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hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد پولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_mon%C3%A9taire" title="Économie monétaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie monétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%8F%90%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="화폐경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화폐경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_monetaria" title="Economia monetaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia monetaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ақшаның теориялары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақшаның теориялары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Монетарна економија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монетарна економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetaire_economie" title="Monetaire economie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monetaire economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="貨幣経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貨幣経済" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monet%C3%A6r_%C3%B8konomi" title="Monetær økonomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monetær økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_monet%C3%A1ria" title="Economia monetária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia monetária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Теория денег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория денег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_monetare" title="Ekonomia monetare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia monetare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%88a%C5%BEn%C3%A1_te%C3%B3ria" title="Peňažná teória – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peňažná teória" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarna_ekonomija" title="Monetarna ekonomija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Monetarna ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penningteori" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of economics covering theories of money</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Monetary_economics##" title="Talk:Monetary economics">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Monetary economics</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> that studies the different theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> and considers its functions (such as <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">store of value</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">unit of account</a>), and it considers how money can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tobin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discipline has historically prefigured, and remains integrally linked to, <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dimand_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimand-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This branch also examines the effects of <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary systems</a>, including regulation of money and associated <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a><sup id="cite_ref-boyd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and international aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-black_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern analysis has attempted to provide <a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">microfoundations</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">demand for money</a><sup id="cite_ref-baumol_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baumol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to distinguish valid <a href="/wiki/Nominal_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal value">nominal and real</a> monetary relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">aggregate demand</a> for output.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its methods include deriving and testing the implications of money as a substitute for other assets<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as based on explicit frictions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a></div> <p>The foundational concept of any modern <b>theory of money</b> is the understanding that the value of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> depends upon exchange and not weight (compare with the <a href="/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu model</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_areas">Research areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, research areas in monetary economics have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">Empirical</a> determinants and measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a>, whether narrowly, broadly, or index-<a href="/wiki/M2_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 (economics)">aggregated</a>, in relation to economic activity<sup id="cite_ref-wil_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Empirical determinants of the <a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">demand for money</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> (also called debt theory of money), concerning the relationship between credit and money.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">Debt deflation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance-sheet</a> theories, which hypothesize that over-extension of credit associated with a subsequent asset-price fall generate <a href="/wiki/Business_fluctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Business fluctuation">business fluctuations</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">wealth effect</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wealth#Economic_analysis" title="Wealth">net worth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bernanke_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernanke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monetary aspects studied by <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The monetary/<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> relationship to macroeconomic stability<sup id="cite_ref-pal2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pal2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The effect of money supply growth on <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Political_economy#Current_approaches" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> and monetary policy<sup id="cite_ref-n1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monetary implications of the asset-price/macroeconomic relation:<sup id="cite_ref-mat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the importance and stability of the relation between the money supply and interest rates, the <a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">price level</a>, and nominal and real output of an <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Monetary impacts on interest rates and the <a href="/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve">term structure of interest rates</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lessons of monetary/financial history<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_transmission_mechanism" title="Monetary transmission mechanism">Transmission mechanisms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> as to the macroeconomy<sup id="cite_ref-brunner_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_of_money" title="Neutrality of money">Neutrality of money</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Money_illusion" title="Money illusion">money illusion</a> as to a change in the money supply, price level, or <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> on output<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tests, testability, and implications of <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">rational-expectations</a> theory as to changes in output or inflation from monetary policy<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monetary implications of imperfect and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric information">asymmetric information</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fraudulent finance<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> as a modeling paradigm for monetary and financial institutions<sup id="cite_ref-game_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-game-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Possible advantages of following a monetary-policy <a href="/wiki/Taylor_rule" title="Taylor rule">rule</a> to avoid inefficiencies of <a href="/wiki/Time_inconsistency" class="mw-redirect" title="Time inconsistency">time inconsistency</a> from <a href="/wiki/Discretionary_policy" title="Discretionary policy">discretionary policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-palgrave_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palgrave-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_2">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monetary_economics" title="Special:EditPage/Monetary economics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Golden_Age">Islamic Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At around the same time in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, a vigorous <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary economy">monetary economy</a> was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a>). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Banaji_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banaji-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory notes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Medieval_Trade_in_the_Mediterranean_World:_Illustrative_Documents_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medieval_Trade_in_the_Mediterranean_World:_Illustrative_Documents-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transactional_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactional account">transactional accounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a>, the transfer of credit and <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Labib_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labib-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Banking_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking institution">banking institutions</a> for loans and <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">deposits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Labib_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labib-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1500s_to_1700s">1500s to 1700s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1500s to 1700s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanCoin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/220px-MauryanCoin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/330px-MauryanCoin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/440px-MauryanCoin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, known as <i>rūpyarūpa</i>, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg/220px-French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg/330px-French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg/440px-French_issued_rupee_in_the_name_of_Mohammed_Sha_1719_1758_for_Northern_India_trade_cast_in_Pondicherry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> issued rupees in the name of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> (1719–1748) for Northern India trade. This was cast in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondicherry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a <i>rupiya</i>, weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of the rupee traces back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Subodh_Kapoor_1599_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subodh_Kapoor_1599-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the Lydian <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">staters</a>, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_wen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese wen">Chinese wen</a>. The term is from <i>rūpya</i>, a Sanskrit term for <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Sanskrit rūpa, beautiful form.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial <a href="/wiki/Taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taka">taka</a> was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>, the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, in 1329. It was modeled as <a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">representative money</a>, a concept pioneered as paper money by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. The tanka was minted in copper and brass. Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_rupee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuli rupee">Kabuli rupee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kandahari_rupee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandahari rupee">Kandahari rupee</a> were used as currency in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_rupee" title="Afghan rupee">Afghan rupee</a>. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghan afghani</a> in 1925. </p><p>Until the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>'s official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.<sup id="cite_ref-roosevelt1929_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roosevelt1929-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious interest in the concepts behind money occurred during the dramatic period of inflation in the late 15th to early 17th centuries known as the <a href="/wiki/Price_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Price Revolution">Price Revolution</a>, during which the value of gold fell precipitously, sometimes fluctuating wildly, because of the importation of gold from the New World, primarily by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of this period, the first modern texts on monetary economics were beginning to appear. </p><p>During the eighteenth century, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> became more common in Europe. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> referred to it as "this new invention of paper".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1705, <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Money_and_Trade_Considered" title="Money and Trade Considered">Money and Trade Considered</a></i>, which examined the failure of metal-based money during the previous hundred and fifty years. He proposed replacing that system with a <a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">land bank</a> system of paper money based on the value of real estate. He succeeded in getting this proposal implemented. However, his bank failed due to a <a href="/wiki/Bubble_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble (economics)">bubble</a> of speculation collapsing into extreme inflation; perhaps because he failed to take the lessons of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Price_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Price Revolution">Spanish Price Revolution</a> seriously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1720, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Gervaise" title="Isaac Gervaise">Isaac Gervaise</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_System_or_Theory_of_the_Trade_of_the_World" title="The System or Theory of the Trade of the World">The System or Theory of the Trade of the World</a></i>. He criticised <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> and state-supported credit for the inflation problems of his era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Della_Moneta" title="Della Moneta">Della Moneta</a></i>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Ferdinando Galiani</a> in 1751, and is arguably the first modern text on economic theory. It was printed twenty-five years before <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s more famous book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, which touched on some of the same topics. <i>Della Moneta</i> covered many modern monetary concepts, including the value, origin, and regulation of money. It carefully examined the possible causes for money's value to fluctuate. </p><p>The year following, 1752, <i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Balance_of_Trade" title="Of the Balance of Trade">Of the Balance of Trade</a></i> was published by Hume. He argued that one need not worry about the import or export of goods creating a surplus or shortage of either money or goods because an excess or shortage of money will always increase or decrease demand until equilibrium is reached. In modern economic terms, this is as <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_equilibrium" title="List of types of equilibrium">equilibration</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93specie_flow_mechanism" title="Price–specie flow mechanism">price–specie flow mechanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> – Heterodox theory of money</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_dichotomy" title="Classical dichotomy">Classical dichotomy</a> – the idea, attributed to classical/pre-Keynesian economics, that real variables (output and real interest rates) and nominal variables (money value of output and the interest rate) can be analyzed separately<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a> – When a country's central bank lacks the foreign reserves to maintain a fixed exchange rate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_exchange" title="Equation of exchange">Equation of exchange</a> – equation used on monetary theory<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial economics</a> – Academic discipline concerned with the exchange of money</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a> – Economic system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalism" title="Horizontalism">Horizontalism</a> – approach to money creation theory<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a> – Interest seen as a reward for parting with liquidity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a> – Situation described in Keynesian economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a> – School of macroeconomic thought</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">Modern Monetary Theory</a> – Macroeconomic theory<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> – School of thought in monetary economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_base" title="Monetary base">Monetary base</a> – Measure of money supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary-disequilibrium_theory" title="Monetary-disequilibrium theory">Monetary-disequilibrium theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">Monetary reform</a> – Movements to amend the financial system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a> – Process by which the money supply of an economic region is increased</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a> – Total value of money available in an economy at a specific point in time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a> – Risk of collapse of an entire financial system or entire market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_rule" title="Taylor rule">Taylor rule</a> – Rule from monetary policy</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</a> – 1936 book by John Maynard Keynes</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Money_and_Credit" title="The Theory of Money and Credit">The Theory of Money and Credit</a> – 1912 book by Ludwig von Mises</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">Velocity of money</a> – Rate of money changing hands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_cost_of_inflation" title="Welfare cost of inflation">Welfare cost of inflation</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li>Monetary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Macroeconomics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macroeconomics" title="Template:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macroeconomics" title="Template talk:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Macroeconomics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Aggregate supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">CAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li>Expectations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand-pull_inflation" title="Demand-pull inflation">Demand-pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">Cost-push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">NNI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">Microfoundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">Endogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">Demand for money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts" title="System of National Accounts">SNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkflation" title="Shrinkflation">Shrinkflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_saving" title="National saving">Saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model" title="IS–LM model">IS–LM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">AD–AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_cross" title="Keynesian cross">Keynesian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar</a>Нмиф</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow%E2%80%93Swan_model" title="Solow–Swan model">Solow–Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey%E2%80%93Cass%E2%80%93Koopmans_model" title="Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model">Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">Overlapping generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General equilibrium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium">DSGE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">Endogenous growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshooting_model" title="Overshooting model">Overshooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li> <li>Monetary economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater and freshwater</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heterodox</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomists" title="Category:Macroeconomists">macroeconomists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_model" title="Macroeconomic model">Macroeconomic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics#Macroeconomics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications in macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tobin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tobin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a>, 1992. "money," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money</i>, v. 2, pp. 770-79 & in 2008, <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000217&q=money&topicid=&result_number=5">Table of Contents</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103115750/http://www.inomics.com/cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1013">Abstract.</a> Reprinted in Tobin, 1996, <i>Essays in Economics</i>, v. 4, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIWEt8hRH2kC&pg=PA139">139</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIWEt8hRH2kC&pg=PA163">63.</a> <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.<br />   • _____, 1961. "Money, Capital, and Other Stores of Value," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 51(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1914465">26</a>-37. Reprinted in Tobin, 1987, <i>Essays in Economics</i>, v. 1, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&pg=PA217">217</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&pg=PA227">27.</a> MIT Press.<br />   • Paul A. Samuelson, 1958. "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 66(6), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.upenn.edu/~hfang/teaching/socialinsurance/readings/Samuelson58(6.3).pdf">467, 481-82</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720133014/http://www.econ.upenn.edu/~hfang/teaching/socialinsurance/readings/Samuelson58(6.3).pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • John Bryan, 1980. "Transaction Demand for Money and Moral Hazard," in <i>Models of Monetary Economies</i>, ed. J. Kareken and N.Wallace, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/books/models/pcc233.pdf">233-241</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918235809/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/books/models/pcc233.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and References, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/books/models/refs.pdf">305-13.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918133846/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/books/models/refs.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randall_Wright" title="Randall Wright">Randall Wright</a>, 1989, "On Money as a Medium of Exchange," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 97(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1832197">927</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832197">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-54.<br />   • _____, 1993. "A Search-Theoretic Approach to Monetary Economics," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 83(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2117496">63</a>-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimand-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimand_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Robert W. Dimand, 2008. "macroeconomics, origins and history of" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370&q=macroeconomics&topicid=&result_number=1">(abstract)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015653/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370&q=macroeconomics&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and "monetary economics, history of" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000394&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=1">(abstract)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215082808/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000394&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2012-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>. 2nd Edition.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina D. Romer</a> and David H. Romer, 2007:2. "Monetary Economics," <i>NBER Reporter</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf">1-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611132607/http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Abstract-links <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/.">version.</a><br />  • <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#Macroeconomics_and_monetary_economics_JEL:_E_Subcategories" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes#Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories</a>.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, 1752. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csus.edu/indiv/c/chalmersk/econ101sp11/humeofmoney.pdf">"Of Money,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805080910/https://www.csus.edu/indiv/c/chalmersk/econ101sp11/humeofmoney.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Of Interest," and "Of the Balance of Trade" in <i><a href="/wiki/Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary" title="Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary">Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i>. Reprinted in Hume, 1955, <i>Writings on Economics</i>, Eugene Rotwein ed., linked <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W00DP4Lx0BgC&pg=PR5">Table of Contents.</a><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayer_(American_economist)" title="Thomas Mayer (American economist)">Thomas Mayer</a>, 1980. "David Hume and Monetarism," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 95(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1885350?uid=3739936&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55923832223">89</a>-101.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thornton_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thornton (abolitionist)">Henry Thornton</a>, 1802. <i>Paper Credit</i>. Contents, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4TY5AAAAMAAJ">ix</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TY5AAAAMAAJ&dq=thornton&pg=PA12">xii</a>, & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2041&Itemid=28">chapter links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219224858/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2041&Itemid=28">Archived</a> 2008-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2041&chapter=145565&layout=html&Itemid=27">Introduction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, 1938.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/W._Stanley_Jevons" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Stanley Jevons">W. Stanley Jevons</a>, 1876 [1919]. <i>Money and the Mechanism of Exchange</i>. Chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCk5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR11">links.</a><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, 1892. "On the Origin of Money," <i>Economic Journal</i>, 2(6), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~tfemino/Files/Menger-Origin-Money.pdf">239–255.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235044/http://mason.gmu.edu/~tfemino/Files/Menger-Origin-Money.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a>, [1898] 1936. <i>Interest and Prices</i>, tr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahn,_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">R.F. Kahn</a>. Macmillan, Chapter links, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSW2rSIvrkC&dq=wicksell+%22interest+and+prices%22&pg=PR5">v</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSW2rSIvrkC&dq=wicksell+%22interest+and+prices%22&pg=PR6">vi.</a><br />  • _____, [1906] 1929. <i>Lectures on Political Economy</i>, v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/LPEvol2.pdf">2</a>: Money, tr. E. Classen, 1935. Discussed in <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a>' Introduction to v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/LPEvol1.pdf">1</a>: General Theory, pp. xv-xviii.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">A.C. Pigou</a>, 1917. "The Value of Money." <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 32 (1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1885078">38</a>-65. Reprinted in part in A.C. Pigou (1924), <i>Essays in Applied Economics</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXU40tmugnIC&pg=PA175">175-</a> 204.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher, Irving</a>, [1911] 1922, 2nd ed.. <i>The Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest, and Crises</i><br />  • <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, 1923. <i>A Tract on Monetary Reform</i>. Macmillan. Reviews, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2223164">1924</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/Reviews/monetaryreform.html">1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014061308/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/Reviews/monetaryreform.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />  • _____, 1936. <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</a></i>. Macmillan.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Gary_S._Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary S. Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> and William J. Baumol, 1952. "The Classical Monetary Theory: The Outcome of the Discussion," <i>Economica</i>, NS 19(76), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2551104">355</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151043/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2551104">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-376.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Samuelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul A. Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a>, 1968. "What Classical and Neoclassical Monetary Theory Really Was," <i>Canadian Journal of Economics</i>, 1(1), pp. 1-15, & <i>Collected Scientific Papers</i>, 1972, v. III. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xisb9usg790C&pg=PA529">529</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xisb9usg790C&pg=PA529">543.</a> <br />  • Robert Clower, 1969b. "What Traditional Monetary Theory Really Wasn't," <i>Canadian Journal of Economics</i>. 2(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/133641">299</a>-302.<br />  • <a href="/wiki/David_Laidler" title="David Laidler">David E.W. Laidler</a>, 1991. <i>The Golden Age of the Quantity Theory: The Development of Neoclassical Monetary Economics, 1870-1914</i>. Princeton UP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/4959.html">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5421/is_n4_v60/ai_n28638753/">review.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Bennett_T._McCallum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennett T. McCallum">Bennett T. McCallum</a>, 1989. <i>Monetary Economics: Theory and Policy</i>. Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/54703339/Monetary-Economics-Theory-and-Policy-MCCALLUM-1989">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boyd_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• J.H. Boyd, 2008. "financial intermediation," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000320&q=financial%20institutions&topicid=&result_number=5">Abstract.</a><br />  • Sudipto Bhattacharya, Anjan V. Thakor, and Arnoud W.A. Boot, 1998. "The Economics of Bank Regulation," <i>Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking</i>, 30(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf">745-770.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024716/https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-black_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Stanley W. Black, 2008. "international monetary institutions," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000184&q=monetary%20system&topicid=&result_number=3">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015754/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000184&q=monetary%20system&topicid=&result_number=3">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Mundell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a>, 1971. <i>Monetary Theory: Interest, Inflation and Growth in the World Economy</i>. Goodyear. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Monetary%20Theory:%20Interest,%20Inflation%20and%20Growth%20in%20the%20World%20Economy">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831172944/http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Monetary%20Theory:%20Interest,%20Inflation%20and%20Growth%20in%20the%20World%20Economy">Archived</a> 2007-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Bennett_T._McCallum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennett T. McCallum">Bennett T. McCallum</a>, 1996. <i>International Monetary Economics</i>. Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/Economics/Macroeconomics/InternationalEconomics/?view=usa&ci=9780195094947">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034300/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/Economics/Macroeconomics/InternationalEconomics/?view=usa&ci=9780195094947">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/international-monetary-economics-by-bennett-t-mccallum.jsp">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151058/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth S. Rogoff</a>, 1996. <i>Foundations of International Macroeconomics</i>. MIT Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275&mode=toc">Ch. 8-10.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321060218/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275&mode=toc">Archived</a> 2007-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809075637/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275">Archived</a> 2010-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baumol-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baumol_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baumol" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> 1952. "The Transaction Demand for Cash: An Inventory Theoretic Approach," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 66(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbe.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/6315/Week02/BaumolMoneyDemand.pdf">545–556.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235046/http://www.cbe.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/6315/Week02/BaumolMoneyDemand.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />   • James Tobin, 1956. "The Interest-Elasticity of Transactions Demand for Cash," <i>Review of Economics and Statistics</i>, 38(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbeusers.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/4315/..%5C6315/Week02/TobinTransactionsCash.pdf">241-247.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Reprinted in Tobin, <i>Essays in Economics</i>, v. 1, <i>Macroeconomics</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&dq=bl&pg=PA229">229</a>- <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&dq=bl&pg=PA229">[1]</a> 242.<br />   • _____, 1958. "Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk," <i>Review of Economic Studies</i> 25(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m19/m19-01.pdf">65–86.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092115/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m19/m19-01.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, 1956. "The Quantity Theory of Money: A Restatement," in <i>Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money</i>, Chicago. Reprinted in <i>The Optimum Quantity of Money</i>, 2005), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA51">51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151059/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA51&dq&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&dq=%22Studies+in+the+Quantity+Theory+of+Money%22+restatement&pg=PA67">67.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151100/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA67&lpg=PR5&dq=%22Studies+in+the+Quantity+Theory+of+Money%22+restatement">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clower" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Clower">Robert Clower</a>, 1967. "A Reconsideration of the Microfoundations of Monetary Theory," <i>Western Economic Journal</i>, 6(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308210419/https://www.ssc.uwo.ca/economics/grad/533b-001/Notes/Clower_1967.pdf">1-8.</a><br />   • _____, 1987. <i>Money and Markets</i>. Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ&q=robert+clower+monetary">chapter-preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150115/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=robert+clower+monetary#PPA15,M1">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/David_Laidler" title="David Laidler">David Laidler</a>, 1988. "Taking Money Seriously," <i>Canadian Journal of Economics</i>, 21(4), pp. 687–713. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/135258">135258</a><br />   • _____, 1993. <i>The Demand for Money: Theories, Evidence, and Problems</i>, 4th ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0065010981">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150104/https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0065010981">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1997. "Notes on the Microfoundations of Monetary Economics," <i>Economic Journal</i>, 107(443), pp. 1213–1223. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2957862">2957862</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a>, 1965, 2nd ed. <i>Money, Interest and Prices: An Integration of Monetary and Value Theory</i>. New York: Harper and Row. Introduction to 1990 MIT edition (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ucla.edu/workingpapers/wp557.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135925/http://www.econ.ucla.edu/workingpapers/wp557.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), and 1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386/w3595">evaluation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150103/https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w3595/w3595.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Stanley Fischer.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a>, 2003. <i>Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy</i>, Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919110146/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html">Archived</a> 2019-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c7603.html">Table of Contents.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225194841/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c7603.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• James Tobin, 1969. "A General Equilibrium Approach To Monetary Theory," <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>, 1(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deu.edu.tr/userweb/yesim.kustepeli/dosyalar/tobin1969.pdf">15-29.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214011/http://www.deu.edu.tr/userweb/yesim.kustepeli/dosyalar/tobin1969.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____ with Stephen S. Golub, 1998. <i>Money, Credit, and Capital</i>. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/mh022/97003766.html">TOC.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721044951/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/mh022/97003766.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Stephen M. Goldfeld and Daniel E. Sichel, 1990. "The Demand for Money," in <i>Handbook of Monetary Economics</i>, v. 1, pp. 299-356. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7P60-4FKY4SC-C/2/33bdc81e7e4056e6951bb312a0c02320">Outline.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Elsevier.<br />   • Subramanian S. Sriram, 2001. "A Survey of Recent Empirical Money Demand Studies," <i>IMF Staff Papers</i>, 47(3). International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/staffp/2001/01/pdf/Sriram.pdf">pp. 334-65.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425093059/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/staffp/2001/01/pdf/Sriram.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Robert M. Townsend, 1980. "Models of Money with Spatially Separated Agents," in John H. Kareken and Neil Wallace, ed., <i>Models of Monetary Economies</i> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpls.frb.org/publications_papers/books/models/pcc265.pdf">265-303.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726063642/http://www.mpls.frb.org/publications_papers/books/models/pcc265.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.<br />   • Neil Wallace, 2001. "Whither Monetary Economics?," <i>International Economic Review</i>, 42(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/826976">p. 847</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150103/https://www.jstor.org/stable/826976">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-869.<br />   • Ricardo Lagos and Randall Wright, 2005. "A Unified Framework for Monetary Theory and Policy Analysis," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 113(3], pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.queensu.ca/students/phds/liuqian/MRG/Fall_2007/Lagos_Wright2005.pdf">463-84.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235046/http://www.econ.queensu.ca/students/phds/liuqian/MRG/Fall_2007/Lagos_Wright2005.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSargent2001" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, Thomas J. (2001). <i>The Princeton Economic History of the Western World</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 69. <q>...the competitive equilibrium model of Arrow (1951) and Debreu (1954) has no role for fiat money, an asset that is valued only because it facilitates exchange. In the Arrow–Debreu model, all exchanges occur through a frictionless credit system. Credit works so well that no coins or notes are ever required for exchange. The Arrow–Debreu model would make coins worth the metal they contain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Economic+History+of+the+Western+World&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wil-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wil_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/William_A._Barnett" title="William A. Barnett">William A. Barnett</a>, 2008. "monetary aggregation," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000351&q=monetary%20economics&topicid=&result_number=3">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215083157/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000351&q=monetary%20economics&topicid=&result_number=3">Archived</a> 2012-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Cagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Cagan">Phillip Cagan</a>, 1965. <i>Determinants and Effects of Changes in the Stock of Money, 1875-1960</i>. NBER. Foreword by Milton Friedman, pp. xiii-xxviii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/caga65-1">Table of Contents.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019222203/https://www.nber.org/books/caga65-1">Archived</a> 2020-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />   • Milton Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jacobson_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jacobson Schwartz">Anna Jacobson Schwartz</a>, 1970. "Introduction," <i>Monetary Statistics of the United States</i>. Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/chapters/c5279.pdf">pp. 89-92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127161131/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5279.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Review, <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a>, 1971. <i>J of Business</i>, 44(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2351347">335</a>-337.<br />   • Paul A. Spindt, 1985. "Money Is What Money Does: Monetary Aggregation and the Equation of Exchange," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 93(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1830507">175</a>-204.<br />   • Michael T. Belongia, 1996. "Measurement Matters: Recent Results from Monetary Economics Reexamined," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 104(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2138952">1065</a>-1083.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernanke-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bernanke_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Ben_S._Bernanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben S. Bernanke">Ben S. Bernanke</a>, 1995. "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach," <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>, 27(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/1169/item/2399">1-28.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408163726/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/1169/item/2399">Archived</a> 2020-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1983. "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 73(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1808111">257</a>-276. Reprinted with Bernanke, 1995 (above), in Bernanke, 2005, <i>Essays on the Great Depression</i>, Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329133459/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html">TOC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119050606/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as ch. 1-2.<br />   • _____ and Mark Gertler, 1989. "Agency Costs, Net Worth, and Business Fluctuations," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 79(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1804770">14</a>-31.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, 1933. "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions," <i>Econometrica</i>, 1(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3596">337-357.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131093521/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/3596">Archived</a> 2020-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • P. Bridel, 2008. "credit cycle," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2008. 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000429&q=credit%20cycles&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015425/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000429&q=credit%20cycles&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a>, 1988. "Financial Structure and Aggregate Economic Activity: An Overview," <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>, 20(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nviegi.net/teaching/master/gertler.pdf">559-588</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617223330/http://www.nviegi.net/teaching/master/gertler.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Steven Gjerstad and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a>, 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897612802791281">From Bubble to Depression?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213021712/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897612802791281">Archived</a> 2015-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, April 6.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Hyman_P._Minsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyman P. Minsky">Hyman P. Minsky</a>, 1957. "Monetary Systems and Accelerator Models,"<i>American Economic Review</i>, 47(6), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=hm_archive&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fgcx%3Dw%26ix%3Dc1%26sourceid%3Dchrome%26ie%3DUTF-8%26q%3D%2522Monetary%2BSystems%2Band%2BAccelerator%2BModels%252C%2522#search=%22Monetary%20Systems%20Accelerator%20Models%2C%22">860-883</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073517/http://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=hm_archive&sei-redir=1&referer=http:%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fgcx=w&ix=c1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=%22Monetary+Systems+and+Accelerator+Models%2C%22#search=%22Monetary%20Systems%20Accelerator%20Models%2C%22">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Steve Fazzari and Hyman Minsky, 1984. "Domestic Monetary Policy: If Not Monetarism, What?" <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i>, 18(1), "Economic Policy for the Eighties and Beyond," pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4225414">101</a>-116. Reprinted in M. Tool, ed., 1984, <i>An Institutionalist Guide to Economics and Public Policy</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vB3BXVrS7f0C&pg=PA101=FALSE">101-116</a>.<br />   • Lance Taylor and Stephen A. O'Connell, 1985. "A Minsky Crisis," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 100(3, Supplement), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.fea.usp.br/gilberto/eae5948_2_2007/taylor_oconnell_1985.pdf">871-885.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073518/http://www.econ.fea.usp.br/gilberto/eae5948_2_2007/taylor_oconnell_1985.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a>, 1994. "Debt Deflation: Theory and Evidence," <i>European Economic Review</i>, 38(3-4), pp. 419-445. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913033343/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V64-45R2GBB-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=94f77a0a2516e81cbf5dbfe0038ee48d">Abstract.</a><br />   • Enrique G. Mendoza, 2006. "Lessons from the Debt-Deflation Theory of Sudden Stops," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 96(2), pp. 411–416. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034682">30034682</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a> and John H. Moore, 1997. "Credit Cycles," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 105(2), pp. 211–248. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2138839">2138839</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo A. Calvo</a> and Enrique G. Mendoza, 2000. "Capital-Markets Crises and Economic Collapse in Emerging Markets: An Informational-Frictions Approach,' <i>American Economic Review</i>, 90(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/117192">59</a>-64.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Wynne_Godley" title="Wynne Godley">Wynne Godley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lavoie" title="Marc Lavoie">Marc Lavoie</a>, 2007. <i>Monetary Economics: An Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. Description & contents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0230500552#Description">links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104111947/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0230500552#Description">Archived</a> 2013-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wynnegodley.com/review.htm">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120235143/http://www.wynnegodley.com/review.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(economist)" title="Karl Brunner (economist)">Karl Brunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a>, 1988. "Money and Credit in the Monetary Transmission Process," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 78(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1818166">446</a>-451.<br />   • Edward Nelson, 2002. "Direct Effects of Base money on Aggregate Demand: Theory and Evidence," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 49(4), pp. 687-708. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393202001186">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171310/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393202001186">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<a href="/wiki/J._M._Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Keynes">J. M. Keynes</a>, 1937. "The General Theory of Employment," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 51, (2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membres.multimania.fr/yannickperez/site/Keynes%201937.PDF">209-223</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105115704/http://membres.multimania.fr/yannickperez/site/Keynes%201937.PDF">Archived</a> 2012-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Anthony M. Santomero and John J. Seater, 1981. "Partial Adjustment in the Demand for Money: Theory and Empirics," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 71(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1806181">566</a>-578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• From Christina D. Romer and David H. Romer, 2007:2. "Monetary Economics," <i>NBER Reporter</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf">1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611132607/http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Alan S. Blinder, 1997. "What Central Bankers Could Learn from Academics — and Vice Versa," <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 11(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukzn.ac.za/economics/viegi/teaching/uct/blinder.pdf">3-19.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pal2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pal2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• From <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2008. 2nd Edition: <br />         "monetary and fiscal policy overview" by <a href="/wiki/Narayana_R._Kocherlakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana R. Kocherlakota">Narayana R. Kocherlakota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000383">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229205850/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000383">Archived</a> 2010-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />         "fiscal and monetary policies in developing countries" by David Fielding. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000116&q=monetary%20developing&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311082427/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000116&q=monetary%20developing&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2012-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />         "government budget constraint" by Eric M. Leeper and James M. Nason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000161">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229211231/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000161">Archived</a> 2010-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />         "currency crises" by Graciela Laura Kaminsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000468">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015551/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000468">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />         "currency crises models" by Craig Burnside, Martin Eichenbaum, and Sergio Rebelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000204">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015628/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000204">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Stanley Fischer and William Easterly, 1990. "The Economics of the Government Budget Constraint," <i>World Bank Research Observer</i>, 5(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3986443">p. 127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150656/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986443">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-142 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1990/07/01/000009265_3980513111756/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf#page=5">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607004921/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1990/07/01/000009265_3980513111756/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf#page=5">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 5-20 of 101).<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> and Neil Wallace, 1981. "Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis <i>Quarterly Review</i>, 5(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/qr/qr531.pdf">1-17.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055011/http://research.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/qr/qr531.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Thomas J. Sargent, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf">"United States Then, Europe Now,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115165359/https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel lecture, sect. 7, Lessons for Now.<br />   • Milton Friedman, 1948. "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability," <i> American Economic Review</i>, 38(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/amonetaryandfiscaleconomicstability.pdf">245-264.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091741/http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/amonetaryandfiscaleconomicstability.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1959. <i>A Program for Monetary Stability</i>. Fordham University Press. New York. TOC chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22831717">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070712/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22831717">Archived</a> 2011-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Michael Woodford, 2001. "Fiscal Requirements for Price Stability," <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>, 33(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2673890">669</a>-728.<br />   • Alberto Alesina and Allan Drazen, 1991. "Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?" <i>American Economic Review</i>, 81(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://j-bradford-delong.net/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Alesina_Drazen.pdf">1170-1188.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113731/http://j-bradford-delong.net/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Alesina_Drazen.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Summers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence H. Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a>, 2000. "International Financial Crises: Causes, Prevention, and Cures." <i>American Economic Review</i>,, 90(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/117183">1</a>-16. Reprinted in M. Chatterji and P. Gangopadhyay, ed., 2005, <i>Economic Globalization in Asia</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kVdNzWA6qMC&pg=PA47">47</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kVdNzWA6qMC&pg=PA63">63.</a><br />   • Graciela L. Kaminsky and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1999. "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-Of-Payments Problems," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 89(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/117029">473</a>-500.<br />   • Christopher Adam and David Vines, 2009. "Remaking Macroeconomic Policy after the Global Financial Crisis: A Balance-Sheet Approach," <i>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</i>, 25(4), pp. 507-552. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820071423/http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/507">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Sudipto Bhattacharya, Anjan V. Thakor, and Arnoud W.A. Boot, 1998. "The Economics of Bank Regulation," <i>Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking</i>, 30(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf">745-770.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024716/https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Frederic S. Mishkin, ed., 2001. <i>Prudential Supervision: What Works and What Doesn't</i>, Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/mish01-1">Chapter downloads.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025916/https://www.nber.org/books/mish01-1">Archived</a> 2020-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • James R. Barth, Gerard Caprio Jr., and Ross Levine, 2004. "Bank Regulation and Supervision: What Works Best?" <i>Journal of Financial Intermediation</i>, 13(2), pp. 205-248. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911092305/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJD-4B28V79-3&_user=10&_coverDate=04/30/2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3638046c9e4aceeb65e1815b46330d81">Abstract.</a><br />   • Carlos M. Peláez and Carlos A. Peláez, 2009. <i>Regulation of Banks and Finance: Theory and Policy after the Credit Crisis</i>, Palgrave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=12">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331064226/http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=12">Archived</a> 2010-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">Centre for Economic Policy Research</a>, London:<br />         Mathias Dewatripont, Xavier Freixas, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Portes" title="Richard Portes">Richard Portes</a>, ed., 2009. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voxeu.org/reports/G20_ebook.pdf">Macroeconomic Stability and Financial Regulation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704003905/http://www.voxeu.org/reports/G20_ebook.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i><br />         Thorsten Beck, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Coyle" title="Diane Coyle">Diane Coyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Dewatripont" title="Mathias Dewatripont">Mathias Dewatripont</a>, Xavier Freixas, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Seabright" title="Paul Seabright">Paul Seabright</a>, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.org/pubs/other/Bailing_out_the_banks.pdf"><i>Bailing out the Banks: Reconciling Stability and Competition</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415022835/http://www.cepr.org/pubs/other/Bailing_out_the_banks.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ch. 7, "Preventing Future Crises: Reforming Prudential Regulation," pp. 67-83.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert E. Hall</a>, 1982. "<i>Monetary Trends in The United States and The United Kingdom</i>: A Review from The Perspective of New Developments in Monetary Economics," <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 20(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~rehall/Monetary%20Trends%20JEL%201982.pdf">1552-1556.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203165221/http://www.stanford.edu/~rehall/Monetary%20Trends%20JEL%201982.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a>, 1995. "Financial Innovation and the Management and Regulation of Financial Institutions," <i>Journal of Banking & Finance</i>, 19(3-4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.hbs.edu/rmerton/financial%20innovation%20management%20and%20regulation.pdf">461-481.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611063232/http://www.people.hbs.edu/rmerton/financial%20innovation%20management%20and%20regulation.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Lawrence J. White, 1991 <i>The S&L Debacle: Public Policy Lessons for Bank and Thrift Regulation</i>, Oxford. Chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-sandl-debacle-public-policy-lessons-for-bank-and-thrift-regulation-by-lawrence-j-white.jsp">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151225/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3768">Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902032516/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3768">Archived</a> 2014-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by J.H. Boyd.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Randall_S._Kroszner" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall S. Kroszner">Randall S. Kroszner</a> and Philip E. Strahan, 1999. "What Drives Deregulation? Economics and Politics of the Relaxation of Bank Branching Restrictions," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 114(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2586968">1437</a>-1467.fragility of <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a>,<br />   • Ben Bernanke and Mark Gertler, 1990. "Financial Fragility and Economic Performance," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 105(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2937820">87</a>-114.<br />   • Thomas F. Hellmann, Kevin C. Murdock and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2000. "Liberalization, Moral Hazard in Banking, and Prudential Regulation: Are Capital Requirements Enough?" <i>American Economic Review</i>, 90(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/117285">147</a>-165.<br />   • Ross Levine, Norman Loayza, and Thorsten Beck, 2000. "Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 46, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/FinancialDevelopmentandGrowth.pdf">31-77</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020143404/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/FinancialDevelopmentandGrowth.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (close Pages tab at left).<br />   • Asli Demirgüç-Kunt and <a href="/wiki/Enrica_Detragiache" title="Enrica Detragiache">Enrica Detragiache</a>, 2002. "Does Deposit Insurance Increase Banking System Stability? An Empirical Investigation," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 49(7), pp. 1373-1406. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201213408/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-46YGNWB-3&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1229510575&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4e943cd6c3a1cdf468152a5cec378968">Abstract & TOC.</a><br />   • Donald P. Morgan, 2002. "Rating Banks: Risk and Uncertainty in an Opaque Industry," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 92(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3083285">874</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151223/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3083285">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-888.<br />   • Thorsten Beck, Aslı Demirgu¨ Kunt, and Ross Levine 2006. "Bank Supervision and Corruption in Lending," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 53(8), pp. 2131–2163. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michau.nazwa.pl/aska/uploads/Studenci/EPF_10nov2.pdf">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821215709/http://michau.nazwa.pl/aska/uploads/Studenci/EPF_10nov2.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Raghuram_G._Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghuram G. Rajan">Raghuram G. Rajan</a>, 2005. "Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?" in <i>Economic Symposium Conference <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/archive.cfm">Proceedings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929201047/http://kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/archive.cfm">Archived</a> 2014-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Aug., pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2005/pdf/rajan2005.pdf">313-369.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930215918/http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2005/pdf/Rajan2005.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw11728">10.3386/w11728</a><br />   • In Mark Carey & René M. Stulz, ed., 2007. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTWtpwkGYGgC">The Risks of Financial Institutions</a></i>, Chicago:<br />         Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. "Bank Concentration and Fragility: Impact and Mechanics," ch. 5, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTWtpwkGYGgC&pg=PA193=GBS">193-</a> 231. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=775990">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151226/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=775990">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale. "Systemic Risk and Regulation," ch. 7. pp. 341-368.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Walsh" title="Carl E. Walsh">Carl E. Walsh</a>, 2009. "Using Monetary Policy to Stabilize Economic Activity," in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831111544/http://www.kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/escp-2009.cfm"><i>Financial Stability and Macroeconomic Policy</i></a>, FRBKC, Aug., pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125174924/http://kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2009/papers/Walsh.09.11.09.pdf">245-96.</a><br />   • Ben S. Bernanke, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100103a.htm">"Monetary Policy and the Housing Bubble,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233513/http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100103a.htm">Archived</a> 2022-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> American Economic Association meeting. Atlanta. January 3.<br />   • <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i>, 2009. "The Warning," <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, October 20. <a href="/wiki/Brooksley_Born" title="Brooksley Born">Brooksley Born</a>'s efforts as <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">CFTC</a> chair (1996-1999) to regulate <a href="/wiki/Brooksley_Born#Born_and_the_OTC_Derivatives_Market" title="Brooksley Born">OTC derivatives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/etc/script.html">Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919061353/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/etc/script.html">Archived</a> 2017-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and arrow-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413000742/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/">Archived</a> 2016-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to broadcast.<br />   • <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></i>, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> interview, Oct 24, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. On current financial regulatory reform in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Click on picture to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11964">play</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027125246/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11964">Archived</a> 2011-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mat_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Matteo Iacoviello, 2005. "House Prices, Borrowing Constraints, and Monetary Policy in the Business Cycle," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 95(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.bc.edu/~iacoviel/research_files/AER_2005.pdf">739-764.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235045/http://www2.bc.edu/~iacoviel/research_files/AER_2005.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Ben Bernanke and Mark Gertler, 1999. "Monetary Policy and Asset Price Volatility," <i>Economic Review</i>, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, (4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/econrev/PDF/4q99bern.pdf">17-51.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217143433/http://kansascityfed.org/PUBLICAT/ECONREV/PDF/4q99bern.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 2001. "Should Central Banks Respond to Movements in Asset Prices?" <i>American Economic Review</i>, 91(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/pdfs/73219.pdf">253-257.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181329/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/pdfs/73219.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Frederic_S._Mishkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic S. Mishkin">Frederic S. Mishkin</a>, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/mishkin20071105a.htm">"Financial Instability and Monetary Policy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223174206/http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/mishkin20071105a.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Risk USA Conference.<br />   • Claudio E.V. Borio and <a href="/wiki/William_White_(economist)" title="William White (economist)">William R. White</a>, 2003. "Whither Monetary and Financial Stability? The Implications of Evolving Policy Regimes," in <i>Monetary Policy and Uncertainty: Adapting to a Changing Economy</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbkc.org/publicat/sympos/2003/pdf/Boriowhite2003.pdf">131-211.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235046/http://www.frbkc.org/publicat/sympos/2003/pdf/Boriowhite2003.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Otmar_Issing" title="Otmar Issing">Otmar Issing</a>, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2003/html/sp030329.en.html">"Monetary and Financial Stability: Is There a Trade-off?,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163037/http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2003/html/sp030329.en.html">Archived</a> 2009-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Monetary Stability, Financial Stability and the Business Cycle</i>, European Central Bank Conference.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Z._Aliber" title="Robert Z. Aliber">Robert Z. Aliber</a>, [1978] 2009. <i>Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises</i>, 6th edition. Palgrave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=11">Description & TOC.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331064226/http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=11">Archived</a> 2010-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • 2008:4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=4117">"Kenneth Rogoff Interview,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902034319/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=4117">Archived</a> 2014-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Region</i>, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.<br />   • Lawrence Summers, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://didattica.unibocconi.it/mypage/upload/48805_20081002_034354_8077-SUMMERS1.20071002.094803.PDF">"Beware Moral Hazard Fundamentalists,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063202/http://didattica.unibocconi.it/mypage/upload/48805_20081002_034354_8077-SUMMERS1.20071002.094803.PDF">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Financial Times</i>, September 23.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/William_Poole_(Federal_Reserve_Bank_president)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Poole (Federal Reserve Bank president)">William Poole</a>, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2008/02_29_08.html">"How Important Is Moral Hazard?,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516194848/http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2008/02_29_08.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Panel Discussion on Balancing Financial Stability, Price Stability and Macroeconomic Stability, U.S. Monetary Policy Forum.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Calomiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Calomiris">Charles W. Calomiris</a>, 2008. "banking crises," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_B000051&q=banking%20crises&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202063553/http://dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_B000051&q=banking%20crises&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2009-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Lawrence H. Officer, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/default/bailout">"Topical Insight: Bailouts,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201132537/http://dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/default/bailout">Archived</a> 2009-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online</i>.<br />   • Takeo Hoshi and Anil K. Kashyap, 2010. "Will the U.S. Bank Recapitalization Succeed? Eight Lessons from Japan," <i>Journal of Financial Economics</i>, 97(3), pp. 398-417. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X10000371">Abstract.</a><br />   • Robert J. Barro, 2009. "Rare Disasters, Asset Prices, and Welfare Costs," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 99(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/barro/files/consumption+risk+paper+aer+0309.pdf">243-64</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191000/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/barro/files/consumption+risk+paper+aer+0309.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton Friedman, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">[1987]</a> 2008. "quantity theory of money." <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_Q000006&q=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204206/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_Q000006&q=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arrow-page searchable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&dq=+norton&pg=PA1">preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA1&lpg=PR5&dq=+norton">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at John Eatwell <i>et al.</i>, 1989, <i>Money: The New Palgrave</i>, pp. 1-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Bennett T. McCallum, 2008. "Monetarism," <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</i>, 2nd ed.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_D._Cagan" title="Phillip D. Cagan">Phillip Cagan</a>, 1987. "monetarism," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 3, pp. 492–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000191&q=Monetarism%20&topicid=&result_number=1">Table of Contents.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204155/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000191&q=Monetarism%20&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reprinted in John Eatwell et al., 1989), <i>Money: The New Palgrave</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=%22&pg=PA195">195</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150116/https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195&dq=%22&source=bl&ots=PZwtf2Lciz&sig=_PIxoCi_sC0gjrykJbuBvTIGpjU&hl=en&ei=NTGoSd28J5jAtgf1q-3oDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=%22&pg=PA195">205.</a> <br />   • Jerome L. Stein, ed., 1976. <i>Monetarism</i>. Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Friedman" title="Benjamin M. Friedman">Benjamin M. Friedman</a>, 2008. "money supply," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. v. 5, pp. 745-51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000236&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=55">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225244/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000236&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=55">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Clark_Warburton" title="Clark Warburton">Clark Warburton</a>, 1966. <i>Depression, Inflation, and Monetary Policy: Selected Papers, 1945-1953</i>. Johns Hopkins Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084348/https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7504.pdf">Evaluation</a> in Anna J. Schwartz, <i>Money in Historical Perspective</i>, 1987.<br />   • Milton Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jacobson_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jacobson Schwartz">Anna Jacobson Schwartz</a>, 1963. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States,_1867-1960" class="mw-redirect" title="A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960">A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960</a></i>. Princeton. Page-searchable links to chapters on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22&pg=PR9">1929-41</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150117/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&pg=PR9&lpg=PP1&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22&pg=PR10">1948-60.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150125/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&pg=PR10&lpg=PP1&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a>, 1970. "Money and Income: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?" <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 84(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~mabreu/mtm/doc/CopiaAula1%20Tobin%201970.pdf">301-317.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516102643/http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~mabreu/mtm/doc/CopiaAula1%20Tobin%201970.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a>, 1972. "Money, Income, and Causality," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 62(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cuellar/econ411/Sims.pdf">540-552.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190627/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cuellar/econ411/Sims.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1980. "Comparison of Interwar and Postwar Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 70(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1815476">250</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815476">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-257.<br />   • _____, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sims.princeton.edu/yftp/Nobel/NobelLect.pdf">"Statistical Modeling of Monetary Policy and its Effects"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413131318/http://sims.princeton.edu/yftp/Nobel/NobelLect.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nobel Prize lecture.<br />   • John P. Judd and John L. Scadding, 1982. "The Search for a Stable Money Demand Function: A Survey of the Post-1973 Literature," <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 20(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2724409">993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2724409">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-1023.<br />   • Christina D. Romer and David H. Romer, 1989. "Does Monetary Policy Matter? A New Test in the Spirit of Friedman and Schwartz", <i>NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1989</i>, 4, downloadable at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/books/blan89-1">ch. 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022250/https://www.nber.org/books/blan89-1">Archived</a> 2020-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and at <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 1994, 34(1), pp. 75-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.scientificcommons.org/22001742">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327101741/http://en.scientificcommons.org/22001742">Archived</a> 2012-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Dennis L. Hoffman, Robert H. Rasche, and Margie A. Tieslau, 1995. "The Stability of Long-run Money Demand in Five Industrial Countries," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 35(2), pp. 317-339 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201231321/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3YMWMX9-B&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7937a0ed73456dceb01c6f296dc0be3">Abstract.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert G. King">Robert G. King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I._Plosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I. Plosser">Charles I. Plosser</a>, 1984. "Money, Credit, and Prices in a Real Business Cycle," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 74(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1804013">363</a>-380. Reprinted in Finn E. Kydland, ed., 1995. <i>Business Cycle Theory</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1NbKtqz_BwC&pg=PA136">136-55.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150643/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=H1NbKtqz_BwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA136&ots=20xTFEMfiC&sig=BUyb6wakpqC10x8rPW1sIsmnGXE">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Tack Yun, 1996. "Nominal Price Rigidity, Money Supply Endogeneity, and Business Cycles," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 37{2}, pp. 345–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201211928/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-4CYXSBK-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5b9e1de0a1b8aa84887f9ec3ba71e1f1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Arturo Estrella and Frederic S. Mishkin, 1997. "Is There a Role for Monetary Aggregates in the Conduct of Monetary Policy?" <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 40(2), pp. 279-304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202000208/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3SWSJP8-5&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/1997&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6a1b559a31f2f9cfad04cf6042c37783">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Robert Mundell, 1963. "Inflation and Real Interest," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 71(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.pku.edu.cn/jiaoyuan/teacher/adminteacher/documents_file/3969/3969.pdf">pp. 280-283.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://econ.pku.edu.cn/jiaoyuan/teacher/adminteacher/documents_file/3969/3969.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Inflation%20and%20Real%20Interest">Briefer description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831171542/http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Inflation%20and%20Real%20Interest">Archived</a> 2007-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Burton_G._Malkiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton G. Malkiel">Burton G. Malkiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">[1987]</a> 2008. "term structure of interest rates," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000042&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Michael W. Brandt and David A. Chapman, 2008. "affine term structure models," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000239&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015844/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000239&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=2">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • William Poole, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2005/6_14_05.html">"Understanding the Term Structure of Interest Rates,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808135258/http://stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2005/6_14_05.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> speech, New York, Money Marketeers, The Down Town Association.<br />   • Bennett T. McCallum, 2005. "Monetary Policy and the Term Structure of Interest Rates," <i>Economic Quarterly</i>, 91(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2005/fall/pdf/mccallum.pdf">1-21.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095922/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2005/fall/pdf/mccallum.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.<br />   • Kenneth N. Kuttner, 2001. "Monetary Policy Surprises and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Fed Funds Futures Market," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 47(3), pp. 523-544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201222343/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-438BR26-5&_user=10&_coverDate=06/30/2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1250095287&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=bb9401deb5bca550c519c4cc76529746">Abstract.</a><br />   • 2004. <i>Interest Rates and Monetary Policy</i>. Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2004/el2004-13.html#subhead1">Summary</a> and session <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/economics/conferences/0403/index.html">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520151423/http://www.frbsf.org/economics/conferences/0403/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Bordo" title="Michael D. Bordo">Michael D. Bordo</a>, 2008. "monetary policy, history of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112700/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michael.bordo.googlepages.com/TheHistoryofMonetaryPolicy.pdf">pre-publication copy.</a> <br />   • <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, 1975. <i>Money: Whence it Came, Where it Went</i>, Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7351-0070-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7351-0070-5">0-7351-0070-5</a>} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/galbraith_money.html">Extracts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523114345/http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/galbraith_money.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and review extracts.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/424/1/163">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1992011">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150646/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992011">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Gauti B. Eggertsson, 2008. "liquidity trap," .<i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_L000237&edition=current&q=liquidity%20trap&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Athanasios Orphanides, 2004. "Monetary Policy in Deflation: The Liquidity Trap in History and Practice," <i>North American Journal of Economics and Finance</i>, 15(1), pp. 101-124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10629408030005249">Abstract</a>.<br />   • Ben S. Bernanke, 2000, "Japanese Monetary Policy: A Case of Self-Induced Paralysis?" ch. 7, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/319/7iie289X.pdf">149-66</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193824/http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/319/7iie289X.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Japan's Financial Crisis and Its Parallels to US Experience</i>, Adam S. Posen and Ryoichi Mikitani, ed.<br />   • _____, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2003/20030531/default.htm_____,">"Some Thoughts on Monetary Policy in Japan,"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> May 31, (speech) Federal Reserve Board.<br />   • _____, 2005. <i>Essays on the Great Depression</i>, ch. 1-4. Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329133459/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html">TOC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119050606/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and ch. 1, " The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6817.html">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704124101/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6817.html">Archived</a> 2010-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Satyajit Chatterjee and P. Dean Corbae, 2008. "Great Depression, monetary and financial forces in," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000398&q=great%20depression&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015438/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000398&q=great%20depression&topicid=&result_number=2">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • G.J. Santoni, 1987. "The Great Bull Markets 1924-29 and 1982-87: Speculative Bubbles or Economic Fundamentals?" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis <i>Review</i>, November, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.stlouisfed.com/publications/review/87/11/Bull_Nov1987.pdf">16-30.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><br />   • Richard C. Koo, 2008. <i>The Holy Grail of Macro Economics: Lessons From Japan's Great Recession</i>, Wiley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Holy-Grail-of-Macro-Economics/Richard-C-Koo/e/9780470823873">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004729/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Holy-Grail-of-Macro-Economics/Richard-C-Koo/e/9780470823873">Archived</a> 2011-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63433/richard-n-cooper/the-holy-grail-of-macro-economics-lessons-from-japans-great-rece">Review.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611061615/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63433/richard-n-cooper/the-holy-grail-of-macro-economics-lessons-from-japans-great-rece">Archived</a> 2010-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Carmen_M._Reinhart" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen M. Reinhart">Carmen M. Reinhart</a> and Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2009. <i>This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly</i>. Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates," pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf">3-20)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7GBS_ATB">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb">Archived</a> 2023-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Kevin H. O'Rourke and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Barry Eichengreen</a>, 2009. "A Tale of Two Depressions," pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923102543/http://economicforumonline.org/_source/downloads/ataleoftwodepressions.pdf">1-8.</a> VoxEU.org.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/John_Quiggin" title="John Quiggin">John Quiggin</a>, 2010. <i>Zombie Economics: How Dead Ideas Still Walk among Us</i>, ch. 2-3 & 5. Princeton U.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9270.html">Description</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625034842/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9270.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c9270.html">TOC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110402054333/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c9270.html">Archived</a> 2011-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9270.pdf">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003255/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9270.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Christopher L. Foote and Paul S. Willen, 2011. "subprime mortgage crisis, the," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2011_S000547">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815204612/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2011_S000547">Archived</a> 2011-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Thomas J. Sargent, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf">"United States Then, Europe Now,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115165359/https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel lecture, sect. 7, Lessons for Now.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lowenstein" title="Roger Lowenstein">Roger Lowenstein</a>, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/04/the-villain/8901/">"The Villain,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815091018/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/04/the-villain/8901/">Archived</a> 2012-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (front-cover title: "The Hero"), <i>The Atlantic</i>, 309(2), April, pp. 48-60. <code>[</code><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Bernanke</a>, other economists, and politicians on U.S. monetary policy since 2006.<code>]</code></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brunner-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brunner_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Karl Brunner and Allan H. Meltzer, 1988. "Money and Credit in the Monetary Transmission Process," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 78(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1818166">446</a>-451.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Ben_S._Bernanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben S. Bernanke">Ben S. Bernanke</a> and Mark Gertler, 1995. "Inside the Black Box: The <a href="/wiki/Credit_channel" title="Credit channel">Credit Channel</a> of Monetary Policy Transmission," <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 9(4),1995 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fclar.unesp.br/poseco/Bernanke%20e%20Gertler%20(1995).pdf">27-48.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://www.fclar.unesp.br/poseco/Bernanke%20e%20Gertler%20(1995).pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Frederic S. Mishkin, 1996. "The Channels of Monetary Transmission: Lessons for Monetary Policy," <i>Banque de France Bulletin Digest</i>, No. 27, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdfbs-ws01.heb3.fr.colt.net/gb/publications/telechar/bulletin/27etud1.pdf">33-44.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><br />   • Ben S. Bernanke and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reinhart" title="Vincent Reinhart">Vincent R. Reinhart</a>, 2004. "Conducting Monetary Policy at Very Low Short-Term Interest Rates," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 94(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.econ.duke.edu/~staff/wrkshop_papers/2008-2009%20Papers/Bernanke_Reinhart_AER_2004.pdf">85-90</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704085944/http://public.econ.duke.edu/~staff/wrkshop_papers/2008-2009%20Papers/Bernanke_Reinhart_AER_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Peter N. Ireland, 2008. "monetary transmission mechanism," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000214&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215082828/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000214&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=2">Archived</a> 2012-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/wp628.pdf">Pre-publication copy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612163614/http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/WP628.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan S. Blinder</a> et al., 2008. "Central Bank Communication and Monetary Policy: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, 46(4), pp. 910–945 Pre-publication <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp898.pdf">copy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235044/http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp898.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Vasco Cúrdia and Michael Woodford, 2011, "The Central-Bank Balance Sheet as an Instrument of Monetary Policy," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 58(1), pp. 54-79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201194900/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-515SRM0-2&_user=10&_coverDate=01/31/2011&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1648057535&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=626e994ab8941bdf9e8c5847cc1658e7&searchtype=a">Abstract.</a><br />   • Xavier Freixas, 2009. "Monetary Policy in a Systemic Crisis," <i>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</i>, 25(4), pp. 630-53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415192315/http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/630">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Don Patinkin, 1987. "neutrality of money," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 3, pp. 639–44. Reprinted in John Eatwell et al., 1989, <i>Money: The New Palgrave</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA273">273</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=bl&pg=PA274">-</a> 287.<br />   • Irving Fisher, 1928. <i>The Money Illusion</i>. Chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiyX9Xdk8YAC&q=printsec%3Dfrontcover">links.</a><br />   • William H. Branson and Alvin K. Klevorick, 1969. "Money Illusion and the Aggregate Consumption Function," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 59(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p03a/p0312.pdf">832-849.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306043334/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p03a/p0312.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Shafir" title="Eldar Shafir">Eldar Shafir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter A. Diamond">Peter Diamond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a>, 1997. "Money Illusion," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 112(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2951239">341</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951239">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-374.<br />   • Bruno, Michael, and <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a>, 1998. "Inflation Crises and Long-run Growth," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i> 41(1), pp. 3–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202144908/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3SX82ND-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a0f597427b05339ddec450d372e52f2">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Milton Friedman, [1987] 2008. "quantity theory of money." sect. 4, The Theory of Rational Expectations, <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. 2nd Edition. Earlier at John Eatwell et al., 1989), <i>Money: The New Palgrave</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&dq=+norton&pg=PA1">26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA1&lpg=PR5&dq=+norton#PPA26,M1">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-28.<br />   • From <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2008. 2nd Edition:<br />         "rational expectations" by Thomas J. Sargent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000025&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=19">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326020021/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000025&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=19">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         "inflation expectations" by Bennett T. McCallum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000098&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=10">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015938/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000098&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=10">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         "inflation targeting" by <a href="/wiki/Lars_E.O._Svensson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars E.O. Svensson">Lars E.O. Svensson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000095&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=71">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015953/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000095&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=71">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and pre-publication <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/svensson/papers/PalgraveIT.pdf">copy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201200645/http://www.princeton.edu/svensson/papers/PalgraveIT.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Thomas J. Sargent and Neil Wallace, 1975. "'Rational' Expectations, the Optimal Monetary Instrument, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 83(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/sargent%20wallace.pdf">241-254</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527153406/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/sargent%20wallace.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Thomas J. Sargent, 1976. "A Classical Macroeconometric Model for the United States," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 84(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1831898">207</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150651/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831898">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-238. Reprinted in Lucas and Sargent, ed., 1981, <i>Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice</i>, University of Minnesota Press, 1981. v. 2, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWSRoJ5UEFkC&pg=PA521">521-51.</a><br />   • Christopher A. Sims, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality", <i>Econometrica</i>, 48(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terry.uga.edu/~last/classes/8130/readings/sims_1980.pdf">1-48</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163650/http://www.terry.uga.edu/~last/classes/8130/readings/sims_1980.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Thomas J. Sargent, 1982. "The Ends of Four Big Inflations," in Robert E. Hall, ed., <i>Inflation: Causes and Effects</i>, ch. 2, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452.pdf?new_window=1">41-98.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817230429/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452.pdf?new_window=1">Archived</a> 2017-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chicago.<br />   • Steven M. Sheffrin, 1996, 2nd Ed. <i>Rational Expectations</i>. Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkLzXjsMgbEC&q=Monetary+%22rational+expectations%22">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkLzXjsMgbEC&pg=PR7=GBS_V2_SUMMARY_R">preview.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lucas_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a>, 1972. "Expectations and the Neutrality of Money," <i>Journal of Economic Theory</i>, 4(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wiwi.uni-muenster.de/me/downloads/Veranstaltungen/Lucas-1972.pdf">103-124.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://www-wiwi.uni-muenster.de/me/downloads/Veranstaltungen/Lucas-1972.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1976. "Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique," <i>Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy</i>, 1(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/lucas%20econometric%20policy.pdf">19–46</a>.<br />   • _____, 1980. "Two Illustrations of the Quantity Theory of Money," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 70(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/teoriacuantitativalucas.pdf">1005-1014.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161622/http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/teoriacuantitativalucas.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1995/lucas-lecture.pdf">"Monetary Neutrality,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235045/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1995/lucas-lecture.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel Prize Lecture.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a>, 1977. "Long-Term Contracts, Rational Expectations, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 85(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.econ.unito.it/bagliano/macro3/fischer_jpe77.pdf">191-205.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182617/http://web.econ.unito.it/bagliano/macro3/fischer_jpe77.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Barro" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Barro">Robert J. Barro</a>, 1978. "Unanticipated Money, Output, and the Price Level in the United States," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 86(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1840379">549</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840379">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-580, reprinted in Lucas and Sargent, ed., 1981, <i>Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice</i>, University of Minnesota Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZzy82g13UC&pg=PA585">585</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZzy82g13UC&pg=PA616">616.</a><br />   • Clifford L. F. Attfield and Nigel W. Duck, 1983. "The Influence of Unanticipated Money Growth on Real Output: Some Cross-Country Estimates," <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>, 15(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1992160">442</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992160">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-454.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Olivier_J._Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier J. Blanchard">Olivier J. Blanchard</a>, 1990. "Why Does Money Affect Output? A Survey," in B. M. Friedman and F. H. Hahn, ed., 1990, <i>Handbook of Monetary Economics</i>, v. 2, ch. 15, pp. 779-835. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw2285">10.3386/w2285</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• From 2008, <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition:<br />       "monetary business cycles (imperfect information)" by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hellwig" title="Christian Hellwig">Christian Hellwig</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000375&q=information&topicid=&result_number=5">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184650/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000375&q=information&topicid=&result_number=5">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />      <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000278&q=20%20&topicid=&result_number=1">"bubbles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015539/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000278&q=20%20&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Markus_K._Brunnermeier" class="mw-redirect" title="Markus K. Brunnermeier">Markus K. Brunnermeier</a>.<br />      "speculative bubbles" by Miguel A. Iraola and Manuel S. Santos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000205&q=bubble&topicid=&result_number=5">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326020410/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000205&q=bubble&topicid=&result_number=5">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />       "information cascades," by Sushil Bikhchandani, <a href="/wiki/David_Hirshleifer" title="David Hirshleifer">David Hirshleifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Welch" title="Ivo Welch">Ivo Welch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000103&q=information&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172842/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000103&q=information&topicid=&result_number=2">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Alex Cukierman and Allan H. Meltzer, 1986. "A Theory of Ambiguity, Credibility, and Inflation under Discretion and Asymmetric Information," <i>Econometrica</i>, 54(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~alexcuk/pdf/EA-86.pdf">1099-1128.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604030109/http://www.tau.ac.il/~alexcuk/pdf/EA-86.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Matthew B. Canzoneri, 1985. "Monetary Policy Games and the Role of Private Information," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 75(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1818645">1056</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818645">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>-1070.<br />   • Frederic S. Mishkin, 1991. "Asymmetric Information and Financial Crises: A Historical Perspective," in R. Glenn Hubbard, ed., <i>Financial Markets and Financial Crises</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC">(description)</a>, Chicago, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC&pg=RA1-PA69">69</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC&pg=RA1-PA108">108</a><br />   • Joseph E. Stiglitz and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew M. Weiss">Andrew M. Weiss</a>, 1992. "Asymmetric Information in Credit Markets: Implications for Macro-Economics," <i>Oxford Economic Papers</i>, 44(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ase.ro/upcpr/profesori/167/Stiglitz-Weiss3.pdf">694-724.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002447/http://www.ase.ro/upcpr/profesori/167/Stiglitz-Weiss3.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Dubey" title="Pradeep Dubey">Pradeep Dubey</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Geanakoplos" title="John Geanakoplos">John Geanakoplos</a>, and Martin Shubik, 1987. "A Critique of Rational Expectations Equilibrium," <i>Journal of Mathematical Economics</i>, 16(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p06b/p0686.pdf">105-137</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161241/http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p06b/p0686.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Greenwald" title="Bruce Greenwald">Bruce Greenwald</a>, 2003. <i>Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics</i>. Cambridge. Arrow page-searchable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/joseph_stiglitz/8/">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113120523/http://works.bepress.com/joseph_stiglitz/8/">Archived</a> 2007-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZrI_dHoKgUC">Table of Contents</a> chapter-preview links.<br />   • Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale, 2000 "Financial Contagion," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 108(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902162412/http://grad.econ.ubc.ca/yaotang/Allen_and_Gale_2000_Financial_Contagion%20_JPE.pdf">1-33.</a><br />   • Laura E. Kodres and Matthew Pritsker, 2002. "A Rational Expectations Model of Financial Contagion," <i>Journal of Finance</i>, 57(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/97188.pdf">769-799.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184541/http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/97188.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Paul Povel, Rajdeep Singh, and Andrew Winton, 2007. "Booms, Busts, and Fraud," <i>Review of Financial Studies</i>, 20(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.umn.edu/~rajsingh/povel_singh_winton_rfs_2007.pdf">1219-1254.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173854/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~rajsingh/povel_singh_winton_rfs_2007.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/William_K._Black" title="William K. Black">William K. Black</a>, 2005. <i>The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SI3F8wEuT24C">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SI3F8wEuT24C&pg=PR7=GBS_NAVLINKS_S">preview</a>.<br />   • _____, 2005. "'Control Frauds' as Financial Super-predators: How 'Pathogens' Make Financial Markets Inefficient," <i>Journal of Socio-Economics</i>, 34(6), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417734-755.">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184013/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____, 2009. "Those Who Forget the Regulatory Successes of the Past are Condemned to Failure," <i>Economic & Political Weekly</i>, 44(13), pp. 80-86,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1536531">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150701/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1536531">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-game-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-game_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shubik" title="Martin Shubik">Martin Shubik</a>, 1990. "A Game Theoretic Approach to the Theory of Money and Financial Institutions," ch. 5, in B. M. Friedman and & F. H. Hahn, ed. <i>Handbook of Monetary Economics</i>, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p07b/p0767.pdf">171-219</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161321/http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p07b/p0767.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • _____, 2004. <i>The Theory of Money and Financial Institutions</i>, MIT Press: <br />      v. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915232223/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209">Archived</a> 2006-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209&mode=toc">contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225145/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209&mode=toc">Archived</a> 2006-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m9BWUe9xveQC&pg=PR7">links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150658/https://books.google.com/books?id=m9BWUe9xveQC&printsec=find&pg=PR7">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />      v. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10210">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060916122235/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10210">Archived</a> 2006-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3453&mode=toc">contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225207/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3453&mode=toc">Archived</a> 2006-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <br />      v. 3: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12313">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102183642/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12313">Archived</a> 2011-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a>, 1986. "Money, Debt and Deficits in a Dynamic Game," <i>Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control</i>, 10(4), pp. 427-442. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016518898680001X">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163447/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016518898680001X">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Koichi Hamada, 1976. "Strategic Analysis of Monetary Interdependence," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 84(4, Part 1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1831327">677</a>-700.<br />   • _____, 1985. <i>The Political Economy of International Monetary Interdependence</i>, MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=5803&ttype=2">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915233420/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803">Archived</a> 2006-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and content-chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803&mode=toc">links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920230337/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803&mode=toc">Archived</a> 2006-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02298860">extract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151214/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02298860">Archived</a> 2023-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • Matthew B. Canzoneri and Dale W. Henderson, 1991. <i>Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies: A Game-Theoretic Approach</i>, MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=4997&ttype=2">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915233358/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4997">Archived</a> 2006-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9D14XTDqfaYC&pg=PR7">links</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palgrave-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palgrave_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• From <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2008. 2nd Edition:<br />         "monetary policy, history of" by Michael D. Bordo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&q=monetary%20policy&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063546/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&q=monetary%20policy&topicid=&result_number=2">Archived</a> 2012-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michael.bordo.googlepages.com/TheHistoryofMonetaryPolicy.pdf">pre-publication copy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112700/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         "Taylor rules," v. 8, pp. 200-04, by <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Orphanides" title="Athanasios Orphanides">Athanasios Orphanides</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000215&q=taylor%20rules&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310213810/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000215&q=taylor">Archived</a> 2016-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         "time consistency of monetary and fiscal policy," by Paul Klein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000219&q=Time%20inconsistency)&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328134802/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000219&q=Time%20inconsistency)&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2016-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />         "epistemic game theory: incomplete information" by Aviad Heifetz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000191&q=information&topicid=&result_number=6">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225452/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000191&q=information&topicid=&result_number=6">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a>, 1977. "Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans," <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 85(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~kkasa/prescott_77.pdf">473–92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923090929/http://www.sfu.ca/~kkasa/prescott_77.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Robert J. Barro and David B. Gordon, 1983. "Rules, Discretion and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy," <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, 12(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/Courses/POLI200C/syllabus/barro_gordon.pdf">101–21.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004704/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/Courses/POLI200C/syllabus/barro_gordon.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a>, 1993. "Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice," <i>Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy</i>, 39, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~johntayl/Papers/Discretion.PDF">195-214.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190729/http://www.stanford.edu/~johntayl/Papers/Discretion.PDF">Archived</a> 2013-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a>, 2003. <i>Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy</i>, Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919110146/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html">Archived</a> 2019-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c7603.html">table of contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225194841/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c7603.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and chapter-1 ["The Return of Monetary Rules"] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7603.pdf">link.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702172347/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7603.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reviews by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n2/cj25n2-18.pdf">Robert Formaini</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313005406/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n2/cj25n2-18.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-23z2f57rgC&dq=%22Michael+Woodford%E2%80%99s+Contributions+to+Monetary+Economics%2C%E2%80%9D&pg=PA10">Bennett T. McCallum.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banaji-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banaji_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanaji2007" class="citation journal cs1">Banaji, Jairus (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523015524/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism">"Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism"</a>. <i>Historical Materialism</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 47–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156920607X171591">10.1163/156920607X171591</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-4466">1465-4466</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/440360743">440360743</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism">the original</a> on May 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Materialism&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Rise+of+Capitalism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-74&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F440360743&rft.issn=1465-4466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156920607X171591&rft.aulast=Banaji&rft.aufirst=Jairus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F14246569%2FBanaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval_Trade_in_the_Mediterranean_World:_Illustrative_Documents-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medieval_Trade_in_the_Mediterranean_World:_Illustrative_Documents_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezRaymondConstable2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Sabatino_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Sabatino Lopez">Lopez, Robert Sabatino</a>; Raymond, Irving Woodworth; Constable, Olivia Remie (2001) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144011/http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/"><i>Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: Illustrative documents</i></a>. Records of Western civilization.; Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 52. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12357-0"><bdi>978-0-231-12357-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466877309">466877309</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/">the original</a> on March 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+trade+in+the+Mediterranean+world%3A+Illustrative+documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Records+of+Western+civilization.%3B+Records+of+civilization%2C+sources+and+studies%2C+no.+52&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466877309&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12357-0&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Robert+Sabatino&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Irving+Woodworth&rft.au=Constable%2C+Olivia+Remie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbookpreview%2F978-0-231-12356-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labib-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labib_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labib_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabib1969" class="citation journal cs1">Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 79–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700097837">10.1017/S0022050700097837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2115499">2115499</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/478662641">478662641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153962294">153962294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Capitalism+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-86&rft.date=1969-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2115499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700097837&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F478662641&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153962294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Labib&rft.aufirst=Subhi+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html">"Mughal Coinage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html">the original</a> on 2002-10-05. <q>Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mughal+Coinage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2Fcurrency%2Fmuseum%2Fc-mogul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subodh_Kapoor_1599-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subodh_Kapoor_1599_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubodh_Kapoor2002" class="citation book cs1">Subodh Kapoor (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1599"><i>The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 1599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7755-257-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7755-257-0"><bdi>81-7755-257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+encyclopaedia%3A+biographical%2C+historical%2C+religious+...%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=1599&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=81-7755-257-0&rft.au=Subodh+Kapoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq5ZM0nZXZEkC%26pg%3DPA1599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley</a> (1985) [London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html">"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"</a>. <i>Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985</i>. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231731/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>rū'pya 10805 rū'pya 'beautiful, bearing a stamp'; 'silver'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Includes+three+supplements%2C+published+1969%E2%80%931985.&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Dictionary+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Sir+Ralph+Lilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fsoas%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley</a> (1985) [London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html">"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"</a>. <i>Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985</i>. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231731/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>. <q>rūpa 10803 'form, beauty'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Includes+three+supplements%2C+published+1969%E2%80%931985.&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Dictionary+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Sir+Ralph+Lilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fsoas%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scroll_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoaib_Daniyal" class="citation web cs1">Shoaib Daniyal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos">"History revisited: How Tughlaq's currency change led to chaos in 14th century India"</a>. scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114508/https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+revisited%3A+How+Tughlaq%27s+currency+change+led+to+chaos+in+14th+century+India&rft.pub=scroll.in&rft.au=Shoaib+Daniyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F821406%2Fdemonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roosevelt1929-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roosevelt1929_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_RooseveltKermit_Roosevelt1929" class="citation journal cs1">Theodore Roosevelt; Kermit Roosevelt (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZCAAAAIAAJ">"Trailing the giant panda"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>124</b> (3138). Scribner: 944. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929Natur.124R.944.">1929Natur.124R.944.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F124944b0">10.1038/124944b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4086078">4086078</a>. <q>... The currency in general use was what was known at the Tibetan rupee ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Trailing+the+giant+panda&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3138&rft.pages=944&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4086078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F124944b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929Natur.124R.944.&rft.au=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.au=Kermit+Roosevelt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXZCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/system/tdf/History%20of%20Monetary%20and%20Credit%20Theory_3.pdf?file=1&type=document">"History of Monetary and Credit Theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150656/https://cdn.mises.org/History">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Monetary+and+Credit+Theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fsystem%2Ftdf%2FHistory%2520of%2520Monetary%2520and%2520Credit%2520Theory_3.pdf%3Ffile%3D1%26type%3Ddocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Handbook of Monetary Economics</i>, Elsevier.</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Friedman" title="Benjamin M. Friedman">Friedman, Benjamin M.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hahn" title="Frank Hahn">Frank H. Hahn</a>, ed., 1990. v. 1 links for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906163139/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601125/description#toc">description & contents</a> and chapter-outline <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2324616%231990%23999989999%23576735%23FLP%23&_cdi=24616&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=04a9605789155c7db422a5a238ac803c">previews</a></dd> <dd>_____, 1990. v. 2 links for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101843/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601126/description#description">description & contents</a> and chapter-outline <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2324616%231990%23999979999%23576734%23FLP%23&_cdi=24616&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3244c03bd292f1601fd73223253d70fb">previews.</a></dd> <dd>Friedman, Benjamin, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a>, 2010. v. 3A & 3B links for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225054545/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724415/description#description">description</a> & and chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/15734498">abstract & TOC.</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>Boughton, James R., and Elmus R. Wicker, 1975. <i>The Principles of Monetary Economics</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(economist)" title="Karl Brunner (economist)">Brunner, Karl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a>, 1993. <i>Money and the Economy: Issues in Monetary Analysis</i>, Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&q=source=gbs_summary_s">Description</a> and chapter previews, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&pg=PR9">ix</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&pg=PR10">x.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Clower" title="Robert W. Clower">Clower, Robert W.</a>, ed., 1969. <i>Monetary Theory: Selected Readings</i>, Harmondsworth, Penguin.</li> <li>Eden, Benjamin, 2005. <i>A Course in Monetary Economics: Sequential Trade, Money, and Uncertainty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050113085657/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0631215654">Description.</a></li> <li>Gale, Douglas, 1982. <i>Money: in Equilibrium</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Economic Handbooks, 349 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28900-9">978-0-521-28900-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/b/cup/cbooks/9780521289009.html">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQrCcUAqqx8C&dq=onepage&pg=PA1">preview</a>.</li> <li>_____, 1983. <i>Money: in Disequilibrium</i>, Cambridge Economic Handbooks, 382 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26917-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26917-9">978-0-521-26917-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/b/cup/cbooks/9780521269179.html">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQrCcUAqqx8C&pg=PA1=FALSE">preview</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodhart" title="Charles Goodhart">Goodhart, Charles</a>, 1989. <i>Money, Information and Uncertainty</i>, 2nd Ed. MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719214622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4277">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034629/http://books.global-investor.com/books/12716/C.A.E.-Goodhart/Money%2C-Information-and-Uncertainty/">chapter titles.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Grandmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Michel Grandmont (page does not exist)">Grandmont, Jean-Michel</a>, 1985. <i>Money and Value: A Reconsideration of Classical and Neoclassical Monetary Economics</i>, Econometric Society Monographs, v. 5, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31364-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31364-3">978-0-521-31364-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzx7x_BqwRYC&pg=PA202">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzx7x_BqwRYC">preview</a> .</li> <li>Handa, Jagdish, 2007. <i>Monetary Economics</i>, 2nd ed. Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415772099/">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415772099/">preview</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Laurence, 1981. <i>Monetary Theory</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks, John R.</a>, 1967. <i>Critical Essays in Monetary Theory</i>, Chapter preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVqeJP9DhvYC&q=gbs_summary_s">links.</a> Oxford.</li> <li><i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money</i>, 1992. 3 v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0333527224">Description.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a> Online</i>, 2008. Abstract links for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/themes_monetary_economics">"Monetary Economics"</a> (alphabetical) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=monetary&button_search=GO">"monetary".</a></li> <li>Rabin, Alan A., 2004. <i>Monetary Theory</i> MPG Books: London. Arrow-page-searchable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7DsAA0DpvEC&q=%22Rabin%22+%22Monetary+Theory%22">chapter</a> previews.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Starr" title="Ross Starr">Starr, Ross M.</a>, ed. (1989). <i>General equilibrium models of monetary economies: Studies in the static foundations of monetary theory</i>. Economic theory, econometrics, and mathematical economics. Academic Press. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-663970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-663970-4"><bdi>978-0-12-663970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+equilibrium+models+of+monetary+economies%3A+Studies+in+the+static+foundations+of+monetary+theory&rft.series=Economic+theory%2C+econometrics%2C+and+mathematical+economics&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-12-663970-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walsh, Carl E., 2003. <i>Monetary Theory and Policy</i>, 2nd ed., MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-23231-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-23231-6">0-262-23231-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504043501/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=9578&ttype=2">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX3n3LSZVrIC">chapter-preview links.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodford2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Woodford, Michael</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html"><i>Interest and prices: Foundations of a theory of monetary policy</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01049-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01049-8"><bdi>0-691-01049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interest+and+prices%3A+Foundations+of+a+theory+of+monetary+policy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-01049-8&rft.aulast=Woodford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonetary+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monetary_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External 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