGsTccQVwGaqqO_BeLN1UWc9Y01kwPN_qSgoxR4ppHGokK.i7TkbFuaQBjKEUvIs90Hinc7lmJIGi2XOQ7eRLB19OM1IceoUyQpnqM5NVdf09w4RyOxjAvZHzWTJ_MvGTXNUhxpfgyFRABgl4l.M5xTm7ZQgDBKuF8n8UGVsIsJ_NeJgMzW2oHveyUT7lYadJpSL0ZU0MtgOGQV5YJeY0AjsXZeTN7OxPWAuOqBn4Lm0fyoa1V9UOK5IboI6pPH5zBkTKRQp_vxQr7N4A24syNNlHcriBhsZ6ONXIiR.a51QsCNfh7GAfeWmh7y11LIJrr6_iRSki8VZi3HkXPCKVg2H_dOp_RenJigGNgamfRT6hw7dEl.osWNEFiROvSyvw4Y4im49khIEGcNjmuwTXjz8aaf4KCpz4tcpnPLrU.OwSA.LfH2RNaJ6F2JZqIlxnCU5hqUmCihsKit_MeU5GiWOCYDXF05SEXZ.WgYdU25Yd7ycnwfZIM060geAVFnj0v3Cfo2ccKunW7G0J_V.kFGPok3vSym7qbFMwgzbxn3.wnjPJ7adzD5.2jRfGbcwZ_uBg01kLjYXhQFtXRPmBf.wH_XSsl5EM8GdDyPa8NSfK_9fFnscmmTzQlqlibnG2ZeaqOmRKvD0zi0eIZ0JKLrd7XsRrVFfaxE8.fBSX2aJ_3SYMB.oTlELS77hKfjCxyVb4LXIBZLQBo7iBD19PXtDXOGIZGKExuJKxZz4s1tMG1bt2xJB3iiC6zbDIrC.Wcg2MbcYLuXBnPT9YDXj.jkgeUzrQknW7RhoR81I0lTNcllMcRZtQqWELdAcZgDIaoE0SdT7mT9mhJvk6sorzWXtJ33SPP7o_c6J3MYBwUMmJdb_iV6224y7Y5sVfWV2OwdaUO_l88xGnq3a0PioWLqkbbyGlt8BWD_GcQ4e__Arrjqrerh50iRV2nbgP5pZvlmKoP9AqqXZzC4AaX.L0XeVSOoKftJX1OSqXG9E0y.TlPGlzKCQY.hDBDEfGGPi29po2Vj7cK8mckpMaAqIo2IoBEunuYI0Xuk58Oa1UeH0LNLaDdN1suriU7qHqEX701Ji3B7Z1oXguGJdGOJySguSbJFyvKFLnb0ZXlav8bdSw3CzhJIjqXLJSAy0CY.4RcReDw81GXk0pF.mbLhjnhabVoMIJrWi3D6O8Z9QVF.hNp2X3R4GAWUCzkzg9K7UVtSHc9mMZbzVstnOCz.JOS6fxn.5yfU.W21DSkg61kUgmsp3VOHopADvaOjNNXGAmAFyoyZYiHLIHRb.Fntce17E34V2TIrOynJGzYmhQ4SbumAyT.Rw9ELBsWBvbZNNsx5IVXx_VdM2vkidm_HV0hNdvXKjr5fbBsemT6jBv_W.WCbw0AL4l.fpr126Rb6vOKZASVBKu7vtbwDvXGPxijMdnaT7ne6bOvOl79078nyksX5mzxfY6gdUfM8u36_z2Kla2IIv.ddlUVIdG0",mdrd: "eZocsjDIvbXhQpWWcdI5nuO.b6N7Z9HoKYEFI_5eJ3E-1739793721-1.2.1.1-KY2wxJ9hl5O_M75VU4HD11kE8nSpze4pZciJzcbdKhgxvzcTYs6SD1epBUnFyXtx.Ytf4_xpz.6ePD5.6_UVkzRtNASz3hTP_oGSAU7qX7tCA5vCyJ6Ii1sFIexMoS6otlh18Je99qTvYU3INbdz2oawk3f4Czvq1xurhAp3VF9cs7E7UkxJXUg5eo66C2D2.n1vGQ1lSqrIe2AqsyQj1P6wtMT5HFI8QlzxoNXfbf8C868HwHeyzBLTDuGtoqnmpD0fieySW3KIw2JiT.gT1qYrX4OjMWiuX6KcjO0d1SOeqOeuQ4i0pKrJL46l8xMHgCd.IEIiFaSPg_Y5N44fOnu46b7T.eGzxVAfVvkZNvwI7i7eAexvN6P8f5BCbqbeNduY7Ld2CKp6xa7iihMYrkom_1pX2rFcJuRVCM_nDrFpYAYkKZ_vTz7d7j6A1SHX8ZXX0Zi4EqLXXTUSWmTv7Qlyv5HI69E2BXxliiAtTM0SaN1Pjn8oMnPoFxP1T19ATDLiBfRCJxYgKmSSRMM.UecJ7zfn3GWkbRqxPxV7iZ8GbTvIVKfopYvEXHojNt2WamDNU_y.ngHl9rDjT7HEPgRUgpgi66ZsiYMRMf45wmGFxtdkd2U1Y8dWLHji8X_ZjDbJTj2B8PdLQriMvj1dbEsMXGnBtd4RgeV77riIDbU1tnzbqjs.x0ZK3OEAk8viMdlVBFzanOp04ciIuzcJlLA6crCi4hIgaaKw9W44p7fhTrC5_eIFB5BJ9RiZG2H7hwVgZa65ItQRg4Ns70DE0DoVp9Pc3ZFTRdM8FjkWYdiMHrx_sZ7G6YSmp95Ddm.GPjF.TlgyOueFc25UUEkLRNeY5s9M7fyM_u3nC49ay8wEm6h1ZkNwMFq0SkynOAHUOJryxQGvXzsHvMaHaTdFi6JP_1N7AlXXnNlUqvxjOa_2o6y1xZHd7oH5ckuE53l2dVaUr.RedCS3bDmrxjz0ydT_zVy9kfBoWHlxzXO61lnYERWzcejKjmlh1pyNSOcY394Y_TlfhDXcr0YU1XsYkFHxbLnvERGX47h.0QA1hIKqmLHbwKdAYxP4omYukV08xp4EjmNCuaSujZ2_rp4uTce7tFgP9CmjyOrGHiPRFtU40XJLgTnorYZmwiQZuzrpqh1RvzkL6S0DSJr15ZC1LY3LX5zgCE4bVedr92eoUpWN3KLJXudxG8tvDrPtNQTAYiuRDIFt9HQmYcNf5KVl1Du1lTZoM.IAzWhjucJ15IfIWayxyXdPYDIDEnVr8JeIIGQjJdaJEbsw7c54.8Ago41zCIBnUt2NlV6Yigl1fTddPe2TvhT_gPUXG_uqDcVV0ES8UzTbj12cGfZdRLUFmk_qfWP_PBe0OjMeggqhK9OHuP_2XBzpykkI7jL2FsJu9c9BMP9J4Nw8VxTQHG.AFgIbuxdimi.BqtwtruN.YaiKj_27lH95iIPTqmvRFSclhCpjnUM0nTkicu1e78thA9M_FUyr5mDLPAyG6EehF3SJ85Wai4kutW6NakfQryFoVQW1rYh8YF8KSa6GtruaEkCOr7INonwR_KseVkIfPcnBhaxUZjhlRg.FsZs5PMgBgrkLYM_sh3W9DxDmG0Rt518vNTlcojZqwvpCSPaVTHFCJNPzpLchXbDo0upmEQ4mdjG1hc8SQejD9Z9k6tDqbZwjKURVOl5Fy2isf7y_7tfDLjCn03SX.tAhuQQMaP1ktigDHwYxUF9i8MySQbjoLYVh.r5Qx.75IJNwGJBS_Il5Zi3PkUkkcycJxxrNQxC5rSPNtmZuT93KWod7Pv7H4JcARD5TCyWRyABGSbOpax3LWbn8r_S1O_z6ZPzPhkOrJw6g3duRE6Qno0srU2ymZKIcHIB.l4Uq1otZIIRhFW_r3yWa_hKEltVMatFlnpUOPik_UDD5KoPQkXtD3Rt9keuMS2Z8h.XT8aw4MyVFs4s_42M6sJMQa7MGBSTde7AxUGZdubtrcfxjE7.B8uTHnA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a04a1e39fce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Raji%20Arabi%20Bamanga&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5WGJmzJsKXGn5XtswgYw7k2aG1YzSwaLXkQnAqxPhAQ-1739793721-1.0.1.1-MKkYGnSF7Q7n6uwjLb4ekP5iHBbFLiqFuZy_fieRjEQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>