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Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified." /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/vmenus/galatians/3-1.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="/bmc/galatians/3-1.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/galatians/">Galatians</a> > <a href="/galatians/3.htm">Chapter 3</a> > Verse 1</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div><div id="ad1"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/ad1.htm" width="100%" height="48" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="/galatians/2-21.htm" title="Galatians 2:21">◄</a> Galatians 3:1 <a href="/galatians/3-2.htm" title="Galatians 3:2">►</a></div></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="topverse"> <a href="#audio" class="clickchap2" title="Context and Audio Bible"> Audio </a> <a href="#crossref" class="clickchap2" title="Cross References"> Cross </a> <a href="#study" class="clickchap2" title="Study Bible"> Study </a> <a href="#commentary" class="clickchap2" title="Commentary"> Comm </a> <a href="#lexicon" class="clickchap2" title="Lexicon"> Greek </a> </div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheadingv">Verse<a href="/bsb/galatians/3.htm" class="clickchap" style="color:#001320" title="Click any translation name for full chapter">  (Click for Chapter)</a></div><div id="par"><a href="/niv/galatians/3.htm">New International Version</a> You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified. <a href="/nlt/galatians/3.htm">New Living Translation</a> Oh, foolish Galatians! Who has cast an evil spell on you? For the meaning of Jesus Christ’s death was made as clear to you as if you had seen a picture of his death on the cross. <a href="/esv/galatians/3.htm">English Standard Version</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified. <a href="/bsb/galatians/3.htm">Berean Standard Bible</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified. <a href="/blb/galatians/3.htm">Berean Literal Bible</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as having been crucified? <a href="/kjv/galatians/3.htm">King James Bible</a> O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? <a href="/nkjv/galatians/3.htm">New King James Version</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you that you should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed among you as crucified? <a href="/nasb_/galatians/3.htm">New American Standard Bible</a> You foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/nasb/galatians/3.htm">NASB 1995</a> You foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/nasb77/galatians/3.htm">NASB 1977 </a> You foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/lsb/galatians/3.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a> O foolish Galatians, who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/amp/galatians/3.htm">Amplified Bible</a> O you foolish and thoughtless and superficial Galatians, who has bewitched you [that you would act like this], to whom—right before your very eyes—Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified [in the gospel message]? <a href="/csb/galatians/3.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a> You foolish Galatians! Who has cast a spell on you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/hcsb/galatians/3.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> You foolish Galatians! Who has hypnotized you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/asv/galatians/3.htm">American Standard Version</a> O foolish Galatians, who did bewitch you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth crucified? <a href="/cev/galatians/3.htm">Contemporary English Version</a> You stupid Galatians! I told you exactly how Jesus Christ was nailed to a cross. Has someone now put an evil spell on you? <a href="/erv/galatians/3.htm">English Revised Version</a> O foolish Galatians, who did bewitch you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth crucified? <a href="/gwt/galatians/3.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a> You stupid people of Galatia! Who put you under an evil spell? Wasn't Christ Jesus' crucifixion clearly described to you? <a href="/gnt/galatians/3.htm">Good News Translation</a> You foolish Galatians! Who put a spell on you? Before your very eyes you had a clear description of the death of Jesus Christ on the cross! <a href="/isv/galatians/3.htm">International Standard Version</a> You foolish Galatians! Who put you under a spell? Was not Jesus the Messiah clearly portrayed before your very eyes as having been crucified? <a href="/msb/galatians/3.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you not to obey the truth? Before your very eyes Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed among you as crucified. <a href="/net/galatians/3.htm">NET Bible</a> You foolish Galatians! Who has cast a spell on you? Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified! <a href="/nheb/galatians/3.htm">New Heart English Bible</a> Foolish Galatians, who has cunningly deceived you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth as crucified? <a href="/wbt/galatians/3.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a> O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? <a href="/wey/galatians/3.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a> You foolish Galatians! Whose sophistry has bewitched you--you to whom Jesus Christ has been vividly portrayed as on the Cross? <a href="/web/galatians/3.htm">World English Bible</a> Foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you not to obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly portrayed among you as crucified? <div class="vheading2">Literal Translations</div><a href="/lsv/galatians/3.htm">Literal Standard Version</a> O thoughtless Galatians, who bewitched you, not to obey the truth—before whose eyes [it] was previously written [about] Jesus Christ having been crucified? <a href="/blb/galatians/3.htm">Berean Literal Bible</a> O foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as having been crucified? <a href="/ylt/galatians/3.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a> O thoughtless Galatians, who did bewitch you, not to obey the truth -- before whose eyes Jesus Christ was described before among you crucified? <a href="/slt/galatians/3.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a> O Unwise Galatians, who has cast a spell upon you, not to obey the truth, to whom before the eyes Jesus Christ was written beforehand, crucified in you?<div class="vheading2">Catholic Translations</div><a href="/drb/galatians/3.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a> O senseless Galatians, who hath bewitched you that you should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been set forth, crucified among you? <a href="/cpdv/galatians/3.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a> O senseless Galatians, who has so fascinated you that you would not obey the truth, even though Jesus Christ has been presented before your eyes, crucified among you? <a href="/nabre/galatians/3.htm">New American Bible</a> O stupid Galatians! Who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified? <a href="/nrsvce/galatians/3.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a> You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly exhibited as crucified!<div class="vheading2">Translations from Aramaic</div><a href="/lamsa/galatians/3.htm">Lamsa Bible</a> O FOOLISH Galatians, who has be witched you from your faith after Jesus Christ, crucified, has been pictured before your eyes? <a href="/aramaic-plain-english/galatians/3.htm">Aramaic Bible in Plain English</a> Oh stupid Galatians! Who has rivaled you? For behold, The Fashioner was portrayed before your eyes, Yeshua The Messiah, when he was crucified.<div class="vheading2">NT Translations</div><a href="/anderson/galatians/3.htm">Anderson New Testament</a> Thoughtless Galatians, who has bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ has been plainly set forth crucified? <a href="/godbey/galatians/3.htm">Godbey New Testament</a> O foolish Galatians, who has been bewitching you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was set forth having been crucified? <a href="/haweis/galatians/3.htm">Haweis New Testament</a> O INFATUATED Galatians, who hath bewitched you that ye should not obey the truth? To whom Jesus Christ has been described, as before your eyes, crucified among you. <a href="/mace/galatians/3.htm">Mace New Testament</a> O foolish Galatians, who hath deluded you, you that have had the crucifixion of Jesus Christ represented to your view? <a href="/wey/galatians/3.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a> You foolish Galatians! Whose sophistry has bewitched you--you to whom Jesus Christ has been vividly portrayed as on the Cross? <a href="/worrell/galatians/3.htm">Worrell New Testament</a> O foolish Galatians! Who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth crucified? <a href="/worsley/galatians/3.htm">Worsley New Testament</a> O senseless Galatians, who hath so bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth? you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth as crucified. <a href="/parallel/galatians/3-1.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv">Audio Bible</div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Jv8Ri4CeT34?start=426" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="vheadingv">Context</div><a href="/bsb/galatians/3.htm">Faith and Belief</a> 1<a href="/greek/5599.htm" title="5599: Ō (I) -- A primary interjection; as a sign of the vocative case, O; as a note of exclamation, oh.">O</a> <a href="/greek/453.htm" title="453: anoētoi (Adj-VMP) -- Foolish, thoughtless. By implication, sensual.">foolish</a> <a href="/greek/1052.htm" title="1052: Galatai (N-VMP) -- A Galatian (meaning any inhabitant of the Roman province Galatia). From Galatia; a Galatian or inhabitant of Galatia.">Galatians!</a> <a href="/greek/5101.htm" title="5101: tis (IPro-NMS) -- Who, which, what, why. Probably emphatic of tis; an interrogative pronoun, who, which or what.">Who</a> <a href="/greek/940.htm" title="940: ebaskanen (V-AIA-3S) -- To give the evil eye to, fascinate, bewitch, overpower. Akin to phasko; to malign, i.e. to fascinate.">has bewitched</a> <a href="/greek/4771.htm" title="4771: hymas (PPro-A2P) -- You. The person pronoun of the second person singular; thou.">you?</a> <a href="/greek/2596.htm" title="2596: kat’ (Prep) -- A primary particle; down, in varied relations (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined).">Before</a> <a href="/greek/3739.htm" title="3739: hois (RelPro-DMP) -- Who, which, what, that. ">your very</a> <a href="/greek/3788.htm" title="3788: ophthalmous (N-AMP) -- The eye; fig: the mind's eye. From optanomai; the eye; by implication, vision; figuratively, envy.">eyes</a> <a href="/greek/2424.htm" title="2424: Iēsous (N-NMS) -- Of Hebrew origin; Jesus, the name of our Lord and two other Israelites.">Jesus</a> <a href="/greek/5547.htm" title="5547: Christos (N-NMS) -- Anointed One; the Messiah, the Christ. From chrio; Anointed One, i.e. The Messiah, an epithet of Jesus.">Christ</a> <a href="/greek/4270.htm" title="4270: proegraphē (V-AIP-3S) -- From pro and grapho; to write previously; figuratively, to announce, prescribe.">was clearly portrayed</a> <a href="/greek/4717.htm" title="4717: estaurōmenos (V-RPM/P-NMS) -- From stauros; to impale on the cross; figuratively, to extinguish passion or selfishness.">as crucified.</a> 2I would like to learn just one thing from you: Did you receive the Spirit by works of the law, or by hearing with faith?…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div> <a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><a href="/romans/1-16.htm">Romans 1:16-17</a> I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, first to the Jew, then to the Greek. / For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.” <a href="/1_corinthians/1-18.htm">1 Corinthians 1:18-24</a> For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. / For it is written: “I will destroy the wisdom of the wise; the intelligence of the intelligent I will frustrate.” / Where is the wise man? Where is the scribe? Where is the philosopher of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? ... <a href="/2_corinthians/11-3.htm">2 Corinthians 11:3-4</a> I am afraid, however, that just as Eve was deceived by the serpent’s cunning, your minds may be led astray from your simple and pure devotion to Christ. / For if someone comes and proclaims a Jesus other than the One we proclaimed, or if you receive a different spirit than the One you received, or a different gospel than the one you accepted, you put up with it very easily. <a href="/philippians/3-3.htm">Philippians 3:3</a> For it is we who are the circumcision, we who worship by the Spirit of God, who glory in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh— <a href="/colossians/2-8.htm">Colossians 2:8</a> See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deception, which are based on human tradition and the spiritual forces of the world rather than on Christ. <a href="/2_thessalonians/2-9.htm">2 Thessalonians 2:9-12</a> The coming of the lawless one will be accompanied by the working of Satan, with every kind of power, sign, and false wonder, / and with every wicked deception directed against those who are perishing, because they refused the love of the truth that would have saved them. / For this reason God will send them a powerful delusion so that they believe the lie, ... <a href="/1_timothy/4-1.htm">1 Timothy 4:1</a> Now the Spirit expressly states that in later times some will abandon the faith to follow deceitful spirits and the teachings of demons, <a href="/2_timothy/3-13.htm">2 Timothy 3:13</a> while evil men and imposters go from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived. <a href="/titus/3-3.htm">Titus 3:3</a> For at one time we too were foolish, disobedient, misled, and enslaved to all sorts of desires and pleasures—living in malice and envy, being hated and hating one another. <a href="/hebrews/6-4.htm">Hebrews 6:4-6</a> It is impossible for those who have once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, who have shared in the Holy Spirit, / who have tasted the goodness of the word of God and the powers of the coming age— / and then have fallen away—to be restored to repentance, because they themselves are crucifying the Son of God all over again and subjecting Him to open shame. <a href="/1_john/4-1.htm">1 John 4:1</a> Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God. For many false prophets have gone out into the world. <a href="/matthew/24-24.htm">Matthew 24:24</a> For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and wonders to deceive even the elect, if that were possible. <a href="/mark/13-22.htm">Mark 13:22</a> For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform signs and wonders to deceive even the elect, if that were possible. <a href="/john/8-44.htm">John 8:44</a> You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out his desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, refusing to uphold the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, because he is a liar and the father of lies. <a href="/acts/8-9.htm">Acts 8:9-11</a> Prior to that time, a man named Simon had practiced sorcery in the city and astounded the people of Samaria. He claimed to be someone great, / and all the people, from the least to the greatest, heeded his words and said, “This man is the divine power called the Great Power.” / They paid close attention to him because he had astounded them for a long time with his sorcery.</div> <a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div>O foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you, that you should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ has been evidently set forth, crucified among you?Foolish.<a href="/galatians/3-3.htm">Galatians 3:3</a> Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?<a href="/deuteronomy/32-6.htm">Deuteronomy 32:6</a> Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?<a href="/1_samuel/13-13.htm">1 Samuel 13:13</a> And Samuel said to Saul, Thou hast done foolishly: thou hast not kept the commandment of the LORD thy God, which he commanded thee: for now would the LORD have established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever.who.<a href="/galatians/1-6.htm">Galatians 1:6</a> I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel:<a href="/galatians/4-9.htm">Galatians 4:9</a> But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?<a href="/galatians/5-7.htm">Galatians 5:7,8</a> Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth? … ye.<a href="/galatians/2-14.htm">Galatians 2:14</a> But when I saw that they walked not uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, I said unto Peter before them all, If thou, being a Jew, livest after the manner of Gentiles, and not as do the Jews, why compellest thou the Gentiles to live as do the Jews?<a href="/galatians/5-7.htm">Galatians 5:7</a> Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth?<a href="/acts/6-7.htm">Acts 6:7</a> And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith.Jesus Christ.<a href="/1_corinthians/1-23.htm">1 Corinthians 1:23,24</a> But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; … <a href="/1_corinthians/2-2.htm">1 Corinthians 2:2</a> For I determined not to know any thing among you, save Jesus Christ, and him crucified.<a href="/1_corinthians/11-26.htm">1 Corinthians 11:26</a> For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord's death till he come.<div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/acts/8-11.htm">Bewitched</a> <a href="/galatians/2-21.htm">Christ</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/10-6.htm">Clear</a> <a href="/galatians/2-11.htm">Clearly</a> <a href="/galatians/2-20.htm">Cross</a> <a href="/galatians/2-20.htm">Crucified</a> <a href="/galatians/2-20.htm">Death</a> <a href="/acts/15-14.htm">Described</a> <a href="/galatians/1-7.htm">Evidently</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/12-6.htm">Eyes</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/12-11.htm">Foolish</a> <a href="/galatians/2-18.htm">Forth</a> <a href="/galatians/2-16.htm">Jesus</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/10-5.htm">Obey</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/8-24.htm">Openly</a> <a href="/ezekiel/23-14.htm">Portrayed</a> <a href="/1_corinthians/13-2.htm">Powers</a> <a href="/romans/2-28.htm">Publicly</a> <a href="/colossians/2-4.htm">Sophistry</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/11-15.htm">Strange</a> <a href="/romans/1-14.htm">Thoughtless</a> <a href="/2_corinthians/11-3.htm">Tricked</a> <a href="/galatians/2-14.htm">Truth</a> <a href="/1_corinthians/5-2.htm">You</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/acts/8-9.htm">Bewitched</a> <a href="/galatians/3-13.htm">Christ</a> <a href="/galatians/3-11.htm">Clear</a> <a href="/galatians/3-11.htm">Clearly</a> <a href="/galatians/5-11.htm">Cross</a> <a href="/galatians/5-24.htm">Crucified</a> <a href="/galatians/3-13.htm">Death</a> <a href="/philippians/3-18.htm">Described</a> <a href="/luke/9-53.htm">Evidently</a> <a href="/galatians/3-11.htm">Eyes</a> <a href="/galatians/3-3.htm">Foolish</a> <a href="/galatians/4-4.htm">Forth</a> <a href="/galatians/3-14.htm">Jesus</a> <a href="/galatians/5-3.htm">Obey</a> <a href="/colossians/2-15.htm">Openly</a> <a href="/ezekiel/8-10.htm">Portrayed</a> <a href="/galatians/5-20.htm">Powers</a> <a href="/colossians/2-15.htm">Publicly</a> <a href="/colossians/2-4.htm">Sophistry</a> <a href="/galatians/5-20.htm">Strange</a> <a href="/galatians/3-3.htm">Thoughtless</a> <a href="/galatians/6-3.htm">Tricked</a> <a href="/galatians/4-16.htm">Truth</a> <a href="/galatians/4-19.htm">You</a><div class="vheading2">Galatians 3</div>1. <a href="/galatians/3-1.htm">He asks what moved them to leave the faith, and hold onto the law.</a> 6. <a href="/galatians/3-6.htm">Those who believe are justified,</a> 9. <a href="/galatians/3-9.htm">and blessed with Abraham.</a> 10. <a href="/galatians/3-10.htm">And this he shows by many reasons.</a> 15. <a href="/galatians/3-15.htm">The purpose of the Law</a> 26. <a href="/galatians/3-26.htm">You are sons of God</a> </div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; 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Paul begins with a strong rebuke, highlighting the Galatians' lack of wisdom. The term "foolish" suggests a failure to understand or apply spiritual truths. In the biblical context, wisdom is often associated with the fear of the Lord and understanding His ways (<a href="/proverbs/9-10.htm">Proverbs 9:10</a>). The Galatians' foolishness is in their departure from the gospel of grace that Paul had preached to them. This echoes the Old Testament prophets who often called Israel foolish for turning away from God (<a href="/jeremiah/4-22.htm">Jeremiah 4:22</a>).Who has bewitched you? The use of "bewitched" implies a form of spiritual deception or manipulation. In the ancient world, magic and sorcery were common, and the term suggests that the Galatians have been led astray by false teachings, possibly by Judaizers who insisted on adherence to the Mosaic Law for salvation. This reflects the spiritual battle against false doctrines that Paul addresses in other letters, such as in <a href="/2_corinthians/11-3.htm">2 Corinthians 11:3-4</a>, where he warns against being led astray from the simplicity in Christ.Before your very eyes Paul emphasizes that the Galatians had a clear understanding of the gospel message. The phrase suggests that they had been given a vivid and unmistakable presentation of the truth. This could refer to Paul's own preaching and teaching among them, which was done with clarity and power, as seen in <a href="/acts/13.htm">Acts 13-14</a> during his missionary journeys.Jesus Christ was clearly portrayed as crucified. The crucifixion of Jesus is central to the gospel message, representing the atoning sacrifice for sin. Paul stresses that this was clearly communicated to the Galatians, leaving them without excuse for turning to another gospel. The crucifixion fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as <a href="/isaiah/53.htm">Isaiah 53</a>, which speaks of the suffering servant. It also connects to the typology of the Passover lamb, as Jesus is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (<a href="/john/1-29.htm">John 1:29</a>). The portrayal of Christ crucified is a reminder of the sufficiency of His sacrifice, contrasting with the insufficiency of the law for salvation.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <a href="/topical/g/galatians.htm">Galatians</a> The recipients of Paul's letter, the Galatians were a group of churches in the region of Galatia, which is in modern-day Turkey. They were primarily Gentile converts to Christianity. 2. <a href="/topical/p/paul.htm">Paul</a> The apostle who wrote the letter to the Galatians. He was deeply concerned about the Galatians turning away from the gospel he preached. 3. <a href="/topical/j/jesus_christ.htm">Jesus Christ</a> Central to the message of the gospel, Jesus' crucifixion is emphasized by Paul as the foundation of faith and salvation. 4. <a href="/topical/f/false_teachers.htm">False Teachers</a> Although not directly mentioned in this verse, the context of Galatians suggests that false teachers were influencing the Galatians to follow Jewish law in addition to faith in Christ. 5. <a href="/topical/c/crucifixion.htm">Crucifixion</a> The event of Jesus' death on the cross, which Paul emphasizes as the core of the gospel message that the Galatians had initially accepted.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><a href="/topical/b/beware_of_false_teachings.htm">Beware of False Teachings</a> Just as the Galatians were led astray, Christians today must be vigilant against teachings that deviate from the core message of the gospel. <a href="/topical/t/the_centrality_of_the_cross.htm">The Centrality of the Cross</a> The crucifixion of Jesus is the foundation of our faith. It should remain the focal point of our beliefs and teachings. <a href="/topical/s/spiritual_discernment.htm">Spiritual Discernment</a> Believers need to cultivate discernment to recognize and reject teachings that are contrary to the gospel. <a href="/topical/t/the_danger_of_legalism.htm">The Danger of Legalism</a> Adding requirements to faith in Christ, such as adherence to the law, undermines the sufficiency of His sacrifice. <a href="/topical/p/personal_reflection_on_faith.htm">Personal Reflection on Faith</a> Regularly reflect on the simplicity and purity of the gospel message and ensure that your faith is rooted in Christ alone.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_galatians_3.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Galatians 3</a> <a href="/q/biblical_view_on_the_scarlet_letter.htm">What is the biblical perspective on The Scarlet Letter?</a> <a href="/q/who_has_cast_a_spell_on_you.htm">Who has cast a spell on you?</a> <a href="/q/who_is_the_author_of_philemon.htm">Who has cast a spell on you?</a> <a href="/q/what_was_the_bar_kokhba_revolt_about.htm">What is the true message of faith and unity?</a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/galatians/3.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>III.(1-5) Whence this strange relapse? It is not as if you were ignorant of better things. The crucified Saviour, the one great object of faith, has been preached before you in a way too plain to be mistaken. It has been written, as it were, in large characters before your eyes. It could only be some kind of evil enchantment or fascination that has prevented you from looking upon it. You have given up Christ and gone back to the Law. Yet, let me ask you--and surely no other proof is needed--all this outpouring of spiritual gifts that you have enjoyed since you became Christian, to what do you owe it? Is that due to the Law and works, or is it due to Christ and faith in Him? The one system is spiritual, the other is carnal and material. Will you begin with what is high and descend to what is low? Will you by such a declension practically admit that all the persecutions that you underwent were undergone in a mistaken cause? (I can hardly believe it.) At this present moment the gift of spiritual grace and miraculous power still in some measure continues, and where it is seen, is it not in clear connection--not with legal observances--but with faith in Christ?In the last section of the last chapter the Apostle had been gradually working away from the historical retrospect with which he had begun to the doctrinal polemic in which he is about to engage, and now he addresses the Galatians with impassioned directness and earnestness, upbraiding them with their shameful apostasy.(1) Foolish.--The same word as that which is used in <a href="/luke/24-25.htm" title="Then he said to them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken:">Luke 24:25</a>, "O ye fools and slow of heart," and in <a href="/romans/1-14.htm" title="I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.">Romans 1:14</a>, "wise and foolish," <a href="/1_timothy/6-9.htm" title="But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition.">1Timothy 6:9</a>, and <a href="/titus/3-3.htm" title="For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another.">Titus 3:3</a>, but not the same as that which is used in <a href="/matthew/7-26.htm" title="And every one that hears these sayings of mine, and does them not, shall be likened to a foolish man, which built his house on the sand:">Matthew 7:26</a>; <a href="/matthew/23-17.htm" title="You fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifies the gold?">Matthew 23:17</a>; <a href="/luke/11-40.htm" title="You fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also?">Luke 11:40</a>; <a href="/romans/1-22.htm" title="Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,">Romans 1:22</a>; <a href="/1_corinthians/1-20.htm" title="Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? has not God made foolish the wisdom of this world?">1Corinthians 1:20</a>; <a href="/1_corinthians/4-10.htm" title="We are fools for Christ's sake, but you are wise in Christ; we are weak, but you are strong; you are honorable, but we are despised.">1Corinthians 4:10</a>; <a href="/2_corinthians/11-19.htm" title="For you suffer fools gladly, seeing you yourselves are wise.">2Corinthians 11:19</a>, &c. The combination, "fools and slow of heart," helps to bring out its meaning. "Slow of heart" refers to deadness of the moral affections; "fools" and "foolish" to the absence or undisciplined condition of the reasoning faculty. The Gauls of Galatia were a people intellectually shallow and frivolous. A little reason and reflection would have kept them from so gross an inconsistency. . . . <div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/galatians/3.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div>Verse 1. - O foolish Galatians (ω΅ ἀνόητοι Γαλάται). In thus apostrophizing them, the apostle brands their present behaviour, not any lack of intelligence on their part in general (comp. <a href="/luke/24-25.htm">Luke 24:25</a>). "Foolish" - to allow yourselves to be thus robbed of your happiness. The transporting feeling of elevation and joy with which, in <a href="/galatians/2-19.htm">Galatians 2:19-21</a>, the apostle describes himself as crucified with Christ to the Law, and as living in Christ and through Christ, makes him the more keenly sensible of the senseless folly shown by the Galatians in taking up the observance of the Law. Who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truths? (τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανε; [Receptus adds, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ μὴ πείθεσθαι]); who in his envy did bewitch you? With respect to the Greek text, there is now no doubt amongst editors that the words, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ μὴ πείθεσθαι, "that ye should not obey the truth," are not genuine here, being in all probability foisted in from Galatians 5:7. We have, therefore, to omit them and to read ἐβάσκανεν as before οῖς. Ἐβάσκανεν is a remarkable word, and calls for comment. In common Greek, βασκαίνειν τινά, to treat one with malignant words, means either to slander, belie, blacken character, or to cast upon him primarily words conveying baleful spells, and then, in later usage very frequently, baleful spells of any kind, and more especially spells from the "evil eye" (Aristotle, Plutarch); in the language of old English superstition, "forelook" or "overlook." Indeed, so closely did this last notion cling to the verb, as to have suggested to Greek grammarians for its etymology, φάεσι καίνειν, "to kill with the eyes." The more scientific etymologists of recent days derive it from βάζω β´ασκω, speak; as if it were "to bespeak a man." The nouns βάσκσνος βασκανία, following the senses of the verb, express the ideas, either of envious detraction or of sorcery (see Schneider; Passow; Liddell and Scott). In the New Testament the word occurs only here. In the Septuagint we meet with it in <a href="/deuteronomy/28-54.htm">Deuteronomy 28:54</a>, where, for the words, "His eye shall be evil towards his brother," we have Βασκανεῖ τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, meaning apparently, "He shall grudge with his eye his brother;" and so again in ver. 56, the same phrase is used analogously of the tender woman, "She shall grudge with her eye her husband;" Ecclus. 14:6, "There is not a worse man (τοῦ βασκαίνοντος ἑαυτόν) than he that grudges his own self;" ibid. ver. 8, "Evil is (ὁ βασκαίνων ὀφαλμῷ) he that grudgeth with his eye. In Scripture, both in the Old Testament and the New, and in the Apocrypha, the phrases, "the eye being evil," "the evil eye," following the Hebrew, always denote envy, ill nature, stinginess (<a href="/deuteronomy/15-9.htm">Deuteronomy 15:9</a>; <a href="/deuteronomy/28-54.htm">Deuteronomy 28:54, 56</a>; <a href="/proverbs/23-6.htm">Proverbs 23:6</a> [comp. <a href="/proverbs/22-9.htm">Proverbs 22:9</a>, "a bountiful eye"]; <a href="/matthew/20-15.htm">Matthew 20:15</a>; <a href="/mark/7-22.htm">Mark 7:22</a>). Nowhere either in the Scriptures or in the Apocrypha is there any reference to "forelooking," unless perchance the me'onen, <a href="/deuteronomy/20-10.htm">Deuteronomy 20:10</a> (Authorized Version, "observer of times"), is etymologically connected with the Hebrew word for "eye," which, however, few critics suppose. Ignatius, 'Ad Romans', 3, has Οὐδέποτε ἐβασκάνατε οὐδένα ἄλλους ἐδιδάξατε, "never grudged any man." This Septuagintal use of the verb presents, as the reader will observe, a somewhat different shade of meaning to any of those cited above from the lexicons. Following, however, its guidance, we may understand the apostle as here asking, "Whoso ill-natured jealousy was it that did light upon you?" and as intending to convey these two ideas: (1) the envy of their once happy state which actuated the agent referred to; and, (2) by implication, the baleful effect wrought by the envier upon them. The aorist of the verb seems to point to a decisive result. He had, it is hinted, succeeded in his wish; he had robbed them of the blessedness which had excited his jealousy. In respect to the former idea, elsewhere (<a href="/galatians/4-17.htm">Galatians 4:17</a>, "They would fain shut you out") the apostle ascribes the action of their misleaders to sinister designs against their well-being. It is, indeed, this thought that inspires the extreme severity of his language above in <a href="/galatians/2-4.htm">Galatians 2:4</a>; the βάσκανος, of whom he here speaks, belonged to, or derived from, them. In short, the pathetic question here before us breathes the like indignation and vexation as that in <a href="/galatians/5-7.htm">Galatians 5:7</a>, "Ye were running on well: who did hinder you that ye should not obey the truth?" - the last words of which passage, though not admissible here in the text, would, however, if there, form a perfectly correct explanatory clause. The more distinctly to mark the effect actually produced by the envier, very many commentators have enwoven into their interpretation of ἐνάσκανεν, besides its Septuagiutal sense, its other sense of blasting with some kind of charm: "The malignity," Chrysostom writes, "of a demon whose spirit [or, 'breath'] had blasted their prosperous estate." Great use has been made, in particular, by many, as, e.g. Jerome and, according to Estius, by Thomas Aquinas, of the superstition of the "evil eye," which, in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, has in all ages been so rife. Bishop Lightfoot, in his interesting note on the passage, offers the following paraphrase: "Christ's death in vain? O ye senseless Gauls, what bewitchment is this? I placarded Christ crucified before your eyes. Ye suffered them to wander from this gracious proclamation of your King. They rested on the withering eye of the sorcerer. They yielded to the fascination and were riveted there. And the life of your souls has been drained out of you by that envious gaze." It may, however, be questioned whether the apostle would have recognized his own thought in this thorough-going application of the superstition of the "evil eye." It is doubtful whether he used the verb ἐβάσκανεν with reference to any species of sorcery at all; but if he did, he may have intended no more than this: "What envious ill-wisher has by some strange, inexplicable sorcery so wrought upon you? Or, how can I explain your behaviour, except that you have been acting under some binding spell? Surely such folly is well-nigh inconceivable with men in free possession of their own souls." But (1) each of these two renderings of the passage is open to the objection that St. Paul, in writing ἐβάσκανεν, either might have intended to express by the word "envious grudging," according to its Sep-tuagintal use, or he might have meant some kind of sorcery according to a common acceptation of the term, but could hardly have meant to convey both senses together. . . . <a href="/commentaries/galatians/3-1.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a> <a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Greek</div>O Ὦ (Ō) Interjection <a href="/greek/strongs_5599.htm">Strong's 5599: </a> A primary interjection; as a sign of the vocative case, O; as a note of exclamation, oh. foolish ἀνόητοι (anoētoi) Adjective - Vocative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_453.htm">Strong's 453: </a> Foolish, thoughtless. By implication, sensual. Galatians! Γαλάται (Galatai) Noun - Vocative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_1052.htm">Strong's 1052: </a> A Galatian (meaning any inhabitant of the Roman province Galatia). From Galatia; a Galatian or inhabitant of Galatia. Who τίς (tis) Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_5101.htm">Strong's 5101: </a> Who, which, what, why. Probably emphatic of tis; an interrogative pronoun, who, which or what. has bewitched ἐβάσκανεν (ebaskanen) Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_940.htm">Strong's 940: </a> To give the evil eye to, fascinate, bewitch, overpower. Akin to phasko; to malign, i.e. to fascinate. you? ὑμᾶς (hymas) Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_4771.htm">Strong's 4771: </a> You. The person pronoun of the second person singular; thou. Before κατ’ (kat’) Preposition <a href="/greek/strongs_2596.htm">Strong's 2596: </a> A primary particle; down, in varied relations (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined). [your] οἷς (hois) Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_3739.htm">Strong's 3739: </a> Who, which, what, that. eyes ὀφθαλμοὺς (ophthalmous) Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_3788.htm">Strong's 3788: </a> The eye; fig: the mind's eye. From optanomai; the eye; by implication, vision; figuratively, envy. Jesus Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_2424.htm">Strong's 2424: </a> Of Hebrew origin; Jesus, the name of our Lord and two other Israelites. Christ Χριστὸς (Christos) Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_5547.htm">Strong's 5547: </a> Anointed One; the Messiah, the Christ. From chrio; Anointed One, i.e. The Messiah, an epithet of Jesus. was clearly portrayed προεγράφη (proegraphē) Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_4270.htm">Strong's 4270: </a> From pro and grapho; to write previously; figuratively, to announce, prescribe. [as] crucified. ἐσταυρωμένος (estaurōmenos) Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Nominative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_4717.htm">Strong's 4717: </a> From stauros; to impale on the cross; figuratively, to extinguish passion or selfishness. <div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 NIV</a> <a href="/nlt/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 NLT</a> <a href="/esv/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 ESV</a> <a href="/nasb/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 NASB</a> <a href="/kjv/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 KJV</a> <a href="//bibleapps.com/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 BibleApps.com</a> <a href="//bibliaparalela.com/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 Biblia Paralela</a> <a href="//holybible.com.cn/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 Chinese Bible</a> <a href="//saintebible.com/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 French Bible</a> <a href="/catholic/galatians/3-1.htm">Galatians 3:1 Catholic Bible</a> <a href="/galatians/3-1.htm">NT Letters: Galatians 3:1 Foolish Galatians who has bewitched you not (Gal. 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