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Доступно на 78 языках" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 чӀалар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%86" title="علم أسماء الأماكن — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم أسماء الأماكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="توپونیمیکا — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپونیمیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тапаніміка — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тапаніміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топонимия — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топонимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="टोपोनिमी — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोपोनिमी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থান-নাম তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lec%27hanvadurezh" title="Lec'hanvadurezh — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lec'hanvadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-m%C3%ACng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-mìng-hŏk — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-mìng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymeg" title="Toponymeg — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toponymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stednavn" title="Stednavn — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stednavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastik" title="Toponomastik — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toponomastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Toponymy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%BC%C3%BCmika" title="Toponüümika — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toponüümika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جای‌نام‌شناسی — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جای‌نام‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikannimitutkimus" title="Paikannimitutkimus — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikannimitutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimy" title="Toponimy — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toponimy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופונימיה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופונימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थान नामिकी — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थान नामिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղանվանաբանություն — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղանվանաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymia" title="Toponymia — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toponymia" data-language-autonym="İnterlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İnterlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rnefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Örnefnafræði — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örnefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastica" title="Toponomastica — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toponomastica" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტოპონიმიკა — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპონიმიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — каракалпакский" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%ED%95%99" title="지명학 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C4%ABmija" title="Toponīmija — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toponīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Топоним — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥലനാമപഠനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponim" title="Toponim — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toponim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym" title="Toponym — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toponym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymie" title="Toponymie — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toponymie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadnamn" title="Stadnamn — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stadnamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymi" title="Toponymi — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toponymi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Топонимикæ — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Топонимикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topon%C3%ADmia" title="Toponímia — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toponímia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimie" title="Toponimie — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toponimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomastika" title="Toponomastika — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toponomastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimia" title="Toponimia — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топономастика — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топономастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortnamnsforskning" title="Ortnamnsforskning — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortnamnsforskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடப்பெயர் ஆய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูมินามวิทยา — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมินามวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — туркменский" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toponimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топонимика — тувинский" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Топоніміка — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топоніміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimika" title="Toponimika — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toponimika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa danh học — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa danh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponimeye" title="Toponimeye — валлонский" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toponimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地名学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="地名學 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地名學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ЧӀаларин арадавай элячӀунар дуьзар хъувун" class="wbc-editpage">ЭлячӀунар дуьзар хъувун</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ТӀварарин генгвилер"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макъалада авайбриз килига [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Ччин</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" rel="discussion" title="Къене авайбурун ччин веревирд авун [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Веревирд авун</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Изменить вариант языка" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">лезги</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Килигунар"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0"><span>КӀелун</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit" title="И ччин дуьзар хъувун [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Дуьзар хъувун</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Внешний вид</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">переместить в боковую панель</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">чуьнуьхун</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедиядихъай</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lez" dir="ltr"><p><b>Топонимика</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дегьгрек чӀал (ихьтин ччин авайди туш)">дегь-грек.</a> <span lang="grc"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">τόπος</span></span> (topos) «топос» гафуни «чка», <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дегьгрек чӀал (ихьтин ччин авайди туш)">дегь-грек.</a> <span lang="grc"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">ὄνομα</span></span> (onoma) «онома» гафуни «тӀвар» хьтин манаяр гузва) — чкадин тӀварарикай рахазвай илим я. Санлай топонимикади умуми илимда гьихьтин чка кьазватӀа, гьелелиг кьетӀидиз тайинарнавач. Са бязи алимри топонимика тарих илимдин са хел, муькуьбуру географиядин хел, чӀалан алимри ономастикадин хел яз гьисабзава. ЧӀалан алимри адаз гьатта «Топономастика» хьтин тӀварни ганва. Эхиримжи йисарин ахтармишунрилай гуьгъуьниз алимар ихьтин къарардиз атанва: Топонимика пуд илимдин — тарихдин, географиядин ва чӀалан илимрин бинедаллаз арадиз атанвай цӀийи илим я. Ибурукай сад квачиз топонимар бегьемдиз чириз жедач. Амма им акӀ лагьай чӀал туш хьи, топонимар чирун патал и пуд илим бес я. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Чешне "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Топонимика&oldid=90876">https://lez.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Топонимика&oldid=90876</a>" я</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Служебная:Категории">Категорияр</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:География">География</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категория:Топонимика">Топонимика</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ччинин эхиримжи масакӀа хьун: 23 январь 2023, 06:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a> лицензиядал гъил агакьдай я, чара-чара гьалара алава шартӀар хьун мумкин я. 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