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<li id="toc-Cultural_Indicators_Project_and_cultivation_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Indicators_Project_and_cultivation_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cultural Indicators Project and cultivation theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Indicators_Project_and_cultivation_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Research findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mean_World_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mean_World_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Mean World Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mean_World_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Later research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution of mass media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_and_mean_world_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_and_mean_world_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>COVID-19 and mean world syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_and_mean_world_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mean_World_Syndrome_documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mean_World_Syndrome_documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>The Mean World Syndrome</i> documentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mean_World_Syndrome_documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="متلازمة العالم الشرير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متلازمة العالم الشرير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeine-Welt-Syndrom" title="Gemeine-Welt-Syndrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeine-Welt-Syndrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_del_mundo_cruel" title="Síndrome del mundo cruel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Síndrome del mundo cruel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%81" title="سندرم دنیای کثیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندرم دنیای کثیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_du_grand_m%C3%A9chant_monde" title="Syndrome du grand méchant monde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndrome du grand méchant monde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%EA%B7%A0%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="평균적인 세계 증후군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평균적인 세계 증후군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_dunia_kejam" title="Sindrom dunia kejam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindrom dunia kejam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_dunia_kejam" title="Sindrom dunia kejam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sindrom dunia kejam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mean world syndrome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="ミーンワールド症候群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミーンワールド症候群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_do_mundo_cruel" title="Síndrome do mundo cruel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síndrome do mundo cruel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синдром злого мира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдром злого мира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_zlega_sveta" title="Sindrom zlega sveta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sindrom zlega sveta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Синдром злочестог света – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синдром злочестог света" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahan_maailman_oireyhtym%C3%A4" title="Pahan maailman oireyhtymä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pahan maailman oireyhtymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83" title="Синдром злого світу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синдром злого світу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cognitive bias</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg/220px-Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg/330px-Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg/440px-Homicide_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Homicide rate in the United States (blue line): it may be seen that the <a href="/wiki/Homicide_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Homicide rate">homicide rate</a> today is similar to that of the 1950s, and much lower than it was in the 1970s–80s. Nevertheless, most people imagine crime rates to be worse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg/220px-Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg/330px-Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg/440px-Homicide-rates-across-western-europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Homicide rate in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> since 1300: again, a precipitous decline is seen.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mean world syndrome</b> is a proposed <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> wherein people may perceive the world to be more dangerous than it is. This is due to long-term moderate to heavy exposure to violence-related content in mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early stages of research, mean world syndrome was only discussed as an effect of watching television. However, it became clear that social media platforms also play a major role in the spread of mean world syndrome. </p><p>Proponents of the syndrome, coined by communications professor <a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a> in the 1970s, assert that viewers who are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>-related content can experience increased fear, anxiety, pessimism, and a heightened state of alert in response to perceived threats.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Mean_World_Syndrome_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mean_World_Syndrome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the study of mean world syndrome, it was found that media of all sorts has the power to directly influence and inform people's attitudes, beliefs, and opinions about the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>mean world syndrome</i> was coined by U.S. communications professor <a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a>, whose life's work explored the effects of television on viewers, particularly violent media.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Indicators_Project_and_cultivation_theory">Cultural Indicators Project and cultivation theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural Indicators Project and cultivation theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, Gerbner established the Cultural Indicators Project (CIP), which was a pioneering analysis of the influence of television on people's attitudes and perceptions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerbner held a database of more than 3,000 television programs and 35,000 characters which documented the trends in television content and how these changes affect viewers' perceptions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIP would notably be used to analyze Gerbner's <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_theory" title="Cultivation theory">cultivation theory</a>, which suggests that exposure to media over time, "cultivates" viewers' perceptions of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> through images and ideological messages viewed on <a href="/wiki/Primetime_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime television">primetime</a> or popular television. This content heavily influences the perception of events and thus can skew one's perception of the real world. Cultivation theory asserts that "the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Gerbner conducted a survey to validate cultivation theory and his hypothesis that watching extensive TV affects the attitudes and beliefs of an individual toward the world. Categorizing survey respondents into three groups—"light viewers" (less than 2 hours a day), "medium viewers" (2–4 hours a day), and "heavy viewers" (more than 4 hours a day)—Gerbner found that the latter group held beliefs and opinions similar to those portrayed on television rather than ones based in real-world circumstances, demonstrating the compound effect of <a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">media influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "heavy viewers" experienced shyness, loneliness, and depression much more than those who did not watch television or did not watch it nearly as much.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, cultivation theory laid the theoretical groundwork for the <i>mean world syndrome</i>, which Gerbner defined in the CIP. It is the phenomenon in which people who watch moderate to large amounts of television are more likely to perceive the world as a dangerous and frightening place.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_findings">Research findings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The findings of the Cultural Indicators Project confirmed several aspects of Gerbner's hypotheses. Gerbner found a direct correlation between the amount of television an individual watches and the amount of fear that same individual tends to have about being victimized in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, people who watched moderate to high levels of television perceived the world to be a more intimidating and unforgiving place than viewers who watched less television.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, viewers who consumed television at a higher rate also believed that greater protection by law enforcement is needed and reported that most people "cannot be trusted" and are "just looking out for themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings amplified Gerbner's concerns about exposure to media violence. He stated, "The consequence of regular or heavy viewing of television is a normalization of unhealthy and violent behavior. It is a cultivation that the concept [of violence] is normal and accepted in society."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Mean_World_Syndrome_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Mean_World_Syndrome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Gerbner was particularly concerned about the impact violent media was having on children. During the CIP, Gerbner found that children had seen about 8,000 murders on television by the end of elementary school, and about 200,000 violent acts by the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerber stated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fighting_Mean_World_Syndrome_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fighting_Mean_World_Syndrome-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Our studies have shown that growing up from infancy with this unprecedented diet of violence has three consequences, which, in combination, I call the 'mean world syndrome'. What this means is that if you are growing up in a home where there is more than say three hours of television per day, for all practical purposes you live in a meaner world - and act accordingly - than your next-door neighbor who lives in the same world but watches less television. The programming reinforces the worst fears and apprehensions and paranoia of people.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1981, Gerbner took his findings and testified before a congressional subcommittee about the damage he believed violent media was inflicting on Americans, particularly children. "Fearful people are more dependent, more easily manipulated and controlled, more susceptible to deceptively simple, strong, tough measures and hard-line measures," he explained.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, hundreds of studies and countless <a href="/wiki/Congressional_hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional hearings">congressional hearings</a> have looked at the issue of <a href="/wiki/Research_on_the_effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Research on the effects of violence in mass media">media violence</a> and the same conclusion is always drawn—television can propagate violent conduct and skew people's perceptions of violence and crime.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mean_World_Index">The Mean World Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Mean World Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The findings of the cultivation theory study led Gerbner and Larry Gross to further develop it in 1976 using findings from their other large-scale research projects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that those "who tell the stories of a culture really govern human behavior," Gerbner claimed that a major cultural shift was taking place, wherein those storytellers "used to be the parent, the school, the church, the community," but are now "a handful of global conglomerates that have nothing to tell, but a great deal to sell."<sup id="cite_ref-Fighting_Mean_World_Syndrome_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fighting_Mean_World_Syndrome-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the theory, Gerbner would explore the effects of TV violence-related content on the attitudes and beliefs of an individual about crime and violence in the world, which he dubbed "The Mean World Index".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since TV was becoming an ever-increasing presence in the average American household and the amount of violence on TV was growing exponentially, Gerbner conducted several large-scale studies that upheld his hypothesis: those who watched moderate to large amounts of TV believed the world to be a more dangerous place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_research">Later research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Research_on_the_effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Research on the effects of violence in mass media">Research on the effects of violence in mass media</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Ttabloid_headline_in_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabloid newspaper">Tabloid newspaper</a> headline in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1970s, numerous studies have corroborated Gerbner's findings that moderate-to-heavy viewing of violence-related content on TV increased depression, fear, anxiety, anger, <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress</a>, and substance use.<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_media_coverage_and_psychol_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster_media_coverage_and_psychol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAP_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> released a policy statement on media violence which concluded that "extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed."<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted in 2018 by researchers at the University of Oklahoma found that there is "good evidence establishing a relationship between disaster television viewing and various psychological outcomes."<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_media_coverage_and_psychol_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster_media_coverage_and_psychol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, another research article was published by students in the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention at the Medical University of Lublin, Poland in which the researchers assessed connections between binge-watching different types of media and sociological phenomena. Researchers found that when binge-watching media, different types of violent media impacted how the viewer saw the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_mass_media">Evolution of mass media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution of mass media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the focus of Gerbner's research was television viewing, cultivation theory has been validated in studies exploring different forms of media, such as newspapers, film, and even photographs, essentially in any context social observation occurs in any form outside of one's natural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerbner's research focused on TV, as social media was just blossoming in 2006 when he died. However, increasingly, researchers are expanding their assessments of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, specifically looking at the effects of social media as well as television. Research continues to explore the effects of violence-related content on heavy TV consumers but has also branched out to explore the role that social media is playing in consumption of violent content. </p><p>In society, there is an increase in the similarity of questions being asked about the impact of social media on our emotions and perceptions of the world. Although it is too new to draw definitive conclusions, a growing body of literature suggests that social media can have similar psychological effects to that of television providing further support for Gerbner's theory.<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean Kim, a psychiatrist for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>, said that social media "is not as visceral as seeing an event on television…but if you're overly getting caught up in troll wars or controversy online, you might be getting a skewed view and be prone to being directly affected."<sup id="cite_ref-theglobeandmail.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theglobeandmail.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_and_mean_world_syndrome">COVID-19 and mean world syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: COVID-19 and mean world syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the world, causing extreme social disruption. The pandemic led individuals to spend more time inside and online, consuming countless different forms of media content. Gaining popularity on Twitter in 2020 at the peak of the pandemic, the term "<a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">doomscrolling</a>" emerged to describe the act of excessively consuming negative content on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pandemic, in order to stay up to date and close the information gap regarding COVID-19, many people engaged heavily in the act of doomscrolling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study conducted in 2021, even minimal exposure to negative COVID-19 news led to an immediate decline in optimism and positive emotions for participants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement inspired new studies connecting mean world syndrome, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Black Lives Matter movement. One study done in 2020 found that feelings of anxiety were tied to violent or troublesome news media on the Black Lives Matter movement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mean_World_Syndrome_documentary"><i>The Mean World Syndrome</i> documentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Mean World Syndrome documentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence & the Cultivation of Fear</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jeremy Earp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jeremy Earp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Scott Morris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sut_Jhally" title="Sut Jhally">Sut Jhally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a></li> <li>Michael Morgan</li> <li>Sut Jhally (interviewer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Killoy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Media_Education_Foundation" title="Media Education Foundation">Media Education Foundation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">51 mins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">USA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Media_Education_Foundation" title="Media Education Foundation">Media Education Foundation</a> filmed a documentary titled <i>The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence & the Cultivation of Fear</i> summarizing the work of Gerbner and others about the effects of violent media on people's opinions, attitudes, and beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-MWS_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary features Gerbner himself speaking about his research on violence in media and the effects this has had on the American public since the addition of sound to television in the 1930s. The film is narrated by Michael Morgan who worked closely with Gerbner on his research about cultivation theory and mean world syndrome. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rate">Crime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_theory" title="Cultivation theory">Cultivation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviancy_amplification_spiral" title="Deviancy amplification spiral">Deviancy amplification spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt">Fear, uncertainty and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_children_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="For the children (politics)">For the children (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">Just-world fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mean_world_syndrome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoerth2020" class="citation web cs1">Koerth, Maggie (August 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/many-americans-are-convinced-crime-is-rising-in-the-u-s-theyre-wrong/">"Many Americans Are Convinced Crime Is Rising In The U.S. They're Wrong"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Many+Americans+Are+Convinced+Crime+Is+Rising+In+The+U.S.+They%27re+Wrong.&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.aulast=Koerth&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmany-americans-are-convinced-crime-is-rising-in-the-u-s-theyre-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMean+world+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Mainstreaming_of_America:_Vio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerbner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Gerbner, George (1980). 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title="Brain fitness">Brain fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Change" title="Games for Change">Games for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_with_a_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Game with a purpose">Game with a purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">Gamification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamification_of_learning" title="Gamification of learning">Gamification of learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming game">Global warming game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_tutoring_system" title="Intelligent tutoring system">Intelligent tutoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Games_Showcase_and_Challenge" title="Serious Games Showcase and Challenge">Serious Games Showcase and Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_psychologists" title="List of cognitive psychologists">Cognitive psychologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cognitive_psychology" title="Category:Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biases" title="Template:Biases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biases" title="Template talk:Biases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive biases</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquiescence_bias" title="Acquiescence bias">Acquiescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity_effect" title="Ambiguity effect">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_bias" title="Affinity bias">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">Actor–observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">Correspondence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias" title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading_affect_bias" title="Fading affect bias">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribute_substitution" title="Attribute substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" 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