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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheat diseases</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_diseases">Principal diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principal diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">List of wheat diseases</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_yellow_dwarf_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barley yellow dwarf virus">Barley yellow dwarf virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/BYDV" class="mw-redirect" title="BYDV">BYDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown rust">Brown rust</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_recondita" title="Puccinia recondita">Puccinia recondita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_bunt" title="Common bunt">Common bunt</a> (aka Covered smut) <i><a href="/wiki/Tilletia_caries" title="Tilletia caries">Tilletia caries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">Ergot</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(wheat)" title="Eyespot (wheat)">Eyespot</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tapesia_yallundae" title="Tapesia yallundae">Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glume_blotch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glume blotch (page does not exist)">Glume blotch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Septoria_nodorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Septoria nodorum">Septoria nodorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septoria_leaf_blotch" class="mw-redirect" title="Septoria leaf blotch">septoria leaf blotch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mycosphaerella_graminicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosphaerella graminicola">Mycosphaerella graminicola</a></i>, synonyms: <i>Septoria tritici</i>, <i>Zymoseptoria tritici</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">Mildew</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_graminis" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysiphe graminis">Erysiphe graminis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seedling_blight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seedling blight (page does not exist)">Seedling blight</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> spp., <i>Septoria nodorum</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharp_eyespot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharp eyespot (page does not exist)">Sharp eyespot</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia_cerealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizoctonia cerealis">Rhizoctonia cerealis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_blotch_(wheat)" title="Spot blotch (wheat)">Spot blotch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cochliobolus_sativus" title="Cochliobolus sativus">Biplolaris sorokiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-all" title="Take-all">Take-all</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gaeumannomyces_graminis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeumannomyces graminis">Gaeumannomyces graminis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan spot">Tan spot</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrenophora_tritici-repentis" title="Pyrenophora tritici-repentis">Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow rust">Yellow rust</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_striiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccinia striiformis">Puccinia striiformis</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> are at risk from numerous diseases due to the level of intensification necessary for profitable production since the 1970s. More recently varietal diversification, good plant breeding and the availability of effective fungicides have played a prominent part in cereal disease control. Use of break crops and good rotations are also good cultural control measures. The demise of UK straw burning in the 1980s also increased the importance of good disease control. </p><p>Active control measures include use of chemical seed treatments for seed-borne diseases and chemical spray applications for leaf and ear diseases. Development of resistance by diseases to established chemicals has been a problem during the previous 30 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_USA">In the USA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wheat is subject to more diseases than other grains, and, in some seasons, especially in wet ones, heavier losses are sustained from those diseases than are in other cereal crops. Wheat may suffer from the attack of insects at the root; from blight, which primarily affects the leaf or <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, and ultimately deprives the grain of sufficient nourishment; from mildew on the ear; and from gum of different shades, which lodges on the chaff or cups in which the grain is deposited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungicides">Fungicides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fungicides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungicides used on wheat, grouped by type, with examples of the active chemical ingredient: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzimidazoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzimidazoles">Benzimidazoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benomyl" title="Benomyl">benomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbendazim" title="Carbendazim">carbendazim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergosterol_biosynthesis_inhibitors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (page does not exist)">Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flutriafol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flutriafol (page does not exist)">flutriafol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraconazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraconazole (page does not exist)">tetraconazole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine" title="Morpholine">Morpholines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropimorph" title="Fenpropimorph">fenpropimorph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase#Inhibitors" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors</a> (SDHI) <ul><li>Succinate-analogue inhibitors</li> <li>Ubiquinone type inhibitors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boscalid" title="Boscalid">boscalid</a>, a pyridine-carboxamide<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluopyram" title="Fluopyram">fluopyram</a>, a pyrimide (pyridinyl ethylbenzamide)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxapyroxad" title="Fluxapyroxad">fluxapyroxad</a>, a pyrazole-carboxamide<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycarboxin" title="Oxycarboxin">oxycarboxin</a>, oxathiin-carboxamide<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strobylurines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strobylurines (page does not exist)">Strobylurines</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kresoxim-methyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kresoxim-methyl (page does not exist)">kresoxim-methyl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalonitrile" title="Phthalonitrile">Phthalonitriles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorothalonil" title="Chlorothalonil">chlorothalonil</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/160/665/G54_Wheat_disease_management_guide_2012.pdf">"Wheat disease management guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HGCA, Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028200025/http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/160/665/G54_Wheat_disease_management_guide_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat+disease+management+guide&rft.pub=HGCA%2C+Agriculture+and+Horticulture+Development+Board&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadlib.everysite.co.uk%2Fresources%2F000%2F160%2F665%2FG54_Wheat_disease_management_guide_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.mtt.fi/portal/page/portal/mtt_en/mtt/facilities/testing_PPs/trialresults/2012/Fungicides1/SeedTreatmentFungicides.pdf">"Cereals/Seed Treatment Trials: Efficacy of seed treatment fungicides in spring barley and spring wheat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MTT Agrifood Research Finland. 23 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028194739/https://portal.mtt.fi/portal/page/portal/mtt_en/mtt/facilities/testing_PPs/trialresults/2012/Fungicides1/SeedTreatmentFungicides.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cereals%2FSeed+Treatment+Trials%3A+Efficacy+of+seed+treatment+fungicides+in+spring+barley+and+spring+wheat&rft.pub=MTT+Agrifood+Research+Finland&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.mtt.fi%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fmtt_en%2Fmtt%2Ffacilities%2Ftesting_PPs%2Ftrialresults%2F2012%2FFungicides1%2FSeedTreatmentFungicides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J.Grimmer,_M.Waterhouse,_S.Paveley,_N.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, J.; Grimmer, M.; Waterhouse, S. & Paveley, N. (2013). "Quantifying the non-fungicidal effects of foliar applications of fluxapyroxad (Xemium) on stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and yield in winter wheat". <i>Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences</i>. <b>78</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">523–</span>535. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151827">25151827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+in+Agricultural+and+Applied+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+non-fungicidal+effects+of+foliar+applications+of+fluxapyroxad+%28Xemium%29+on+stomatal+conductance%2C+water+use+efficiency+and+yield+in+winter+wheat&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E535&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25151827&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.&rft.au=Grimmer%2C+M.&rft.au=Waterhouse%2C+S.&rft.au=Paveley%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25151827">Abstract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowell,_J._B.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Rowell, J. B. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1976Articles/Phyto66n09_1129.pdf">"Controlof Leaf Rust on Spring Wheat by Seed Treatment with 4-N-butyl-1.2.4-triazole"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phytopathology</i>. <b>66</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1129–</span>1134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2Fphyto-66-1129">10.1094/phyto-66-1129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175245/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1976Articles/Phyto66n09_1129.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Controlof+Leaf+Rust+on+Spring+Wheat+by+Seed+Treatment+with+4-N-butyl-1.2.4-triazole&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1129-%3C%2Fspan%3E1134&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1094%2Fphyto-66-1129&rft.au=Rowell%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fpublications%2Fphytopathology%2Fbackissues%2FDocuments%2F1976Articles%2FPhyto66n09_1129.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cook, R. James and Veseth, Roger (1991) <i>Wheat Health Management</i> APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89054-111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89054-111-1">978-0-89054-111-1</a></li> <li>Gair, R,; Jenkins, J. E. E.; Lester, E. and Bassett, Peter (1987) <i>Cereal Pests and Diseases</i> (4th edition) Farming Press, Ipswich, England, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-164-1">978-0-85236-164-1</a></li> <li>Sharma, Indu (editor) (2012). <i>Disease Resistance in Wheat</i> CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-818-5">978-1-84593-818-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AhQDB93iBEC">Google books</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/wheatpests.html">Wheat Diseases and Pests: A Guide for Field Identification</a> Excellent color guide from <a href="/wiki/CIMMYT" class="mw-redirect" title="CIMMYT">CIMMYT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=36-40-05-00">USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory</a> Many information resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/plant2/mf2723.pdf">Identifying and Managing Wheat Rusts, Kansas State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cropmonitor.co.uk/"><b>CropMonitor</b> - UK Resource for in-season wheat disease control</a> Excellent tool for agronomists and growers</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillere2020" class="citation web cs1">Millere, Marta (2020-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cimmyt.org/news/crossing-boundaries/">"Crossing boundaries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center">CIMMYT</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIMMYT&rft.atitle=Crossing+boundaries&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.aulast=Millere&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cimmyt.org%2Fnews%2Fcrossing-boundaries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahm2020" class="citation web cs1">Dahm, Madeline (2020-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wheat.org/dave-hodson-highlights-major-breakthroughs-in-rust-disease-response-at-the-2020-borlaug-global-rust-initiative-technical-workshop/">"Dave Hodson highlights "major breakthroughs" in rust disease response at the 2020 Borlaug Global Rust Initiative Technical Workshop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a> WHEAT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CGIAR+WHEAT&rft.atitle=Dave+Hodson+highlights+%22major+breakthroughs%22+in+rust+disease+response+at+the+2020+Borlaug+Global+Rust+Initiative+Technical+Workshop&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft.aulast=Dahm&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwheat.org%2Fdave-hodson-highlights-major-breakthroughs-in-rust-disease-response-at-the-2020-borlaug-global-rust-initiative-technical-workshop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheat+diseases" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Wheat" title="Template:Wheat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheat" title="Template talk:Wheat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheat271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/120px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/180px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/240px-USDA_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheat diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_mildew" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>None</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat" title="Category:Wheat">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&oldid=1206188051">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat_diseases&oldid=1206188051</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat_diseases" title="Category:Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat" title="Category:Wheat">Wheat</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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