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<span>Pitch accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time-related_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-related_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Time-related words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-related_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc--nai_(無い)_stem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-nai_(無い)_stem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.1</span> <span>-<i>nai</i> (無い) stem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--nai_(無い)_stem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Negative form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusive_da_(だ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusive_da_(だ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conclusive <i>da</i> (だ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusive_da_(だ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euphonic_change_of_shi_(し)_→_i_(い)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euphonic_change_of_shi_(し)_→_i_(い)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Euphonic change of <i>shi</i> (し) → <i>i</i> (い)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euphonic_change_of_shi_(し)_→_i_(い)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volitional_/_invitational_be_(べ),_zu/su_(ず/す)_and_kka_(っか)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volitional_/_invitational_be_(べ),_zu/su_(ず/す)_and_kka_(っか)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Volitional / invitational <i>be</i> (べ), <i>zu/su</i> (ず/す) and <i>kka</i> (っか)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volitional_/_invitational_be_(べ),_zu/su_(ず/す)_and_kka_(っか)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invitational_zā_(ざあ)_and_mai_(まい)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invitational_zā_(ざあ)_and_mai_(まい)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Invitational <i>zā</i> (ざあ) and <i>mai</i> (まい)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invitational_zā_(ざあ)_and_mai_(まい)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjectural_zura_(ずら),_dara_(だら),_ra_(ら)_and_tsura_(つら)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjectural_zura_(ずら),_dara_(だら),_ra_(ら)_and_tsura_(つら)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Conjectural <i>zura</i> (ずら), <i>dara</i> (だら), <i>ra</i> (ら) and <i>tsura</i> (つら)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjectural_zura_(ずら),_dara_(だら),_ra_(ら)_and_tsura_(つら)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_tense_-ke_(-け)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_tense_-ke_(-け)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Past tense -<i>ke</i> (-け)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_tense_-ke_(-け)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reason_and_motive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reason_and_motive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Reason and motive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reason_and_motive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adversative_conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adversative_conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Adversative conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adversative_conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Imperative form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Potential form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Shizuoka dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">静岡弁</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png/200px-Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png/300px-Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png/400px-Prefectures_of_Japan_Shizuoka_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Shizuoka dialect area with eastern (dark green) and western (light green) features.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Japanese">Eastern Japanese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai-T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai-Tōsan dialect">Tōkai-Tōsan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Shizuoka dialect</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Eastern Shizuoka dialect</li> <li>Central Shizuoka dialect</li> <li>Western Shizuoka dialect</li> <li>Ikawa dialect</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shiz1237">shiz1237</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Shizuoka dialect</b> (Japanese: 静岡弁 <i>Shizuoka-ben</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialect</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka Prefecture</a>. In a narrow sense, this can refer purely to the Central Shizuoka dialect, whilst a broader definition encompasses all Shizuoka dialects. This article will focus on all dialects found in the prefecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_regional_variation">Classification and regional variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification and regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialects in Shizuoka Prefecture are classified as part of the so-called <i>nayashi</i> dialects (ナヤシ方言), a subdivision of the wider <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect">Tōkai-Tōsan group</a>, along with its close relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi</a> dialects. After the <i>nayashi</i> dialects, it is considered most similar to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect#Kantō_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect">West Kanto dialects</a>, although in recent decades there has been an increasingly strong resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">national standard</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch accent</a>. Although vocabulary and grammar also tend towards <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Eastern Japanese</a> in their basic elements, there is a marked increase the further one travels west in the usage of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese" title="Japanese dialects">Western Japanese</a> words and phrases, such as <i>oru</i> (おる <i>there is</i>, cognate with <i>iru</i> (いる) in Eastern Japanese) and <i>n</i> (ん (adjective used for negation), cognate with <i>nai</i> (ない)). This makes Shizuoka a well-known example of a prefecture with a noticeable divide between the two main branches of Japanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Note:</i> It is possible to subdivide Shizuoka dialects into groups based on the former provinces that existed there historically, which results in three dialects: the ‘Izu dialect’, ‘Suruga dialect’ and ‘Enshū dialect’. It is also possible to subdivide using the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ci_River" title="Ōi River">Ōi River</a> as a boundary between west and east to form an ‘Eastern dialect’, ‘West Suruga dialect’ and ‘Tōtōmi dialect’.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, however, the following subdivisions are proposed:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ol><li><b>Eastern Shizuoka dialect</b> - Includes areas east of the <a href="/wiki/Fuji_River" title="Fuji River">Fuji River</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Peninsula" title="Izu Peninsula">Izu Peninsula</a> and the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Suruga-ku,_Shizuoka" title="Suruga-ku, Shizuoka">Suraga</a>. It possesses features of both West Kanto and Nayashi dialects, including usage of the conjectural <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particle</a> <i>be</i> (べ), <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">not voicing</a> certain vowels and the use of the particles <i>zura</i> (ずら) and <i>ra</i> (ら).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Central Shizuoka dialect</b> - Includes areas west of the Fuji River and east of <a href="/wiki/Kakegawa,_Shizuoka" title="Kakegawa, Shizuoka">Kakegawa</a>. Includes the western part of Suruga and the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dmi_Province" title="Tōtōmi Province">Enshū</a>. The particle <i>be</i> is noticeably absent, and there is a characteristic usage of the past tense form -<i>ke</i> (-け).</li> <li><b>Western Shizuoka dialect</b> - Found in areas west of <a href="/wiki/Fukuroi,_Shizuoka" title="Fukuroi, Shizuoka">Fukuroi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mori,_Shizuoka" title="Mori, Shizuoka">Mori</a>. Includes all of Enshū save for its eastern region. In place of the invitational form <i>zā</i> (ざあ), which is commonly found in the Central Shizuoka dialect, the phrase <i>maika</i> (まいか) is used instead.</li> <li><b>Ikawa dialect</b> - Includes the upper reaches of the Ōi River and settlements such as the former village of <a href="/wiki/Ikawa,_Shizuoka" title="Ikawa, Shizuoka">Ikawa</a>. Due to historical isolation, it retains various archaic expressions and also lacks a pitch accent.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Phrases and particles used across Shizuoka </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arai,_Shizuoka" title="Arai, Shizuoka">Arai</a> </th> <th>Hamamatsu </th> <th>Kakegawa </th> <th>Ikawa </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka (city)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujinomiya,_Shizuoka" title="Fujinomiya, Shizuoka">Fujinomiya</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a> </th> <th>Izu Peninsula </th></tr> <tr> <th>Vowel unvoicing </th> <td colspan="2">Prominent </td> <td>Not prominent </td> <td>Prominent </td> <td>Not prominent </td> <td colspan="3">Prominent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative form </th> <td colspan="3">-<i>n</i> (-ん) </td> <td>-<i>n</i> (ん)<br />-<i>nō</i> (のう) </td> <td colspan="3">-<i>nyā</i> (にゃあ)<br />-<i>nē</i> (ねぇ)<br /><i>-nai</i> (ない) </td> <td>-<i>nē</i> (ねぇ)<br />-<i>nai</i> (ない) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past negative form </th> <td colspan="2"><i>nanda</i> (なんだ) </td> <td><i>nke</i> (んけ) </td> <td><i>-nke</i> (んけ)<br /><i>-nōkke</i> (のーっけ) </td> <td><i>-nyākki</i> (にゃあっき)<br />-<i>naikke</i> (ないっけ) </td> <td colspan="3"><i>nakatta</i> (なかった) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>iru</i> (居る) or <i>oru</i> (おる) </th> <td><i>oru</i> (おる) </td> <td colspan="7"><i>iru</i> (居る) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conjecture </th> <td colspan="6"><i>-dara</i> (だら)<br /><i>-zura</i> (ずら)<br /><i>-ra</i> (ら) </td> <td colspan="2">-<i>be</i> (べ)<br />-<i>zura</i> (ずら)<br />-<i>dara</i> (だら)<br /><i>-ra</i> (ら) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Invitation </th> <td colspan="2"><i>maika</i> (まいか) </td> <td colspan="2"><i>-maika</i> (まいか)<br /><i>-zā</i> (ざあ) </td> <td colspan="2"><i>-zā</i> (ざあ)<br />-<i>zuka</i> (ずか) </td> <td colspan="2">-<i>uka</i> (うか)<br />-<i>be yo</i> (べよ) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative of <i>miru</i> (見る <b><i>to see</i>)</b> </th> <td colspan="4"><i>myō</i> (みょー) </td> <td><i>-miro</i> (みろ)<br /><i>-mitekō</i> (みてこう) </td> <td colspan="3"><i>miro</i> (みろ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_and_Eastern_divide">Western and Eastern divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western and Eastern divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatical features are often employed as indicators to split Shizuoka dialects between Western and Eastern Japanese. Based on the usage of <i>n</i> (ん) (a western Japanese feature) over <i>nai</i> (ない) (Eastern Japanese), the border between Eastern and Western Japanese is located around <a href="/wiki/Shimada,_Shizuoka" title="Shimada, Shizuoka">Shimada</a> and the Ōi River. In contrast, the Western Japanese imperative form -<i>yo</i> (-よ) (as opposed to -<i>ro</i> (-ろ) in Eastern Japanese) is heard west of the Fuji River in the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects, whilst the Western Japanese present continuous form -<i>toru</i> (-とる, cognate with -<i>te iru</i> (-ている) in Eastern Japanese) is found west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hamana" title="Lake Hamana">Lake Hamana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_features">General features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most notably in the east of the prefecture, consecutive vowel sounds are often <a href="/wiki/Vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel merger">merged</a> in the following manner: </p> <ul><li><i>ai</i> (あい) → <b><i>ē</i> (えぇ)</b>, <b><i>yeā</i> (えぁあ)</b> or <b><i>yeā</i> (ゃあ)</b>.</li> <li><i>oi</i> (おい) and <i>ui</i> (うい) also fuse in a manner similar to what is found in the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya dialect</a>.</li></ul> <p>Although not generally present in Shimada and west of the Ōi River, vowel merging is sometimes heard around <a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>omae</i> (おまえ <i>you</i>) → <i><b>omyā</b></i> (<b>おめぁあ</b>)</li> <li><i>zaisan</i> (ざいさん <i>property</i>) → <i><b>zyāsan</b></i> (<b>ぜぁあさん</b>).</li></ul> <p>In the Eastern Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects there is extensive unvoicing of vowel sounds, with a less pronounced trend in the Central Shizuoka dialect and the inner parts of Enshū (<a href="/wiki/Misakubo,_Shizuoka" title="Misakubo, Shizuoka">Misakubo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakuma,_Shizuoka" title="Sakuma, Shizuoka">Sakuma</a>) (save for in the upper reaches of the Ōi and <a href="/wiki/Abe_River" title="Abe River">Abe Rivers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the object-marking particle <i>wo</i> (を) is not generally pronounced as <i>o</i> (お) as is the case in standard Japanese, but as <i>uo</i> (うお). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch_accent">Pitch accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pitch accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In concordance with the Tokyo standard pitch accent (excluding areas with no pitch accent), some single-<a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a> nouns like <i>ko</i> (子 <i>child</i>) and <i>hi</i> (日 <i>day</i>) are pronounced flat, whilst certain other single-mora nouns like <i>te</i> (手 <i>hand</i>) or <i>e</i> (絵 <i>picture</i>) become front-mora stressed. In west Shizuoka, two-mora words such as <i>ha-shi</i> (橋 <i>bridge</i>) or <i>ka-wa</i> (川 <i>river</i>) are pronounced flat. The area around Hamamatsu in the far southwest of the prefecture has the most flat-accented words, and the further one travels east, the more final-mora stressed words occur, until virtually all of these types of two-mora words become final-mora stressed as is seen east of the Ōi River.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Maisaka,_Shizuoka" title="Maisaka, Shizuoka">Maisaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arai,_Shizuoka" title="Arai, Shizuoka">Arai</a>, depending on whether or not a particle is attached to certain words, pitch accent can change. For example, <i><b>a</b>-me</i> (雨 <i>rain</i>) (front-mora stressed) becomes <i>a-<b>me</b></i> when followed by a <i>ga</i> (が) particle: <i>a-<b>me</b>-ga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to somewhere like Hamamatsu, where words with three or more mora are front-mora stressed, in Maisaka and Arai such words become middle-mora stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern Shizuoka dialect, three-mora nouns such as <i>asahi</i> (朝日 <i>morning sun</i>) are middle-mora stressed (<i>a-<b>sa</b>-hi</i>), whereas in the Central and Western Shizuoka dialects, these words are front-mora stressed (<i><b>a</b>-sahi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some words that are usually pronounced flat, such as <i><u>usagi</u></i> (兎 <i>rabbit</i>) or <i><u>ichigo</u></i> (苺 <i>strawberry</i>), may become front-mora stressed in western Shizuoka and central Enshū (<i><b>u</b>-sagi , <b>i</b>-chigo</i>). This is dependent on the area however, with varying degrees of front-mora stress actually occurring, with some areas simply pronouncing it flat.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some three-mora words that are front-mora stressed in the Tokyo standard pitch accent, such as <i><b>a</b>-tama</i> (頭 <i>head</i>), were pronounced historically with middle-mora stress (<i>a-<b>ta</b>-ma</i>). This is noted to have occurred predominantly in the Sankan area of Enshū, specifically in the former city of <a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB,_Shizuoka" title="Tenryū, Shizuoka">Tenryū</a> (in the Tenryū District of Hamamatsu), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Haruno,_Shizuoka" title="Haruno, Shizuoka">Haruno</a>, Mori, the former village of <a href="/wiki/Toyooka,_Shizuoka" title="Toyooka, Shizuoka">Toyooka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iwata,_Shizuoka" title="Iwata, Shizuoka">Iwata</a>, and the former town of <a href="/wiki/Nakakawane,_Shizuoka" title="Nakakawane, Shizuoka">Nakakawane</a>. This particular feature remains in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Mikawa_Province" title="Mikawa Province">Mikawa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a> and can be found as far as the southern region of the <a href="/wiki/Shimoina_District,_Nagano" title="Shimoina District, Nagano">Shimoina District</a> in Nagano Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Time-related_words">Time-related words</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Time-related words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a strong tendency to pronounce words related to telling the time, like <i>toki</i> (時 <i>time</i>), with a flat tone. Three-mora words relating to time become front-mora stressed, whilst words with more than three mora tend to be middle-mora stressed. The table below shows some examples of this. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Standard Japanese </th> <th>Shizuoka dialect </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ichigatsu</i> (一月) </td> <td>One month </td> <td><i>i-<b>chigatsu</b></i> </td> <td><i>i-<b>chi</b>-gatsu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nigatsu</i> (二月) </td> <td>Two months </td> <td><i>ni-<b>gatsu</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ni</b>-gatsu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jūichigatsu</i> (十一月) </td> <td>Eleven months </td> <td><i>ju-<b>uichigatsu</b></i> </td> <td><i>ju-<b>uichi</b>-gatsu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jūnigatsu</i> (十二月) </td> <td>Twelve months </td> <td><i>ju-<b>unigatsu</b></i> </td> <td><i>ju-<b>uni</b>-gatsu</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In standard Japanese, three-mora verbs tend to be middle-mora stressed or flat, such as <i>ni-<b>ge</b>-ru</i> (逃げる <i>to run away</i>) or <i>ki<u>eru</u></i> (消える <i>to disappear</i>), whereas front-mora stressed words like <i><b>ha</b>-iru</i> (入る <i>to enter</i>) are rare. This pattern is largely reflected in Shizuoka, save for a few exceptions. In the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects (except for Maisaka and Arai), there is a unique tendency to front-mora stress <a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Ichidan verbs</a> that are usually middle-mora stressed in standard Japanese. For <a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan verbs</a>, pitch accent is standard, with predominantly flat or middle-mora stress pronunciation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka </th> <th>Central Shizuoka / Western Shizuoka </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ageru</i> (上げる <i>to raise up</i>) </td> <td><i>a-<b>geru</b></i> </td> <td><i>a-<b>geru</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>okiru</i> (起きる <i>to wake up</i>) </td> <td><i>o-<b>ki</b>-ru</i> </td> <td><i><b>o</b>-kiru</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In standard Japanese, adjectives with three or more mora are usually middle-mora stressed, like <i>shi-<b>ro</b>-i</i> (白い <i>white</i>) or flat, like <i>ku<u>rai</u></i> (暗い <i>dark</i>). Within Shizuoka, the central-west part of Enshū (centred largely around Hamamatsu) front-mora stresses the usually middle-mora stressed adjectives. For example, <i>shi-<b>ro</b>-i</i> becomes <i><b>shi-</b>roi</i>. Words that are pronounced in a flat tone, however, remain the same as in standard Japanese. In the Central Shizuoka dialect, areas west of <a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji City</a> up to Higashi-Enshū, as well as in the former towns of <a href="/wiki/Hosoe,_Shizuoka" title="Hosoe, Shizuoka">Hosoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikkabi,_Shizuoka" title="Mikkabi, Shizuoka">Mikkabi</a>, the connective form of adjectives become middle-mora stressed as in <i>shi-<b>ro</b>-ku</i>, as opposed to <i><b>shi</b>-roku</i> as is found in standard Japanese (in addition to areas east of <a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a> and several former towns and villages in inner Enshū. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Adjective </th> <th>Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka / Inner Enshū </th> <th>Central Shizuoka / <a href="/wiki/Kosai,_Shizuoka" title="Kosai, Shizuoka">Kosai</a> / Kohoku </th> <th>Central-west Enshū </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>shiroi</i> (白い <i>white</i>) </td> <td><i>shi-<b>ro</b>-i</i> </td> <td><i>shi-<b>ro</b>-i</i> </td> <td><i><b>shi</b>-roi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shiroku</i> (白く<i>white</i> (continuous form)) </td> <td><i><b>shi-</b>roku</i> </td> <td><i>shi-<b>ro</b>-ku</i> </td> <td><i><b>shi</b>-roku</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="-nai_(無い)_stem"><span id="-nai_.28.E7.84.A1.E3.81.84.29_stem"></span>-<i>nai</i> (無い) stem</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: -nai (無い) stem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects, the '<i>na'</i> portion of the negative adjective <i>nai</i> (無い) is stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka </th> <th>Central Shizuoka / Western Shizuoka </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>dekinai</i> (出来ない) </td> <td><i>de-<b>ki</b>-nai</i> </td> <td><i>de-<b>kina</b>-i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>denai</i> (出ない) </td> <td><i><b>de-</b>nai</i> </td> <td><i>de-<b>na</b>-i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>wakaranai</i> (わからない) </td> <td><i>wa-<b>kara</b>-nai</i> </td> <td><i>wa-<b>karana</b>-i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shinai</i> (しない) </td> <td><i>shi<u>nai</u>(flat)</i> </td> <td><i>shi-<b>na</b>-i</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless stated otherwise, the following notes are on the grammar of traditional dialects prior to the influence of standard Japanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_form">Negative form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Negative form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East of the Ōi River, the standard negative form <i>-nai</i> (-ない) is heard, along with -<i>nē</i> (ねぇ) and -<i>nyā</i> (-にゃあ), whilst west of the river, <i>-n</i> (-ん) is used. In the northern Sankan region, <i>-nō</i> (-のぉ) is also said. In the west of the prefecture, the intensifier negative <i>-yashinai</i> (-やしない) may have its ending portion substituted with <i>-sen</i> (せん), <i>-hen</i> (へん) or <i>-shin</i> (しん). Additionally, in all parts of Shizuoka, the negative suspended form <i>-naide</i>... (-ないで...) can become <i>-nakkō</i>... (-なっこぉ). For example: <i>ikanaide</i> (行かないで) → <i>ikanakkō</i> (行かなっこぉ).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusive_da_(だ)"><span id="Conclusive_da_.28.E3.81.A0.29"></span>Conclusive <i>da</i> (だ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conclusive da (だ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout Shizuoka, the conclusive phrase <i>no da</i> (のだ) is contracted to simply <i>da</i> (だ). For example, <i>iku no da</i> (行くのだ variously: <i>go</i> (command), <i>I'm going now</i> (explanatory)) becomes <i>iku da</i> (行くだ) and <i>akai no da</i> (赤いのだ) becomes <i>akai da</i> (赤いだ).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euphonic_change_of_shi_(し)_→_i_(い)"><span id="Euphonic_change_of_shi_.28.E3.81.97.29_.E2.86.92_i_.28.E3.81.84.29"></span>Euphonic change of <i>shi</i> (し) → <i>i</i> (い)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Euphonic change of shi (し) → i (い)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As far as Shizuoka’s border with <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, there is euphonic change of the <i>s</i>-row mora <i>shi</i> (し) to <i>i</i> (い), such as in <i>dashita</i> (出した) <b>→</b><i>daita</i> (出いた).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volitional_/_invitational_be_(べ),_zu/su_(ず/す)_and_kka_(っか)"><span id="Volitional_.2F_invitational_be_.28.E3.81.B9.29.2C_zu.2Fsu_.28.E3.81.9A.2F.E3.81.99.29_and_kka_.28.E3.81.A3.E3.81.8B.29"></span>Volitional / invitational <i>be</i> (べ), <i>zu/su</i> (ず/す) and <i>kka</i> (っか)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Volitional / invitational be (べ), zu/su (ず/す) and kka (っか)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different particles are used to express volition and invitation across Shizuoka. East of the Fuji River, the particle <i>be</i> (べ) is used, whilst west of the Fuji River (in the central and western parts of the prefecture), the particle <i>zu</i> (ず), as in <i>ikazu</i> (<i>ka</i>) (行かず(か)) is used instead. A similar particle, <i>su</i> (す), is spoken from Higashi-Suruga east of <a href="/wiki/Kannami" title="Kannami">Kannami</a> across the centre and west of Shizuoka.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kka</i> (っか) is found mainly in central regions (Example: <i>ikakka</i> (行かっか)). In the far western city of Kosai, the form -<i>ayo</i> (-あよ) or <i>-aka</i> (-あか) may also be used (For example: <i>ikāyo</i> (行かあよ), <i>ikaaka</i> (行かあか)).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invitational_zā_(ざあ)_and_mai_(まい)"><span id="Invitational_z.C4.81_.28.E3.81.96.E3.81.82.29_and_mai_.28.E3.81.BE.E3.81.84.29"></span>Invitational <i>zā</i> (ざあ) and <i>mai</i> (まい)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Invitational zā (ざあ) and mai (まい)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invitational particle <i>zā</i> (ざあ), such as in <i>ikazā</i> (行かざあ <i>shall we go?</i>), is found in the Central Shizuoka dialect. Additionally, another invitational particle with the same meaning, <i>mai</i> (まい), such as in <i>ikamai</i> (<i>ka</i>) or <i>ikimai</i> (<i>ka</i>)) (行かまい(か) / 行きまい(か), is found predominantly in the west of the prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjectural_zura_(ずら),_dara_(だら),_ra_(ら)_and_tsura_(つら)"><span id="Conjectural_zura_.28.E3.81.9A.E3.82.89.29.2C_dara_.28.E3.81.A0.E3.82.89.29.2C_ra_.28.E3.82.89.29_and_tsura_.28.E3.81.A4.E3.82.89.29"></span>Conjectural <i>zura</i> (ずら), <i>dara</i> (だら), <i>ra</i> (ら) and <i>tsura</i> (つら)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conjectural zura (ずら), dara (だら), ra (ら) and tsura (つら)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conjectural particles <i>zura</i> (ずら), <i>dara</i> (だら), <i>ra</i> (ら) and <i>tsura</i> (つら) are used across Shizuoka. The particles <i>ra</i> and <i>zura</i> are used in the same manner as <i>darō</i> (だろう) in standard Japanese, expressing conjecture about something in present or future tense. Although both <i>ra</i> and <i>zura</i> can attach to verbs and adjectives, only <i>zura</i> can attach to nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <i>ra</i> and <i>zura</i>, <i>tsura</i> is used for expressing conjecture about something in the past (equivalent to <i>-ta</i> <i>darō</i> (-ただろう)). In eastern Shizuoka, <i>be</i> may be used in combination with these particles. Predominantly in the west and centre of the prefecture, the particle <i>zu</i> (ず) can be used to indicate something of high certainty (<i>ikazu</i> (行かず (<i>she's) probably going to go</i>). In recent years, the newer expressions <i>dara</i> (だら) and <i>tara</i> (たら or <i>tadara</i> (ただら) have been increasingly used in place of <i>zura</i> and <i>tsura</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dara</i> is believed to have originated from an attached <i>ra</i> on the copula, <i>da</i> (だ).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_tense_-ke_(-け)"><span id="Past_tense_-ke_.28-.E3.81.91.29"></span>Past tense -<i>ke</i> (-け)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Past tense -ke (-け)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until relatively recently in central Shizuoka, the verb and adjective ending <i>-ke</i> (-け) has been commonly used to express the past tense. For example, <i>ikke</i> (行っけ <i>I went</i>) or <i>akakke</i> (赤っけ <i>It was red</i>). Currently, however, <i>-ke</i> is less commonly used, and the form -<i>takke</i> (-たっけ) is more common (Example: <i>ittakke</i> (行ったっけ).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, in the former towns of <a href="/wiki/Misakubo,_Shizuoka" title="Misakubo, Shizuoka">Misakubo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakuma,_Shizuoka" title="Sakuma, Shizuoka">Sakuma</a>, the past tense was expressed with -<i>tsu</i> (-つ) (Example: <i>ittsu</i> (行っつ).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reason_and_motive">Reason and motive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reason and motive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>de</i> (で), which indicates a reason or cause of something (much like <i>kara</i> (から)), is used throughout Shizuoka.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely spread across the Tōkai Region, with regional variants including: <i>da</i> (だ) (not to be confused with the copula <i>da</i>) <i>monde</i> (もんで), <i>mondade</i> (もんだで) and (east of Shizuoka City), <i>nte</i> (んて).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adversative_conjunctions">Adversative conjunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adversative conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adversative conjunction <i>keredo</i> (けれど <i>but</i>) has various forms, including <i>kēga</i> (けぇが) (used in central Shizuoka), <i>kendo</i> (けんど), <i>ken</i> (けん), <i>kega</i> (けが) and <i>ga</i> (が), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative_form">Imperative form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Imperative form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard imperative form for Ichidan verbs, [stem form + <i>ro</i> (ろ)], is used in the east of the prefecture, whilst in central and western areas <i>yo</i> (よ) or <i>yoo</i> (よお) is used in the place of <i>ro</i> like in the following: <i>okiro</i> (起きろ <i>wake up</i> (command)) → <i>oki<b>yo</b></i> / <i>oki<b>yoo</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_form">Potential form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Potential form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shizuoka dialects are so-called <i>ra-nuki kotoba</i> (ら抜き言葉 literally <i>words without 'ra'</i>) in reference to the omission of <i>ra</i> (ら) from the verb structure -<i>rareru</i> (-られる), used to indicate the ability to do something (<i>can</i> / <i>to be able to</i> in English). In the west of the prefecture, an additional <i>re</i> (れ) sound may also be added.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><i>taberarenai</i> (食べられない <i>I can't eat that</i>) → <i>taberenai</i> (食べれない), <i>tabererenai</i> (食べれれない) or <i>taberēnai</i> (食べれぇない).</li> <li><i>okirareru</i> (起きられる <i>to be able to get up</i>) → <i>okireru</i> (起きれる), <i>okirereru</i> (起きれれる) or <i>okirēru</i> (起きれぇる).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_dialect&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF飯豊1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">飯豊, 毅一 (1983). <i>講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言</i> (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6+6+%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%E9%A3%AF%E8%B1%8A&rft.aufirst=%E6%AF%85%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF平山2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">平山, 輝男 (2002). <i>日本のことばシリーズ22静岡県のことば</i> (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 5–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA22%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%B0&rft.pages=5-9&rft.pub=Meiji&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%B1&rft.aufirst=%E8%BC%9D%E7%94%B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF平山2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">平山, 輝男 (2002). <i>日本のことばシリーズ22静岡県のことば</i> (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 10–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA22%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E7%9C%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%B0&rft.pages=10-19&rft.pub=Meiji&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%E5%B9%B3%E5%B1%B1&rft.aufirst=%E8%BC%9D%E7%94%B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF山口2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">山口, 幸洋 (2003). <i>日本語東京アクセントの成立</i> (in Japanese). 港の人. pp. 83–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&rft.pages=83-108&rft.pub=%E6%B8%AF%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3&rft.aufirst=%E5%B9%B8%E6%B4%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF山口" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">山口, 幸洋. <i>日本語東京アクセントの成立</i> (in Japanese). 港の人. pp. 295–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&rft.pages=295-309&rft.pub=%E6%B8%AF%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA&rft.aulast=%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3&rft.aufirst=%E5%B9%B8%E6%B4%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF飯豊1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">飯豊, 毅一 (1983). <i>講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言</i> (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6+6+%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%E9%A3%AF%E8%B1%8A&rft.aufirst=%E6%AF%85%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF飯豊1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">飯豊, 毅一 (1983). <i>講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言</i> (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6+6+%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%E9%A3%AF%E8%B1%8A&rft.aufirst=%E6%AF%85%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF飯豊1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">飯豊, 毅一 (1983). <i>講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言</i> (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6+6+%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=%E9%A3%AF%E8%B1%8A&rft.aufirst=%E6%AF%85%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindaichi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2005). <i>金田一春彦著作集 8</i> (in Japanese). 玉川大学出版部.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%87%91%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%80%E6%98%A5%E5%BD%A6%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E9%9B%86+8&rft.pub=%E7%8E%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%83%A8&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kindaichi&rft.aufirst=Haruhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShizuoka+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF飯豊1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">飯豊, 毅一 (1983). <i>講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言</i> (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 168.</cite><span 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(English: We've Captured Changes in Dialect Distributions!)"</a>. <i>国語研プロジェクトレビュー = Ninjal Project Review</i> (in Japanese). <b>5</b>: 73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15084%2F00000773">10.15084/00000773</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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